WO2001063793A2 - Reglage de puissance pour service vocal par paquets avec application a un systeme edge - Google Patents

Reglage de puissance pour service vocal par paquets avec application a un systeme edge Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001063793A2
WO2001063793A2 PCT/US2001/005553 US0105553W WO0163793A2 WO 2001063793 A2 WO2001063793 A2 WO 2001063793A2 US 0105553 W US0105553 W US 0105553W WO 0163793 A2 WO0163793 A2 WO 0163793A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
power control
packet
kalman
channel
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PCT/US2001/005553
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English (en)
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WO2001063793A3 (fr
Inventor
Justin C. Chuang
Kin K. Leung
Xiaoxin Qiu
Li-Chun Wang
Shailender B. Timire
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At & T Corp
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Publication of WO2001063793A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001063793A2/fr
Publication of WO2001063793A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001063793A3/fr

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/24—TPC being performed according to specific parameters using SIR [Signal to Interference Ratio] or other wireless path parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
    • H04W52/04—TPC
    • H04W52/18—TPC being performed according to specific parameters
    • H04W52/22—TPC being performed according to specific parameters taking into account previous information or commands
    • H04W52/223—TPC being performed according to specific parameters taking into account previous information or commands predicting future states of the transmission

Definitions

  • the present invention is generally related to the field of telecommunications and more specifically, is directed to a method of applying a Kalman-filter power control method based on interference tracking and predictions to packet voice services in wireless networks.
  • the European Telecommunications Standards Institute is in the process of establishing the protocol standards for the Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE) system.
  • the EDGE system is another step in the evolution of data communications within existing time division-multiple-access (TDMA) wireless networks.
  • TDMA time division-multiple-access
  • the EDGE system uses packet-switching technology and the existing 200 kHz GSM channels, the EDGE system employs a link- adaptation technique to support data rates approaching 480 kbits/sec. Due to the advantages and flexibility of packet switching, the EDGE system is expected to serve as a platform for integrated services including at least packet voice and data. For voice service; each call alternates between talk-spurts and silence periods. To increase network capacity, radio resources are assigned to a call only when it has packets to transmit during talk-spurt periods. This technique is also known as statistical multiplexing.
  • Dynamic transmission power control has been widely studied and practiced to combat and manage interference in cellular radio networks. Particularly for TDMA wireless networks like the EDGE system, power control has been shown to be useful in improving network performance and capacity.
  • Existing power control algorithms can be classified as signal-based and signal-to-interference-ratio (SIR) based power control.
  • Signal-based control systems adjust transmission power based on the received signal strength, while the SIR-based power control system changes power according to the ratio of signal and co-channel interference (possibly plus noise) power levels. It is known that SIR-based power control systems yield higher performance gain than the signal-based control systems, although the former is more complicated in implementation due to its required frequent exchange of control information between a receiver to its transmitter.
  • SIR-based power control can be represented as an iterative algorithm that repeatedly adjusts transmission power according to previous SIR measurements. Due to the nature of iterations, SIR-based algorithms typically perform well for calls with relatively long holding times.
  • a power-control method has recently been proposed that is based on measurements and predictions of interference power by use of a Kalman filter. This work is described by K. K. Leung, "A Kalman-Filter Method for Power Control in Broadband Wireless Networks," Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM '99, New York, NY, March 1999, pp. 948-956. The results reveal the potential performance gain of power control by the tracking of interference power.
  • EDGE Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart representation of control messages in a downlink transmission in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a flow chart representation of control messages in an uplink transmission in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is graph plotting Erlang/Cell/MHz versus allocated spectrum in MHz in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 4 is graph plotting cell coverage versus power update period in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is graph plotting capacity gain versus power update period in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a table of measured SLNR and packet error probability in accordance with the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
  • the EDGE system will now be described in more detail with reference to the present invention.
  • Application of the present invention to the EDGE system is by way of example only and is not intended to limit the present invention to such system.
  • the EDGE system makes use of existing 200 kHz channels (carriers) in the GSM. Each carrier is divided into time slots and 8 adjacent slots form a TDMA frame, which lasts for 4.615 msec.
  • the EDGE system has nine modulation and coding schemes (MCS's) and uses a link-adaptation technique to adapt packet transmission to one of the schemes according to the link quality. It is assumed that packets of all calls are transmitted at MCS-2 (using GMSK modulation) to achieve robustness and a data rate of 11.2 kbits/sec per time slot which is adequate for voice applications.
  • a device that synthesizes speech i.e., a vocoder
  • a voice packet also known as voice frame
  • Each voice packet is treated as a radio-link- control (RLC) block.
  • RLC radio-link- control
  • each RLC block is divided into four bursts, which are transmitted in a designated time slot over four successive TDMA frames, one burst per frame.
  • these four time slots (or TDMA frames) for carrying the four bursts of voice packet can be treated as a single time slot (or TDMA frame).
  • each call alternates between a talking mode, at which voice packets are generated periodically by the vocoder, and a silence period for both downlink and uplink transmission.
  • a mobile station starts a talk spurt for uplink transmission, it first sends a signaling message to its base station (BS) to request a quick assignment of a voice channel (i.e., a time slot on a particular frequency carrier) to carry the newly generated voice packets.
  • the BS chooses one available channel for the request and instructs, via a downlink control channel, the MS to start transmission in that time slot.
  • the latter channel is relinquished for use by other calls.
  • the BS sends a paging message over a control'channel to the MS and instructs the latter to receive its packets on a particular voice channel.
  • the BS Upon receiving an acknowledgment from the MS via a control channel, the BS starts packet transmission in the chosen channel. Again, the channel is released upon the completion of the talk spurt.
  • the Kalman-filter method is used to control transmission power. For each MS with power on, it continuously measures the interference- plus-noise power (referred to hereafter as "interference power") for a small set of downlink voice channels, which is being used or may be used to carry future voice traffic from the BS to the MS. These measurements are continuously fed into a Kalman filter to predict future interference power on these channels. Similar processes are also performed at each BS to track interference power for the uplink transmission,
  • ⁇ * is the SINR target for the voice service using the MCS-2
  • 7(n) the interference power (in mW) for the slot in frame n predicted by the Kalman filter
  • g(n) is the path gain between the transmitter and the intended receiver in frame n.
  • the Kalman method represents a closed-loop control that requires exchange of control information between the receiver and the transmitter. Such exchange of information can be made possible by including the pertinent information in appropriate control messages.
  • One such scenario of message exchanges is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
  • the associated MS when an established call is in a silent period for downlink transmission, the associated MS continuously measures and predicts by use of the Kalman filter the interference power on several channels which may be used to transmit the next talk spurt on the downlink.
  • the BS sends a paging message to the MS over a control channel.
  • the MS includes the predicted interference power for a few voice channels in the paging response message.
  • the BS selects (possibly making use of the interference predictions) and informs the MS of the chosen channel in the resource- assignment message. Then, the BS can start transmitting voice packets.
  • the MS While receiving packets, the MS continues to measure and predict interference power for the given set of channels, including the channel where packets are received. Periodically, it sends the interference prediction for the receiving channel back to the BS via a control channel. With the new prediction 7(n) , the BS adjusts its transmission power according to Equation 1 expressed above. Similar operations apply to the uplink transmission as illustrated in Figure 2.
  • a computer simulation can be used to quantify the performance of Kalman power control for packet voice service.
  • a total of 37 cells in a traditional hexagonal layout is simulated. Each cell is divided into three sectors, each of which is served by a BS antenna at the center of the cell.
  • the 3-dB beamwidth of each BS antenna is 60 degrees while MS's have omni-directional antenna.
  • the BS antenna has a front-to-back gain ratio of 25 dB. Frequency reuse factors of 1/3 and 3/9 are considered in the simulation.
  • Each radio link between an MS and a BS is characterized by a path-loss model with an exponent of 3.5 and lognormal shadow fading with a standard deviation of 6 dB.
  • Cell radius is assumed to be 1 Km and the path loss at 100m from the cell center is -73 dB and thermal noise at each receiver is fixed and equal to -116 dBm (for the 200 kHz GSM channel with 5 dB noise factor). Transmission power is limited between 1 to 30 dBm.
  • Each sector is populated with 100 MS's randomly and each of them selects the BS that provides the strongest signal power. The results reported below are aggregated from six independent runs, each of them lasted for a fraction to one million time slots. All MS's remain at the fixed locations throughout the simulation. In the interest of simplicity, it is assumed that timing for all co-channel sectors are synchronized at the slot boundary for transmission.
  • the MCS-2 is used for transmitting voice packets.
  • the SINR is measured at the receiving end, which in turns depends on the path loss, shadowing and interference power.
  • the SINR measurement is rounded to its closest integer value in dB and the packet error is determined based on the SINR value and the corresponding error probability (which are averaged over Rayleigh fading with cyclic-frequency hopping) in the table illustrated in Figure 6.
  • Packet error probability is zero if the SINR exceeds 23 dB.
  • the durations of a talk spurt and silent period for each call are exponentially distributed with an average of 1 and 1.35 sec, respectively. As a packet is generated every 20 msec, the number of packets in a talk spurt is geometrically distributed with an average of 50.
  • the BS randomly assigns one of its available channels to carry the talk spurt. If no channel is available, the entire talk spurt is assumed to be lost (or blocked).
  • each sector typically has tens of voice channels and since each of the MS's and BS's in the system needs to measure and track interference power continuously, the simulation model requires a great deal of CPU time.
  • simulation of interference measurement and tracking is limited to only one voice channel in all co- channel sectors. For example, consider a downlink transmission where a talk spurt is sent to an MS in a sector over the channel. Following that, the channel remains idle in the sector for a random duration of time, which is geometrically distributed with a mean matching a given traffic load. After the idle period, the BS starts a transmission of a new talk spurt for another randomly selected MS in the sector. The packet error statistics are collected for each MS over the entire simulation run. This simplified approach essentially yields the same results as if the details of multiple channels and the random channel assignment scheme are simulated.
  • the quality of packet voice service can be said to be satisfactory if (a) the blocking probability of both the new call and talk spurt due to channel unavailability is less than 2%, and (b) packet error rate does not exceed 2% for calls associated with at least 90% of MS's in each sector (i.e., a 90% coverage requirement).
  • the voice capacity is the maximum traffic load in Erlang while maintaining satisfactory service quality.
  • ⁇ (n - 1) and ⁇ * are the measured SINR for packet n-1 and the target SINR, respectively.
  • exponential smoothing can be applied to the SINR measurements in the method proposed in by G. J. Foschini et al. cited above. Since the measurements are assumed to be error free, the smoothing is not included in Equation 2 to improve the speed of convergence.
  • the voice service is allocated with 1.8, 3.6 and 5.4 MHz spectrum.
  • each sector is assigned with 24 (i.e., 3 carriers times 8 slots), 48 and 72 voice channels, respectively.
  • each sector has one third of these many channels.
  • Figure 3 shows the downlink spectral efficiency in terms of Erlang/cell/MHz for the voice service with the Kalman, SIR and no power control. The results in Figure 3 assume that the SINR and interference power can be measured accurately, the measurements for one voice packet can be used to control transmission power for the next packet (i.e., the measurement and control feedback delay is assumed to be less than 20 msec).
  • the limiting factor for the voice capacity in the 1/3 reuse is the packet loss probability which is mainly determined by the carried traffic load of each channel and thus the interference.
  • the voice capacity is almost directly proportional to the maximum feasible load on each channel (as traffic load is balanced among all channels by the random channel assignment), the spectral efficiency becomes independent of the actual spectrum allocation as shown in Figure 3.
  • the 1/3 reuse with the Kalman power control provides 102.5%, 49.5% and 32.5% improvement in spectral efficiency, respectively, over the 3/9 reuse with the Kalman, SIR or no power control.
  • the maximum feasible load on each channel for the 2% loss probability is only 5% when no power control is used (i.e., each transmitter transmits at a fixed power of 30 dBm).
  • the spectral efficiency for no power control is one-sixth of that for the Kalman method in Figure 3. Consequently, the spectral efficiency for the 1/3 reuse without power control is so low that it is much better off to use the 3/9 reuse if no power control is used. This is so because without power control, the 3/9 reuse simply provides better interference protection than the 1/3 reuse.
  • Figure 4 shows the impact of coverage due to power update periods for both power control methods.
  • MS's continue to measure and track interference power for each packet transmission, but the transmission power is updated periodically according to the given update period.
  • the 90% coverage requirement is met by the methods when the system runs at their respective capacity of 30% and 25% traffic load.
  • the coverage for the Kalman and SIR method reduces to 89.3% and 84.3%, respectively.
  • additional increase in the power update period further degrades the coverage performance. Nevertheless, these results show that the Kalman power control is more robust than the SIR as far as power update period is concerned.
  • Figure 5 shows the relative capacity gain of the Kalman method over the SIR method for various power update periods. Specifically, the relative gain for the Kalman power control increases from 20% to 47% when the frequency of updating transmission power is decreased from once every one packet to once every three packets. This significant improvement may probably justify the additional overhead in protocol and interference tracking of the Kalman method.
  • Equations 1 and 3 are similar, except that the Kalman method in Equation 1 is based on interference prediction 7(n) , while the SIR method uses the actual interference power for the last packet.
  • the Kalman method provides some sort of smoothing on the interference measurements. If the measurements contain errors, this smoothing effect can lead to performance improvements when compared with the SIR method. Of course, similar smoothing can also be applied to the SIR method for performance improvement. Nevertheless, in case of accurate measurements and the path gains remain unchanged over time as assumed here, the smoothing effect will not provide a significant difference in performance.
  • the major difference between the Kalman and SIR method lie in the ways they choose the transmission power for the first packet of each talk spurt.
  • the selection of the first transmission power has little impact on the overall network performance because call holding time is much longer than the power update period to ensure the "convergence" of the appropriate transmission power.
  • the selection of the first transmission power becomes important. Since the Kalman method continuously tracks and predicts interference power, the transmission power can be appropriately selected for the first packet according to Equation 1.
  • the SIR method chooses the first power to fully compensate the signal path gain, which can be quite different from the appropriate power level to combat interference. For this reason, the SIR method does not perform as well as the Kalman method does for packet voice service.
  • the current protocol specifications do not include the interference prediction information in the paging response message. So, the proposed Kalman method will require several bit positions (e.g., Applicants have found that 4 to 5 bits are typically sufficient to cover a dynamic range of 30 dB) for each channel under tracking in the message.
  • the resource-assignment message and voice packets in Figure 1 are transmitted over the packet access grant channel (PAGCH) and packet data traffic channel (PDTCH), as specified in the current protocols.
  • PAGCH packet access grant channel
  • PDTCH packet data traffic channel
  • the existing specifications cannot adequately support the transmission of fast, periodic control message with updated interference prediction for the voice channel in use. One could transmit the control messages on the packet associated control channel (PACC), but its frequency is not high enough for the fast power control method.
  • the results in Figure 4 show that if the power update period is longer than three packets (i.e., 60 msec), the performance gain of power control degrades quickly.
  • the Kalman power control requires fast and frequent transfer of updated interference predictions from the receiving MS to its BS.
  • the channel request and access grant message (with the assigned channel and transmission power information) in Figure 2 can be sent via the fast packet random access channel (F-PRACH) and the fast packet access grant channel (F-PAGCH) proposed in the Qiu paper cited above.
  • F-PRACH fast packet random access channel
  • F-PAGCH fast packet access grant channel
  • Current protocols do not support fast and frequent transfer of updated transmission power from the BS to the receiving MS.
  • One possible way is to attach the power information to the uplink state flag (USF), so that an MS knows in which time slot (by the function of USF) and at what power level it can transmit a voice packet.
  • USF uplink state flag
  • this approach represents an interim approach because the USF is embedded at the beginning of each downlink RLC block.
  • the Kalman power control requires both BS's and MS's to continuously measure and track interference power received from co-channel sectors.
  • MS's can probably monitor interference power for a small number of traffic c hannels (e.g., a few time slots on the same frequency carrier) to conserve battery power.
  • the interference power is equal to the difference between the total received power and the power of the desired signal, where the latter can be measured by filtering based on the training sequence for the signal. It is a common practice that the same training sequence is used for transmission to any MS on a given voice channel. Since the sequence is made known to all MS's currently receiving packets or tracking interference on the channel, they can apply various techniques such as known in the art to measure the interference (plus noise) power.
  • Applicants have applied the Kalman-filter power control method based on interference tracking and prediction to packet voice service.
  • the results reveal that the power-control method significantly improves the spectral efficiency by enabling the 1/3 frequency reuse while maintaining the stringent 2% packet loss probability and 90% coverage for voice service, thus avoiding the "trunking inefficiency" of high reuse factors.
  • the 1/3 reuse with the Kalman power control can yield 102.5%, 49.5% and 32.5% improvement in spectral efficiency over the 3/9 reuse, respectively.
  • the Kalman method provides 20% additional spectral efficiency when compared with a traditional SIR power control method. In addition, the former method is more robust than the latter for increased power update period.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de réglage de puissance par filtre de Kalman appliqué à un service vocal en paquets dans un réseau sans fil basé sur la localisastion d'interferences et des predictions. On utilise des données améliorées de d'évolution GSM (EDGE) comme illustration de l'invention. Le procédé de réglage de puissance améliore de manière significative l'efficacité spectrale par réutilisation d'1/3 de fréquence tout en maintenant une exigence rigoureuse de probalbilité de perte de paquet de 2 % pour le service vocal. Pour un spectre attribué de 1,8, 3,6 et 54 MHz, la réutilisation d'un 1/3 de fréquence avec le réglage de puissance Kalman peut atteindre 102,5 %, 49,5 % et 32,5 % d'amélioration de l'efficacité spectrale par rapport à une réalisation respective de 3/9.
PCT/US2001/005553 2000-02-22 2001-02-22 Reglage de puissance pour service vocal par paquets avec application a un systeme edge WO2001063793A2 (fr)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5670964A (en) * 1993-09-09 1997-09-23 Ericsson Inc. Navigation assistance for call handling in mobile telephone systems
US5995496A (en) * 1996-06-17 1999-11-30 Nokia Mobile Phones Limited Control of transmission power in wireless packet data transfer
US6002942A (en) * 1996-06-28 1999-12-14 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method for controlling transmitting power of a mobile station
WO2001008322A1 (fr) * 1999-07-26 2001-02-01 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Attribution de niveaux de puissance initiaux dans le sens montant et descendant, dans un reseau de radiotelecommunication

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5670964A (en) * 1993-09-09 1997-09-23 Ericsson Inc. Navigation assistance for call handling in mobile telephone systems
US5995496A (en) * 1996-06-17 1999-11-30 Nokia Mobile Phones Limited Control of transmission power in wireless packet data transfer
US6002942A (en) * 1996-06-28 1999-12-14 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method for controlling transmitting power of a mobile station
WO2001008322A1 (fr) * 1999-07-26 2001-02-01 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Attribution de niveaux de puissance initiaux dans le sens montant et descendant, dans un reseau de radiotelecommunication

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