WO2001001113A1 - Procede servant a identifier les proprietes du bois par infrarouges ou lumiere visible - Google Patents

Procede servant a identifier les proprietes du bois par infrarouges ou lumiere visible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001001113A1
WO2001001113A1 PCT/NZ2000/000112 NZ0000112W WO0101113A1 WO 2001001113 A1 WO2001001113 A1 WO 2001001113A1 NZ 0000112 W NZ0000112 W NZ 0000112W WO 0101113 A1 WO0101113 A1 WO 0101113A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wood
infra
red
radiation
visible
Prior art date
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PCT/NZ2000/000112
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English (en)
Inventor
Albert Roger Meder
Armin Thumm
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New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd. filed Critical New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.
Priority to AU57188/00A priority Critical patent/AU771753B2/en
Priority to NZ516206A priority patent/NZ516206A/en
Publication of WO2001001113A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001001113A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/46—Wood
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3563—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing solids; Preparation of samples therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/359—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using near infrared light

Definitions

  • the invention comprises a method for predicting the behaviour of wood during processing for end use, such as the susceptibility of the wood to form internal checks during drying, or predicting for one or more characteristics of the wood after processing, such as the dimensional stability of the wood during or after drying or in service, or the elastic modulus of the wood after drying.
  • Radiata pine is used in New Zealand for many end uses. These require appropriate grading and consequent decision making at several stages of processing felled stems or logs towards the end product, with the aim being to extract as much high quality product out of the wood resource as possible, while avoiding overprocessing or inferior or reject product.
  • An informed decision requires the ability to assess the quality of the material as early as possible in the processing of the wood. This requires predicting the behaviour of the wood during subsequent processing for end use, or predicting characteristics of the wood which affect the grading or quality of the processed wood products.
  • Internal checking in wood can occur after drying of the wood. Rapid drying of wood from a higher moisture content to below 18% and typically around 12% moisture content may result in some breakdown of the cellular structure of the wood creating small voids within the wood, which are exposed when the wood is further sawn or planed making the wood or timber pieces unsuitable for further processing to finishing boards or mouldings, or in wood panels, etc.
  • the incidence of internal checking after drying of timber is an increasing problem for new crop radiata pine. Checking occurs in the sapwood earlywood adjacent to the heartwood/sapwood boundary. The incidence of checking can extend for several rings towards the bark, although checking does not develop through the latewood. Currently it is difficult if not impossible to predict in advance the susceptibility of particular wood pieces or logs to internal check formation during drying.
  • Another significant issue with the use of framing timber studs in construction is one of dimensional stability. It is generally accepted that this arises from the differences between the moisture content of the newly-dried and seasoned lumber from the wood drying kiln, and the moisture content the wood attains in use. At the completion of the drying and reconditioning cycle, the moisture content of the wood is an average 12%. In use as framing studs, the moisture content of wood can vary from 5% to over 18% with an annual average of 16% expected by NZ Standard 3603. Radiata pine wood is permeable, and therefore the moisture content of the wood can readily change to equilibrate with the changing relative humidity of the environment, with the result that wood, which has the propensity to do so, undergoes distortion.
  • the invention comprises a method for predicting the behaviour of wood or one or more characteristics during or after subsequent processing of the wood for end use, comprising obtaining an infra-red or visible light reflectance spectra for the wood and predicting the behaviour of the wood during subsequent processing or one or more characteristics of the wood after subsequent processing by reference to the infra-red or visible spectra obtained.
  • the method includes subjecting logs or wood pieces to a source of infra-red radiation, detecting the levels of reflected radiation over the infra-red range or at a number of wavelengths in the infra-red range, and analysing the infra-red reflectance spectra relative to stored comparative information on infra-red reflectance data for logs or wood pieces.
  • radiation in the near infra-red (NIR) region is meant radiation of wavelength(s) in the range 1100-2500 nm.
  • radiation in the mid infra-red (MIR) region is meant radiation of wavelength(s) in the range 2500-25000 nm.
  • visible light is meant radiation of wavelength(s) in the range 400- 1000 nm.
  • the method includes assigning a weighting value to the analysis obtained for each log or wood piece and predicting the behaviour of the wood during the subsequent processing of the wood or the one or more characteristics of the wood after the subsequent processing, by comparing the weighting to a preset dividing value for such weightings between wood known to and known not to exhibit the behaviour to a predetermined extent or known to or known not to exhibit the one or more characteristics to a predetermined extent.
  • the invention includes a method for predicting the susceptibility of wood to internal checking during or after subsequent processing of the wood comprising obtaining an infra-red or visible light reflectance spectra for the wood and assessing the susceptibility of the wood to internal checking by reference to the infra-red or visible spectra obtained.
  • the wavelengths of strongest correlation are about 1340 and 1930 nm in the case of NIR and bands in the region of about 1520, 1670, 1920, 2295, 2375 and 2475 cm- i in the case of MIR.
  • the invention includes a method for assessing the susceptibility of wood to dimensional instability after subsequent processing comprising obtaining an infra-red or visible light reflectance spectra for the wood, and assessing the susceptibility of the wood to dimensional instability by reference to the infra-red or visible spectra obtained.
  • Light in the visible spectrum and particularly in the 570 - 620 nm band shows particularly strong correlation with dimensional stability.
  • Dimensional stability may be related to, or dimensional changes caused by, complex and fundamental changes in chemical wood composition, and by recording spectral data of wood proved to be unstable and wood proved to be stable (during processing and use) we have developed chemical fingerprints that are directly correlated with stability performance in wood.
  • the method of the invention is useful for identification of wood or wood products which are prone to changes in dimension due to twist, bow, crook or cup after initial drying of the material or while in service due to changes in moisture content or humidity.
  • the invention includes a method for predicting the elastic modulus of wood after subsequent processing, comprising obtaining an infra-red or visible light reflectance spectra for the wood, and predicting the elastic modulus of the wood pieces by reference to the infra-red or visible spectra obtained.
  • the method enables the elastic modulus of dry wood to be predicted before drying, when the wood is at a higher moisture content and may be in an undried or green state.
  • the method includes analysing the resulting spectra using a principle components analysis methodology or a projection to latent structures regression methodology.
  • the method includes assigning a weighting value to the analysis obtained for each piece of wood and predicting the likelihood of internal checking, or of dimensional stability or instability, or the elastic modulus for the wood piece by comparing the weighting to weightings for wood known to be and known not to be susceptible to internal checking or dimensional instability, or of known elastic modulus.
  • the subsequent processing of the wood or logs or wood pieces may include drying the wood to a lower moisture content such as less than 30% by weight of the wood, less than 18% by ⁇ weight of the wood, or in the range 8 to 12% by weight of the wood. Before drying the wood may be green wood.
  • Figure 1A is a schematic view showing monochromatic radiation being selected by a monochromator and directed via a fibre optic to the wood surface with the reflected monochromatic light being directed via a fibre optic to the detector system,
  • Figure IB is a schematic view showing monochromatic radiation being selected by a monochromator and directed via a fibre optic to the wood surface with the reflected monochromatic light being detected directly by a detector system,
  • Figure 1C is a schematic view showing polychromatic light being applied to the surface from an external source which may or may not be simply sunlight and the reflected light being directed via a fibre optic to a monochromator selecting monochromatic radiation to be detected by the detector system,
  • Figure 2 schematically shows the steps required to develop and implement a PLS model
  • Figure 3 shows the prediction of propensity for internal check formation of samples based on mid infra-red spectra obtained from ground samples
  • Figure 4 shows the prediction of stability of samples based on mid infra-red spectra obtained from ground earlywood
  • Figure 5 shows the prediction of stability of samples based on near infra-red spectra obtained from ground earlywood and latewood
  • Figure 6 shows the prediction of stability of samples based on near infra-red spectra obtained from solid samples of wood
  • Figure 7 is a diagram showing the steps used to produce a laminated veneer lumber joist for reference testing of elastic modulus.
  • the apparatus comprises a source 1 of polychromatic radiation in the visible and/ or infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, a monochromator for generation of monochromatic radiation 2, a fibre optic cable to guide the radiation to and/ or from the wood surface 3, and a detector system 4.
  • the source for infra-red radiation may be a tungsten halogen lamp in the case of visible light and near infrared or a glowbar in the case of mid infrared, for example.
  • the detectors may be lead-sulphide based for example for visible and near infrared or alternatively a diode array detector, and DTGS for mid infrared.
  • the method of the invention may however be carried out in any NIR or MIR or visible light scanning arrangement.
  • a source and detector may move over the wood piece or wood pieces or a stationary source and detector may be connected to a gantry-mounted moving head via a fibre optic cable system as outlined above for example, or alternatively the wood pieces may move past a source and detector in a production of flow for example.
  • the data resulting from the scan comprising reflectance data over the wavelength range or bands used for the particular application is then analysed and compared to comparative spectra information and memory of a data processing computer or control system, on infra-red reflectance data for wood subsequently found to have suffered or not suffered internal checking or subsequently found to be dimensionally stable or unstable, or of known elastic modulus, after drying for example.
  • the statistical analysis may be carried out using a principle components analysis methodology or a projection to latent structures regression methodology for example.
  • PCA Principal component analysis
  • Principal components are derived in decreasing order of size and variance, so that the first few components usually account for most of the variation in the original data. It has been suggested that where this is so, the first few components may be used to summarise the data and the smaller components ignored as they contain little information. The dimensionality of the data, and the number of regressor variables can thus be reduced.
  • Projection to latent structures regression also results in a linear prediction equation and the development and implementation of a PLS model is shown schematically in Figure 2 wherein the sample 1 is measured for a particular property or properties using a reference method 2 and its corresponding spectrum obtained 3 such that the PLS modelling software 4 can produce a calibration model 6.
  • the measured property may be recorded after subsequent processing.
  • Spectra obtained from unknown samples can then be compared against the calibration model developed and a prediction made as to their property performance during or after processing.
  • the general form of the PLS model for is:
  • the PLS vectors are derived one at a time and so computation time can be reduced when there are many latent variables and most contribute little information about the dependent variable.
  • the method of the invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
  • Sections of kiln dried boards were sampled. The boards were cross-cut at 50 mm intervals and the total number of checks recorded and summed per board. This number was used as the regressed variable in the Y matrix of the PLS model. Subsamples were cut from rings in which the checking occurred. Where checking did not occur, samples were cut from the rings adjacent to the heart/sapwood boundary. Subsequently the samples were ground to pass through a 60 mesh sieve in the discharge.
  • Fresh, green sapwood lumber framing studs of dimensions 50 x 100 mm x 4.8 m selected from similar clonal material were conventionally kiln-dried and cut to 2.4 m lengths. All the studs were then weighed and measured for dimensions and initial conformation (crook, bow, twist and cup). These data served as the "baseline” for measuring distortions induced by the environment.
  • the studs were transferred to climate controlled rooms.
  • the studs were stood near- vertically side-by- side with sufficient room to allow any distortion to freely take place.
  • the treated studs were submitted to a temperature and humidity regime over the course of 5 weeks cycling from 60-90% RH and including "rain events" to fully saturate the samples.
  • the studs were removed from the climate room and measured.
  • the studs were kept out of the climate rooms for as short a time as possible to enable the measurements to be obtained. In all, six sets of measurements were taken (including the controls at week zero) .
  • Spectral data was recorded before humidity cycling using two different methods. In the first instance, offcuts (20 cm) from the dried samples were separated into earlywood and latewood sub-samples with hammer and chisel. Then each sub- sample was separately ground and sieved to a fraction size of 50 - 160 ⁇ m. The samples were recorded in the mid infra-red and near infra-red regions were acquired on commercial spectrometers.
  • fibre optic cable systems would be used to either direct light onto and record light reflected from the surface of the wood or detect the light recorded from the surface when using external sources of radiation or direct light onto the surface of the wood which is reflected and received by detectors housed at or near the sample under test.
  • the samples were inserted in a NIR sample holder which was inserted in the NIR transport system. This system moves the sample past the source/detector while several scans are recorded, thus yielding an average spectrum across the whole length of the sample (- 100 mm).
  • the spectral data from the FTIR were baseline corrected and normalised to remove offsets.
  • the spectral data from the NIR were transformed to their second derivative to remove offsets and sloping baselines prior to data analysis.
  • samples that were determined as behaving in a stable manner were assigned the value 1, while samples that were determined as unstable were assigned the value 0.
  • samples that were determined as unstable were assigned the value 0.
  • binary descriptors (1 and 0) to describe the stability the consequence is that those samples with a predicted y value greater than 0.5 are predicted as stable while samples with a predicted y value less than 0.5 are predicted as unstable.
  • the important wavelengths for this model are between 490 nm and 590 nm, which is well in the visible range and indicating the differentiation is based in the yellow region of the spectrum.
  • the unstable samples have a significantly darker colour.
  • the regression required three latent variables and gave a coefficient of determination of 0.67 with two outliers.
  • Near infrared spectra were acquired on a commercial NIR spectrometer using a remote reflectance accessory covering both the visible and near infrared range (400- 2,500 nm).
  • a Teflon mount with a ca. 20 mm gap was fitted to the housing to act as a transport guide for the test samples.
  • Average spectra along the entire length of the sample were recorded separately on one tangential and one radial face by moving the samples across the surface of the remote reflectance head with a reciprocating arm.
  • Spectra were acquired in reflectance mode using 32 sample scans and 32 background scans (against an internal ceramic standard).
  • Table 1 shows the results of acquiring the spectral data on either the tangential or radial face of the wood with the prediction based on spectra recorded on the radial face being superior to that based on spectra recorded on the tangential face.
  • the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) is less for the prediction based on the spectra recorded on the radial face.
  • the samples had the load applied to them on the radial face and so there is a more direct correlation with the spectra.
  • both earlywood (springwood) and latewood are exposed on the radial face, such that the resulting spectrum is a better representation of the total wood characteristics than a spectrum of the tangential face which in this instance has predominantly earlywood exposed.
  • the prediction ability for the full range and the separate NIR (1, 100 - 2,500 nm) and visible light (400 - 1, 100 nm) only ranges can be seen in Table 2. All predictions are based on the first derivative of the spectra from the full set of samples. The model based only on the visible range is inferior to the model based on the full range but still shows a potential for prediction. The model based on the NIR range only is slightly superior to the model based on the full range.
  • Each 2.4 m board was scanned in the green state using the scanner of the previous example over the full range 400 - 2,500 nm (Visible and NIR ranges).
  • the boards were scanned on the two 100 mm faces and one of the 50 mm edges.
  • Spectra were acquired in reflectance mode using 32 sample scans and 32 background scans (against an internal ceramic standard).
  • the stiffness of the dried 2.4 m studs was determined by 3-point bending over a 2.0 m span.
  • Table 3 shows the results of acquiring the spectral data from either the green or dried wood elements.
  • the data was taken from either two faces (for the first line in the table) or on the radial face of the wood element.
  • the spectral data was either used in a raw form or the first derivative of the spectral data was used.
  • the number of latent variables required in the PLS analysis varied between 2 and 5.
  • the calibration regressor ranged between 0.38 and 0.79 and the validation regressor ranged between 0.22 and 0.77. These regressor values range between 0 and 1 with the higher values indicating the greatest correlation between the data and the predicted response.
  • Table 3 shows that the best results were obtained from the raw data scanned on an average of two faces.
  • the analysis of this data required 5 latent variables, had a calibration regressor of 0.79, a validation regressor of 0.77 and a root mean square error of prediction of 1.1.
  • FIG. 7 shows the steps used to produce mini laminated veneer lumber (LVL) panels used to prepare mini- LVL joists for reference MoE testing.
  • the 2.4 x 1.2 m veneer sheets 1 were cross-cut to produce two sheets of 1.2 x 1.2 m 2.
  • Each of the half sheets 2 was scanned (fullwidth) each across the tight face (ie across the direction of the original 1.2 m width), shown by arrow 3, using NIR at ca. 1 m s- 1 and the average spectrum for the veneer sheet 1 calculated.
  • each of the veneers selected four 6-ply LVL mini-panels 4 were prepared from the 200 x 600 mm sections by using A1-A6 in one panel, B 1-B6 in the next and so on.
  • a 20 mm wide mini- LVL joist similar to a small clear test piece 5 (18 x 20 x 600 mm) was machined from each panel and the stiffness tested as joists over a span of 280 mm with the load applied at 5 mm/min.
  • the mean panel stiffness for each veneer sheet was then calculated for regression with the mean NIR spectra for each veneer sheet.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

Procédé servant à contrôler des rondins de bois avant leur premier traitement ou des pièces de bois avant leur traitement ultérieur, de manière à prédire le comportement du bois pendant un traitement ultérieur ou à prédire une ou plusieurs caractéristiques d'importance en vue d'une utilisation finale, telles que la susceptibilité d'une gerce intérieure pendant le séchage ou d'une instabilité dimensionnelle, et son module d'élasticité, ce qui consiste à soumettre les rondins ou les pièces de bois à une source de rayonnement infrarouge, à détecter les niveaux de rayonnement réfléchi dans la totalité de la plage des infrarouges ou à plusieurs longueurs d'ondes dans la plage des infrarouges et à analyser les spectres de réflectance infrarouge par rapport à des informations comparatives mémorisées concernant des données de réflectance infrarouge de rondins ou de pièces de bois.
PCT/NZ2000/000112 1999-06-28 2000-06-28 Procede servant a identifier les proprietes du bois par infrarouges ou lumiere visible WO2001001113A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU57188/00A AU771753B2 (en) 1999-06-28 2000-06-28 Method for identifying properties of wood by infra-red or visible light
NZ516206A NZ516206A (en) 1999-06-28 2000-06-28 Method for identifying properties of wood by infra-red or visible light

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NZ33648599 1999-06-28
NZ336484 1999-06-28
NZ336485 1999-06-28
NZ33648499 1999-06-28
NZ50431400 2000-05-03
NZ504314 2000-05-03

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002001200A1 (fr) * 2000-06-28 2002-01-03 Midwest Research Institute Utilisation d'une region du spectre visible et proche infrarouge pour la prediction des proprietes mecaniques du bois humide et du bois sur pied
EP1801580A2 (fr) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-27 Weyerhaeuser Company Méthodes pour simuler rapidement la distorsion d`un produit en bois en service et/ou pour estimer rapidement le retrait longitudinal en utilisant des ondes électromagnétiques pour le séchage du bois
EP2172773A1 (fr) * 2008-10-02 2010-04-07 Mantex AB Détecteur de radiation
US20130232907A1 (en) * 2009-06-26 2013-09-12 Weyerhaeuser Nr Company Method for constructing a truss from selected components
CN103543767A (zh) * 2012-07-16 2014-01-29 东北林业大学 木材弯曲弹性模量测量的温控装置
GB2528979A (en) * 2014-08-08 2016-02-10 Kilkenny Mechanical Handling Systems Ltd A method and system for recycling wood

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5357112A (en) * 1993-07-14 1994-10-18 Mississippi State University: Forest Products Laboratory Method for determining the presence of knots or voids in wood
AU6473596A (en) * 1995-07-14 1997-02-18 Casco Products Ab Prediction of the properties of board by using a spectroscopic method combined with multivariate calibration
WO1999037413A1 (fr) * 1998-01-23 1999-07-29 Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec Procede et dispositif servant a classifier des lots de copeaux de bois

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5357112A (en) * 1993-07-14 1994-10-18 Mississippi State University: Forest Products Laboratory Method for determining the presence of knots or voids in wood
AU6473596A (en) * 1995-07-14 1997-02-18 Casco Products Ab Prediction of the properties of board by using a spectroscopic method combined with multivariate calibration
WO1999037413A1 (fr) * 1998-01-23 1999-07-29 Centre De Recherche Industrielle Du Quebec Procede et dispositif servant a classifier des lots de copeaux de bois

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DATABASE PIRA [online] 1994, MEDER R. ET AL.: "Prediction of wood chip and pulp and paper properties via multivariate analysis of spectral data", retrieved from 00393878/5 accession no. Dialog Information Services, File 248 Database accession no. 20017450 *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002001200A1 (fr) * 2000-06-28 2002-01-03 Midwest Research Institute Utilisation d'une region du spectre visible et proche infrarouge pour la prediction des proprietes mecaniques du bois humide et du bois sur pied
EP1801580A2 (fr) * 2005-12-21 2007-06-27 Weyerhaeuser Company Méthodes pour simuler rapidement la distorsion d`un produit en bois en service et/ou pour estimer rapidement le retrait longitudinal en utilisant des ondes électromagnétiques pour le séchage du bois
EP1801580A3 (fr) * 2005-12-21 2007-07-25 Weyerhaeuser Company Methodes pour simuler rapidement la distorsion d'un produit en bois en service et/ou pour estimer rapidement le retrait longitudinal en utlisant des ondes electromagnetiques pour le sechage du bois
US7584652B2 (en) 2005-12-21 2009-09-08 Weyerhaeuser Nr Company Methods of rapidly simulating in-service warp distortion of a wood product and/or rapidly estimating shrinkage properties using electromagnetic energy
EP2172773A1 (fr) * 2008-10-02 2010-04-07 Mantex AB Détecteur de radiation
WO2010037820A1 (fr) * 2008-10-02 2010-04-08 Mantex Ab Procédé et appareil permettant de mesurer la teneur en humidité dans un matériau biologique
US8467496B2 (en) 2008-10-02 2013-06-18 Mantex Ab Method and apparatus for measuring moisture content in a biological material
US20130232907A1 (en) * 2009-06-26 2013-09-12 Weyerhaeuser Nr Company Method for constructing a truss from selected components
CN103543767A (zh) * 2012-07-16 2014-01-29 东北林业大学 木材弯曲弹性模量测量的温控装置
GB2528979A (en) * 2014-08-08 2016-02-10 Kilkenny Mechanical Handling Systems Ltd A method and system for recycling wood

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AU771753B2 (en) 2004-04-01

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