WO2001057559A1 - Multiflecting light directing film - Google Patents
Multiflecting light directing film Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001057559A1 WO2001057559A1 PCT/US2000/002625 US0002625W WO0157559A1 WO 2001057559 A1 WO2001057559 A1 WO 2001057559A1 US 0002625 W US0002625 W US 0002625W WO 0157559 A1 WO0157559 A1 WO 0157559A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- light
- transflector
- radiation
- reflecting
- percentage
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
- G02B27/0938—Using specific optical elements
- G02B27/0977—Reflective elements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
- F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B17/00—Systems with reflecting surfaces, with or without refracting elements
- G02B17/002—Arrays of reflective systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B17/00—Systems with reflecting surfaces, with or without refracting elements
- G02B17/004—Systems comprising a plurality of reflections between two or more surfaces, e.g. cells, resonators
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
- G02B19/0004—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed
- G02B19/0028—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the optical means employed refractive and reflective surfaces, e.g. non-imaging catadioptric systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
- G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
- G02B19/0038—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with ambient light
- G02B19/0042—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with ambient light for use with direct solar radiation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B19/00—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics
- G02B19/0033—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use
- G02B19/0047—Condensers, e.g. light collectors or similar non-imaging optics characterised by the use for use with a light source
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/003—Light absorbing elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/005—Diaphragms
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/08—Mirrors
- G02B5/09—Multifaceted or polygonal mirrors, e.g. polygonal scanning mirrors; Fresnel mirrors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
- G02B6/0053—Prismatic sheet or layer; Brightness enhancement element, sheet or layer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133553—Reflecting elements
- G02F1/133555—Transflectors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
- F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
- F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
- F24S2023/87—Reflectors layout
- F24S2023/878—Assemblies of spaced reflective elements in the form of grids, e.g. vertical or inclined reflective elements extending over heat absorbing elements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
Definitions
- This invention relates to all applications where there is a requirement in which reflectivity of incident light (visible through infrared) in one direction and transmissivity in the opposite direction are simultaneously enhanced. That is, the sum of the reflectivity from one side and the transmissivity from the other side exceeds 1.0.
- a film will hereinafter be called a multiflector.
- One application area is for solar collection in which transmission of light would be maximized (reflectivity minimized) in the direction facing the sun and reflectivity maximized (transmissivity minimized) in the direction facing the collector.
- the invention will significantly increase the level of retained energy in such devices. Additionally, the invention could be used as part of a heating, cooling and/or power generating system in which solar energy is utilized for some or all of the power generation. The invention will increase the efficiency of solar collectors and will thus reduce the use of fossil fuels.
- a second application area includes use with any non-emissive display technology — such as electrochromic, ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, electromagnetic, and liquid crystal — where it is desired to use both externally generated (ambient) light and internally generated (artificial) light.
- the film is a replacement for the transflective/reflective/transmissive element of the non- emissive displays, where the replaced element is either independent of or integral to the internally generated light (backlight system).
- backlight system Use of this film will allow brightness contributions simultaneously from artificial light and ambient light such that systems will see a significant decrease in power usage. In system where a battery is used for some or all of the power supply, battery life can be increased by as much as 174%.
- a third application area includes building materials in which a film can be used to direct light from a light source (such as a window or skylight) while at the same time reflecting ambient light within a building or structure.
- a light source such as a window or skylight
- the prior art for solar collectors includes photovoltaics where sunlight is converted directly to electricity, solar thermal energy used to heat water, and large scale solar thermal power plants used to generate electricity.
- solar energy is "collected” by placing panels or arrays of panels in the direct path of the sun. These panels are composed of mirrors or mirror-like material to reflect solar energy to a specific point for collection, or are made up of a variety of absorbent materials.
- Systems where absorbent materials are used can be further be divided into systems where solar energy is collected in cells or where solar energy is absorbed as thermal energy to heat either water or a heat-transfer fluid, such as a water-glycol antifreeze mixture.
- Most commercially available solar cells are made from wafers of very pure monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon.
- Such solar cells typically, can attain efficiencies of up to 18% in commercial manufacture.
- the silicon wafers used to make them are relatively expensive, making up 20-40% of the final module cost.
- the alternative to these "bulk silicon” technologies is to deposit a thin layer of semiconductor onto a supporting material such as glass.
- Various materials can be used such as cadmium telluride, copper-indium-diselenide and silicon.
- thermal collectors There are basically three types of thermal collectors: flat-plate, evacuated-tube, and concentrating.
- a flat-plate collector the most common type, is an insulated, weatherproofed box containing a dark absorber plate under one or more transparent or translucent covers.
- Evacuated-tube collectors are made up of rows of parallel, transparent glass tubes. Each tube consists of a glass outer tube and an inner tube, or absorber, covered with a selective coating that absorbs solar energy well but inhibits radiative heat loss. The air is withdrawn (“evacuated") from the space between the tubes to form a vacuum, which eliminates conductive and convective heat loss. Concentrating collector applications are usually parabolic troughs that use mirrored surfaces to concentrate the sun's energy on an absorber tube (called a receiver) containing a heat-transfer fluid.
- non-emissive displays particularly liquid crystal displays
- non-emissive displays include either reflective displays or surface light source (transmissive) displays, commonly denoted backlit displays.
- the conventional reflective display which uses a reflective film as the bottom layer to redirect ambient light back through the display elements has a composition as illustrated in figure 1.
- ambient light 10 unsunlight, artificial light - such as office lighting - or from a light source attached to the top of the unit 11
- enters the display unit passes through the various layers of the unit, 6 polarizers, 7 glass plates (which may include color filters, common electrodes, TFT matrix, or other components), and 8 liquid crystal suspension, and is redirected from the reflective film 9 back through the various layers to produce an image.
- the conventional backlit (transmissive) display has a composition as illustrated in figure 2.
- light is produced with a backlight assembly 7 and directed as light ray 13, through the various layers, such as 6 polarizers, 7 glass plates (which may include color filters, common electrodes, TFT matrix, or other components), and 8 liquid crystal suspension, to produce an image.
- This method of producing an image with artificial light is limited by the amount of ambient light and, in systems where a battery is used some or all of the time to generate power, by limited battery life.
- the backlight gain must be increased to produce more usable light, i.e. more light passing through layers 6 through 8. This increase in artificial light causes an added drain on the battery and thus reduces the usability of the system to which the display is attached. As ambient light increases, glare increases and thus, at some point the backlight becomes ineffective in producing a palatable image.
- the prior art for building materials is related to films or coatings for light sources (such as windows, skylights, or light pipes) in which the control of transmittance and/or reflection of light is desired.
- a primary object of this invention is to direct light in such a manner as to reflect incoming light from one direction with minimal loss of said light and with controlled redirection of said light, while at the same time transmitting light from the opposite direction with minimal loss of said light and with minimal redirection of said light.
- Another object of this invention is to direct light in such a manner as to transmit incoming light from one direction with minimal loss of said light and with minimal redirection of said light, while at the same time reflect light from the opposite direction with minimal loss of said light and with controlled redirection of said light in such a manner as to contain said light within a system, i.e. solar collector, or structure (such as an office building, museum, etc.).
- a system i.e. solar collector, or structure (such as an office building, museum, etc.).
- the Multiflecting Light Directing Film according to the present invention will increase the brightness and reduce the effects of glare in systems where this is required and/or will increase the efficiency of systems where containing light is required.
- Figure 1 is a diagram showing the operation of a conventional reflective display.
- Figure 2 is a diagram showing the operation of a conventional backlight display.
- Figure 3 is a diagram showing the general features of a backlight embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 4 is a diagram showing the general features of a solar panel embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 5 is a diagram showing the typical composition of a non-emissive display utilizing the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a diagram showing the operation of an embodiment of the present invention utilizing a collimator.
- Figure 7 is a diagram showing a cross section of an embodiment of the present invention and the associated light paths.
- IOC light ray strikes side of reflective structure and is directed to absorber, is reflected off absorber, is reflected by base of reflective structure back to absorber, etc.
- the film material will be transparent and will be designed as an integral element of the system in which it is a part.
- the film contains a set of indentations, or discrete shapes, which are filled with reflective material(s).
- the cross section of the indentations may assume the shape of a triangle or other polyhedron which may be arranged in a variety of patterns.
- the indentations may be replaced by a series of discrete objects such as pyramids, cones, or any polyhedron, and likewise may be arranged in a variety of patterns.
- the discrete faces of the indentations or objects may be planar, concave, convex, or pitted such that light reflecting from any face may be controlled.
- the preferred material for filling the indentations is a material with high reflectivity such as aluminum or silver, but may be a composite paste, a composite material, or multiple materials with different refractive indices or reflective qualities.
- the reflective material is embedded in the transparent material such that the base of each shape is approximately parallel to and coincident with, or slightly recessed from the transparent material.
- the indentations, or discrete objects are repeated in parallel and spaced across the area of the film.
- the indentations, or discrete objects may be arranged in varying shapes, heights, angles, or spacings before a pattern is repeated.
- Th film thickness (based on the height of the groove, or object, and is determined by the nature of the transparent material)
- R M2 reflectance of the reflective material to normally incident light 22 represent the invention as a whole
- the mirror-like and funnel effects can be accomplished by using a combination of appropriate (1) shaping of the material comprising the film and (2) choice of materials with either different reflectivities, indices of refraction, composites, or a combination of the two.
- the light directing/Tunneling structures and/or microstructures include, but are not limited to indentations (intersecting or not), cones or other conic sections, multi-sided structures (regular or not) such as pyramids or tetrahedrons, all structures of the same or different sizes generally varied periodically and in which the reflectance, transmittance, and abso ⁇ tion of the film might have different values. This enables the achievement of high reflectivity and low transmissivity through the film in one direction and high transmissivity and low reflectivity in the other direction.
- R, reflectivity from one side T, — transmissivity from one side
- the value of the reflectance on one side of the film is significantly decoupled from the value of the reflectance on the other side, and the value of the transmissivity on one side is significantly decoupled from the value of the transmissivity on the other side.
- This newly disclosed film allows R, ⁇ R 2 , T, ⁇ T 2 , and A, ⁇ A 2 .
- T,, R 2 , A,, and A 2 are small. It follows that R, + T 2 > 1.
- the first embodiment of the film is related to uses in which light is to be directed without regard to dispersion upon transmission, in particular for use in solar collectors or any device in which radiated light is to be directed or collected as illustrated in Figure 4.
- light from the sum 23 enters the transparent material 14 as light ray 10A and is transmitted directly to an absorbing material 24.
- Light ray 10B passes through the transparent material 14 and is partially reflected by the absorbing material 24.
- Light ray IOC passes through the transparent material 14 and is redirected by the reflecting structure 15 to the absorbing material 24, is partially reflected by the absorbing material 24.
- the film material will be highly optically transmissive to visible, ultraviolet, and/or near infrared light between about 300-2,500 nanometers, stable to ultraviolet light, impervious to moisture, non-hygroscopic, scratch resistant, and easy to keep clean, with an appropriately chosen refractive index to match the other elements of the system in which it is a part.
- the adhesive is highly optically transmissive to light between about 300-2,500 nanometers and stable to ultraviolet light.
- the second embodiment of the film is related to use with a non- emissive display system, such as liquid crystal displays, or other devices in which light is directed for the pu ⁇ ose of creating an image.
- This embodiment of the film may be inserted between the backlight assembly and the remainder of the display system, may be a component of the backlight assembly, or may be attached to a component of the remainder of the display.
- the preferred artificial light source in this case would include a means of collimating light such that the majority of light emerges pe ⁇ endicular to the film.
- the highly transmissive side of the disclosed film faces the backlight system and the highly reflective side faces the viewer.
- the film will cover the full area of the display.
- the indentations or objects may be arranged at any angle to the edge of the display, from parallel to oblique.
- Non-emissive display systems using the invention will have a composition illustrated in figure 5.
- ambient light 10 will pass through the various layers 6 polarizers, 7 glass plates (which may include color filters, common electrodes, TFT matrix, or other components), and 8 liquid crystal suspension and will be redirected by the reflective elements of the invention 22, back through the various layers 6 through 8, while at the same time artificial light rays 13 generated from backlight assembly 12 will pass through the transparent elements of the invention 22 may be attached to adjacent elements such as backlight assembly 12 or be installed as a separate layer in the display system.
- F w format of display in horizontal direction (number of distinct elements, where each element has a red, green, and blue pel)
- r W ⁇ / [ 3 F w m ( 2 +f) ] for a color liquid crystal display.
- W ⁇ 246mm
- m 3 to eliminate the necessity of alignment of the film with the pels of the display during the display assembly process.
- m may be increased oi decreased as necessary to eliminate visible non- uniformities in the light distribution, such as banding, which may be created by the film.
- let/ 0.5. This minimizes the redirection of light, preserving the original direction of the transmitted light. For this value of/, 20% of parallel light from the backlight system will be transmitted without reflection, 40%> will be transmitted with one redirection from the reflecting indentations or objects, and 40%> will be transmitted after two redirections from the reflecting indentations or objects.
- the reflectance R, and transmittance T 2 can be computed if R M2 (normal reflectance of the material) is known. Note two design examples:
- a multiflector is a transflector, being a device capable of transmitting and reflecting light.
- FIG. 6 An embodiment is shown in Figure 6.
- 31 represent the transparent material (body of the element)
- 32 represent the reflective/refractive shapes
- 33 represent a reflective material (where no fill, gas, vacuum, or a change of indices of refraction are used to create structures)
- 34 represents a collimating element attached to the Multiflector element.
- Light ray 35 strikes the base 33 of a shape 32 and is redirected away from the element (reflected).
- Light ray 37 enters the collimator from a transmissive energy source (not shown) at an incident angle greater than 10 degrees and is redirected by the collimator 34 to less than 10 degrees.
- Figure 7 represents a cross section of the Multiflector element, where 41 represents the boundary edge of the element.
- Structure 43 extends into the element a percentage of the total element thickness. Let the apex (tip) of structure 43 have an angle of 4 degrees. Additionally, let the apex of structure 43 face one light source (not shown) while the base of the structure 43 faces another light source (not shown). Light ray 44 enters the element pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element and passes through the element without striking a shaped structure 43 and exits the element without redirection.
- Light ray 45 enters the element pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element and strikes the midpoint of a structure 43 and is minimally redirected (4 degrees relative to pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element) such that it exits the element without striking an adjacent structure 43.
- Light ray 46 enters the element pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element and strikes a structure 43 near the apex (tip) and is minimally redirected (4 degrees relative to pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element) such that it strikes an adjacent structure near the base of the structure (16.6% of the height of the structure) and is again minimally redirected (as above) such that the total redirection of light ray 46 is 8 degrees from the pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element upon exiting the element.
- Light ray 47 enters the element at an angle greater than 10 degrees of pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element and strikes a structure 43 above the midpoint and is minimally redirected (4 degrees relative to pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element).
- Light ray 48 is reflected by a structure 43 at an angle equal to the angle of incidence.
- Light ray 49 enters the element at a steep angle relative to the pe ⁇ endicular to the plane and strikes a structure 43 near the apex (tip), due to the cumulative redirection light ray 49 cannot exit the opposite side of the element.
- Figure 7 is configured with structures 43 at an aspect ratio of 14.3, a spacing between structures 43 of 25% of the base width, and structures evenly spaced across the body of the element 42.
- Such an element will produce a transmissivity of 94% of light rays entering the element pe ⁇ endicular to the plane from the side closest to the apex (tip) of structures 43 (transmissive side).
- the element described above will provide the additional benefit of reflecting 76% of light striking the element from the opposite direction.
- 20% of light entering from the transmissive side will pass through the element without redirection, 40% will pass through with a single redirection (4 degrees relative to pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element) and 40% of the light will have two redirections (8 degrees relative to pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element).
- This example provides an R + T of 1.70.
- Another embodiment of the invention is related to uses in which light is to be directed or focused upon transmission, in particular for use in building materials where light from the sun is used to illuminate an interior area or augment artificial lighting.
- the indentations, or objects may be angled such that the base of the indentation, or object is not parallel or coincident with the boundary of the transparent material. This embodiment will allow the light to be directed at a given angle to the transparent material independent of the angle of the light source.
- the present invention may be stated as being a transflector having means for reflecting of light impingent thereon from a first direction, and having means for transmitting of light arriving from a direction opposing to said first direction wherein the sum of the percent of light being reflected relative to the light coming from the first direction, and the percent of light being transmitted relative to the amount of light coming from the opposing direction, is greater than 100 percent.
- the present invention may also be stated as a light transmitting material capable of transmitting light in a first and second direction, having a first surface, said first surface having reflecting means for reflecting a percentage but not all of the light striking said first surface from said first direction, and having one or more reflecting structures associated with said reflector means, said structures having sidewalls extending from said first surface, said sidewalls being at an angle sufficient to reflect light striking said structure from said second direction through said first surface such that a percentage of light from said second direction passes through said first surface, wherein the sum of the percent of light being reflected relative to the light coming from the first direction, and the percent of light being transmitted relative to the amount of light coming from said second direction is greater than 100 percent.
- the Multiflector element is independent of any specific system, but will typically be included as one of several elements inco ⁇ orated within a system.
- the Multiflector element will provide optimized reflection of energy in one direction while simultaneously optimizing the transmission of energy in the opposite direction. This is accomplished by utilizing high-aspect ratio structures embedded, embossed, or by other means created in the body of the element. By significantly increasing the surface area of the reflecting/refracting structures in one direction (the apex of the structure) with respect to the base of the structure, the amount of energy that can reflected in one direction can be decoupled from the amount of energy transmitted in the opposite direction.
- the Multiflector element can be placed in conjunction with other elements to produce additional effects.
- a collimating element may be integrated with the Multiflector to form a single element, attached to the Multiflector, or inco ⁇ orated into another component of a system to which the Multiflector is attached, such that the collimating element is proximal to the transmitting side of the Multiflector element and between the element and the transmissive light source.
- the collimating element accepts incoming energy waves distributed over a broad angle and redirects the energy waves to emerge at an angle less than some specified angle as measured from the normal to the surface of the element.
- a collimating element ensures that virtually all energy entering the Multiflector element from the transmissive side will be constrained within an arc of about 10° of pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element. Constraining transmitted energy in this manner will improve the performance of the Multiflector element, but is not a requirement for the Multiflector element to produce beneficial effects.
- the determining factors for configuring the element are the aspect ratio of the reflecting/refracting shaped structures, spacing between structures, and materials used to construct the element. These factors determine (1) the allowable incident angle of the energy entering the element from one direction (transmissive), (2) the proportion of energy transmitted from that direction, (3) the proportion of energy reflected by the opposite side of the element, (4) the distribution of energy emerging from the element, (5) the percentage of energy lost to internal abso ⁇ tion or scattering.
- Aspect ratio (the ratio of height to base) of the reflecting/refracting shapes determines the relationship between the specific angle at which the transmitted energy enters the element and the angle at which the transmitted energy emerges from the element.
- the spacing between the shaped structures determines the proportion of energy reflected by the element (from the reflective side) and the distribution of transmitted energy (from the transmissive side). By increasing the spacing between the shaped structures, a smaller proportion of energy is redirected from the transmissive side while reflection of energy from the opposite direction is reduced. Conversely, by decreasing the spacing between the shaped structures, a greater proportion of the transmitted energy will be redirected while a larger proportion of the energy from the opposite direction will be reflected.
- the general relationship between the aspect ratio of height to base for the reflecting/refracting structures and the spacing between structures is illustrated in the following examples:
- Example 1 A single structure is triangular in cross section and extends along the full length of the element from one side to the other. The above structure is repeated at regular intervals such that one side of the entire body of the element is covered with the bases of alternating triangular rows and spaces in-between. If the specific application requirement for the element calls for approximately 66.6% of the energy from one side (the reflecting side) is to be reflected and the transmitted energy from the opposite side is restricted to emerge about 5°, than the aspect ratio must be a minimum of 11.5: 1. The spacing between the shaped structures in this example will be approximately half the dimension of the base of a shaped structure.
- Example 2 Assume that the shaped structures are the same as in example 1 and that the specific application requirements call for maximizing the amount of transmitted energy independent of any specific angle of emergence. Also assume that the energy entering the element from the transmissive side is uniformly collimated within about 10 ° of pe ⁇ endicular to the plane of the element.
- the requirements are for reflection of about 80% of the energy in one direction (the reflecting side) and for transmission of more than 95% of the energy from the opposite side (the transmitting side).
- An element with an aspect ratio of 15:1 will be approximately 96.8% transmissive, assuming a perfectly reflecting material for the shaped structures.
- the spacing between the shaped structures is about one-fourth the dimension of the shaped structures.
- the element can be configured to specifically control the distribution of both reflected and transmitted energy. As an example, such a configuration may be useful in a display application to improve viewing angle.
- a light ray striking a triangular row of structures near the tip will have the most number of redirections before possibly exiting the element.
- a geometric plot of the light ray path can be used to derive the relationships between the various parameters, including the constraints of the system.
- the height of the structure will be determined by several factors, among which is the thickness of the transparent material. If the requirement of a specific application is to transmit light through the transflector within 10 degrees of pe ⁇ endicular, then assuming a height, one can plot or calculate the apex angle. The apex angle and the height will give the aspect ratio and thus the width of the base of the structure. In the preferred embodiment for non-emmisse displays, the element should not exceed
- the body of the element should have a transmissive co-efficient of > 97%.
- the apex (tip) of each of the shapes penetrates into the body of the element a percentage of the total thickness between 10% - 100%.
- Each shape will have a fixed apex angle of between 2.6° - 9.5°, with an altitude to base ratio of between 6:1 - 22:1. In another embodiment, the shape will have a fixed apex angle of between 3.0° - 7.0°, with an altitude to base ratio of between 8:1 - 18: 1. In either embodiment, the altitude to base ratio may be as low as 4: 1. This results in the walls of the structure being at an angle relative to the base of between about 83 degrees to less than 90 degrees.
- the base of each structure needs to be reflective. This can be achieved either through a fill process, through a deposition/photoresist process, or other methods such as the use of overlays.
- the triangular row structures are periodically repeated with a fixed spacing between the apex of each triangle of between 3.0 / - 300.0// and the spacing between the base of each adjacent isosceles triangle is between 1.0 / - 100.0//.
- the spacing between the apex may be between 3.0/ - 70.0// and the spacing between the bases may be between 1.0/ - 20.0//.
- a collimating element is attached to the element adjacent to the transmitting side of the Multiflector element.
- the dimensions described in the preferred embodiment should not be inte ⁇ reted as limitations since other applications may require, or allow, variations on the above specifications
- the cross section of a single shape is triangular and extends from one edge of the element to the opposite edge to form a single row and is oriented in the transparent material (body of the element) such that the base of the triangle is parallel to and coincident with, or slightly recessed from, the plane of one surface of the body of the element (the reflective side).
- said triangular row is repeated in parallel and evenly spaced across the entire area of the element forming a striped pattern of shapes and spaces.
- said triangular-shaped rows may be replaced by discrete objects such as pyramids, cones, or any polyhedron, and likewise may be arranged in a variety of patterns to achieve specific effects.
- the discrete shapes, as described above may be arranged in varying shapes, heights, angles, or spacing.
- the discrete faces of each triangular row are planar. In other embodiments one or more of the discrete faces of the row, or discrete shapes, may be concave, convex, and/or pitted. Additionally, micro-shapes (such as pyramids or cones) may be deposited on the flattened base of each structure to further control the direction of reflected energy.
- the material for the transparent "body” of the element will have specific properties that minimize abso ⁇ tion and redirection of energy - such as internal scattering.
- the material for the body of the element will require specific properties necessary for etching, molding, or other processes that alter the body of the element.
- suitable materials are polymers such as polycarbonate and PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate).
- fill material such as a highly reflective metal may be used.
- clear material such as a polymer, or no material (gas, air, or vacuum) may be used to fill the indentations.
- the material chosen for the body of the element should have a higher index of refraction than the fill.
- the minimum difference in index of refraction between the fill and the body of the element is estimated to be 0.01.
- indices of refraction are the same for each shape across the body of the element.
- reflection when discussing light striking the body of the structure, also includes refraction where the difference in the index of refraction of the materials, along with the angle of incidence, results in substantial or near total reflection of the light striking the structure.
- the indentations are filled with a reflective material
- a single material, or composite material may be used to create the above mentioned triangular rows.
- the fill material for the reflective shapes will be optimized to minimize abso ⁇ tion and have highly reflective properties for the controlled redirection of energy.
- suitable materials are aluminum or silver, with a reflectivity of 95% or greater, but may be a composite paste, a composite material, or hybrid materials with different refractive indices or reflective qualities.
- the reflective material may be coated on the transparent body, be part of the fill for grooves in the body, or be the base of the refracting structure physically separate from but attached to the transparent body.
- a second method of creating the preferred embodiment of the Multiflector element consists of producing the above-described triangular rows in a photosensitive transparent material.
- the desired shapes are produced by changing the index of refraction in specific areas of the body of the element.
- a thin layer of reflective material such as aluminum, is deposited on one side of the element, adjacent to the base of the triangular rows (reflective side). Regions of the deposition are removed corresponding to the spaces between triangular rows, creating a striped pattern across the element. Utilizing an optical process to change the index of refraction of specific areas of the element will require photosensitive materials that exhibit favorable optical and mechanical properties.
- Such materials may be organic polymers that have optimized mechanical behavior, or organic-inorganic hybrids that combine the chemical versatility of organic polymers, i.e. polysilanes, polygermanes, and/or their sol-gel hybrids.
- discrete shapes may be arranged in varying shapes, heights, angles, or spacing and one or more of the discrete faces of a shape, including the triangular rows, may be concave, convex, and/or pitted.
- micro-shapes such as pyramids or cones
- the indices of refraction may be different for each discrete shape such that various alternating patterns are produced across the body of the element to achieve specific effects.
- a combination of shapes created by filled indentations and altering the refractive index of a photosensitive material may be used to create various patterns across the body of the element.
- Light encompasses electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths corresponding to visible through infrared.
- the present invention's apparatus is, however, applicable to any electromagnetic radiation that is capable of being reflected or refracted, subject to the ability to create structures of a size and a material to do so.
- the present invention can find applicability in the radio, radar, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma forms of radiation.
- Another method of creating the structures of the present invention is by fabrication of the structures from some suitable material that will maintain integrity in the physical working environment, and suspending the structures by some suitable method. Suspension may be accomplished by the use of wire or some type of filament that forms a grid, but will depend on the specific application and will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
- This aspect of the invention is useful in solar applications, where the size of transflectors are not limited by the size requirements of non-emissive displays.
- One of the more common methods of collecting solar radiation is by the use of mirrors to reflect radiation from the sun onto a complex of pipes.
- the pipe complex consists of a first pipe carrying the liquid to be heated, surrounded by a second pipe.
- the space between the two pipes will typically be evacuated to decrease the amount of convection and conduction loss.
- the present invention's structure By mounting the present invention's structure within this space between the pipes, the majority of solar radiation from the mirror will be trapped and reflected back onto the pipe to be heated, thus increasing overall efficiency. In most situations, the heated pipe will also be emitting radiation, which will also be trapped and reflected back.
- solar radiation passes through the transflector, while radiation not initially absorbed by the solar collector, combined with any radiation being emitted from the solar collector due to it's temperature, is reflected back to the solar collector.
- the vacuum is the transparent material associated with the structure.
- the height of the structure will only be dependent on the spacing between the pipes, and the base of the structure may be large as compared to the use in non-emissive displays.
- the width of the base may be 3500// or larger, although the smaller size structures will also be applicable to this use.
- the multitude of structures will preferably be bent around at least a portion of the pipe to improve both the gathering and reflection of radiation.
- structure refers to the shape of the element refracting or reflecting light.
- the structure may be a physically separate item mounted on or in the light transmittive material, it may be formed or represent a groove or indentation that has been cut into the light transmitting material, or it may be the end result of treatment of portions of the light transmissive material such that a shape having a different index of refraction is formed.
- the transmittive material is a gas or vacuum, as may be found in solar applications
- the structure is mounted "in" the material by means of a grid, wire, filament or other such device, with the grid representing a surface of the transflector.
- the present invention has the unique ability to reflect and transmit more light than any prior art device.
- the sum of the percent of light capable of being reflected, plus the sum of light capable of being transmitted, will be greater than 100 percent.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR0017088-7A BR0017088A (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflector light targeting film |
AU2000226369A AU2000226369B2 (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
PCT/US2000/002625 WO2001057559A1 (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
CNB008194076A CN100416306C (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
EP00904643A EP1266247A4 (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
AU2636900A AU2636900A (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
MXPA02007489A MXPA02007489A (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film. |
CA2399065A CA2399065C (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
JP2001556353A JP2004519700A (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Polygon reflection type light guide film |
HK04102927.0A HK1060183A1 (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2004-04-26 | Multiflecting light directing film |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/002625 WO2001057559A1 (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001057559A1 true WO2001057559A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
Family
ID=21741027
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/002625 WO2001057559A1 (en) | 2000-02-02 | 2000-02-02 | Multiflecting light directing film |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1266247A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004519700A (en) |
CN (1) | CN100416306C (en) |
AU (2) | AU2636900A (en) |
BR (1) | BR0017088A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2399065C (en) |
HK (1) | HK1060183A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA02007489A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001057559A1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2154448A2 (en) * | 2008-08-13 | 2010-02-17 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Solar collector with absorber and absorber overheating protection |
EP2244005A1 (en) * | 2001-12-05 | 2010-10-27 | Rambus International Ltd | Transreflector system |
US7955531B1 (en) | 2006-04-26 | 2011-06-07 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc | Patterned light extraction sheet and method of making same |
US8226253B2 (en) | 2008-02-27 | 2012-07-24 | Lubart Neil D | Concentrators for solar power generating systems |
WO2013140052A1 (en) * | 2012-03-22 | 2013-09-26 | Sunpartner | Transparent solar energy collector |
US11061245B2 (en) | 2016-03-24 | 2021-07-13 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings | Device for forming nanojet beams in a near zone, from incident electromagnetic waves |
US11079523B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2021-08-03 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings | Device and method for shielding at least one sub-wavelength-scale object from an incident electromagnetic wave |
US11275252B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2022-03-15 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings | Device for forming at least one tilted focused beam in the near zone, from incident electromagnetic waves |
US11396474B2 (en) | 2017-04-07 | 2022-07-26 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings, Sas | Method for manufacturing a device for forming at least one focused beam in a near zone |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4985059B2 (en) * | 2007-04-05 | 2012-07-25 | 旭硝子株式会社 | Liquid crystal display |
FR2993087B1 (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2014-06-27 | Wysips | DEVICE FOR ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF AN IMAGE COVERED WITH A SEMI-TRANSPARENT PHOTOVOLTAIC FILM |
CN114296175A (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2022-04-08 | 光场实验室公司 | Energy propagation and lateral Anderson localization using two-dimensional, light-field and holographic repeaters |
CN106813419A (en) * | 2017-03-28 | 2017-06-09 | 黄淳权 | Variable speed rate radiant heat passes device |
CN113189055A (en) * | 2021-05-08 | 2021-07-30 | 东北师范大学 | Method for inverting salinity of saline water lake by utilizing multi-angle polarized light information |
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-
2000
- 2000-02-02 EP EP00904643A patent/EP1266247A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-02-02 AU AU2636900A patent/AU2636900A/en active Pending
- 2000-02-02 CN CNB008194076A patent/CN100416306C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-02-02 AU AU2000226369A patent/AU2000226369B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-02-02 CA CA2399065A patent/CA2399065C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-02-02 MX MXPA02007489A patent/MXPA02007489A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-02-02 BR BR0017088-7A patent/BR0017088A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-02-02 JP JP2001556353A patent/JP2004519700A/en active Pending
- 2000-02-02 WO PCT/US2000/002625 patent/WO2001057559A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
2004
- 2004-04-26 HK HK04102927.0A patent/HK1060183A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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US1253138A (en) * | 1915-02-16 | 1918-01-08 | Brewster Film Corp | Light-splitting device for color photography. |
US3985116A (en) * | 1974-04-22 | 1976-10-12 | Kaptron, Inc. | High efficiency solar panel |
US4040727A (en) * | 1975-09-10 | 1977-08-09 | Rockwell International Corporation | Transflector |
US5781342A (en) * | 1995-01-06 | 1998-07-14 | W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | High light diffusive and low light absorbent material and method for making and using same |
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Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2244005A1 (en) * | 2001-12-05 | 2010-10-27 | Rambus International Ltd | Transreflector system |
US7955531B1 (en) | 2006-04-26 | 2011-06-07 | Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Llc | Patterned light extraction sheet and method of making same |
EP1860471B1 (en) * | 2006-04-26 | 2013-10-23 | Rohm And Haas Company | An encapsulated light emitting device comprising a patterned light extraction sheet and method of making same |
US8226253B2 (en) | 2008-02-27 | 2012-07-24 | Lubart Neil D | Concentrators for solar power generating systems |
EP2154448A2 (en) * | 2008-08-13 | 2010-02-17 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Solar collector with absorber and absorber overheating protection |
EP2154448A3 (en) * | 2008-08-13 | 2012-08-01 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Solar collector with absorber and absorber overheating protection |
FR2988466A1 (en) * | 2012-03-22 | 2013-09-27 | Sunpartner | SOLAR ENERGY SENSOR TRANSPARENT |
WO2013140052A1 (en) * | 2012-03-22 | 2013-09-26 | Sunpartner | Transparent solar energy collector |
US11061245B2 (en) | 2016-03-24 | 2021-07-13 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings | Device for forming nanojet beams in a near zone, from incident electromagnetic waves |
US11163175B2 (en) | 2016-03-24 | 2021-11-02 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings | Device for forming a field intensity pattern in the near zone, from incident electromagnetic waves |
US11079523B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2021-08-03 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings | Device and method for shielding at least one sub-wavelength-scale object from an incident electromagnetic wave |
US11275252B2 (en) | 2016-10-21 | 2022-03-15 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings | Device for forming at least one tilted focused beam in the near zone, from incident electromagnetic waves |
US11396474B2 (en) | 2017-04-07 | 2022-07-26 | Interdigital Ce Patent Holdings, Sas | Method for manufacturing a device for forming at least one focused beam in a near zone |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HK1060183A1 (en) | 2004-07-30 |
AU2636900A (en) | 2001-08-14 |
EP1266247A1 (en) | 2002-12-18 |
JP2004519700A (en) | 2004-07-02 |
BR0017088A (en) | 2003-04-01 |
CA2399065A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 |
CA2399065C (en) | 2011-05-10 |
CN1452722A (en) | 2003-10-29 |
EP1266247A4 (en) | 2009-09-30 |
MXPA02007489A (en) | 2004-08-23 |
AU2000226369B2 (en) | 2006-01-19 |
CN100416306C (en) | 2008-09-03 |
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