WO2001069725A1 - An active phased array antenna assembly - Google Patents

An active phased array antenna assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001069725A1
WO2001069725A1 PCT/GB2001/000716 GB0100716W WO0169725A1 WO 2001069725 A1 WO2001069725 A1 WO 2001069725A1 GB 0100716 W GB0100716 W GB 0100716W WO 0169725 A1 WO0169725 A1 WO 0169725A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
elements
wave energy
aperture distribution
antenna assembly
exciting
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2001/000716
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Michael Andrew Scott
Original Assignee
Bae Systems (Defence Systems) Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bae Systems (Defence Systems) Limited filed Critical Bae Systems (Defence Systems) Limited
Priority to AU2001232139A priority Critical patent/AU2001232139A1/en
Publication of WO2001069725A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001069725A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
    • G01S7/28—Details of pulse systems
    • G01S7/282—Transmitters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/87—Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
    • G01S7/03—Details of HF subsystems specially adapted therefor, e.g. common to transmitter and receiver
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/22—Antenna units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array or binomial array
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an active phased array antenna assembly and to a method for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in such an assembly.
  • An active phased array antenna assembly includes a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy such as electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy.
  • coherent wave energy such as electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy.
  • the elements are arranged in an array in a regular grid or lattice formation and provided with energy or otherwise excited with a tapered distribution across the array.
  • the variation in energy supply to the elements is such as to provide the tapered distribution with generally higher energy in the centre of the array and less intense energy at the edges.
  • One known method of synthesising a tapered distribution in such an array is to employ what is called “thinning" in which the spacing between the elements is progressively increased towards the edges of the array by displacing the elements away from their regular grid positions by random amounts in order to avoid the formation of so called grating lobes.
  • Active phased array antenna assemblies for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation as employed for multi-function radars will require a number of different aperture distributions and array configurations to be achievable from the same antenna assembly. Most functions require a fully-populated, as opposed to thinned, array with each element positioned on the chosen regular lattice site. For this reason, thinned configurations with elements displaced from the regular lattice positions are not possible. Moreover, in active phased array antenna assemblies employing saturated transit power amplifiers for maximum efficiency, tapered excitations of the elements are not practical as reducing the input power to the elements in order to effect the taper would lead to potential problems of unstable operation.
  • an active phased array antenna assembly operable to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements in an improved manner which at least minimises the above disadvantages associated with conventional assemblies and to a method for carrying out such a synthesis.
  • an active phased array antenna assembly including a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation, and means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements from said array of elements to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements whilst retaining the excited elements at the regular lattice positions.
  • the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of the elements includes wave energy sources operable to supply excitation energy to the selected elements.
  • the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non- exciting a number of the elements includes programmable digital storage units operable to receive a control signal corresponding to a selected desired aperture distribution of the assembly to switch on or off wave energy to individual elements in the array to provide the selected desired aperture distribution.
  • the lattice formation of elements is regular or irregular.
  • the array of elements is linear, planar or conformal to a selected non-linear or non-planar surface.
  • the elements are operable to transmit and/or receive coherent wave energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy.
  • the coherent wave energy is electromagnetic radiation
  • the elements are arranged in a planar array in a regular lattice formation and the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements includes power supplies controllable by the programmable digital storage units and power amplifiers for receiving power from the power supplies and for each supplying power to the associated element.
  • a multi-function radar including an active phased array antenna assembly according to the present invention.
  • a method for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in an active phased array antenna assembly having a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation, in which each element is assigned a random number selected from a uniform distribution between zero and one, each individual element number is compared to the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position on the lattice formation for a desired selected aperture distribution of elements for the antenna, and a source of wave energy to each element is turned off when the individual element number exceeds the normalised aperture distribution value of that element position or is turned on when the individual element number is less than the normalised aperture distribution value and that element position, to synthesise the desired aperture distribution of elements in the active phased array antenna assembly.
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy according to the present invention arranged in a regular lattice formation and in an unexcited condition,
  • Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view similar to that of Figure 1 but in which some of the elements are excited for a Cosine on a 10dB pedestal distribution, and
  • Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of part of an active phased array antenna assembly according to the present invention incorporated in a multi-function radar.
  • An active phased array antenna assembly includes a plurality of elements 1 , as can be most conveniently seen from Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings, for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy.
  • coherent wave energy may be electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy.
  • the elements 1 are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation. This lattice formation may be regular as shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings or may be irregular. Additionally the array of elements 1 may be linear, planar as shown in
  • FIGS 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings or conformal to a selected nonlinear or non-planar surface.
  • the active phased antenna assembly according to the present invention and the method of the present invention for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in such an assembly will be described in respect of electromagnetic radiation using a planar array of elements 1 in a regular lattice formation.
  • the elements 1 are represented as being square in plan view in a square lattice having 1 ,296 elements. It is however to be understood that elements of any geometry or shape other than square may be utilised if desired.
  • An active phased array antenna assembly includes additionally means 4 for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements 1 from the array of elements 1 to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements 1 whilst retaining the excited elements 2 at the regular lattice positions.
  • the assembly of the present invention and the method of the present invention for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of the elements 1 in the assembly 3 provides a means of thinning the array of elements 1 , each with uniform excitation, to synthesise a tapered distribution whilst retaining the elements 1 and 2 on the regular lattice positions.
  • any thinned array areas of high element density correspond to high values of aperture illumination, assuming unit element excitation, and areas of low density correspond to low values of illumination.
  • the element density is in some way related to the level of illumination taper.
  • the present invention is based on the assumption that the probability of an element at a certain array lattice position being excited, or switched on, is equal to the normalised aperture distribution at that position in the lattice.
  • the means 4 are provided for selecting which elements 1 are to be excited, or switched on in order to synthesise a desired aperture distribution on a probabilistic basis, thereby providing the necessary randomisation to avoid the formation of grating lobes.
  • the method of the present invention for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements 1 in an active phased array antenna assembly having a plurality of elements 1 for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation involves assigning each element 1 a random number selected from a uniform distribution between zero and one. Each individual element number is compared to the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position on the lattice formation for a desired selected aperture distribution of elements for the antenna assembly.
  • a source of wave energy such as a power supply unit 5 as shown in Figure 3 for each element 1 is turned off when the individual element number exceeds the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position or is turned on when then individual element number is less than the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position, to synthesise the desired aperture distribution of elements in the active phased array antenna assembly 5. In this way a thinned array of elements 1 is provided with the elements being excited in the required probabilistic manner.
  • the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 3 makes use of a wave energy source in the form of a power supply unit 5 so that the elements 1 are enabled to transmit or receive electromagnetic radiation.
  • the elements are arranged in a regular array on a planar lattice.
  • the means 4 includes the power supply unit 5 operable to supply excitation energy to the selected elements 1. In this embodiment this is done via transmit power amplifiers 6 also forming part of the means 4.
  • Each means 4 also includes a programmable digital storage unit 7 operable to receive a control signal corresponding to a selected desired aperture distribution for the assembly and to switch on or off the power supplied to the individual elements 1 in the array to provide the selected desired aperture distribution.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the employment of an active phased array antenna assembly according to the present invention in a multi-function radar.
  • the control signal is provided via a radar master controller 8 which receives a signal 9 indicative of the required distribution selection of elements.
  • the control signal 10 is passed to each means 4 to a digital communication unit 11 also forming part of each means 4.
  • the control signal is passed from the unit 11 to the storage unit 7 in the form of a specific code for the aperture distribution selected.
  • the programmable digital storage unit 7 is pre-programmed with the element distributions and contains the information whether the element 1 of the particular means 4 is to be turned on or off for each of the selectable aperture distributions. This information is then used to control the output of the power supply unit 5 feeding the transmit amplifier 6.

Abstract

An active phased array antenna assembly (3) includes a plurality of elements (1, 2) for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy. The elements (1, 2) are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation. Means (4) are provided for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements (1, 2) from said array of elements to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements whilst retaining the excited elements (2) at the regular lattice positions.

Description

AN ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA ASSEMBLY
This invention relates to an active phased array antenna assembly and to a method for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in such an assembly.
An active phased array antenna assembly includes a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy such as electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy. Conventionally for electromagnetic radiation the elements are arranged in an array in a regular grid or lattice formation and provided with energy or otherwise excited with a tapered distribution across the array. Usually the variation in energy supply to the elements is such as to provide the tapered distribution with generally higher energy in the centre of the array and less intense energy at the edges. One known method of synthesising a tapered distribution in such an array is to employ what is called "thinning" in which the spacing between the elements is progressively increased towards the edges of the array by displacing the elements away from their regular grid positions by random amounts in order to avoid the formation of so called grating lobes.
Active phased array antenna assemblies for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation as employed for multi-function radars will require a number of different aperture distributions and array configurations to be achievable from the same antenna assembly. Most functions require a fully-populated, as opposed to thinned, array with each element positioned on the chosen regular lattice site. For this reason, thinned configurations with elements displaced from the regular lattice positions are not possible. Moreover, in active phased array antenna assemblies employing saturated transit power amplifiers for maximum efficiency, tapered excitations of the elements are not practical as reducing the input power to the elements in order to effect the taper would lead to potential problems of unstable operation.
There is thus a need for an active phased array antenna assembly operable to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements in an improved manner which at least minimises the above disadvantages associated with conventional assemblies and to a method for carrying out such a synthesis. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided an active phased array antenna assembly, including a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation, and means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements from said array of elements to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements whilst retaining the excited elements at the regular lattice positions.
Preferably the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of the elements includes wave energy sources operable to supply excitation energy to the selected elements.
Conveniently the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non- exciting a number of the elements includes programmable digital storage units operable to receive a control signal corresponding to a selected desired aperture distribution of the assembly to switch on or off wave energy to individual elements in the array to provide the selected desired aperture distribution.
Advantageously the lattice formation of elements is regular or irregular.
Preferably the array of elements is linear, planar or conformal to a selected non-linear or non-planar surface.
Conveniently the elements are operable to transmit and/or receive coherent wave energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy.
Advantageously the coherent wave energy is electromagnetic radiation, the elements are arranged in a planar array in a regular lattice formation and the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements includes power supplies controllable by the programmable digital storage units and power amplifiers for receiving power from the power supplies and for each supplying power to the associated element.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a multi-function radar including an active phased array antenna assembly according to the present invention. According a to further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in an active phased array antenna assembly having a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation, in which each element is assigned a random number selected from a uniform distribution between zero and one, each individual element number is compared to the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position on the lattice formation for a desired selected aperture distribution of elements for the antenna, and a source of wave energy to each element is turned off when the individual element number exceeds the normalised aperture distribution value of that element position or is turned on when the individual element number is less than the normalised aperture distribution value and that element position, to synthesise the desired aperture distribution of elements in the active phased array antenna assembly.
For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy according to the present invention arranged in a regular lattice formation and in an unexcited condition,
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view similar to that of Figure 1 but in which some of the elements are excited for a Cosine on a 10dB pedestal distribution, and
Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of part of an active phased array antenna assembly according to the present invention incorporated in a multi-function radar.
An active phased array antenna assembly according to the present invention includes a plurality of elements 1 , as can be most conveniently seen from Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings, for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy. Such coherent wave energy may be electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy. The elements 1 are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation. This lattice formation may be regular as shown in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings or may be irregular. Additionally the array of elements 1 may be linear, planar as shown in
Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings, or conformal to a selected nonlinear or non-planar surface. For convenience in the present application the active phased antenna assembly according to the present invention and the method of the present invention for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in such an assembly will be described in respect of electromagnetic radiation using a planar array of elements 1 in a regular lattice formation. Thus in Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings the elements 1 are represented as being square in plan view in a square lattice having 1 ,296 elements. It is however to be understood that elements of any geometry or shape other than square may be utilised if desired. Additionally in Figures 1 and 2 the elements 1 are shown in unexcited condition as open squares but are shown in the excited condition as black squares at 2 in Figure 2. The excited elements in Figure 2 have a Cosine on a 10dB pedestal distribution. Successive applications of the method of the present invention will yield slightly different distributions to that illustrated in Figure 2 due to the randomness in selecting elements 1 for excitation.
An active phased array antenna assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention as illustrated generally at 3 in Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings includes additionally means 4 for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements 1 from the array of elements 1 to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements 1 whilst retaining the excited elements 2 at the regular lattice positions. In effect the assembly of the present invention and the method of the present invention for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of the elements 1 in the assembly 3 provides a means of thinning the array of elements 1 , each with uniform excitation, to synthesise a tapered distribution whilst retaining the elements 1 and 2 on the regular lattice positions.
In any thinned array, areas of high element density correspond to high values of aperture illumination, assuming unit element excitation, and areas of low density correspond to low values of illumination. Thus the element density is in some way related to the level of illumination taper. The present invention is based on the assumption that the probability of an element at a certain array lattice position being excited, or switched on, is equal to the normalised aperture distribution at that position in the lattice. Thus the means 4 are provided for selecting which elements 1 are to be excited, or switched on in order to synthesise a desired aperture distribution on a probabilistic basis, thereby providing the necessary randomisation to avoid the formation of grating lobes.
Thus the method of the present invention for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements 1 in an active phased array antenna assembly having a plurality of elements 1 for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation, involves assigning each element 1 a random number selected from a uniform distribution between zero and one. Each individual element number is compared to the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position on the lattice formation for a desired selected aperture distribution of elements for the antenna assembly. A source of wave energy such as a power supply unit 5 as shown in Figure 3 for each element 1 is turned off when the individual element number exceeds the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position or is turned on when then individual element number is less than the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position, to synthesise the desired aperture distribution of elements in the active phased array antenna assembly 5. In this way a thinned array of elements 1 is provided with the elements being excited in the required probabilistic manner.
As previously indicated the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 3 makes use of a wave energy source in the form of a power supply unit 5 so that the elements 1 are enabled to transmit or receive electromagnetic radiation. Additionally in the assembly of the invention as shown in Figure 3 the elements are arranged in a regular array on a planar lattice. Hence the means 4 includes the power supply unit 5 operable to supply excitation energy to the selected elements 1. In this embodiment this is done via transmit power amplifiers 6 also forming part of the means 4. Each means 4 also includes a programmable digital storage unit 7 operable to receive a control signal corresponding to a selected desired aperture distribution for the assembly and to switch on or off the power supplied to the individual elements 1 in the array to provide the selected desired aperture distribution. Figure 3 illustrates the employment of an active phased array antenna assembly according to the present invention in a multi-function radar. To this end the control signal is provided via a radar master controller 8 which receives a signal 9 indicative of the required distribution selection of elements. The control signal 10 is passed to each means 4 to a digital communication unit 11 also forming part of each means 4. The control signal is passed from the unit 11 to the storage unit 7 in the form of a specific code for the aperture distribution selected. The programmable digital storage unit 7 is pre-programmed with the element distributions and contains the information whether the element 1 of the particular means 4 is to be turned on or off for each of the selectable aperture distributions. This information is then used to control the output of the power supply unit 5 feeding the transmit amplifier 6.

Claims

1. An active phased array antenna assembly, including a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation, and means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements from said array of elements to synthesise a desired aperture distribution of the elements whilst retaining the excited elements at the regular lattice positions.
2. As assembly according to Claim 1 , wherein the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of the elements includes wave energy sources operable to supply excitation energy to the selected elements.
3. An assembly according to Claim 2, wherein the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of the elements includes programmable digital storage units operable to receive a control signal corresponding to a selected desired aperture distribution for the assembly and to switch on or off wave energy to the individual elements in the array to provide the selected desired aperture distribution.
4. As assembly according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the lattice formation of elements is regular or irregular.
5. As assembly according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the array of elements is linear, planar or conformal to a selected non-linear or non- planar surface.
6. An assembly according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, wherein the elements are operable to transmit and/or receive coherent wave energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, acoustic wave energy or ultrasonic wave energy.
7. An assembly according to Claim 3, wherein the coherent wave energy is electromagnetic radiation, wherein the elements are arranged in a planar array in a regular lattice formation and wherein the means for selectively and uniformly exciting or non-exciting a number of elements includes power supplies controllable by the programmable digital storage units and power transmit amplifiers for receiving power from the power supplies and for each supplying power to a respective associated element.
8. A multi-function radar including an active phased array antenna assembly according to a Claim 7.
9. A method for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in an active phased array antenna assembly having a plurality of elements for transmitting and/or receiving coherent wave energy, which elements are fixedly arranged in an array in a lattice formation, in which each element is assigned a random number selected from a uniform distribution between zero and one, each individual element number is compared to the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position on the lattice formation for a desired selected aperture distribution of elements for the antenna assembly, and a source of wave energy to each element is turned off when the individual element number exceeds the normalised aperture distribution value at that element position or is turned on when the individual element member is less than the normalised aperture distribution value of that element position, to synthesise the desired aperture distribution of elements in the active phased array antenna assembly.
10. An active phased array antenna assembly substantially as herein before described and as illustrated in Figure 3 as modified or not by Figure 1 or Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
11. A method for synthesising a desired aperture distribution of elements in an active phased array antenna assembly, substantially as herein before described.
PCT/GB2001/000716 2000-03-14 2001-02-21 An active phased array antenna assembly WO2001069725A1 (en)

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GB0005979.0 2000-03-14
GB0005979A GB0005979D0 (en) 2000-03-14 2000-03-14 An active phased array antenna assembly

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RU2638557C1 (en) * 2016-12-09 2017-12-14 Акционерное общество "НИИ измерительных приборов - Новосибирский завод имени Коминтерна" (АО "НПО НИИИП-НЗиК") Method of space radar scanning (versions)
RU2642453C1 (en) * 2017-01-17 2018-01-25 Акционерное общество "НИИ измерительных приборов - Новосибирский завод имени Коминтерна" (АО "НПО НИИИП-НЗиК") Radar scanning method
US20190393600A1 (en) * 2014-02-19 2019-12-26 Kymeta Corporation Dynamic polarization and coupling control from a steerable multi-layered clylindrically fed holographic antenna

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RU2451373C1 (en) * 2010-09-10 2012-05-20 Открытое Акционерное Общество "Уральское проектно-конструкторское бюро "Деталь" Active phased array
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EP3217504A1 (en) * 2016-03-09 2017-09-13 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Antenna apparatus and array antenna apparatus for radar
US10132918B2 (en) 2016-03-09 2018-11-20 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Antenna apparatus and array antenna apparatus for radar
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RU2642453C1 (en) * 2017-01-17 2018-01-25 Акционерное общество "НИИ измерительных приборов - Новосибирский завод имени Коминтерна" (АО "НПО НИИИП-НЗиК") Radar scanning method

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