WO2001035076A1 - Optical analysis of grain stream - Google Patents
Optical analysis of grain stream Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001035076A1 WO2001035076A1 PCT/US2000/030627 US0030627W WO0135076A1 WO 2001035076 A1 WO2001035076 A1 WO 2001035076A1 US 0030627 W US0030627 W US 0030627W WO 0135076 A1 WO0135076 A1 WO 0135076A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- agricultural product
- fiber optic
- stream
- optic cable
- radiation
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000013528 artificial neural network Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003062 neural network model Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- UBLYEVLMRSPMOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N NCC1CCCC1 Chemical compound NCC1CCCC1 UBLYEVLMRSPMOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013179 statistical model Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0291—Housings; Spectrometer accessories; Spatial arrangement of elements, e.g. folded path arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3563—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing solids; Preparation of samples therefor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/359—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using near infrared light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
- G01N2021/8592—Grain or other flowing solid samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/02—Food
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for optically analyzing a stream of an agricultural product in order to determine constituents of the product.
- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Systems are known in the art for the optical analysis of a stream of grain. As the grain is harvested in the field, a light source passes light through the grain stream. The transmitted light is detected by a receiver and processed by a computer under software control. By comparing the spectral absorption with values representing known absorption, the grain can be analyzed to determine its constituents. A need exists for improvements in the optical analysis of agricultural products.
- An apparatus consistent with the present invention measures constituents of an agricultural product.
- a device forms a stream of the agricultural product.
- An optical sensing window in the device passes the stream of agricultural product, and a radiation source contained within the housing irradiates the stream of agricultural product as it passes through the optical sensing window.
- a receiver receives radiation transmitted through the stream of agricultural product and converts the received radiation into a corresponding electronic signal.
- a processor coupled to the receiver, receives the electronic signal and analyzes it under software control to determine the constituents of the agricultural product.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for optically analyzing a stream of an agricultural product.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram of a side cover in the system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective diagram of a detector box in the system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a sensing window in the system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 5 is a top view of the sensing window.
- FIG. 6 is a side view of the sensing window.
- FIG. 7 is a front view of the sensine window.
- an inlet 1 of the material handling system includes specially designed pipes and accessories. It can be attached to an auger, a clean grain elevator or any outlet of a storage bin.
- the grain or product entering through inlet 1 moves through grain passage 3. bounded by inner transparent wall 4 and metallic outer wall 5.
- the grain entering through inlet 1 passes through a sensing window 6, which has a definite thickness.
- a position switch 2 is connected to a control unit 7, which is also connected to an electric motor 8, operated by Direct Current (DC) power source 9.
- Electric motor 8 is mounted within an enclosure box of an auger 10 containing discharger auger 1 1.
- Auger 1 1 is driven by motor 8.
- Auger 1 1 through an outlet 12 can discharge the grain out from the system back to the original stream of grain or any user-defined location.
- An illumination chamber 13 is bounded by transparent wall 4 and vertical opaque wall 17.
- a base 14 is mounted on a wall 17.
- a lamp (illumination source) 16 is attached by a lamp holder 15 and is connected to the power source and control box 19 through a cable 17- A.
- Sensor body 21 includes air inlet passages 43.
- Lamp 16 may be implemented with, for example, a tungsten-halogen lamp.
- Sensor body 21 is attached with a DC fan 20.
- a side cover 22 of sensor body 21 (shown in FIG. 2) has a small fan 23 mounted on the cover and is operated by DC power source 24.
- a sensor head 32 is composed of optical passage 25, optically isolated from outer environment by metallic covers 33 and a detector box 26. Sensor head 32 is attached to sensor body 21 by a mount 31.
- the tip of fiber optic probe 27 is mounted on detector wall 34 (FIG. 3) of detector box 26.
- Detector box 26 is composed of a front lens wall 35. a detector wall 34, a base plate 37. and a top cover 36 (FIG. 3).
- Front lens wall 35 contains two lenses. 41 and 42 (in series) arranged between three retainers 38. 39. and 40.
- Fiber optic cable 28 is connected to a portable spectrometer 29 including a diffraction grating and an array of charged coupled device (CCD) detectors.
- Spectrometer 29 is coupled to with a computer 30.
- the grain or agriculture product enters through inlet 1 , and it fills up grain passage 3- A and 3 and the empty space in the auger.
- position sensor 2 triggers the auger to run auger 1 1.
- the running of the auger allows the grain to move through auger 11 and out from the system through outlet 12.
- the location of position sensor 2 along with features of wall 4, sensing window 6, grain passage 3 and 3-A. and auger 1 1 allow the grain to move at a constant rate. This feature also helps to eliminate dust build-up on the inner wall of sensing window 6. Dust build-up can adversely affect performance of the sensor.
- the near infrared (NIR) beam contained in the emitted illumination by light 16 transmits through the flowing grain in the sensing window 6.
- the transmitted light passes through optical passage 25 and subsequently passes through detector box 26.
- the front wall of optical system 35 of detector box 26 converges the transmitted light or radiation to fall on the tip of fiber optic probe 27.
- the transmitted light/radiation is conveyed through fiber optic cable 28 to portable spectrometer 29.
- Spectrometer 29 with the use of the computer 30, under software control. records the spectral signature of the transmitted light or radiation between 700-1 100 nanometers (nm).
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view providing more detail of sensing window 6 in the system of FIG. 1.
- FIGS. 5-7 are, respectively, top. side, and front views also providing more detail of sensing window 6.
- sensing window 6 is formed by inner transparent wall 4, and outer sensing wall 6-B. located behind metallic outer wall 5.
- the two side walls 6-B of the sensing windows are composed of opaque materials, and they connect the inner and outer walls.
- Grain passage 3 is empty space formed by the inner transparent wall 4, outer sensing wall 6-B. and two side walls 6-A.
- a circular area 6-C on the metallic outer wall 5 defines the effective sensing region through which the transmitted beam passes to the sensing head.
- Software Processing Computer 30 may use a number of software-implemented techniques and algorithms to process the signal output by spectrometer 29 and determine constituents of the agricultural product. Examples of those techniques and algorithms are explained in Appendix A. While the present invention has been described in connection with an exemplary embodiment, it will be understood that many modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. and this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations thereof. For example, different types of materials for the device, and various types of software algorithms for processing the signal resulting from irradiation of the agricultural product, may be used without departing from the scope of the invention. This invention should be limited only by the claims and equivalents thereof.
- the conventional technique in measuring/predicting the concentration of desired constituent (i.e. protein, or oil content) using NIR technique involves the transmission/ reflectance of a reference sample.
- desired constituent i.e. protein, or oil content
- NIR technique involves the transmission/ reflectance of a reference sample.
- Algorithm 1 ⁇ i, ⁇ _, ⁇ . 3 ⁇ district, or ⁇ , could be obtained from p ⁇ or experiments, literature or be determined for a given equipment and/or for a given agricultural product with specific to the desired constituen They can also be determined by conducting experiments and using statistical, or other data minning techmqucs such as neural network/genetic algorithms.
- S ⁇ J — spectral signal at normalizing wavelength ⁇ j ⁇ _ can be ⁇ i., or ⁇ _. or ⁇ 3 , ⁇ _, or ⁇ ,
- Sx_a can also be P where, P — /( ⁇ , ⁇ _, ⁇ . 3 ⁇ temp)
- the (spcctra-daik) signal, Su ⁇ . can be processed in any linear, non-linear way.
- Corollary H Another corollary (Corollary H) is described below: ⁇ i, ⁇ _, ⁇ j, ⁇ • wavelengths critical for predicting the constituent of product (figure 1)
- Thickness of sample, I of the product, whose constituent is being measured
- S c can be used to predict the constituent of the given product, using a suitable neural network or statistical prediction model.
- This algorithm could eUminatc the need for taking separate reference signal for the on-the-go sensor.
- sensing window For the given scmp of illumination, sensing window, sensor head, fiber optic and its associated setting, find dark signal.
- the raw spectral signal was obtained using PC-1000 and f;jS-2000 fiberoptics based spectrometer, (Ocean Optics Company, F ).
- the original dala ranged from 682.67 nm — 1212.37 nm (1100 data points). This signal was already subtracted from dark signal.
- the normalized signal, Sri ⁇ , was obtained by dividing the processed signal Su>.
- the second derivatives of Sni was obtained using commercial software, GRAMS/32, (Galactic Industries Corporation, NH).
- the second derivatives of "Srn" were used as the input to the Back Propagation Neural Network. Protein content was used as the output of the neural network. Two data sets were created. One set was the “training set” and the other was the “testing set”. The inputs of the training and test set were normalized (with a mean of '0' and standard deviation of '1 '). Commercial software Professional H/Plus, (N e "tal ware, Pittsburgh, PA) was used to develop neural network. A neural network model (with momentum of 0.6 and learning coefficient of 0.3) was developed as the prediction model. The neural network was trained on training data set and tested on test data set. The performance of the prediction model in predicting protein content was evaluated by comparing the predicted protein content vs. actual protein content of the wheat samples.
- the described algorithm showed an accuracy of 96.17% and 93.80% (for training and testing data set respectively) with an average absolute error of 0.54 point of protein content (fo ⁇ training) and 0.84 point of protein content (for testing).
- the above algorithm showed an accuracy of 97.88% (for training) and 95.98% (for testing).
- the average absolute error was found to be 0.31 point of protein content (for training) and 0.59 point of protein content (for test data).
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
- Investigating Materials By The Use Of Optical Means Adapted For Particular Applications (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU17578/01A AU774890B2 (en) | 1999-11-08 | 2000-11-08 | Optical analysis of grain stream |
EP00980297A EP1147395A1 (en) | 1999-11-08 | 2000-11-08 | Optical analysis of grain stream |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US16416199P | 1999-11-08 | 1999-11-08 | |
US60/164,161 | 1999-11-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001035076A1 true WO2001035076A1 (en) | 2001-05-17 |
WO2001035076B1 WO2001035076B1 (en) | 2001-09-07 |
Family
ID=22593253
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/030627 WO2001035076A1 (en) | 1999-11-08 | 2000-11-08 | Optical analysis of grain stream |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1147395A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU774890B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001035076A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004038408A1 (en) * | 2004-08-07 | 2006-02-23 | Deere & Company, Moline | measuring device |
AU2006200712B1 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2006-09-28 | Rosewood Research Pty Ltd | Spectographic sample monitoring |
RU2492453C2 (en) * | 2007-11-13 | 2013-09-10 | Минч Молт Лимитед | Method and device for analysis and separation of grain |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4146332A (en) * | 1977-04-19 | 1979-03-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Spectrometer with electronic readout |
EP0388082A2 (en) * | 1989-03-16 | 1990-09-19 | Shields Instruments Limited | Infrared spectrometer |
US5751421A (en) * | 1997-02-27 | 1998-05-12 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Near infrared spectrometer used in combination with a combine for real time grain analysis |
WO1999040419A1 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 1999-08-12 | Dsquared Development, Inc. | Grain quality monitor |
-
2000
- 2000-11-08 AU AU17578/01A patent/AU774890B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-11-08 WO PCT/US2000/030627 patent/WO2001035076A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-11-08 EP EP00980297A patent/EP1147395A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4146332A (en) * | 1977-04-19 | 1979-03-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Spectrometer with electronic readout |
EP0388082A2 (en) * | 1989-03-16 | 1990-09-19 | Shields Instruments Limited | Infrared spectrometer |
US5751421A (en) * | 1997-02-27 | 1998-05-12 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Near infrared spectrometer used in combination with a combine for real time grain analysis |
WO1999040419A1 (en) * | 1998-02-06 | 1999-08-12 | Dsquared Development, Inc. | Grain quality monitor |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004038408A1 (en) * | 2004-08-07 | 2006-02-23 | Deere & Company, Moline | measuring device |
US7372034B2 (en) | 2004-08-07 | 2008-05-13 | Deere & Company | Agricultural measurement device with movable detector head |
AU2006200712B1 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2006-09-28 | Rosewood Research Pty Ltd | Spectographic sample monitoring |
WO2007095678A1 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-08-30 | Bri Australia Limited | Α SYSTEM FOR DETECTING ONE OR MORE PREDETERMlNED OPTICALLY DERIVABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SAMPLE |
US8183548B2 (en) | 2006-02-21 | 2012-05-22 | Bri Australia Limited | System for detecting one or more predetermined optically derivable characteristics of a sample |
AU2007219048B2 (en) * | 2006-02-21 | 2012-08-23 | Rosewood Research Pty Ltd | A system for detecting one or more predetermined optically derivable characteristics of a sample |
US8946618B2 (en) | 2006-02-21 | 2015-02-03 | Rosewood Research Pty Ltd | System for detecting one or more predetermined optically derivable characteristics of a sample |
RU2492453C2 (en) * | 2007-11-13 | 2013-09-10 | Минч Молт Лимитед | Method and device for analysis and separation of grain |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1757801A (en) | 2001-06-06 |
AU774890B2 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
WO2001035076B1 (en) | 2001-09-07 |
EP1147395A1 (en) | 2001-10-24 |
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