WO2001054077A1 - Automated verification systems and methods for use with optical interference devices - Google Patents
Automated verification systems and methods for use with optical interference devices Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001054077A1 WO2001054077A1 PCT/US2000/028030 US0028030W WO0154077A1 WO 2001054077 A1 WO2001054077 A1 WO 2001054077A1 US 0028030 W US0028030 W US 0028030W WO 0154077 A1 WO0154077 A1 WO 0154077A1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
- G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching
- G07D7/205—Matching spectral properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
- G07D7/1205—Testing spectral properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
- G07D7/121—Apparatus characterised by sensor details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/086—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means by passive credit-cards adapted therefor, e.g. constructive particularities to avoid counterfeiting, e.g. by inclusion of a physical or chemical security-layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to systems and methods for determining the authenticity of objects. More particularly, the present invention is related to systems and methods " for automatically verifying the authenticity of an item by scanning for a security feature having predetermined spectral reflectance characteristics.
- the methods in the Hopwood patents are based on the principle that genuine monetary notes are generally made from a specific formulation of unbleached paper, whereas counterfeit notes are generally made from bleached paper. Differentiation between bleached and unbleached paper can be made by viewing the paper under a source of UV radiation.
- the process of detection can be automated by placing the suspect documents on a scanning stage and utilizing optical detectors and a data analyzing device, with associated data processing circuitry, to measure and compare the detected levels of UV light reflected from the tested document.
- optical interference devices such as optically variable inks or foils in order to prevent counterfeiting attempts.
- the optically variable inks and foils exhibit a color shift which varies with the viewing angle. While these optical interference devices have been effective in deterring counterfeiting, there is still a need for an accurate and convenient measuring system to verify that an item is imprinted with an authentic optical interference device.
- systems and methods are provided for automatically verifying the authenticity of an object by scanning for an optical interference security feature in the form of an optical interference device, such as a color shifting device having predetermined spectral reflectance or transmittance characteristics.
- an optical interference device such as a color shifting device having predetermined spectral reflectance or transmittance characteristics.
- objects such as currency, banknotes, credit cards, and other similar items imprinted or embossed with an optical interference device can thereby be authenticated.
- a color shifting security feature exhibits both a characteristic reflectance spectrum and a spectral shift as a function of viewing angle, which can be utilized by the verification systems of the invention to determine the authenticity of an object.
- a verification system of the invention can be automated by placing the items to be verified on a transport stage which moves the items in a linear fashion for scanning.
- the verification systems of the present invention generally include an optical system, a transport staging apparatus, and an analyzing device.
- the optical system includes one or more light sources that are capable of generating either narrow band or broadband light beams.
- the transport staging apparatus Cooperating with the light sources is the transport staging apparatus, which is configured to position the object such that one or more of the light beams strike a portion of the object where a security feature should be located.
- the analyzing device receives the light beams reflected or transmitted from the object and the security feature, and is adapted to analyze the optical characteristics of the light beams reflected or transmitted by the object at varying angles and/or wavelengths to verify the authenticity of the object.
- at least one light beam at a first incident angle is directed toward an object to be authenticated.
- the object is positioned such that the light beam is incident on a portion of the object where an optical interference security feature should be located.
- the light beam is directed from the object along one or more optical paths, such as by reflection or transmission, and one or more optical characteristics of the light beam are analyzed to verify the authenticity of the object.
- the optical characteristics can be analyzed by comparing the spectral difference between two light beams reflected or transmitted at different angles from the object against a reference spectral shift, or by comparing the spectral shape of at least one light beam reflected or transmitted from the object against a reference spectral shape.
- Figure 1 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 2 is a graphical representation of the reflection intensity as a function of position on a banknote imprinted with an optical interference security feature
- FIG. 3 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 7 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with a fiirther embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 8 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 9 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 10 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 11 is a graphical representation of various reflectivity intensities of various stations in the embodiment of Figure 10;
- Figure 12 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 13 is a schematic depiction of an alternate configuration of the embodiment of Figure 12;
- Figure 14 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention
- Figure 15 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 16 is a schematic depiction of an alternate configuration of the embodiment of Figure 15.
- the present invention is directed to systems and methods for automatically verifying the authenticity of an object by scanning for an optical interference security feature having predetermined optical spectral characteristics, whether reflectance or transmissive characteristics.
- the invention is particularly useful in testing the authenticity of various objects such as banknotes, currency, credit cards, and the like which have been imprinted or embossed with an optical interference security feature such as a color shifting pigment, ink, foil, or bulk material, such as but not limited to plastic.
- an optical interference security feature such as a color shifting pigment, ink, foil, or bulk material, such as but not limited to plastic.
- Recently developed color shifting pigments, inks, foils, and bulk materials used as security features have significantly reduced the ability to counterfeit goods, currency, banknotes, credit cards, and the like.
- Color shifting pigments, inks, foils, and bulk materials are formed from multi-layer thin film interference coatings that are very- complicated to manufacture.
- the color shifting pigments and inks exhibit the property of higher reflectance with increased viewing angle.
- Examples of specific compositions of such color shifting pigments or inks which can be utilized in a security feature are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,135,812 to Phillips et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Since the optical effects from the color shifting pigments or inks are repeatable and unique for each specific type of coating structure, the resulting color shift, reflectance, and/or transmittance of an authentic security feature can be measured and used as a standard or reference to test suspect security features placed on items or objects.
- the systems and methods described herein allow for a simple and convenient verification of authenticity by scanning the optical characteristics, such as spectral reflectance or transmittance and/or the degree of spectral shift with angle using one or more light beams incident upon the security feature.
- the optical characteristics and/or spectral shift is compared with stored reference data to verify the authenticity of the security feature and hence the object.
- Figure 1 is a schematic depiction of an automated verification system 10 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention that can be utilized for validating the authenticity of an object that should include an optical interference security feature.
- the verification system 10 measures the spectral shape of the reflectance spectrum for an optical interference security feature 16 on an object 14 in or order to verify its authenticity. It can be appreciated, however, that verification system 10 may also use the spectral shape of the transmittance spectrum, whether alone or in combination with the reflectance spectrum to verify the authenticity of security feature
- the security feature 16 can take the form of various optical interference devices, such as optically variable inks, pigments, or foils including color shifting inks, pigments, or foils; bulk materials such as plastics; cholesteric liquid crystals; dichroic inks, pigments, or foils; interference mica inks or pigments; goniochromatic inks, pigments or foils; diffractive surfaces, holographic surfaces, or prismatic surfaces; or any other optical interference device which can be applied to the surface of an object for authentication purposes.
- optical interference devices which combine diffractive or holographic surfaces with color shifting inks or foils are disclosed in a copending U.S. patent application, filed on January 21, 2000 by Roger W. Phillips et al.
- the object 14 on which security feature 16 is applied can be selected from a variety of items for which authentication is desirable, such as security documents, security labels, banknotes, monetary currency, negotiable notes, stock certificates, bonds such as bank or government bonds, commercial paper, credit cards, bank cards, financial transaction cards, passports and visas, immigration cards, license cards, identification cards and badges, commercial goods, product tags, merchandise packaging, certificates of authenticity, as well as various paper, plastic, or glass products, and the like.
- the verification system 10, as depicted in Figure 1 includes a transport staging apparatus 12 for cairving an object 14 to be authenticated, an optical system 18 for iUuminating object 14, and an analyzing system 20 for analyzing the features of a reflectance spectrum.
- the verification system 10 therefore, is adapted to authenticate object 14 through analyzing the spectral shape of the reflectance spectrum for security feature 16.
- system 10 verifies the authenticity of security feature 16 by comparing the reflectance spectra of security feature 16 at two different reflection angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b .
- the verification system 10 includes an optical system 18 that has two or more light sources such as broadband light sources 24a, 24b.
- Broadband light sources 24a, 24b generate light in a range of wavelengths, such as from about 350 nm to about 1000 nm, to illuminate in a collimated fashion security feature 16 located on object 14.
- Suitable devices for light sources 24a, 24b include tungsten filaments, quartz halogen lamps, neon flash lamps, and broadband light emitting diodes (LED). It can be appreciated that system 10 may be modified to include only one Hght source 24, for example, including a mirror and a beam splitter or using bifurcated fibers fed from a common or single source.
- the hght sources 24a, 24b respectively generate a first beam 26a and a second beam 26b that are transmitted to an intersection point 52 at differing incident angles ⁇ la and ⁇ lb with respect to a normal 50.
- first beam 26a and second beam 26b may be transmitted to different spots that do not intersect.
- beams 26a, 26b focus upon two separate spots that lie upon the longitudinal axis of transport staging apparatus 12 which object 14 passes along. In this configuration, beams 26a, 26b need not be activated and deactivated in sequence, but rather beams 26a, 26b may be continuously activated.
- Light beams 26a, 26b are directed from security feature 16 along two different optical paths having angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b , respectively, toward analyzing system 20, as defined by beams 28a, 28b.
- beams 28a, 28b are reflected from security feature 16, however, it may be appreciated that the optical paths may include transmitted beams, as depicted in Figure 10. Discussion will be made, with respect to reflectance angles, however, a similar discussion may be made with respect to transmittance angles. It can be appreciated, however, that operation of the present invention may be possible when ⁇ la equals ⁇ and ⁇ lb equals ⁇ 2b .
- system 10 is configured such that incident angle ⁇ la and reflection angle ⁇ 2a are in a range from about 30° to about 80° from a normal 50, and preferably from about 40° to about 60°.
- incident angle ⁇ lb and reflection angle ⁇ 2b are in a range from about 0° to about 30 ° from normal 50, and preferably from about 5 ° to about 15°.
- the analyzing system 20 of the embodiment of Figure 1 includes a first optical detector 40a and a second optical detector 40b which are operatively connected to a data analyzing device 42.
- the detectors 40a, 40b preferably have the form of spectrophotometers or spectrographs.
- the detectors 40a, 40b are used to measure the magnitude of the reflectance as a function of wavelength for the security feature being analyzed. Detectors 40a, 40b measure the reflectance from security feature 16 on object
- the detectors 40a, 40b may comprise, for example, a linear variable filter (LVF) mounted to a linear diode array or charge coupled device (CCD) array.
- LVF linear variable filter
- CCD charge coupled device
- the LVF is an example of a family of optical devices called spectrometers which separate and analyze the spectral components of light.
- the linear diode array is an example of a family of photodetectors that transduce a spatially varying dispersion beam of light into electrical signals that are commonly displayed as pixels.
- the spectrometer and the photodetector comprise a spectral analyzing device called a spectrophotometer or spectrograph. It can be appreciated, therefore, that various other spectrometer and photodetector combinations and configurations may be used to obtain the desired reflectance data.
- detectors 40a, 40b are grating, prism, filter, or interferometer based spectrometers whose spectral output is scanned or detected photometrically by photometric array devices such as a linear diode array that may or may not be coupled to an image intensifier.
- detectors 40a, 40b use photographic film that is developed and coupled to a scanning microdensitometer.
- detectors 40a, 40b operate by scanning the optical spectrum across a slit mounted in front of a single photodetector, such as a photodiode or photomultiplier, in the manner of a traditional scanning spectrophotometer.
- detectors 40a, 40b operate by scanning a photodetector mechanically or optically across the output face of a spectrometer or LVF.
- detectors 40c, 40b operate by scanning an interferometer's interference pattern across a photodetector followed by electronic transformation to a spectrum of the analyzed light. All of these combinations are known in the art as methods for converting a light into an electronically displayed graph called a spectrum and are collectively called spectrophotometers and spectrographs by those skilled in the art.
- the detector 40a is configured to receive light beam 28a reflected at a reflection angle ⁇ 2a which is preferably close to incident angle ⁇ la
- detector 40b is configured to receive light beam 28b reflected at a reflection angle ⁇ 2b which is preferably close to incident angle ⁇ lb
- detectors 40a, 40b are each configured at a particular angular orientation which corresponds to the respective reflection angle of the light received by the detector. As shown in Figure 1, detector 40a is at a greater angular orientation than detector 40b.
- Communicating with detectors 40a, 40b is data analyzing device 42. Data analyzing device 42 electronically processes the data received from detectors 40a, 40b and compares the same with stored reference data to verify the authenticity of the security feature.
- the data includes electronic signals representative of the spectral shift of light reflected from the security feature at two different angles.
- each detector 40a, 40b measures the reflectance over a range of wavelengths to generate a spectral curve for each light beam 28a, 28b reflected at angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b , respectively.
- the data analyzing device 42 uses a microprocessor and additional circuitry to analyze the spectral curve generated by each detector 40a, 40b to verify the authenticity of security feature 16. For example, software is used to compare the spectral curves measured with reference spectra stored in a database of analyzing system 20. If the features of the measured spectra substantially coincide with the feature of reference spectra, then the item is deemed to be genuine.
- data analyzing device 42 may indicate to a user whether the tested object is authentic or potentially counterfeit.
- detectors 40a, 40b there are various types of data analyzing devices known to those skilled in the art that are capable of performing the desired function, such as application specific logic devices, microprocessors, or computers.
- the security feature 16 of the embodiment depicted in Figure 1 is generally formed from a high-precision optical interference device applied to object 14 as a pigment, ink, foil, or bulk encapsulant such as plastic. As the angle of incident light on security feature 16 is varied, the peak and trough wavelengths in a reflectance vs. wavelength profile changes. This provides a contrast between the low and high reflectance spectral features (i.e., peaks and troughs) produced by security feature 16, which is used by verification system 10 to determine the authenticity of security feature 16.
- angle ⁇ 2a is greater than angle ⁇ 2b
- the wavelength of beams 26a, 26b from light sources 24a, 24b is near the value corresponding to a peak in the reflectance vs. wavelength profile (i.e., a reflectance maxima)
- the ratio of reflectance at angle ⁇ 2a to reflectance at angle ⁇ 2b i.e., the reflection ratio
- the wavelength of beams 26a, 26b from light sources 24a, 24b is near a trough of the reflectance vs. wavelength profile (i.e., a reflectance minima)
- the ratio of reflectance at angle ⁇ 2a to reflectance at angle ⁇ 2b will be greater than one.
- one method of achieving alternating beams 26a, 26b is through interrupting power to one of light sources 24a, 24b or through the use of a barrier device, such as an optical chopper or electromechanical shutter.
- a barrier device such as an optical chopper or electromechanical shutter.
- incident angles ⁇ la and ⁇ lb be each approximately equal to the respective reflection angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b .
- reflection angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b need not equally correspond to the respective incident angles ⁇ la and ⁇ lb as the angle of reflection can change depending on the type of optical interference security feature employed.
- object 14 such as a banknote which has been affixed with security feature 16 is placed upon transport staging apparatus 12.
- the Hght sources 24a, 24b generate light beams 26a, 26b respectively that are directed to be incident upon intersection point 52 on the surface transport staging apparatus 12.
- the object 14 is moved in a linear fashion through intersection point 52, such that security feature 16 passes linearly through intersection point 52. Since object 14 moves past intersection point 52, verification system 10 has the ability to scan a line-shaped area of security feature 16 rather than a spot.
- the light beams 28a, 28b reflected from security feature 16 are incident upon detectors 40a, 40b, which simultaneously measure the reflectance at the two different reflection angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b , respectively, yielding the reflectance spectrum at each angle.
- One technique to analyze such data is to pick one wavelength from the spectrum and compare the reflectance at the one wavelength measured at both angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b thus yielding the reflection ratio for that wavelength.
- the reflection ratio of the reflected light beams at reflection angles ⁇ 2a and ⁇ 2b is compared with the reference reflection ratio for a known authentic security feature to determine authenticity.
- a genuine security feature might be configured to produce a higher reflectance at ⁇ 2a than at ⁇ 2b , resulting in a predetermined reflection ratio, whereas a counterfeit would show either the same or lower reflectance at ⁇ 2a compared to ⁇ 2b , resulting in a differing reflection ratio.
- verification system 10 may operate in the transmittance mode rather than the reflectance mode to verify the authenticity of security feature 16.
- verification system 10 includes transport staging apparatus 12.
- the transport staging apparatus 12 provides a means for positioning an object such that a beam of light is incident on a portion of the object where a security feature should be located.
- Numerous configurations for performing the desired transporting and positioning functions can be employed by transport staging apparatus 12.
- transport staging apparatus 12 can include a belt or conveyor that carries and/or holds object 14 in the required orientation during the authentication process, moving object 14 in a linear fashion past optical system 18.
- Such a belt or conveyer may be deployed in either a high speed or low speed configuration to provide continuous verification of multiple objects, items or articles.
- transport staging apparatus 12 provides for stationary positioning of an object 14 in verification system 10.
- Various other structures may also function as a transporting and positioning means, and are known by those skilled in the art.
- FIG. 2 depicts schematically a typical plot of reflection intensity as a function of linear position on a scanned item such as a banknote imprinted with a security feature. Such a plot further represents a component of the reflection data detected by detectors 40a, 40b and data analyzing device 42 as the banknote passes through intersection point 52 in system 10. As shown in Figure 2, a change in the reflection intensity, which is usually an increase, occurs at the location of the security feature on the banknote. Ifthe features of the measured spectra substantially coincide with the features of the reference spectra, then the item is deemed to be genuine.
- FIG. 1 an automated verification system 110 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention is depicted.
- the verification system 110 includes some of the features described above with respect to system 10, including a transport staging apparatus 12 for carrying an object 14 to be authenticated.
- the verification system 110 is adapted to authenticate object 14 through analyzing the angle shift or color shift of a single wavelength band of electromagnetic radiation reflected from optical interference security feature 16.
- Verification system 110 generally includes a transport staging apparatus 12 for carrying an object 14, an optical system i 18, and an analyzing system 120.
- Optical system 118 includes two Hght sources; a first light source 124a and a second light source 124b, that are helium neon lasers or laser diodes, capable of generating monochromatic and collimated light beams 126a, 126b, respectively.
- the light sources 124a, 124b can take various other forms so long as they are capable of generating a monochromatic light beam.
- light sources 124a, 124b can be monochromators or broadband sources taken through a narrow bandpass filter.
- Analyzing system 120 includes a first optical detector 140a and a second optical detector 140b which are operatively connected to a data analyzing device 142.
- detectors 140a, 140b may take the form of semiconductor photodiodes that are capable of detecting light reflected from security feature 16.
- Detectors 140a, 140b convert the reflectance characteristics of the reflected beams of light, beams 128a, 128b, from security feature
- first beam 126a is generated by light source 124a which is incident upon object 14 at an incident angle ⁇ la that is different than an incident angle ⁇ lb of a second beam 126b generated by light source 124b.
- the beam 126a is reflected toward a detector 140a along a first optical path at a reflection angle ⁇ 2a , depicted as beam 128a, while beam 126b is reflected toward a detector 40b along a second optical path at a reflection angle ⁇ 2b , depicted as beam 128b.
- each verification system of the present invention may operate in a transmittance mode rather than a reflectance mode. Therefore, the first and/or second optical paths of beams 128a, 128b may be transmittance paths through object 14.
- the data analyzing device 142 operatively connects to detectors 140a, 140b and electronically processes the data related to spectral shift characteristics received from detectors 140a, 140b to verify the authenticity of a security feature 16 on object 14.
- optical system 168 includes a single light source 174, such as a helium neon laser or a laser diode that is capable of generating a monochromatic and collimated light beam 176.
- the light source 174 can take other forms so long as it is capable of generating a monochromatic light beam.
- Hght source 174 can be amonochromator or a broadband source taken through a narrow band pass optical filter.
- a beam splitter 182 In optical communication with light source 174 is a beam splitter 182, which separates Hght beam 176 into two beams, a first light beam 176a and a second light beam 176b.
- the first beam 176a is directed toward transport staging apparatus 12 at a first incident angle ⁇ la relative to normal 50, while second beam 176b is reflected to a mirror 180 that reflects second beam 176b towards transport staging apparatus 12 at a second incident angle ⁇ lb .
- the beam splitter 182 can split light beam 176 in various ways, such as, but not limited to, polarization components, bandwidths, intensities, or the like.
- beam splitter 182 can be a polarizing beam splitter, a cubic beam splitter, partial reflector, or the like.
- beam splitter 182 and mirror 180 could alternatively be provided by a bifurcated fiber optic system that divides the incident Hght beam 176 and allows redirection of one or more intensity beams such as 176a and 176b.
- the beam 176b is reflected from mirror 180 toward transport staging apparatus 12.
- Various mirrors 180 are appropriate for perfo ⁇ ing this desired function and are known by one skilled in the art.
- the mirror 180 is positioned in optical communication with transport staging apparatus 12 such that beam 176b is reflected from mirror 180 toward transport staging apparatus 12 at a second incident angle ⁇ lb different from the incident angle ⁇ a of first beam 176a. Nevertheless, beam 176b reflected from mirror 180 falls upon security feature 16 on object 14 at substantially the same point as beam 176a at an intersection point 52 as shown in Figure 4.
- the analyzing system 170 includes similar detectors and data analyzing devices as those previously discussed in verification system 110, to thereby authenticate security feature 16. Accordingly, analyzing system 170 includes a first optical detector 190a and a second optical detector 190b which are operatively connected to a data analyzing device 192. Detectors 190a, 190b convert the reflectance characteristics of the reflected beams of hght, beams 178a, 178b, from security feature 16 and transmit the data to data analyzing device 192.
- the verification system 210 includes substantially all the features described above with respect to verification system 160, including a transport staging apparatus 12 for carrying object 14 to be authenticated.
- the significant differences between verification system 160 and verification system 210 is the specific configuration of optical system 218 and analyzing system 220.
- Analyzing system 220 is. configured to receive the two or more reflected or transmitted beams 228a, 228b from object 14 and combine them into a single beam 228 that is utilized to verify the authenticity of object 14. Therefore, analyzing system 220 includes a mirror 230 and a beam splitter 232. As depicted, beam 228b is reflected from security feature 16 at angle ⁇ 2b toward mirror 230.
- Beam 228b reflected from mirror 230 is incident upon beam splitter 232 that combines beam 228b and beam 228a reflected at ⁇ 2a into a single beam 228.
- the beam splitter 232 can combine beams 228a, 228b in various ways, such as, but not limited to, according to the polarization components, bandwidths, intensities, or the like.
- beam splitter 232 can be a polarizing beam splitter, a cubic beam splitter, a partial reflector, or the like. It may be appreciated that in another configuration the function of beam splitter 232 and mirror 230 could be provided by a bifurcated fiber optic system to combine the reflected beams 228a, 228b.
- Verification system 260 includes a optical system 268 that uses a mirror 280 and a beam spHtter 282 to split the beam 276 into two beams 276a, 276b. Additionally, verification system 260 includes an. analyzing system 270 that also uses a mirror 284 and a beam splitter 286 to recombine reflected beams 278a, 278b into a single beam 278 that is directed towards detector 290 and data analyzing device 292. Depicted in Figure 7 is another alternate embodiment of automated verification system 110. The majority of the features discussed with respect to verification system 110 also apply to verification system 310.
- the system 310 includes a transport staging apparatus 12 for carrying an object 14 to be authenticated.
- An optical system 318 generates a light beam 326 having a single wavelength or a small number of discrete wavelengths.
- An analyzing system 320 is provided for verifying the angular reflectance or transmittance of light beam 326 reflected or transmitted from a security feature 16 on object 14. This system replaces the collection of Hght from two or more light sources and achieves multiple incident angles with the use of an optical scanning device such as a rotating mirror as the only moving part.
- verification system 310 is adapted to verify the angular reflectance of light beam 326, however, one skilled in the art may modify the structure of verification system 310 to verify the angular transmittance.
- Optical system 318 includes a light source 324, such as a helium neon laser or a laser diode that is capable of generating a monochromatic and collimated light beam 326.
- a light source 324 such as a helium neon laser or a laser diode that is capable of generating a monochromatic and collimated light beam 326.
- Hght source 324 may have various other forms so long as it is capable of performing the above defined function.
- Another beneficial characteristic of using a highly collimated beam 326 is that beam 326 is very bright and has a high intensity.
- Optically communicating with beam 326 is an optical scanning device in the form of a rotatable mirror 330, and a cylindrical lens 332.
- Rotatable mirror 330 has a generaHy polygonal shape such that rotation of mirror 330 varies the angular orientation of beam 326 leaving one of the mirror surfaces. Rotation of mirror 330 is controlled by a timing circuit (not shown) that allows complete control of the angle of incidence and reflection of beam 326 at any instant.
- rotatable mirror 330 can be used in place of rotatable mirror 330, such as a rotating or osciHating plane mirror, galvanometric optical scanner, electrooptical beam deflector, acoustooptical beam deflector, microelectromechanical system scanners (MEMS) such as a digital mirror display (DMD), or the like.
- MEMS microelectromechanical system scanners
- Lens 332 has a generally cylindrical form having an input surface 334 and an exit surface 336. Beam 326 which is reflected from rotatable mirror 330 is transmitted by lens 332 to be incident upon security feature 16 of object 14 at varying incident angles ⁇ - ⁇ . It can be appreciated that one skflled in the art may identify various other configurations of lens 332 so along as the lens is capable of performing the desired function, i.e., transmitting an incident beam of light 326 upon security feature 16.
- Analyzing system 320 includes a detector 340 and data analyzing device 342.
- Detector 340 has the form of a single linear detector or photodiode array. Alternatively, a pluraUty of detectors may be utilized, as well as various other types of spectrophotometers and spectrographs known to those skilled in the art.
- Detector 340 receives beam 328 which is reflected from security feature 16 at varying reflected angles ⁇ 2a - ⁇ 2ll , due to the varying angles of incidence ⁇ - ⁇ of beam 326. Detector 340 measures the intensity of the reflected light at given reflected angles ⁇ 2a - ⁇ 2n , and transmits the requisite data to data analyzing device 342. Data analyzing device 342 is operatively connected with the timing circuit (not shown) to control the rotation of mirror 330 such that the specific angle of incidence ⁇ - ⁇ is known at any instant. By comparing the incident angle ⁇ - ⁇ to the reflected angle ⁇ 2a - ⁇ 2n and detected intensity, data analyzing device 342 may calculate the reflectance intensity as a function of incident angle. This is then used to verify the authenticity of object 14.
- Hght source 324 generates beam 326 which is directed to mirror 330.
- Beam 326 is reflected from rotatable mirror 330 at varying angular orientations, for example ⁇ 30 degrees relative to a normal of the reflected surface of rotatable mirror 330.
- beam 326 reflected from mirror 330 sweeps from+ 30 degrees to -30 degrees relative to the normal of a mirror surface as mirror 330 rotates.
- the sweeping beam of hght is incident upon an input surface of cylindrical lens 332. Cylindrical lens 332 transmits each sweeping beam 326 to a specific spot on transportation stage system 16 where security feature 16 of object 14 is to pass.
- the angular orientation of beam 326 is continually varying and therefore the angle of incidence ⁇ - ⁇ and angle of reflection ⁇ - ⁇ of beams 328 and the associated optical path continually change. These changes in angle of reflection ⁇ 2a - ⁇ 2n are detected and used to verify the authenticity of security feature 16. Specifically, since security feature 16 is an optical interference device, the reflected hght varies with both angle and wavelength in a manner characteristic of the device and different from the counterfeit.
- verification system 310 includes multiple light sources that are capable of generating various monochromatic beams of light having differing wavelengths. As such, adjacent facets of polygonal mirror 330 reflect a different wavelength of light to aHow reflectance to be measured at several different discrete wavelengths simultaneously.
- angle of incidence ⁇ - ⁇ is close to or surrounds both sides of normal 50. As such, the plane of incidence must be separated from the direction of normal 50 to allow detection of the reflected light. To achieve this, analyzing system
- both cylindrical lens 332 and rotatable mirror 330 are skewed by an equal but opposite degree of tilt relative to the plane containing normal 50.
- an automated verification system 360 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention is depicted.
- the verification system 360 includes some of the features described above with respect to system 10, including a transport staging apparatus 12 for carrying an object 14 to be authenticated.
- the verification system 360 is adapted to authenticate object 14 through analyzing the spectral shape of the optical spectrum of light reflected from security feature 16 at a single reflectance angle.
- security feature 16 is generally formed from a high- precision optical interference device, there is a great contrast between the high and low reflectance spectral features, i.e., peaks and troughs. Additionally, the spacing of the peaks and troughs, and their respective wavelengths, is predictable and repeatable, such that the spectral shape or profile of each security feature can serve as a "fingerprint" of the physical structure of the optical interference device.
- the peaks (H) and troughs (L) have wavelengths that are related through the following mathematical formulae:
- verification system 360 has an optical system 368 which includes a broadband light source 374 that generates light in a range of wavelengths, such as from about 350 nm to about 1000 nm, to illuminate in a collimated fashion security feature 16 located on object 14.
- Suitable devices for light source 374 include various light generators such as but not limited to tungsten filaments, quartz halogen lamps, xenon flash lamps, and broadband light emitting diodes (LED).
- a first beam 376 is generated by light source 374 which is incident upon object 14 at an incident angle ⁇ la .
- the light source 374 is configured such that incident angle ⁇ a is in a range from about 0° to about 80 ° from a normal 50, and preferably from about 5° to about 60°.
- the verification system 360 further includes an analyzing system 370 having a similar form to that of analyzing system 20.
- analyzing system 370 includes a detector 390 and a data analyzing device 392.
- Detector 390 preferably has the form of a miniature spectrophotometer, however, detector 390 may also be a spectrograph, that are known by one skilled in the art.
- the detector 390 is used to measure the magnitude of the reflectance as a function of wavelength for the security feature being analyzed.
- the detector 390 is configured to receive a light beam 378 reflected at a reflection angle ⁇ 2a which is preferably similar in magnitude to incident angle ⁇ la .
- detector 390 measures the reflectance from security feature 16 on object 14 over a range of wavelengths and combines the reflectance data at each wavelength to generate a spectral curve.
- Data analyzing device 392 analyzes the spectral curve or shape generated by detector 390 to verify authenticity of security feature 16.
- Software is used to compare the spectral curve measured from the security feature of an item with a reference spectra stored in a database. Ifthe features of the measured spectra substantially coincide with the features of reference spectra, then the tested item is indicated as genuine.
- Another configuration for verification system 360 can utilize a high-precision spectrophotometer or spectrograph and a light source to gather the reflectance spectrum over a range of wavelengths. The reflectance spectrum would be analyzed and the resultant ⁇ max and ⁇ calculated. The values for ⁇ max and ⁇ n ⁇ l are compared to the expected values in order to determine the authenticity of object 14 and security feature 16.
- verification system 410 includes an optical system 418 which includes two light sources 424a and 424b.
- a unique feature of verification system 410 is the configuration of analyzing system 420.
- Analyzing system 420 includes a detector 440, a data analyzing device 442, and a hght collector 446.
- Light collector 446 has four trapezoidal shaped mirrors 448 arranged to form a hollow horn shaped light pipe.
- An upper end 450 of light collector 446 connects with detector 440, which preferably has the form of a miniature spectrophotometer or spectrograph in this particular embodiment.
- Hght coHector 446 is open to receive Hght reflected from security feature 16 on object 14.
- beams 426a and 426b which are incident upon security feature 16 are reflected into cones of reflected light represented by lines 428a, 428b.
- the cones of light are incident upon and gathered by light collector 446 to be transmitted to detector 440.
- Hght collector 446 is configured from a solid piece of optical material that is capable of transmitting and gathering the incident cones of light reflected from optical security feature 16.
- the embodiment of Figure 9 is capable of effectively operating with incident iHumination of either a single wavelength or a broadband of wavelengths.
- detector 440 may be a simple photodiode or the like.
- detector 440 should be a spectrophotometer or spectrograph.
- verification system 410 is shown to use reflectance data to verify the authenticity of object 14 and security feature 16, one skilled in the art may appreciate that verification system 410 may operate using a transmittance system.
- Verification system 460 includes a plurality of verification stations 472a-472n that are laid out longitudinally along the length of transport staging apparatus 12, and more specifically a track 463 thereof. Each station 472a-472n is made from a combination of a light source 474a-474n and a detector 490a-490n of analyzing system 470.
- Each verification station 472a-472n therefore, generates a light beam 476a-476n, receives a reflected or transmitted light beam 478a- 478n, and transmits data representative of the reflected or transmitted light beam 478a- 478n to a data analyzing device.
- verification system 460 allows for a simple optical alignment of sources 474a-474n and detectors 490a-490n. Additionally, since each station 472a- 472n is very simple, reliability may be added in redundancy, through adding more stations 472a-472n than are required to verify the authenticity of object 14. As such, if a few of stations 472a-472n stop functioning, verification system 460 may continue to operate while the failed stations are replaced. This is possible since accurate authenticity verification is possible with the remaining stations. In addition to allowing for redundancy, the speed of verification system 460 is only limited by the rate that object 14 passes under detectors 490a-490n and the rate of data processing.
- each Hght source 474a-474n generates a respective Hght beam 476a- 476n having a narrow range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
- Each light beam 476a-476n may be incident upon security feature 16 of object 14 at different or similar angular orientations with respect to the angular orientation of the other light beams 476a- 476n.
- the wavelength of each light beam 476a-476n may be different or the same as subsequent or preceding light beams 476a-476n.
- one light beam 476a may have a wavelength in the red region and be incident upon object 14 at a high angle
- another light beam 476b may have a wavelength in the blue region and be incident upon object 14 at a low angle.
- One configuration for each of light sources 474a-474n is a light emitting diode
- LED coupled to the end of an optical fiber.
- Various other configurations of light sources 474a-474n are applicable and known to one skilled in the art.
- Verification system 460 further includes an analyzing system 470 having a pluraHty of detectors 490a-490n positioned along a track 463.
- Each detector 490a-490n is located opposite to an associated light source 474a-474n, whether on the same side of object 14 or an opposing side of object 14 as depicted by light source 474n and detector 490n.
- Each detector 490a-490n receives a portion of light beams 476a-476n that is reflected from, or alternatively transmitted through, security feature 16.
- Each detector 490a-490n may take the form of any of the detectors discussed previously.
- the data analyzing device (not shown) of analyzing system 470 combines the information from each station 472a-472n, and specifically from each detector 490a-490n, based on the reflected (or transmitted) light, to identify specific spectral characteristics of security feature 16.
- Figure 11 is a graphical representation of various reflectivity intensities measured by detectors 490a-490c as a function of time (labeled as detectors A, B and C in the graph).
- the data analyzing device compares the measured spectral characteristics with stored data of the authentic security feature to thereby verify the authenticity of security feature 16 and object 14.
- the data analyzing device can take the same form as the data analyzing devices discussed previously.
- object 14 passes each station 472a-472n.
- the Hght beams 476a-476n are incident upon object 14 at various incident angles, such as two or more different angular orientations, such that the reflected (or transmitted) light is incident upon detectors 490a-490n.
- Detectors 490a-490n gather data representative of the reflectance (or transmittance) value at each station 472a-472n.
- station 472a may have an 850 nm light source 474a and a detector 490a arranged at a high angle, thereby giving one reflectance value.
- the next station 472b may have another 850 nmHght source 474b and a detector 490b that is mounted at a low angle that gives a different reflectance value. If the reflectance of security feature 16 measured at 850 nm varies with angle, the comparison of reflectance values between these two different stations 472a, 472b would indicate this difference in 850 nm reflectance.
- stations 472c-472n may have light sources, with paired detectors, that emit other wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation such as at 540 nm (green).
- the stations 472c-472n can be established with light sources 474c-
- verification system 460 The operation of verification system 460 is time dependent, since the optical interference device forming security feature 16 to be analyzed is located at different stations 472a-472n at different times. Therefore, the signals from each of stations 472a- 472n may be aligned and later compared. A number of different methods can be employed to re-align the time-dependent signals. One method of accomplishing this is by setting the speed at which object 14 passes by each station 472a-472n, and inserting a time delay on the signals generated by each station 472a-472n so that the signals reach the data analyzing device at essentially the same time, thereby allowing direct comparison of the signals. Different configurations of detectors can be employed in verification system 460.
- discrete detectors are configured along the line of sample motion.
- one or more linear detector arrays can be mounted at one or more angles along the direction of travel.
- two-dimensional detector arrays may be used to provide the reflectance (or transmittance) values as a function of both angle and downstream position.
- Verification system 510 has an optical system 518 and an analyzing system 520.
- Optical system 518 includes two collimated broad-band Hght sources 524a, 524b that generate two beams of light 526a, 526b. Each source 524a,
- 524b may include an optical fiber 546a, 546b having a broad-band light source 524a, 524b coupled at a first end 548a, 548b, while a collimating lens 550a, 550b, such as a GRIN lens, is coupled to a second end 552a, 552b.
- a collimating lens 550a, 550b such as a GRIN lens
- Numerous types of light sources 524a, 524b and collimating lens 550a, 550b are known by one skilled in the art.
- Optically communicating with light beams 526a, 526b is analyzing system 520.
- Analyzing system 520 includes a diffuser 554, and an image recording device such as a camera 556.
- Diffuser 554 is located in close proximity to object 14 and diffuses the reflected hght from security feature 16. Reflected light from security feature 16 will spread out over a range of reflected angles with various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation or colors selectively going in certain directions due to the characteristics of the optical interference device forming security feature 16.
- diffuser 554 acts as a rear projection screen, that displays different colors across its surface to thereby form a color spectral pattern as the light back scatters off the surface thereof.
- diffuser 554 redirects light toward camera 556.
- Diffuser 554 is selected to balance the amount of Hght transmitted to camera 556 with respect to the light that is backscattered.
- a diffuser 554 that scatters relatively more light loses light with absorption, while a diffuser 554 that scatters very little light would allow the observable colors to pass straight through and not reach the camera lens 558.
- Diffuser 554 is preferably a planar ground glass diffuser, such as shown in the embodiment of Figure 12.
- Various other types of diffiisers are appropriate, however, such as by way of example and not limitation, a domed diffuser.
- a domed diffuser 554' is depicted in the alternate configuration of a verification system 510' illustrated in Figure 13, which includes similar components as system 510.
- the domed difftiser 554' has the advantage of providing an even brightness across the surface thereof.
- the domed diffuser may have the form of a hemisphere, a complete sphere, any portion of a sphere, a portion of an ovular body, or the like.
- the term "domed” as used herein refers to various curved or curvilinear shapes that have a 3-dimensional or 2-dimensional structure. Viewing the back scatter of Hght incident upon diffuser 554 is camera 556, having the form of a color camera, however, various other image recording devices are appropriate.
- the color camera in analyzing system 520 could be replaced with an infrared camera, or a detector array such as a CCD, linear diode array, or two- dimensional diode array.
- the camera 556 is focused on the surface of diffuser 554 to image the pattern of wavelengths or colors generated thereon.
- the wavelength channels imaged by camera 556 are transmitted to a data analyzing device 542, such as a computer, that has a stored wavelength and position pattern of an authentic security feature 16.
- Data analyzing device 542 processes the data received by camera 556, by way of recognition algorithms to determine if different wavelengths or colors are reflected in the same way as an authentic security feature 16. The determination may utilize either solely or in combination, the wavelength or color images, the pattern of the images, and the intensity of each color or wavelength. Additionally, since broad-band light sources 524a, 524b generate white spots the color pattern generated by diffuser 554, data analyzing device
- 542 may compare the location and number of white spots generated by a test object 14 with the number of white spots generated by an authentic object 14 and security feature 16.
- verification system 510 Advantages of verification system 510 are that the hardware thereof is very easy to assemble, and tolerance errors are easily calibrated out by data analyzing device 542 through comparing the view image to a sample that reflects in an expected manner.
- Verification system 560 includes an optical system 568 and an analyzing system 570, each of which are partially depicted.
- Optical system 568 includes a plurality of light sources 574a-574n, which can be broadband Hght sources (e.g., white Hght sources) or narrowband light sources producing discrete wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., Hght emitting diodes) that are arranged in a two-dimensional (2-D) array 572.
- a plurality of detectors 590a- 590n such as spectrophotometers and/or spectrographs, are arranged on the same array
- 2-D array 572 is placed in position facing the object with the center of array 572 substantially, directly opposite the security feature 16.
- the array 572 is preferably planar, however various other configurations of array 572 are possible, such as by way of example and not limitation, hemispherical shape, dome shape, or the like.
- the array 572 is connected to a control system (not shown) that activates one or more of light sources 574a-574n and receives data from one or more of source 590a-590n at a given time.
- light sources 574a-574n emit white light
- detectors 590a- 590n give RGB (red, green, and blue) signal outputs to data analyzing device 592 that are proportional to the red, green, and blue intensities of the light reaching detectors 590a-
- detectors 590a-590n record the RGB signals as a function of position on array 572 (and hence angle from the sample).
- the signals from each detector 590a-590n are then integrated by data analyzing device 592 into a reflectance map which is characteristic of the sample.
- object 14 incorporating an optical interference device such as optically variable pigment as described in Phillips '812 has a different reflectance map than that obtained from other types of pigment.
- security feature 16 being made using magenta-to- green opticaUy variable pigment
- turning on the center light source of light source 574a- 574n in array 572 causes detectors 590a-590n adjacent to the activated light source 574a-
- each detector 590a-590n positioned radiating outward from one Hght source 574a-574n would detect colors progressing from magenta, through gold and finally to green at one of the detectors 590a-590n positioned around the perimeter of array 572 where the angle is furthest away from the surface normal.
- the data analyzing device 592 provides not only the color values from detectors 590a-590n but also the intensity measured by each detector.
- security feature 16 is produced using flakes of optical interference pigment and those flakes are primarily aligned with the plane of object 14, the intensity of the detected signal tends to decrease radially from the position of the light source due to the fact that few flakes are positioned at high angles of tilt.
- Hght sources 574a-574n at the perimeter is activated rather than one of light source 574a-574n at the center
- the most intense signal will again be detected at those positions at which the angle of incidence is closest to the angle of reflection, but in this alternate example, this will not be for the detectors near the source.
- the Hght used is the top, center position, then the greatest intensity will be achieved at the bottom center position.
- the bottom center detector would detect a green color with high intensity given a detection angle of about 45 degrees while the detectors near the light source would see a magenta color with lower intensity.
- the detector array would obtain intensity and color signals which produce a sequence of maps which are both individually and collectively characteristic of the specific optical interference device being interrogated.
- Hght sources 574a-574n and detector types could be used in array 572.
- the white Hght sources could be replaced with Hght emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit a narrower range of wavelengths (or selectable wavelengths). If these LEDs are mounted alongside broadband detectors (such as silicon-based detectors), then one would obtain a series of maps giving intensity data as a ftmction of wavelength, light source position, and detector position.
- Verification system 610 includes an optical system 618 and an analyzing system 620. Verification system 610 allows numerous beams of Hght to be incident upon object 14 and security feature 16 at varying angles, while analyzing system 620 receives the reflected or transmitted light at different discrete angles, thereby allowing a determination of authenticity of security feature 16 of object
- verification system 610 is configured to utilize the reflectance characteristics to verify the authenticity of object 14 by security feature 16, although one skilled in the art may identify various other configurations that utilize transmittance characteristics either solely or in combination with the reflectance characteristics to verify the authenticity of object 14.
- Optical system 618 has a plurality of Hght sources 624a-624n each coupled to a plurality of light transmitting optical fibers 622a-622n. Each light source 624a-624n coupled to optical fibers 622a-622n either generates a discrete wavelength of electromagnetic radiation, such as a monochromatic beam generated by a laser or LED, or alternatively a broadband of electromagnetic radiation, such as from a white light source.
- optical fibers 622a-622n distal from Hght sources 624a-624n are attached together to form an optical fiber bundle 630, thereby allowing light sources 624a-624n to be small, robust, and durable, while providing for easier installation and use.
- 622a-622n must be performed carefully to limit the effect of coupling of light at high cone angles during operation of verification system 610.
- One or more of the distal ends of optical fibers 622a-622n may include a focusing or narrowing lens 632a-632n, such as a GRIN lens or a micro-ball lens, to reduce the cone angle of the light exiting from optical fibers 622a-622n, from a typical cone angle of about 35 degrees corresponding to a numerical aperture of 0.3 to a cone angle of about 12 degrees corresponding to a numerical aperture of 0.1. As such, light exiting from the distal end of each optical fiber 622a-622n will be incident upon security feature 16 at varying angular orientations.
- a focusing or narrowing lens 632a-632n such as a GRIN lens or a micro-ball lens
- OpticaHy communicating with a plurality of beams 628a-628n reflected from the surface of or transmitted through security feature 16 are one or more detectors 640a-640n.
- Each detector 640a-640n may take the form of a spectrophotometer or spectrograph, or a number of detectors having filters that aHow passage of certain regions of the spectrum.
- Detectors 640a-640n are located in close proximity to security feature 16 to limit the effects of optical coupling at high angles from optical fibers 622a-622n on the periphery of optical bundle 630.
- Detectors 640a-640n coHect the reflected light as each light source 624a-624n is turned "on" and "off” in a timed sequence.
- detectors 640a- 640n gather the intensities of reflected and/or transmitted light incident upon each detector 640a-640n, for varying angularly incident cones of light have various wavelengths or colors within the predetermined timed sequence.
- the reflectance (or transmittance) data is relayed to data analyzing device 642 that manipulates the data to determine the pattern of Hght intensities, wavelengths (or colors) and angles.
- the pattern is compared to the stored pattern characteristic of an authentic security feature to verify the authenticity of object 14.
- detectors 640a-640n may be coupled to a plurality of light receiving optical fibers 644a-644n.
- optical fibers 644a-644n As such, light reflected from or transmitted by security feature 16 travels towards at the distal ends of optical fibers 644a-644n along multiple optical paths. Light is transmitted along optical fibers 644a-644n to respective detectors 640a-640n for measurement and conversion to electronic signals which are sent on to data analyzing device 642 for manipulation.
- optical fibers 622a-622n are coupled with light sources 624a-624n, and optical fibers 644a-644n are coupled to detectors 640a- 640n.
- the optical fibers are intertwined such that distal ends of optical fibers 622a-622n and 644a-644n can be bound together within the same optical fiber bundle 630.
- the present invention may be embodied in various structures that perform various functions, such as, but not limited to (i) means for directing a first light beam at a first incident angle and a second light beam at a second incident angle toward an object to be authenticated; (ii) means for positioning an object such that the first and second light beams are incident on a portion of the object where an optical interference security feature should be located; and (iii) means for analyzing one or more optical characteristics of the first light beam directed from the object along a first optical path and the second Hght beam directed from the object along a second optical path to verify the authenticity of the object.
- Illustrative structures performing the light directing function include one or more narrowband or broadband Hght sources that generate one or more beams of light to be incident upon an object, such as shown in the embodiments of Figures 1, 3, 5, and 9.
- Another illustrative structure performing the light directing function is depicted in Figures 4 and 6, where one light source generates a single light beam that is split into two light beams by way of a beam splitter and a mirror.
- FIG. 7 Yet another structure that is capable of perfo ⁇ ning the light directing function is depicted in Figure 7, where a single light beam is incident upon a rotating mirror that reflects the light beam at varying incident angles toward an object.
- Other structures performing the Hght directing function are depicted in Figures 12-13 and 15-16, where multiple light sources are coupled to the ends of optical fibers.
- Still other structures that are capable of perforating the light directing function are depicted in Figure 10, where a number of light sources are positioned along a row, and in Figure 14, where a number of light sources are spaced apart in an array.
- the transport staging apparatus described for the above embodiments performs the function of positioning an object.
- numerous configurations for performing the desired transporting and positioning functions can be employed, such as a belt or conveyor that carries and/or holds an object in the required orientation, moving the object in a linear fashion past the optical system.
- a staging apparatus can provide for stationary positioning of an object in a verification system of the invention.
- the analyzing systems described for the preceding embodiments of the present invention perform the analyzing function. More specifically, these analyzing systems can include at least one spectrophotometer or spectrograph, and may include multiple detectors and detector arrays. The analyzing systems also include a data analyzing device which cooperates with one or more detectors to analyze the spectral shift or spectral curve of the light beams reflected or transmitted at various angles. It can be appreciated that there are various other structures that will perform the analyzing function which are known by those skilled in the art. It should be understood that each of the preceding embodiments of the present invention may utilize a portion of another embodiment, and should not be considered as Hmiting the general principals discussed herein.
- each of the embodiments, and other applicable adaptations and configurations may utilize the beneficial effects of analyzing transmitted rather than reflected light from security feature 16 and object 14.
- each of the light sources described herein may be comprised of a single or multiple source of narrowband and/or broadband light which is transmitted through the air or some other gaseous medium, through an optical waveguide such as an optical fiber, or through a vacuum.
- each verification system may utilize a beam splitter and mirror configuration, or fiber optics, such that a light beam is split into two or more separate beams that are reflected and then received by multiple detectors or a single array detector, or recombined into a single beam received by a single detector.
- each light source may generate a continuous light beam or alternating light beam that is incident upon the security feature and object.
- various embodiments discussed herein can be configured and miniaturized through existing technologies to operate as hand-held units, and thus would not require a transport staging apparatus.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (5)
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AU2000280082A AU2000280082C1 (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2000-10-10 | Automated verification systems and methods for use with optical interference devices |
AU8008200A AU8008200A (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2000-10-10 | Automated verification systems and methods for use with optical interference devices |
EP00970751.4A EP1252610B1 (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2000-10-10 | Automated verification system and method for use with optical interference devices |
CA002398556A CA2398556C (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2000-10-10 | Automated verification systems and methods for use with optical interference devices |
JP2001554299A JP2003521050A (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2000-10-10 | Automatic object verification system and method using optical interference device |
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US09/489,453 US6473165B1 (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2000-01-21 | Automated verification systems and methods for use with optical interference devices |
US09/489,453 | 2000-01-21 |
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WO2001054077A1 true WO2001054077A1 (en) | 2001-07-26 |
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PCT/US2000/028030 WO2001054077A1 (en) | 2000-01-21 | 2000-10-10 | Automated verification systems and methods for use with optical interference devices |
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US (3) | US6473165B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1252610B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003521050A (en) |
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CN (2) | CN1210680C (en) |
AU (2) | AU2000280082C1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US7006204B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 |
EP1252610B1 (en) | 2016-03-23 |
CN1423800A (en) | 2003-06-11 |
KR20020074208A (en) | 2002-09-28 |
AU8008200A (en) | 2001-07-31 |
CA2398556C (en) | 2009-06-09 |
US20020191175A1 (en) | 2002-12-19 |
AU2000280082B2 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
CA2398556A1 (en) | 2001-07-26 |
JP2003521050A (en) | 2003-07-08 |
CN1728184A (en) | 2006-02-01 |
US20050217969A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
AU2000280082C1 (en) | 2005-12-08 |
KR100739248B1 (en) | 2007-07-12 |
US7184133B2 (en) | 2007-02-27 |
US6473165B1 (en) | 2002-10-29 |
EP1252610A1 (en) | 2002-10-30 |
CN1210680C (en) | 2005-07-13 |
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