WO2001016072A1 - Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid - Google Patents
Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001016072A1 WO2001016072A1 PCT/US2000/021679 US0021679W WO0116072A1 WO 2001016072 A1 WO2001016072 A1 WO 2001016072A1 US 0021679 W US0021679 W US 0021679W WO 0116072 A1 WO0116072 A1 WO 0116072A1
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- Prior art keywords
- potassium
- salts
- alkali metal
- aromatic
- group
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/12—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/16—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
- C08G63/18—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds the acids or hydroxy compounds containing carbocyclic rings
- C08G63/181—Acids containing aromatic rings
- C08G63/185—Acids containing aromatic rings containing two or more aromatic rings
- C08G63/187—Acids containing aromatic rings containing two or more aromatic rings containing condensed aromatic rings
- C08G63/189—Acids containing aromatic rings containing two or more aromatic rings containing condensed aromatic rings containing a naphthalene ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/15—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction of organic compounds with carbon dioxide, e.g. Kolbe-Schmitt synthesis
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/20—Carbon compounds
- B01J27/232—Carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/02—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides from salts of carboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/16—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation
- C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
- C07C51/255—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of compounds containing six-membered aromatic rings without ring-splitting
- C07C51/265—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of compounds containing six-membered aromatic rings without ring-splitting having alkyl side chains which are oxidised to carboxyl groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/41—Preparation of salts of carboxylic acids
- C07C51/412—Preparation of salts of carboxylic acids by conversion of the acids, their salts, esters or anhydrides with the same carboxylic acid part
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/41—Preparation of salts of carboxylic acids
- C07C51/416—Henkel reaction and related reactions, i.e. rearrangement of carboxylate salt groups linked to six-membered aromatic rings, in the absence or in the presence of CO or CO2, (e.g. preparation of terepholates from benzoates); no additional classification for the subsequent hydrolysis of the salt groups has to be given
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/43—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/47—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by solid-liquid treatment; by chemisorption
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
- C07C51/487—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by treatment giving rise to chemical modification
Definitions
- This invention is related to the synthesis of commercially important aromatic acids and diacids, especially those which are comonomers for high performance polyester polymers. Further, this invention relates to a new method of synthesizing these raw materials at a reduced cost in significantly improved purity without the necessity of oxidation reactions or purification of alkyl hydrocarbon isomers, both of which are expensive and difficult.
- the present invention solves these problems by a new chemical reaction which, in effect, adds the elements of carbon dioxide or possibly carbon monoxide directly to an aromatic ring to form the desired product, for example, terephthalic acid (PTA) or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDA) , in high purity.
- PTA terephthalic acid
- NDA naphthalene dicarboxylic acid
- the process of the present invention accomplishes these desirable objectives by a new chemical reaction which in effect adds C0 2 directly to an aromatic ring, to form the desired product, terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, in high purity directly. Disclosure of the Invention
- the present invention is a process for direct carboxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons which comprises reacting aromatic hydrocarbons with a carboxyl source selected from basic carbonate containing salts and carbon dioxide in the presence of a metal catalyst at elevated temperatures under conditions providing said carboxyl source sufficient mobility to effect a net reaction to form the aromatic acids and diacid salts of the aromatic hydrocarbon.
- a carboxyl source selected from basic carbonate containing salts and carbon dioxide
- a metal catalyst at elevated temperatures under conditions providing said carboxyl source sufficient mobility to effect a net reaction to form the aromatic acids and diacid salts of the aromatic hydrocarbon.
- non-aromatic carboxylic acid materials under conditions of very high temperature and very strong basicity, may be used to add acid groups to a variety of aromatic hydrocarbon nuclei to make aromatic acids and particularly diacids, such as terephthalic acid (PTA) or 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDCA) .
- PTA terephthalic acid
- NDCA 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid
- Diacid synthesis is observed when relatively larger amounts of carboxylating basic salts are used.
- a dominance of mixed isomers is observed if the reaction is run at relatively lower temperatures with relatively less catalytic material.
- low temperatures will generally be from about 350°C to about 420°C.
- Lower amounts of catalytic materials will generally be from zero to 10 percent weight based on the hydrocarbon feed.
- a single isomer is generally observed if the reaction is run at higher temperatures and with higher loadings of catalytic materials.
- “higher” temperatures will be from about 420°C to about 500°C.
- the higher levels of catalytic material will be those above 10% weight (basis the hydrocarbon feed) .
- the terms for higher and lower temperature and catalytic material are, however, relative and may overlap according to the exact carboxylic basic carboxylating salts and aromatic hydrocarbons used.
- the catalysts employed are isomerization catalysts, and as will be shown in the Examples, the carboxylation of hydrocarbons with C0 will proceed even without them.
- the aromatic hydrocarbons which are suitable as starting materials in the present invention include aromatic hydrocarbons containing one or more benzene rings, including, but not limited to benzene, toluene, xylene, and tetralin, and condensed aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, anthracene, phehanthrene, etc., or a mixture thereof or a fraction containing one or both of them.
- Benzene and naphthalene were preferred due to the commercial value of the corresponding products, terephthalic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid.
- the synthesis of PTA and NDCA is demonstrated in Examples 5-16.
- the basic carboxylating salts consist of materials such as potassium oxalate, potassium acetate, potassium formate, potassium malonate, potassium sorbate, potassium citrate, potassium salicylate, potassium phenolate, potassium resorcinolate, potassium naphtholate, potassium cresolate, dipotassium carbonylate, potassium hydride, and the like.
- “potassium” may be taken as either “monopotassium” or “dipotassium”, “tripotassium” , etc. up to the limit of available hydroxy (or hydroxy and carboxy groups) according to the particular material.
- Sodium, cesium, or rubidium can also be used as the counter ion, but potassium is generally preferred due to the best balance of cost and efficacy.
- the basic carboxylating salts may also be mixed with potassium carbonate, and may be formed by the mixture of the original carboxylating anion feed (e.g., oxalic acid, acetic acid, etc.) with potassium carbonate. If the carboxylating anion feed is a solid, the reaction of the two solids (anion feed and K 2 C0 3 ) will normally proceed well under the reaction conditions.
- carboxylating anion feed e.g., oxalic acid, acetic acid, etc.
- potassium carbonate is used, we have discovered that the presence of oxalate, acetate, etc., salts, for example the "basic carboxylation salts" listed above, are necessary in combination with potassium carbonate.
- Potassium carbonate alone as is typically used in the Henkel process for converting aromatic acids to PTA, is not effective, even in the presence of the catalysts.
- carboxylating anion sources such as oxalate, formate, and the like salts which may be formed in a "cyclic" process from C0 2 or CO.
- oxalate can (at least in principle) lose C0 2 to make a strong anion (dipotassium formate) which can deprotonate the hydrocarbon feed in the presence of the catalyst and initiate the carboxylation of the feed; the protonated formate material can in principle regenerate oxalate.
- the basic potassium salts remaining can be converted back to oxalate or formate by well known reactions. (e.g., KOH + CO at 120°C —> potassium formate; potassium formate at > 200°C —> K Oxalate; etc.)
- the present invention is operable, in fact it may be preferred for some feeds, when all the materials including the anion feed, hydrocarbon feed, catalyst, and K 2 C0 3 are infusible solids, although it will be appreciated that a certain amount of solid-solid molecular change must occur for the reaction to proceed, and that some intermediates may in effect become molten during the reaction process, even if the starting materials and final products are not molten.
- salts may be thermally stable under the particular conditions used, and may, therefore, if in the molten state, be used as solvents for the reaction, facilitating the interaction of the other components.
- Potassium salts of alkyl carboxylic monoacids would be expected to be useful for this purpose, while acids such as oxalate, alonate, formate, etc., which might more easily decompose would be expected to be better carboxylating anion sources.
- Salicylic acid would be expected to have a labile C0 , and also to be readily carboxylated by C0 when in the anionic decarboxylated form, and hence may be an especially useful carboxylating anion source cyclically regenerated from C0 2 provided it is dissolved or otherwise intimately in contact with the hydrocarbon feed. Otherwise it apparently prefers self carboxylation and loss of water to give TPA itself.
- Suitable catalyst materials for the present invention include the salts and oxides of Group IIB, Group IB, Group IIIB and perhaps Group VIIIA metals, including, but not limited to zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, lanthanum, scandium, manganese, and cobalt. Cadmium salts may be used to increase the rate of reaction over the uncatalyzed rate. Zinc was preferred in the present invention on the basis of innocuousness and effectiveness.
- the hydrocarbon material may be added all at once, or in stages.
- the basic carboxylating salts may be added all at once or in stages.
- the materials are often solids, in which case it is convenient to add mixed powders to the reaction zone. Liquids, and even gases, may be used for the reaction. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that in the event of gaseous reagents being used, higher pressures will generally lead to higher rates and higher activities. Normal practice will consist of performing the reaction under a moderate pressure of C0 2 to increase the rate of carboxylation. A pressure in the range of 100 psig to 1500 psig is suitable. An especially useful range is from about 200 to 1000 psig.
- Suitable temperatures are in the range of 300-550°C.
- a preferred temperature range for producing mixed isomers of diacids is from about 350°C to about 420°C.
- a preferred range for producing predominantly single isomers of diacids will be from about 420°C to about 500°C.
- suitable metallurgy in reactors will be required to avoid excessive corrosion under the severe operating conditions.
- Nickel alloys may be preferred over steel, although in many instances steel will be acceptable.
- liquid solvent or diluent media those such as KOH which react with C0 2 to form infusible solids are less desired than those such as carboxylic acid salts, which remain liquid over the range of interest.
- carboxylic materials such as potassium carbonate, bicarbonate, acetate, oxalate, etc. are comparatively benign and allow simpler reactor design.
- a molten solvent or diluent medium may facilitate transfer of the reacting mass from vessel to vessel and improve mixing, however it is not necessary to the practice of the invention.
- a diluent medium it should be liquid, stable at the temperatures employed, and, if inert, a material which does not undesirably affect the reaction.
- a eutectic mixture was employed.
- a eutectic mixture provides the lowest melting point of a mixture of two or more alkali metals that is obtainable by varying the percentage of the components. Eutectic mixtures have a definite minimum melting point compared with other combinations of the same metals .
- the melting point of Li 2 C0 3 is 622°C
- the melting point can be 400°C.
- the ratio of alkali metal carbonates in the eutectic mixture is about 1:1:1, but it can vary.
- One eutectic mixture used as a solvent was K 2 C0 3 , Rb 2 C0 3 , Cs 2 C0 3 , and optionally Na 2 C0 3 .
- a eutectic mixture of K, Rb, and Cs carbonates is used as the sole basic carboxylating salt as well as the medium for the reaction.
- Example 1- Comparative lOg of naphthalene, lOg of K 2 C0 3 , and 2g of ZnO is charged into a lOOcc Hoke vessel, which is pressured to 250 psig with C0 2 and heated to 450°C for 3 hours. On cooling, no potassium salts of naphthoic acids or naphthalene dicarboxylic acids are detectable in the product mixture.
- Example 2 Comparative A mixture of 10% benzene in C0 is flowed through a flow reactor packed with 5g of ZnO at 450°C for 3 hours. At the end of this time, no benzoic acid or TPA acid or their salts are detectable in the product bed.
- Example 3 Comparative The experiment of Example 2 is repeated with Al 2 0 3 as the catalyst bed. No benzene acids or diacids are generated.
- Example 4 Comparative
- Example 3 The experiment of Example 3 is repeated with K 2 C0 3 as the catalyst bed. No detectable amount of potassium benzoate or TPA salt or acid is formed.
- the autoclave is fitted with a heater and high efficiency stirrer capable of thoroughly agitating a dense liquid.
- the autoclave is heated to 175°C, and pressured and depressured with C0 to dry the charge. It is then pressured to 500 psig with C0 2 .
- the carbonate salt charge has the appearance of small frozen "shot” on cooling, indicating melting or at least softening of the eutectic salt mixture.
- the product frozen carbonate salt "shot” is observed on analysis by quantitative NMR or LC to contain significant quantities of naphthalene carboxylic acid salts, of from 0.5 to 3% by weight of the carbonate salt, the exact amount depending on the mixing and temperature. It is found that the initial product observed is the alkali metal salt of 2-naphthoic acid.
- a flow reactor is set up as in Comparative Example 2.
- a mixture of about 10% benzene in C0 is flowed over a bed of alumina containing about 30% by weight of the K, Rb, Cs eutectic carbonate salt mixture of Example 5.
- the flow reactor is heated to 450°C and the flow continued for 6 hours at a GHSV of about 1000 with the result that about 5% by weight of the resulting supported eutectic has become alkali benzene acid and diacid salts at the end of the reaction period.
- Example 6 The reactor of Example 6 is heated to 500°C and the experiment repeated with essentially the same result except that some dark decomposition products are apparent in trace quantities as well as the desired products.
- concentration of TPA salt is seen to be higher than in
- Example 6 In the case of examples 5 and 6, calculations indicate that a thin surface layer of organic acid salts is formed at the interface of the supported eutectic and the hydrocarbon/C0 2 vapor. The reaction appears to slow when this "crust" contains enough diacid salt to reduce fluidity below a desirable level. It is seen that the amount of organic acids formed from the hydrocarbons, carbonates, and
- Example 8 - Inventive The supported eutectic of example 6 is added to an autoclave, which is charged with an equal amount of naphthalene and pressured to 300 psig with C0 2 . On heating to 475°C for 4 hours, it is observed that about 2-5% of the eutectic material is now naphthalene carboxylic acids, in similar ratio to that obtained in Example 5.
- Examples 10-16 demonstrate the carboxylation of benzene.
- the experiments were run at 430-460°C, 250 psi C0 2 pressure prior to heating, 3 hours at temperature, no mixing, 150 cc Hoke vessel as reactor, and a band heater.
- a Hastelloy C vessel, barricaded for potentially corrosive mixtures was used.
- the final pressure was 400-1100psig, preferably 600-800 psig.
- BA Benzoic Acid
- BTA Benzene Tricarboxylic Acid (usually as 1,3,5, BTA or Trimesic Acid). Results for the carboxylation of benzene of examples 10--16 are shown in Table 1:
- the feed is a vapor (such as benzene, critical point 290°C) in the reactor
- the vapor is assumed uniformly distributed throughout the reactor, and therefore the mg/g value will be the number of mg in the reactor divided by the cc/volume of the reactor, and multiplied times the open volume per g of solid phase.
- the estimate is obviously very crude in a chemical sense, but relates well to the engineering production capacity of a reactor full of solid phase.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2001519642A JP2003521480A (en) | 1999-08-30 | 2000-08-08 | Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalenedicarboxylic acid |
CA002383422A CA2383422A1 (en) | 1999-08-30 | 2000-08-08 | Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid |
MXPA02002242A MXPA02002242A (en) | 1999-08-30 | 2000-08-08 | Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. |
EP00957333A EP1212274A1 (en) | 1999-08-30 | 2000-08-08 | Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid |
AU68970/00A AU6897000A (en) | 1999-08-30 | 2000-08-08 | Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid |
KR1020027002737A KR20020062280A (en) | 1999-08-30 | 2000-08-08 | Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15159099P | 1999-08-30 | 1999-08-30 | |
US60/151,590 | 1999-08-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001016072A1 true WO2001016072A1 (en) | 2001-03-08 |
Family
ID=22539437
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/021679 WO2001016072A1 (en) | 1999-08-30 | 2000-08-08 | Carboxylation of hydrocarbons to terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1212274A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003521480A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20020062280A (en) |
AU (1) | AU6897000A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2383422A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA02002242A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001016072A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015004683A3 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-04-23 | Reliance Industries Limited | An integrated process for carboxylation and oxidation of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons |
CN115925531A (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-04-07 | 沧州临港丰亚化工有限公司 | Method for preparing 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid by using aromatic anhydride as raw material |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB816593A (en) * | 1956-10-02 | 1959-07-15 | Henkel & Cie Gmbh | Process for the introduction of carboxyl groups into aromatic hydrocarbons |
US3023217A (en) * | 1958-04-10 | 1962-02-27 | Henkel & Cie Gmbh | Process for the introduction of carboxyl groups into aromatic compounds |
-
2000
- 2000-08-08 CA CA002383422A patent/CA2383422A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-08-08 KR KR1020027002737A patent/KR20020062280A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-08-08 EP EP00957333A patent/EP1212274A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-08-08 AU AU68970/00A patent/AU6897000A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-08-08 JP JP2001519642A patent/JP2003521480A/en active Pending
- 2000-08-08 WO PCT/US2000/021679 patent/WO2001016072A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-08-08 MX MXPA02002242A patent/MXPA02002242A/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB816593A (en) * | 1956-10-02 | 1959-07-15 | Henkel & Cie Gmbh | Process for the introduction of carboxyl groups into aromatic hydrocarbons |
US3023217A (en) * | 1958-04-10 | 1962-02-27 | Henkel & Cie Gmbh | Process for the introduction of carboxyl groups into aromatic compounds |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015004683A3 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-04-23 | Reliance Industries Limited | An integrated process for carboxylation and oxidation of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons |
CN115925531A (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-04-07 | 沧州临港丰亚化工有限公司 | Method for preparing 2, 6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid by using aromatic anhydride as raw material |
CN115925531B (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-07-11 | 信诺立兴(沧州渤海新区)化工有限公司 | Method for preparing 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylic acid by taking aromatic anhydride as raw material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2003521480A (en) | 2003-07-15 |
AU6897000A (en) | 2001-03-26 |
KR20020062280A (en) | 2002-07-25 |
CA2383422A1 (en) | 2001-03-08 |
MXPA02002242A (en) | 2003-08-20 |
EP1212274A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
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