Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/536—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with immune complex formed in liquid phase
  • G01N33/537—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with immune complex formed in liquid phase with separation of immune complex from unbound antigen or antibody
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
  • G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
  • G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
  • G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
  • G01N33/54313—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being characterised by its particulate form
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
  • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
  • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
  • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
  • G01N21/648—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to methods for capturing analytes associated with surface-bound ligands and, more specifically, to use of a solid capturing material for capturing analytes eluted from surface-bound ligands.
• a variety of analytical techniques are used to characterize interactions between molecules, particularly in the context of assays directed to the detection of biomolecular interactions.
• antibody-antigen interactions are of fundamental importance in many fields, including biology, immunology and pharmacology.
• many analytical techniques involve binding of a "ligand” (such as an antibody) to a solid support, followed by contacting the ligand with an "analyte” (such as an antigen). Following contact of the ligand and analyte, some characteristic is measured which is indicative of the interaction, such as the ability of the ligand to bind the analyte. After measurement of the interaction, the ligand-analyte pair is typically disrupted with an elution and/or regeneration solution in order to regenerate surface-bound ligand for further analytical measurement.
• the freed analyte of the ligand-analyte pair is commonly not reused; rather, the freed analyte is typically disposed of together with the elution and/or regeneration solution.
• This practice is undesirable because researchers very often have only limited quantities of the analyte for analytical measurement purposes, and because researchers very often desire to perform further analytical measurements directed to the analyte itself. Accordingly, there is a need in the art to effectively consolidate freed analyte from a ligand-analyte pair such that the freed analyte is amenable to subsequent analytical measurement.
• the need to effectively consolidate freed analyte for subsequent analytical measurement may be illustrated in the context of biosensors which use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to monitor the interactions between an analyte and a ligand bound to a solid support.
• SPR surface plasmon resonance
• a representative class of biosensor instrumentation is sold by Biacore AB (Uppsala, Sweden) under the trade name BIAcore ® (hereinafter referred to as "the BIAcore instrument”).
• the BIAcore instrument includes a light emitting diode, a sensor chip covered with a thin gold film, an integrated microfluidic cartridge and photo detector. Incoming light from the diode is reflected in the gold film and detected by the photo detector.
• the SPR angle At a certain angle of incidence ("the SPR angle"), a surface plasmon resonance wave is set up in the gold layer, which is detected as an intensity loss or "dip” in the reflected light.
• the theoretical basis behind the BIAcore instrument has been fully described in the literature (see, e.g., J ⁇ nsson, U. et al., Biotechniques 11:620-621 (1991)).
• researchers are beginning to appreciate the synergistic effects of coupling SPR technology with other analytical techniques.
• the real-time interaction analysis offered by the BIAcore instrument complements other known methods for investigating both biomolecular structure and function.
• SPR has recently been coupled with mass spectroscopy (i.e., SPR-MS) to provide an extremely powerful micropreparative technique for biomolecular investigations (see, e.g., PCT International Publication No. WO 97/09608).
• SPR-MS mass spectroscopy
• analyte is freed from the surface-bound ligand by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for subsequent analytical measurement by mass spectrometry.
• the present invention is directed to methods for capturing an analyte associated with a surface-bound ligand, as well as to methods for consolidating the same.
• the method involves eluting the analyte from the surface-bound ligand by contacting the surface-bound ligand with a first liquid flow that dissociates the analyte from the surface-bound ligand to generate a free analyte within the first liquid flow.
• the free analyte is then captured by a solid capturing material that is carried within the first liquid flow, yielding a first liquid flow containing captured analyte.
• the surface to which the surface-bound ligand is attached may be either a sensing surface, such as a sensing surface of a biosensor, or a non-sensing surface.
• the method involves eluting the analyte from the surface-bound ligand on a surface of a biosensor by contacting the surface- bound ligand with a first liquid that dissociates the analyte from the surface-bound ligand to generate a free analyte within the first liquid.
• the free analyte is then captured by a solid capturing material that is within the first liquid, yielding a first liquid containing captured analyte.
• the surface to which the surface- bound ligand is attached is a surface of a biosensor, and the first liquid may be a flowing or non- flowing liquid.
• the captured analyte may be further consolidated with similarly captured analytes at a location removed from the surface- bound ligand.
• Such consolidation may, for example, be accomplished by passing the captured analytes of the first liquid through a separation device that prevents passage of the captured analytes, but allows passage of the first liquid.
• the captured analytes may be contacted with a second liquid that elutes the analyte of the captured analyte from the solid capturing material to yield free analyte, which may then be used in subsequent analytical techniques or procedures.
• the present invention is directed to methods for capturing an analyte associated with surface-bound ligand with a solid capturing material.
• the solid capturing material is carried within a first liquid flow and the surface to which the surface-bound ligand is attached is a sensing or non-sensing surface.
• the solid capturing material is within a first liquid (flowing or non-flowing) and the surface to which the surface-bound ligand is attached is the surface of a biosensor.
• a method for capturing an analyte associated with a surface-bound ligand by eluting the analyte from the surface-bound ligand by contacting the surface-bound ligand with a first liquid flow that dissociates the analyte to generate a free analyte within the first liquid flow.
• a surface that has been utilized for capturing a solubilized biomolecule e.g., "real-time" monitoring of analyte-ligand biomolecular interactions with a biosensor
• the analyte is typically associated (e.g., bound) to the ligand by non-covalent forces (such as electrostatic and Lewis acid- Lewis base forces).
• the agent bound to the surface is referred to as a "surface-bound ligand”
• the agent that associates with the surface- bound ligand is referred to as an "analyte.”
• ligand and analyte are to be construed broadly, and encompass a wide variety of molecules ranging from small molecules to large proteins, as well as a variety of interaction pairs.
• representative analyte/ligand interaction pairs include, but are not limited to, the following (wherein the analyte is listed first, followed by the corresponding analyte in parentheses): antigen (antigen-specific antibody), antigen-specific antibody (antigen), hormone (hormone receptor), hormone receptor (hormone), polynucleotide (complementary polynucleotide), avidin/streptavidin (biotin), biotin (avidin/streptavidin), enzyme (enzyme substrate or inhibitor), enzyme substrate or inhibitor (enzyme), lectins (specific carboxyhydrate), specific carboxyhydrate (lectins), lipids (lipid binding proteins or membrane-associated proteins), lipid binding proteins or membrane-associated proteins (lipids), polynucleotides (polynucleotide binding proteins), polynucleotide binding proteins (polynucleotides), receptor (transmitter), transmitter (receptor), drug (target), target (drug), as well as
• the analyte is eluted from the surface-bound ligand by contacting the same with a first liquid flow that dissociates the analyte from the surface-bound ligand.
• a first liquid elution liquids or regeneration solutions
• aqueous solutions comprising at least one acidic, basic, ionic, organic, detergent or chelating agent may be utilized as the first and second liquid.
• Such aqueous solutions include those described in the journal article entitled Identification and Optimization of Regeneration Conditions for Affinity-Based Biosensor Assays, (Andersson, K. et al., Anal. Chem. 7i(13):2475-81 (01 -July- 1999)), which article is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• analyte-ligand systems may be disrupted under the following exemplary conditions: (1) Antibody-antigen interaction pairs - to varying degrees with hydrochloric acid (HC1) of different concentrations (Malmborg et al., Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 55:643-50, 1992; Ward et al, Biochemistry International 26:559-65, 1992) or with weaker acids, typically phosphoric or formic (Corr et al., Journal of Experimental Medicine 178:1811-92, 1993; VanCott et al., Journal of Immunological Methods 183:103-11, 1995), or with detergent or chaotropic solutions (Tanchou et al., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 70:983-93 1994; End et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 268:10066-15, 1993); (2) Receptor-transmitter interaction pairs - with acids (Morelock et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 35:
• the first liquid is in flowing contact with surface-bound ligand (referred to herein as the "first liquid flow").
• Suitable devices for contacting the first liquid flow with the surface-bound analyte are known in the art, and are generally referred to as fluidic delivery systems.
• a representative fluidic delivery system is the integrated microfluidic cartridge utilized in the BIAcore instrument discussed previously in the Background section, and which is capable of precisely and controllably flowing a liquid over a surface.
• Such delivery systems are known in the art, such as described by U.S. Patent Nos. 5,313,264 and 5,443,890 (both of which are incorporated herein by reference).
• Carried within the first liquid flow is a solid capturing material which is capable of capturing the free analyte eluted from the surface-bound ligand.
• the solid capturing material is allowed to flow together with the first liquid within the fluidic flow channel(s) that bring the first liquid flow into contact with the surface-bound ligand.
• the solid capturing material captures, typically by adsorption or absorption, the analyte in close proximity to the surface-bound ligand from which it is eluted, thereby reducing the amount of free analyte lost due to nonspecific binding, such as binding of free analyte to the walls and other components of the fluidic channel(s).
• exemplary solid capturing material typically constitutes separation beads of a small diameter (e.g., 2 to 10 micrometers).
• the solid capture material is generally selected to be suitable with the analyte-ligand system under investigation - that is, the material should be of a type that will readily capture the eluted analyte.
• exemplary solid separation materials are separation beads, such as chromatographic beads used in liquid column adsorption chromatography, especially chromatographic beads used in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
• HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
• the present invention is not limited to chromatographic beads. Rather any solid capturing material adapted to the separation of solute in a solution on the basis of physicochemical properties may be employed. Accordingly, the solid capturing materials of the present invention are inclusive of all chromatographic media, as well as other solid or semi-solid supports having similar properties (such as polymer-based particulate solid supports).
• solid capturing material as used within the context of the present invention is to be construed broadly and is inclusive of essentially any solid or semi-solid support made of a synthetic, semi-synthetic and/or naturally occurring organic polymer, wherein such polymer(s) has the ability to adsorb analytes that have been freed from surface bound ligands; it also encompasses various inorganic materials having like properties.
• the solid capturing materials of the present invention are spherical in shape, comprise a silica gel material having an amorphous structure, and are somewhat porous.
• the solid capturing material may also be magnetic in nature, such as magnetic beads (especially useful for subsequent elution via ionization as in MALDI).
• the solid capturing materials of the present invention may be derivatized with a wide range of chemical functionalities, as is appreciated by those skilled in the art, for specifically adsorbing the freed analyte of interest.
• exemplary in this regard are bead materials made from agarose, dextran, hydroxyapatit, silica, polyacrylamid, and hydrophilic polymers in cross-linked form, which bead materials may also be porous, nonporous, and/or dense.
• the solid capturing material are separation beads carried within the first liquid flow.
• a plurality of separation beads carried within the first liquid flow are pumped through the one or more flow cells of a biosensor, such as the flow cells of the BIAcore instrument.
• the flow rate is such that the first liquid flow is laminar.
• a laminar flow rate will tend to centrally concentrate the separation beads carried within the flow liquid stream (i.e., the beads will generally tend to flow in the center of the channel).
• This phenomenon (also known as hydrodynamic focusing) is due to the shear forces exerted by the wall of conduit onto the flowing liquid. The shear forces will cause a flow rate gradient across the flow channel; a flowing bead will tend to flow centrally so as to have the same or symmetrical flow forces on both of its sides.
• the surface to which the surface-bound ligand is attached may be either a sensing surface or a non-sensing surface.
• a sensing surface in accordance with the present invention may be a sensing surface of a biosensor; such a sensing surface comprises a solid metal support (e.g., gold or silver) having a coating of a densely packed organic monolayer thereon (as is disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• the sensing surface may further comprise a biocompatible porous matrix like, for example, a hydrogel (e.g., a polysaccharide such as dextran) coupled to the organic monolayer coating so to be operable in association with a biosensor.
• a biocompatible porous matrix like, for example, a hydrogel (e.g., a polysaccharide such as dextran) coupled to the organic monolayer coating so to be operable in association with a biosensor.
• a biosensor is an analytical device for analyzing minute quantities of sample solution having an analyte of interest, wherein the analyte is analyzed by a detection device that may employ any one of a variety of detection methods.
• detection methods include, but are not limited to, mass detection methods, such as piezoelectric, optical, thermo-optical and surface acoustic wave (SAW) device methods, and electrochemical methods, such as potentiometric, conductometric, amperometric and capacitance methods.
• representative methods include those that detect mass surface concentration, such as reflection-optical methods, including both internal and external reflection methods, angle, wavelength or phase resolved, for example ellipsometry and evanescent wave spectroscopy (EWS), the latter including surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, Brewster angle refractometry, critical angle refractometry, frustrated total reflection (FTR), evanescent wave ellipsometry, scattered total internal reflection (STIR), optical wave guide sensors, evanescent wave-based imaging, such as critical angle resolved imaging, Brewster angle resolved imaging, SPR angle resolved imaging, and the like.
• reflection-optical methods including both internal and external reflection methods, angle, wavelength or phase resolved
• EWS evanescent wave spectroscopy
• SPR surface plasmon resonance
• Brewster angle refractometry critical angle refractometry
• FTR frustrated total reflection
• evanescent wave ellipsometry scattered total internal reflection (STIR)
• optical wave guide sensors evanescent
• photometric methods based on, for example, evanescent fluorescence (TIRF) and phosphorescence may also be employed, as well as waveguide interferometers. While certain aspects of the present invention are hereinafter illustrated in the context of the BIAcore instrument (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden) with its SPR-based technology, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to such systems.
• a method for capturing an analyte associated with a surface-bound ligand on a surface of a biosensor by eluting the analyte from the surface-bound ligand to generate a free analyte within a first liquid, and capturing the free analyte with a solid capturing material within the first liquid to generate a first liquid containing captured analyte.
• This embodiment is practiced in the same manner as disclosed above, expect that the first liquid may be either a flowing or non-flowing liquid when in contact with the surface-bound ligand.
• the first liquid is a flowing liquid
• this embodiment represents a specific aspect of the first embodiment wherein the surface to which the surface-bound ligand is attached is a biosensor surface, and is fully described above.
• the first liquid when the first liquid is a non-flowing liquid, the first liquid may be contacted with the surface-bound ligand by any number of procedures and/or devices, including, for example, stop-flow fluidic liquid delivery techniques, as well as simple aspiration of the first liquid onto (and off of) the surface-bound ligand of the biosensor.
• the solid capturing material is within the first liquid at the point of capturing the free analyte, but need not have been carried within the first liquid. Rather, the solid capturing material may, for example, be added to the first liquid after the step of eluting.
• biosensor covers not only analytical devices that use flow systems to contact the first liquid with the surface-bound ligand, such as the integrated microfluidic cartridge of the BIAcore instrument, but also includes analytical devices that use non- flow systems to contact the first liquid with a sensing surface, such as a sensing surface on the bottom of a cuvette.
• this aspect of the present invention is applicable to both flow and non-flow biosensor systems.
• the captured analytes are consolidated at a location remote from the surface-bound ligand.
• Such consolidation may, for example, be accomplished by utilizing a column (such as a column used in micropreparative HPLC) that traps the solid capturing material (e.g., the separation beads), but allows passage of the first liquid.
• a column such as a column used in micropreparative HPLC
• a column may be operatively connected to an exit portal so as to receive the flowing first liquid following contact with the surface-bound ligand.
• the column may be sieved in a manner so as to trap the solid separation beads - but allow passage of the first liquid. In this manner, the separation beads having captured analyte will consolidate within the column, whereas the first liquid will be discharged.
• the consolidation step is not limited to columns; rather, any technique that at least partially separates the solid capturing material from the first liquid may be employed in the practice of the present invention.
• Exemplary in this regard is any other device capable of aggregating the solid capturing material, such as decanting devices that allow the solid capturing material to settle, centrifuge devices that allow the first liquid to be separated from the solid capturing material, filtering devices that prevents passage of the solid capturing materials but allows passage of the first liquid, and devices for attracting magnetic beads.
• the captured analyte may be contacted with a second liquid so as to elute the bound analyte.
• a second liquid is allowed to pass through the column having the plurality of captured analytes therein to thereby free the analyte.
• the freed analyte in the second eluent is typically of such concentration so as to be useful for a further analytical measurement, such as mass-spectroscopy, as well as for other uses (e.g., other analytical techniques or procedures).
• the selection of the second liquid depends upon the system under investigation (i.e., depends upon the nature of the coupling force between the analyte and the solid capturing material). As discussed above in the context of disrupting analyte-ligand pairs, proper elution conditions for various analyte-solid capturing material combinations may readily be determined by those having skill in the art.
• the captured analyte may be subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
• the solid capturing material may have an outer surface that comprises an appropriate matrix (e.g., nicotonic or sinapinic acid).
• an appropriate matrix e.g., nicotonic or sinapinic acid.
• an analyte captured on or in such a matrix is amenable to intact desorption by laser irradiation as is appreciated by those skilled in the art.
• Biosensor instrument BIACORE® 3000 (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden)
• Sensor chip CM 5 (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden)
• Coupling reagent Amine Coupling Kit (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden)
• Capturing molecule HIV protease Q7K 981126 (provided by Uppsala
• Mass spectrometer Bruker Biflex IIITM (Bruker Daltonics Inc., U.S.A.)
• the capturing molecule is immobilized to the sensor chip using the instrument supplier's standard protocol for amine coupling resulting in ca 4000 RU per flowcell relative to the baseline in a serial injections of flowcells 4, 3, 2 in BIACORE 3000. Analyte is then injected, the immobilized amount of HIV protease being able to capture 30-100 RU of HIV inhibitor - corresponding to 50 -150 femtomole inhibitor per flowcell.
• the captured analyte is recovered by using 4 ⁇ l slurry of a 2-4 % slurry of chromatographic beads in 2% formic acid which is injected using the "MICRORECOVER" command in BIACORE 3000.
• the beads are equilibrated in a gelloader tip according to Gobom et al., J Mass. Spectrom. 34:105-116, 1999, and then dispensed in about 50 ⁇ l of 2 % formic acid prior to MICRORECOVER.
• Recovered beads with the captured analyte are then transferred manually with an Eppendorff pipette on top of a gelloader tip with already equilibrated RPC gel according to Gobom et al., supra.
• a washing step involving elution with 5% acetonitrile (ACN) in 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is then performed, and the analyte is subsequently eluted with 45% ACN/0.1% TFA saturated with ⁇ -cyanocinnamic acid directly onto a MALDI probe tip according to Gobom et al., supra.
• the presence of recovered analyte is then verified by MALDI MS performed on the Bruker BiflexIII mass spectrometer in reflectron mode.
• Example 1 The procedure described in Example 1 above is followed, except that as capturing media are used Micromer®-M C8, C18 reversed phase, 8 ⁇ m diameter magnetic beads (Micromod Pumbletechnologie GmbH, Rostock, Germany).
• the chromatographic magnetic beads Prior to injection into the BIACORE 3000 by the MICRORECOVER command, the chromatographic magnetic beads are equilibrated in 2 % formic acid by filtration using a batch procedure. A 2-4 % slurry of the equlibrated beads are then prepared in 2 % formic acid and transferred to an autosampler vial for injection into the BIACORE 3000.

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