Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
  • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
  • F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
  • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
  • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
  • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
  • B01D53/9495—Controlling the catalytic process
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
  • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
  • F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
  • F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
  • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
  • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
  • F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
  • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
  • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
  • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
  • F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
  • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
  • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
  • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
  • F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
  • F02D41/0275—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a NOx trap or adsorbent
  • F02D41/028—Desulfurisation of NOx traps or adsorbent
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
  • F01N2570/04—Sulfur or sulfur oxides
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
  • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
  • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
  • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
  • F02D41/027—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
  • F02D41/029—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a particulate filter
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

• This invention concerns improving catalyst performance, especially where the catalyst is a catalyst in the exhaust gas from a combustion system such as a lean combustion internal combustion engine, where the fuel for the engine is a "higher sulphur" fuel.
• a number of catalysts may be used in association with such lean combustion engines as diesel engines, including oxidation catalysts, NO x storage catalysts and the combination of platinum oxidation catalyst and a particle filter/trap which utilises the formation of NO 2 from NO in the exhaust gases, and the combustion of trapped sooty particles by reaction with the NO 2 .
• This system is described in, for example, our EP 341,832 and such systems are commercially available as the "CRT"TM continuously regenerating technology. In all these cases, the unavailability of low ( ⁇ 50ppm) sulphur fuel, even for one or two tankfuls, can seriously degrade the performance of the catalyst, and performance may never recover fully, or some other damage may be caused to the engine system or catalyst system.
• the present invention provides a diesel (compression ignition) engine having combustion management means and an exhaust gas aftertreatment system without a NO x .trap, which system comprising a platinum group metal (PGM) catalyst liable to be poisoned by fuel sulphur to cause significant degradation of catalyst performance, which engine is fuelled, at least intermittently, by a diesel fuel containing such levels of sulphur as to cause poisoning of the catalyst, wherein the combustion management means is effective to modulate the air/fuel ratio ( ⁇ ) to 0.90, preferably 0.95, or richer for a time which is in aggregate sufficient to cause release of significant quantities of sulphur- containing species from the catalyst or catalyst components, whereby the catalyst is regenerated.
• PGM platinum group metal
• the combustion management means may initiate the necessary level of enrichment according to a pre-determined frequency, or in response to a condition indicating catalyst poisoning or the danger of catalyst poisoning, for example by some form of sensing of sulphur levels either directly or indirectly. This may be achieved, for example by on-board diagnostics indicating that the catalyst is no longer performing in the correct and appropriate manner.
• the combustion management means ideally forms part of a conventional electronic engine control unit.
• SUBST ⁇ UTE SHEET (RULE 26) load/speed map. Such regions can be extended by appropriate control of fuelling, EGR rates, and if necessary throttling air intake to one or more of the cylinders.
• one method of operating the present invention is to incorporate, during the enriched operating conditions, such a quantity of fuel post combustion in the main power stroke, as to reach in the exhaust gases, ⁇ of 0.95 or richer.
• the post combustion enrichment may be in one or more of the cylinders, providing that the overall air fuel ratio reaches 0.95 or richer.
• the quantity of air may be restricted as an alternative, or in addition, providing that driveability is not noticeably affected.
• the simplest method of operating is to cause enrichment to a pre- determined level for the necessary time. However, it may be more advantageous to ramp up to either a peak or a plateau, or to carry out a series of peak enrichments.
• the ideal format may be determined for any particular engine and catalyst system by routine testing.
• the enrichment profile may be varied according to operating conditions.
• the present invention permits the release of sulphur both as SO 2 and as SO 3 from a poisoned catalyst surface. It is preferred to avoid catalyst components which store or retain sulphur species.
• the air/fuel ratio necessary for successful regeneration depends on the temperature, and the catalyst concerned.
• Regeneration times are lower with more strongly reducing conditions.
• catalyst temperatures are in the range 200° to 500°C, preferably 350° to 500°C, although other temperatures may be used, up to 600°C or more.
• a suitable time is therefore considered to be from 2 seconds to 10 minutes, preferably in the form of shorter times or pulses, for example 250 milliseconds to 5 seconds.
• the exhaust gas aftertreatment system includes an oxidation catalyst and a downstream paniculate or soot filter i.e. it includes our CRTTM system as described in EP 0341832.
• the invention provides an engine according to the invention wherein the catalyst is an oxidation catalyst and the exhaust gas aftertreatment system also includes a particle or soot filter downstream of the catalyst.
• Gas flow rate has an effect on the time necessary to complete regeneration, and suitable space velocities for the exhaust gases are in the range 5,000 to 50,000 hour " .
• the invention encompasses direct injection into the exhaust gases, which may be in or close to the exhaust manifold, or into or close upstream of the catalyst housing.
• the invention is further described in specific detail in the Examples following. It will be appreciated that the details of particular applications may be altered without departing from the scope of the invention.
• the car's exhaust system was equipped with a single round platinum-based oxidation catalyst located in an underfloor position.
• the catalyst comprised a cordierite monolith having 400 cells/inch 3 , with an external diameter of 5.66 inch and length 6 inch, carrying a washcoat with a platinum loading of 90g/ft 3 .
• the exhaust gas directly from the engine contained 0.340 and 1.074 g/km hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide respectively.
• the catalyst in its stainless steel enclosure was then removed from the car and fitted to the exhaust system of a four-cylinder engine capable of operating slightly rich. It was coupled to a dynamometer mounted on a bench.
• the fuel used contained 250 ppm sulphur.
• Example 2 A similar platinum-based catalyst to that in Example 1, that had been road aged (with fuel containing typically 350 ppm sulphur) for 18240 km on the same car as in Example 1, gave the following tail pipe emissions in a European Stage 3 test: 0.270 and 0.856 g/km for hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide respectively.
• a core (25 mm diameter, 38 mm long) from the middle of this catalyst was taken with the aid of a diamond tipped tool.
• the sample was placed into a laboratory test unit.
• a gas flow containing 400 ppm carbon monoxide, 300 ppm nitric oxide, 100 ppm propene, 12% oxygen, 4.5% water, 4.5% carbon dioxide, and 20 ppm sulphur dioxide with nitrogen balance was established through the catalyst core at a rate corresponding to a space velocity of 60 x 10 3 hour "1 .
• the conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide over the catalyst was 19% at 300°C.
• the temperature was gradually increased to 450°C over 15 minutes, during which time a large amount of sulphur dioxide was liberated from the catalyst that was detected by a mass spectrometer. No hydrogen sulphide was detected by the mass spectrometer, nor was any carbonyl sulphide. It was determined that 0.56 wt% of sulphur absorbed on the catalyst had been liberated.
• the gas composition was then reset to that used initially, and the nitric oxide conversion to nitrogen dioxide measure to be 63% at 300°C, showing the ability of the regeneration procedure to reactivate catalyst for the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide.
• this invention significantly expands the envelope of operation as regards fuelling etc. for such fuel efficient engines.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)

Priority Applications (4)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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Cited By (7)

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• 1999
  • 1999-09-10 GB GBGB9921376.1A patent/GB9921376D0/en not_active Ceased
• 2000
  • 2000-09-04 WO PCT/GB2000/003379 patent/WO2001019500A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2000-09-04 US US10/070,873 patent/US6978601B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2000-09-04 EP EP00956721A patent/EP1210168B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2000-09-04 JP JP2001523121A patent/JP2003509614A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 2000-09-04 DE DE60006827T patent/DE60006827T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related

Patent Citations (3)

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