WO2001039306A1 - Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001039306A1 WO2001039306A1 PCT/US2000/028983 US0028983W WO0139306A1 WO 2001039306 A1 WO2001039306 A1 WO 2001039306A1 US 0028983 W US0028983 W US 0028983W WO 0139306 A1 WO0139306 A1 WO 0139306A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
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- electrode
- electrodes
- sediment
- anode
- cathode
- Prior art date
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003786 aquatic sediment Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241000408659 Darpa Species 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/30—Deferred-action cells
- H01M6/32—Deferred-action cells activated through external addition of electrolyte or of electrolyte components
- H01M6/34—Immersion cells, e.g. sea-water cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention has been made under the contract with DARPA/ONR, Contract No. N00014-98- 1-0690 and the government may have certain rights to the subject invention.
- the present invention generally relates to generating power from voltage gradients that exist naturally and in association with chemical changes across the interface of water saturated sediments and within stratified water bodies found in aquatic environments.
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces (although it is recognized that this method and apparatus may be readily adapted to euxinic water bodies).
- a natural voltage gradient exists at and about the sediment-water interface because oxygen reduction is found at and about the sediment-water interface, nitrate, manganese and iron reduction frequently occurs in the top few centimeters of the sediment, and sulfate reduction occurs over the next meter or so within the sediment.
- Single or stacks of inert co-planar electrodes are used to facilitate energy harvesting.
- One electrode is positioned in sediment just below the sediment-seawater interface and the other electrode (cathode) is positioned above the sediment and over to the first electrode. The anode is lower in voltage than the cathode. Current will flow between the electrodes when they are connected through a load.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic of the fuel cell for generating energy at an aquatic sediment- water interface according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a graph of voltage, current and power between two platinum mesh electrodes having four square inch surface area configured as shown in
- FIG. 1 after connection of the electrode leads to a 5,000 ohm resistor.
- Microbial decomposition of organic matter in an aquatic sediments utilizes a depth-dependent succession of oxidizing agents in which the highest energy liberating oxidants are depleted first.
- oxygen reduction is found at and above the sediment-water interface, nitrate, manganese, and iron reduction in the top few centimeters, and sulfate reduction over the next meter or so.
- the depth-dependency of microbe utilized oxidant gives rise to distinctive chemical gradients in sediment pore waters as each oxidant is successively exhausted (O 2 , MnO , HNO , Fe O 3 , SO 4 "2 ) and its reaction products (H 2 0, Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ , S "2 ) produced.
- FIG. 1 a schematic of the fuel cell of the present invention is generally indicated at 10.
- the fuel cell includes a first electrode (anode) 20 positioned in marine sediment 12 just below the marine sediment-seawater interface 14.
- the second electrode (cathode) 30 is positioned over to the first electrode 20 and is positioned in the seawater 16 just above the marine sediment- seawater interface.
- the relative positions of the anode 20 and cathode 30 are maintained by rig members 40.
- the electrodes could be parallel to each other.
- Electrodes 42 connect the electrode to a load, not shown.
- the electrodes can be positioned in proximity but not parallel to each other.
- the first electrode is placed in the sediment, but the second electrode could be placed in the water, above the first electrode, at an angle to the first electrode.
- the second electrode could even be placed at a right angle to the first electrode.
- a plurality of second electrodes could be lined up and positioned above and perpendicular to the first electrode to optimize power.
- the anode 20 is lower in voltage than the cathode 30.
- a sustained load dependent current flows between the anode 20 and cathode 30 that can be used to provide electrical power.
- the electrodes can be solid, mesh, porous or non- porous. Electrode materials include, but are not limited to, platinum, gold, copper, silver, graphite, carbon fibers, which could be contained within fiberglass netting. The size and shape of the electrodes can be varied. Electrical contact are preferably made to each electrode with marine-rated insulated wire and marine- rated insulated epoxy covering conductive epoxy or solder.
- Marine sediment/seawater interfaces have been modeled in the laboratory using aquaria containing harvested marine sediments and seawater.
- sulfide-rich sediments obtained from a coastal marsh region near Tuckerton, New Jersey, were used.
- Rutgers University iron-rich estuarine sediments from Raritan Bay, NJ were used.
- Prototype power supplies consisting of two electrodes fixed in orientation about sediment-seawater interfaces by non- conductive, rigs were fabricated and demonstrated in both sediment types.
- FIG. 2 shows voltage, current and power between two platinum mesh electrodes of four square inch surface area configured as represented in FIG. 1 with a connection of the electrical leads to a 5000 ohm resistor.
- This current can be used to provide continuous electrical power on the order of 0.5 ⁇ Watts cm " .
- Power increases over time and is maintained by microbial oxidation of organic matter in the sediment which regenerates reduced solutes (fuel) that can be oxidized at the bottom electrode (anode) while also sustaining the voltage gradient.
- Sustainable power cannot be produced in autoclaved (killed) sediments.
- the advantage of this power supply over batteries is the prospect of providing necessary power for prolonged periods of time (decades to indefinitely) without the need to replace the power supply because the power supply presumably consumes marine sediment organic matter, which is abundant and replenished by sedimentation and seawater oxygen, which is also abundant and replenished.
- the advantage of the power supply over the use of solar cells is its insensitivity to weather and its submarine utility.
- the advantages of the power supply over the use of direct links to ground available power by means of power conducting cables is cost and logistics.
- the new feature of the present invention is utilization of marine abundant fuels and oxidant as they are found in the environment in which the power supply is intended for use. Therefore, neither fuel nor oxidant need be deployed or actively transported.
- Microbial activity and associated thermodynamically favored biogeochemical reactions create chemical zonation in natural sediments, saturated soils and stratified water columns.
- the relative concentrations of the chemical constituents in each depth zone determine an electric potential, and vertical profiles of this "redox potential" often decrease by 0.5 to 0.8 volts.
- these gradients are often over centimeter scales when measured from the overlying water into the sediment.
- Specific applications of the fuel cell of the present invention include the sustained powering of marine deployed electronics (e.g., sonar beacons and sensors) either as the sole power supply or as supplement to existing power supplies (e.g., recharging batteries).
- marine deployed electronics e.g., sonar beacons and sensors
- existing power supplies e.g., recharging batteries.
- the present invention has application for low power devices, and additionally for generating large amounts of power if done on a larger scale. Further, the generated power can be used for land-based applications where it may be desirable to utilize large components to generate large amounts of power.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/148,104 US6913854B1 (en) | 1999-11-23 | 2000-10-20 | Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces |
AU13379/01A AU1337901A (en) | 1999-11-23 | 2000-10-20 | Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US16699599P | 1999-11-23 | 1999-11-23 | |
US60/166,995 | 1999-11-23 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001039306A1 true WO2001039306A1 (en) | 2001-05-31 |
Family
ID=22605512
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/028983 WO2001039306A1 (en) | 1999-11-23 | 2000-10-20 | Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU1337901A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001039306A1 (en) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6913854B1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2005-07-05 | Rutgers, The State University Of Nj | Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces |
US7550224B1 (en) | 2005-08-30 | 2009-06-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Apparatus equipped with metallic manganese anode for generating power from voltage gradients at the sediment-water interface |
US7709113B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2010-05-04 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Bio-electrochemically assisted microbial reactor that generates hydrogen gas and methods of generating hydrogen gas |
US7922878B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2011-04-12 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Electrohydrogenic reactor for hydrogen gas production |
US8012616B2 (en) | 2010-12-15 | 2011-09-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Advanced apparatus for generating electrical power from aquatic sediment/water interfaces |
US8148019B2 (en) | 2005-01-28 | 2012-04-03 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces using active transport of sediment porewater |
US8277984B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2012-10-02 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Substrate-enhanced microbial fuel cells |
US8962165B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2015-02-24 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Materials and configurations for scalable microbial fuel cells |
CN104852071A (en) * | 2014-02-18 | 2015-08-19 | 中国海洋大学 | Benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) device suitable for actual ocean usage |
US9546426B2 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2017-01-17 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Methods for hydrogen gas production |
CN112094009A (en) * | 2020-08-13 | 2020-12-18 | 天津大学 | Polluted bottom mud treatment and electricity generation device for site |
US10978713B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2021-04-13 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Cathodes for microbial electrolysis cells and microbial fuel cells |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4085254A (en) * | 1973-11-13 | 1978-04-18 | Biolec Corporation | Biological apparatus for generating electrical power and process for producing bacteria electrolyte |
US4278743A (en) * | 1979-12-31 | 1981-07-14 | Thompson Jack E | Generation of electrical energy |
US5158838A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1992-10-27 | Oddvar Bjordal | Method for preventing formation of calcareous deposits on seawater battery cathodes |
US5242768A (en) * | 1991-04-01 | 1993-09-07 | Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology | Three-dimensional woven fabric for battery |
US5288564A (en) * | 1992-09-30 | 1994-02-22 | Magnavox Electronic Systems Company | Compact, cylindrical, multi-cell seawater battery |
US5427871A (en) * | 1991-02-07 | 1995-06-27 | Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt | Galvanic seawater cell |
US5770945A (en) * | 1996-06-26 | 1998-06-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Seafloor magnetotelluric system and method for oil exploration |
-
2000
- 2000-10-20 AU AU13379/01A patent/AU1337901A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-10-20 WO PCT/US2000/028983 patent/WO2001039306A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4085254A (en) * | 1973-11-13 | 1978-04-18 | Biolec Corporation | Biological apparatus for generating electrical power and process for producing bacteria electrolyte |
US4278743A (en) * | 1979-12-31 | 1981-07-14 | Thompson Jack E | Generation of electrical energy |
US5158838A (en) * | 1989-03-06 | 1992-10-27 | Oddvar Bjordal | Method for preventing formation of calcareous deposits on seawater battery cathodes |
US5427871A (en) * | 1991-02-07 | 1995-06-27 | Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt | Galvanic seawater cell |
US5242768A (en) * | 1991-04-01 | 1993-09-07 | Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology | Three-dimensional woven fabric for battery |
US5288564A (en) * | 1992-09-30 | 1994-02-22 | Magnavox Electronic Systems Company | Compact, cylindrical, multi-cell seawater battery |
US5770945A (en) * | 1996-06-26 | 1998-06-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Seafloor magnetotelluric system and method for oil exploration |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6913854B1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2005-07-05 | Rutgers, The State University Of Nj | Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces |
US7709113B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2010-05-04 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Bio-electrochemically assisted microbial reactor that generates hydrogen gas and methods of generating hydrogen gas |
US7922878B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2011-04-12 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Electrohydrogenic reactor for hydrogen gas production |
US10978713B2 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2021-04-13 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Cathodes for microbial electrolysis cells and microbial fuel cells |
US8148019B2 (en) | 2005-01-28 | 2012-04-03 | The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method and apparatus for generating power from voltage gradients at sediment-water interfaces using active transport of sediment porewater |
US7550224B1 (en) | 2005-08-30 | 2009-06-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Apparatus equipped with metallic manganese anode for generating power from voltage gradients at the sediment-water interface |
US8277984B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2012-10-02 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Substrate-enhanced microbial fuel cells |
US8962165B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2015-02-24 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Materials and configurations for scalable microbial fuel cells |
US8012616B2 (en) | 2010-12-15 | 2011-09-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Advanced apparatus for generating electrical power from aquatic sediment/water interfaces |
US9546426B2 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2017-01-17 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Methods for hydrogen gas production |
CN104852071A (en) * | 2014-02-18 | 2015-08-19 | 中国海洋大学 | Benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) device suitable for actual ocean usage |
CN112094009A (en) * | 2020-08-13 | 2020-12-18 | 天津大学 | Polluted bottom mud treatment and electricity generation device for site |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1337901A (en) | 2001-06-04 |
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