Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G01M7/00—Vibration-testing of structures; Shock-testing of structures

Definitions

• the present invention relates to vibration testing, and more particularly to a vibration testing apparatus and method using generation of acoustical waves as a means for imparting vibration to an article under test.
• Background of invention Many types of testing equipment have been developed over the past years to subject articles to vibration for the purpose of assessing their reliability, generally according to industry standards considering the ultimate conditions of use of the specific articles to be tested.
• military, aerospace and other electronic technology-related industries have developed methods, guidelines and standards involving a stimulation technique known as Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) which aims at precipitating latent defects before the delivery of electronic and/or electromechanical products, which defects would otherwise be likely to reveal only where the products are in the field, thereby causing unpredictable product failures, generally at an early stage of the product life.
• ESS Environmental Stress Screening
• ESS involves performing series of testing steps integrated into the manufacturing process of a product, which steps consist of subjecting the product to predetermined stress levels, depending upon the manufacturing techniques used, in order to detect defects during the manufacturing process. Such defects normally cannot be detected by visual inspection or conventional qualification and/or reliability testing carried out at the end of the manufacturing process. Effectiveness of ESS is mainly due to the fact that the stress (amplitude and duration) required to reveal a latent defect is generally not sufficient to cause a damage that could adversely affect the life of a faultless product. While improving quality and reliability of products which become therefore more competitive, ESS may significantly reduce production, maintenance and return costs caused by product failures.
• ESS vibration testing equipment must produce vibrations within the 20 to 2 000 Hz frequency range during about 10 minutes, with a nominal vibration (acceleration) level of near 0.04 g 2 1 Hz , which corresponds to an effective level of 6g rms as obtained by integrating the NAVMAT PSD reference curve.
• PSD Power Spectral Density
• NAVMAT-9492 guidelines which were not published as an actual standard, cannot be considered as being appropriate to every products. Indeed, for certain types of electronic products, its use may be adversely damaging. In other cases, stress levels higher than the NAVMAT-9492 guidelines should be used, as for the recent ESS 2000 Project according to which the use of a nominal vibration (acceleration) level up to 20 g rms is contemplated. Since each electronic circuit is provided with specific dynamic characteristics, the vibrating response of the circuit not only depends on the nature of the excitation, but also on the specific dynamic characteristics. For the purpose of performing ESS vibrating stimulation, an electrodynamic vibration table is generally used since it provides adequate control over the vibration parameters to comply with ESS specifications.
• variation of the amplitude level may reach more than 30 dB .
• the positive variation could be better controlled by varying the amplitude characteristic of the excitation signal at high frequency to attenuate the positive variation at a desired level, experiences have shown that in the low frequency range, there is a limit in the excitation signal amplitude over which the negative variation cannot be significantly further reduced, thereby limiting the reliability and effectiveness of the ESS technique.
• a vibration testing apparatus comprising a main enclosure defining a main acoustical cavity and having a baffle provided with at least one main opening, an acoustical insulation means adapted to receive an article to be tested and an acoustical source having at least one acoustical transducer being acoustically coupled to the main acoustical cavity to generate acoustical waves toward an exposed surface of the article.
• the apparatus further comprises an attachment means for securing the article in a position where the main opening is substantially closed by the article and the acoustical insulation means to attenuate portion of the acoustical waves reaching a substantially opposed surface of said article which is not directly exposed to the acoustical waves, attenuating the opposed phase acoustical annihilation occurring at the opposed surface of the article.
• the vibration testing apparatus further comprises a thermally insulated enclosure defining a thermal cavity within which the article is contained; means for generating a flow of inert fluid; means for heating said flow of inert fluid; means for circulating said flow of inert fluid into said thermal cavity; first sensor means located within said thermal cavity for producing a first temperature indicative signal; controller means responsible to said temperature indicative signal and operatively coupled to said heating means for controlling the temperature of said inert fluid according to a predetermined thermal cycling profile while said acoustical source generates said acoustical waves toward the exposed surface of said article.
• a vibration testing apparatus comprising an acoustical insulation chamber, first and second acoustical transducer means contained in the chamber and facing one another, said acoustical transducer means being characterized by complementary frequency operating ranges.
• the apparatus further comprises an attachment means for securing at least one article to be tested in a position between the acoustical transducer means within the chamber and a driver means coupled to the acoustical transducer means for feeding said first and second acoustical transducer means with corresponding first and second electrical output signals causing the transducer means to generate acoustical waves for imparting vibration to the article accordingly, the first and second output signals having respective complementary frequency spectrums adjacent a crossover cutoff frequency and being substantially in opposed phase relationship in the area of the crossover cutoff frequency.
• a vibration testing method comprising the steps of: a) providing an acoustical insulation chamber containing first and second acoustical transducer means facing one another, said first and second acoustical transducer means being characterized by complementary frequency operating ranges; b) securing at least one article to be tested in a position between said acoustical transducer means within said chamber; and c) driving the first and second acoustical source means with corresponding first and second electrical output signals to cause generation of acoustical waves for imparting vibration to said article, said first and second output signals having respective complementary frequency spectrums adjacent a crossover cutoff frequency and being substantially in opposed phase relationship in the area of the crossover cutoff frequency.
• the vibration testing method further comprises before said step c) the steps of: i) generating a flow of inert fluid; and ii) selectively performing one of a heating step and a cooling step to said inert fluid according to a predetermined thermal cycling profile; said method further comprising simultaneously to said step c) the steps of: iii) circulating said flow of inert fluid between said first and second acoustical transducer means; iv) and controlling the temperature of said inert fluid according to a predetermined thermal cycling profile while said acoustical source generates said acoustical waves toward the exposed surface of said article.
• Fig. 1 is a graph plotted in logarithmic scales showing a Power Spectral Density reference curve according to NAVMAT-9492 with a typical experimental frequency response curve obtained for a printed circuit board without components, as tested with an acoustical chamber of the prior art
• Fig. 2 is a perspective view of an acoustical insulation chamber containing a testing unit according to a preferred embodiment of the vibration testing apparatus according to the invention
• Fig. 3 is a perspective view of the outlined portion of the vibration testing apparatus of Fig. 2, showing the central portion of the testing unit in more detail;
• Fig. 4a is a complete end view of the testing unit of Figs. 1 and 2, without the fixture;
• Fig. 4b is a complete rear view of the testing unit of Figs. 1 and 2, without the fixture;
• Fig. 5 is a partial perspective view of the testing unit of Figs. 1 and
• Fig. 6 is a partial perspective view of the testing unit of Figs. 4a and 4b, on which is mounted a pair of adjacent fixtures identical to the fixture shown in Figs. 1 and 2, to allow simultaneous vibration testing of two printed circuit boards of similar dimensions;
• Fig. 7 is an exploded view of the testing unit of Figs. 4a and 4b, on which is mounted an alternate fixture adapted to secure a pair or superimposed printed circuit boards of similar dimensions to be tested simultaneously;
• Fig. 8 is a left end view of the alternate fixture of Fig. 7 when assembled, which shows the pair of printed circuit boards being rigidly secured to the fixture;
• Fig. 9 is a block diagram of the driving subsystem as part of the acoustical sources of the testing unit of Fig. 1 and according to the preferred embodiment;
• Fig. 9a is a partial outlined view of the subsystem of Fig. 9, showing an alternate connecting configuration for driving the acoustical transducers;
• Fig. 10 is a graph showing typical frequency response curves according to the crossover setup used for the driving subsystem shown in Fig. 9;
• Fig. 11 is a graph plotted on logarithmic scales showing the Power
• Fig. 12 is a graph plotted on logarithmic scales showing the Power Spectral Density reference curve according to NAVMAT-9492 and an experimental frequency response curves obtained with a first example of excitation signal for a printed circuit board with components as tested employing an apparatus according to the present invention which uses the first connecting configuration of Fig. 9;
• Fig. 13 is a graph plotted on logarithmic scales showing the Power Spectral Density reference curve according to NAVMAT-9492 and an experimental frequency response curves obtained with a second example of excitation signal for the same printed circuit board as referred to in Fig. 12 employing an apparatus according to the present invention, which uses the first connecting configuration of Fig. 9;
• Fig. 14a is a graph showing current values of the excitation input signal after crossover filtering with respect to frequency when the first configuration of Fig. 9 is used to generate a given frequency response profile, in which graph the region under the curve within the area of the crossover cutoff frequency has been darkened;
• Fig. 14b is a graph showing current values of the excitation input signal after crossover filtering with respect to frequency when the alternate configuration of Fig. 9a is used to generate the same frequency response profile as referred to in Fig. 14a, in which graph the region under the curve within the area of the crossover cutoff frequency has also been darkened.
• Fig. 15 is a general block diagram of a thermal control subsystem used in accordance with an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, allowing thermal cycling stress screening simultaneously to vibration testing.
• Fig. 16 is a graph showing typical cycling temperature response curves with respect to time as obtained with the thermal control subsystem of Fig. 15 using various sensor types and locations. Detailed description of the preferred embodiments
• the vibration testing apparatus according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention and generally designated at numeral 20 comprises a testing unit generally designated at 21 which is included within an acoustical insulation chamber 22 of a known type, such as supplied by Mecart, (Quebec, Canada), which is provided with an access door 24.
• the apparatus 20 further comprises a driving subsystem enclosed within an electrical cabinet 23, which subsystem will be described later in detail.
• the driving subsystem is connected to the electrical inputs and outputs of the testing unit through a bundle of electrical cables 25 passing through a side wall 27 of the chamber 22.
• a gantry type lifting holder 28 as better shown in Fig 3, which comprises a pair or parallel and vertical supporting rails 30, 30' along which a pair of carriages 32, 32' are made displaceable with rollers 29.
• the holder 28 further comprises a pair of foot members 31 , 31 ' each connected to a lower end of respective rails 30, 30', which are interconnected at their upper ends with a transverse member 33 as shown in Fig. 4a.
• loudspeaker module 34 Secured to the carriers 32, 32' and disposed between the rails 30, 30' is an upper transducer such as loudspeaker module 34 having four 15 inch/1000 W high capacity loudspeakers 35 being inneriy mounted on a bottom plate 36 having corresponding openings 39. While four loudspeakers 35 are ⁇ ⁇
• the testing unit 20 also comprises a main enclosure 38 including a main acoustical transducer in the form of a main loudspeaker module 40 mounted on wheels 43, and a cover portion 42 being mounted on the module 40 by clamps 49 and having a top wall forming a baffle 44 provided with a main opening 45.
• the main loudspeaker module 40 forms with its corresponding driving circuit a main acoustical source, as will be explained later in more detail with reference to Fig. 9.
• the baffle used was made from a 5/8 inch veneer board for providing sufficient stiffness.
• the cover portion 42 is designed to allow baffle replacement.
• a 21 inch/1000 W high capacity loudspeaker 46 is inneriy mounted on a top plate 48 provided with a corresponding aperture 50 and as part of the main loudspeaker module 40, so as to be acoustically coupled to a main acoustical cavity defined by the cover portion 42 with baffle 44 and the top plate 48. It is to be understood that more than one loudspeaker can be mounted if required by the dimensions and weight of the article to be tested.
• the baffle 44 in attenuating the acoustical waves reaching the article surface which is not directly exposed to the acoustical waves produced by the main loudspeaker module 40, attenuates the opposed phase acoustical annihilation occurring at the unexposed side of the baffle 44, thus significantly improving the frequency response control within the low frequency range of the excitation profile where optimal stimulation of the main vibration modes is critical, as explained before with reference to the NAVMAT 9492 guidelines used for ESS testing.
• baffle 44 is part of the main enclosure 38 within which is mounted the acoustical transducer having the lower operation frequency bandwidth, namely loudspeaker 46 in the instant example.
• the use of baffle 44 contributes to maintain the overall acoustic level in the testing O 01/01103 ⁇ ⁇
• an attachment means in the form of a fixture 52 adapted to receive and rigidly maintain at its edge a printed circuit board 41 to be tested on the baffle 44, in a position where the main opening 45 shown in Figs. 4a and 4b is substantially closed by the printed circuit board 41. It is to be understood that the fixture 52 could be readily modified to receive any other article to be subjected to vibrations and presenting similar or smaller dimensions. Referring again to Figs.
• the holder 28 is further provided with a lift 54 including an electric motor 56 having a controller 57 and being coupled to a reduction gear box 59 having an output shaft being laterally connected through cooperating gears 58 and 58' to a driven shaft 60 having opposed ends 62, 62' transversely extending through corresponding bores provided on respective upper portions of rails 30, 30'.
• first and second chain gears 64, 64' cooperating with driving chains 66, 66' each having a first end rigidly attached to an upper portion of carriages 32, 32' and a second end attached to counterweights 72, 72' extending through first and second guide cylinders 68, 68' which are attached to rails 30, 30' with upper and lower support members 70 and 70'.
• Up and down displacement of the upper loudspeaker module 34 is activated via a control unit 73.
• a flexible screen or curtain made of an acoustical insulation material or fabric may be attached at an upper edge thereof to the loudspeaker module 34 to provide further directional confinement of the acoustical waves toward the article to be tested.
• the fixture 52 which is designed to receive a single printed circuit board (PCB) 41 , comprises a generally rectangular outer frame 74 provided with a recessed planar portion 76 defining a central opening aligned with the main opening 45 and being rigidly secured to the baffle 44 with proper fasteners such as screws (not shown). Disposed on the planar portion 76 in a generally rectangular configuration are a set of acoustical insulation seals 79 forming a generally closed perimeter bounding the periphery of PCB 41 , thereby blocking the elongate opening formed between PCB 41 and the planar portion 76 of the frame 74.
• PCB printed circuit board
• the seals 79 may be made of any material having appropriate acoustical insulation characteristics such as closed-cell polyurethane foam of sufficient density.
• the seals 79 are fixedly applied onto the planar portion 76 with a proper adhesive.
• Also mounted on the planar portion 76 and separated by the seals 79 is a set of adjustable clamps 49 having mounting blocks 81 that can be locked in a predetermined position along the corresponding sides of the frame 74 by set screws 82 extending through corresponding bores (not shown) provided on the sides of the frame 74, and through corresponding threaded bores (not shown) provided on the blocks 81.
• the sides of frame 74 may be provided with elongated slot to allow position adjustment for the blocks 81.
• Each clamp 49 includes a spring biased clamping member 86 cooperating through pivot 87 with a base member 88 having a pair of lateral flanges 90 being rigidly secured to the corresponding block 81 with screws 92.
• a mounting spacer 94 secured in a position parallel to a corresponding PCB edge with a set screw 96 vertically extending through the forward end of clamping member 86.
• Each mounting block 81 is provided with a rib (not shown) having an end that is vertically aligned with the mounting spacer 94 when the clamp is in a lock position, defining a tight space for receiving and maintaining the PCB edge adjacent portion.
• the fixture 52 is designed to allow the mounting of a sufficient number of clamps 49 located on the periphery of the PCB according to its main vibration modes and to the location of the mounted components 85, to provide an effective conversion of acoustic energy to vibrations imparted to the PCB, as will be explained later in more detail.
• Fig. 6 there is shown a pair of adjacent fixtures 52 which are identical to the fixture shown in Figs. 1 and 2, allowing the simultaneous vibration testing of two printed circuit board 41 and 41 ' of similar dimensions.
• the baffle 44' is provided with a main opening 45' which is roughly twice as large as the opening 45 shown in the baffle 44 of the testing unit depicted in Figs. 1 and 2.
• an acoustical insulation seal 99 which is similar to seals 79 is tightly inserted within the spacing with proper adhesive.
• the seal 99 may also be formed by two identical thinner seals fixed to respective lateral edges of the frame 74 with proper adhesive.
• Figs. 7 and 8 there is shown an alternate attachment means in the form of a fixture generally designated at 100 adapted to secure a pair or superimposed printed circuit boards 41 and 41' to be tested simultaneously.
• the alternate fixture 100 is of a same basic modular construction as compared to the fixture 52 shown in Fig. 5, with additional elements enabling the fixture 100 to receive two printed circuit boards 41 and 41 ' in a vertically spaced relationship.
• the additional elements include a set of fixed spacer blocks 102 secured onto mounting blocks 81' with screws (not shown) passing through corresponding threaded holes 104.
• the additional elements further include a corresponding set of removable spacer blocks 108 each being provided with an elongated rib 109 that is designed to cooperate with acken _
• the additional elements also include a second generally rectangular frame 112 having peripheral edge portions adapted to engage with corresponding transverse recesses 110 provided on the removable spacer blocks 108 for securing thereof as a modular assembly.
• each mounting block 81 ' The end of the rib 98 provided on each mounting block 81 ' is vertically aligned with a mounting portion 111 of the rib 109 with a corresponding pair of rubber pads 95 when the clamp is in a lock position, defining a tight space for receiving and maintaining the adjacent portion of the edge of PCB 41 ' ensuring acoustic insulation at the point of contact, while ensuring that the PCB edge surface is not being damaged by the clamps 49' when the latter are brought in a lock position.
• the second PCB 41 ' is also rigidly maintained by the mounting spacers 94', rubber pads 95' and facing tabs 114 protruding from the corresponding removable spacer blocks 108.
• first acoustical insulation seal 77 Disposed on the planar portion 76' of the frame 74' is a first acoustical insulation seal 77 made of a resilient acoustical insulating material and adapted to receive the first PCB 41 thereon. Also provided is a set of second acoustical insulation seals 79' adapted to be disposed on the upper surface of PCB 41 ' to form with first seal 77 a closed perimeter bounding the periphery of the PCB 41 '.
• a set of rigid baffle walls 83 bearing on the second seals 79' and adapted to receive the second rectangular frame 112 is provided, which walls 83 are specifically dimensioned to tightly fit between spacer blocks 102, to form a secondary enclosure defining a secondary acoustical cavity between first and second PCBs 41 and 41 '.
• the opening thereof is acoustically closed by the PCB 41 ', thereby attenuating the opposed phase acoustical annihilation occurring at the unexposed side of the PCB 41 ', while providing transfer of acoustical energy from the main cavity to the PCB 41', through the PCB 41 and the secondary cavity.
• fixtures as shown in Figs. 5 to 7 may be used.
• a pair of fixtures 100 may be likewise employed.
• the alternate fixture 100 of Fig. 7 could be obviously modified to allow clamping of three or more superimposed PCB's, provided acoustical attenuation between adjacent secondary cavities is kept within an acceptable limit.
• the driving subsystem generally designated at 116 comprises a conditioning amplifier 118 such as manufactured by Nexus for receiving through input line 119 an input signal in the form of a vibration indicating signal generated by a vibration transducer such as accelerometer 120 which is adapted to be coupled to an article to be tested (not shown) secured on the baffle 44 as explained before.
• the accelerometer 120 is preferably located on a central area of an exposed surface of the article, though other locations may be appropriate, as well as the use of more than one accelerometer to derive a combined or average input signal.
• An accelerometer such as Endevco type 2222C may be employed.
• a microphone 122 located near the article may be used as the transducer for generating the input signal in the form of a sound pressure indicative signal.
• the tests can be thereafter performed solely with the microphone mounted in a fixed position without any need to couple a vibration transducer onto each article to be tested.
• a second microphone may be mounted within the main acoustical cavity defined by the cover portion 42 and the top plate 48 of the main enclosure 40, to generate an input signal specific to the loudspeaker 46
• experiences have shown that the single microphone 122 which is directly exposed to the acoustic field generated by the loudspeakers 35 of upper module 34, also receives a sufficient level of indirect acoustic waves produced by the loudspeaker 46 to provide appropriate control thereof.
• the conditioning amplifier 118 performs impedance and amplitude matching to produce a control input signal which is fed to a UDC type vibration controller 124 through a line 126.
• the controller 124 compares the vibration indicating signal or the sound pressure indicating signal in feedback with reference excitation signal data being characterized by a known frequency content to generate an excitation input signal accordingly through line 128.
• the output signal of the controller may be used as the input control signal through a direct feedback line 130, to perform the required comparison with the reference excitation signal data.
• Another approach would consists of using the controller 124 to directly generate the excitation input signal from the reference excitation signal data, provided acoustical and electrical characteristics of other components of the testing apparatus can be considered as being sufficiently stable.
• the controller 124 may be linked through an output line 125 to a computer (not shown) for data storing and analyzing purposes.
• the excitation input signal is fed to a crossover filter 132 of a known type such as manufactured by Active, the outputs 134 and 135 of which being connected via lines 136 and 137 to amplifier channels 138 and 139 of a power amplifier respectively to produce through output lines 140 and 141 respectively connected to loudspeaker 46 and loudspeakers 45 linked in parallel, first and second electrical output signals having respective complementary frequency spectrums adjacent a crossover cutoff frequency.
• the cutoff frequency of the filter is selected according to the respective frequency operating ranges of the loudspeakers 46 and 35, which are chosen to present complementary frequency operating ranges to maximize power efficiency of the apparatus.
• the 21 inch loudspeaker 46 was chosen to have an effective operating range from about 20 to 160 Hz
• each loudspeaker 35 was chosen to have a complementary effective operating range from about 160 to 2000 Hz
• the selected cutoff frequency of the crossover filter was 160 Hz , as shown in Fig. 10, where there are depicted typical frequency response curves 142 and 144 according to the respective frequency operating ranges of the loudspeakers 46 and 35 shown in Fig. 9. It can be seen that the crossover output signal associated with the loudspeaker 46 contains the lower part of the frequency response under about 130 Hz , whereas the crossover output signal associated with loudspeakers 35 contains the upper part of the frequency response above about 130 Hz .
• a solution to prevent such power efficiency decrease in the area of the crossover cutoff frequency consists of implementing an alternate connecting configuration for driving the loudspeakers 46 and 35 shown in Fig. 9. It consists of coupling a single one of the outputs of the crossover filter 132, say the output 135 in the example shown in Fig.
• a switch (not shown) may be provided for selecting the desired polarity configuration.
• FIG. 15 an alternate embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention which allows thermal cycling simultaneously to vibration testing will be now described.
• This alternate embodiment comprises all of the components included in the first preferred embodiment as described hereinabove with reference to Figs. 2 to 10, with an additional thermal control subsystem for allowing thermal testing such as thermal cyclic stress screening of articles under vibration testing.
• thermal testing such as thermal cyclic stress screening of articles under vibration testing.
• Fig. 15 Disposed between bottom plate 36 and baffle 44 is a thermally insulated enclosure 154 defining a thermal cavity 156 within which an article to be tested such as PCB 41 is contained, which PCB 41 is mounted on baffle 44 in a same manner as described above.
• the thermally insulated enclosure is formed by four walls 156, 158, 160, 162 that can be made from stainless or galvanized steel sheets provided with an outer layer made of a thermally insulating material.
• the wall 158 is provided with a first opening 164 forming an enclosure inlet in fluid communication with the proximal end of a fluid supply line 166 having its distal end coupled to outlet 168 a heating/cooling unit generally designated at 170.
• the wall 162 is provided with a second opening 172 forming an enclosure outlet in fluid communication with the proximal end of a fluid return line 174 having its distal end coupled to return inlet 176 provided on heating/cooling unit 170.
• the heating/cooling unit 170 is provided with mechanical means for generating a flow of air in the form of a conventional air blower 178 forcing input air received from return inlet 176 through heating coil 180 of an electrical heating device generally designated at 182 provided with heat controller 184. It is to be understood that any other type of heating device, such as fuel or gas burner, may be used as heat source.
• a cooling device generally designated at 186 which includes a supply tank 188 containing a pressurized freezing fluid such as liquid nitrogen and being in fluid communication through main valve 190 and supply line 192 provided with electromechanically-controlled valve 194 to a nozzle 196, where heat absorption due to evaporation of liquid nitrogen causes cooling of inert gas as it flows out of outlet 168, before entering the thermally insulated enclosure through opening 164, and circulating into the thermal cavity 156.
• a first temperature sensor 198 such as a standard "T" type thermocouple for producing a first temperature indicative signal that is directed through electrical line 200 to signal input 202 of a feedback control device 204 as part of a temperature controller unit generated designated at 206.
• the first sensor means 98 is solely in contact with fluid flow whereby the first signal generated therefrom is indicative of the temperature of the heated/cooled inert gas.
• the control device 204 has a first control output 208 for directing a heating control signal to heat controller 184 through control line 210, and has a second control output 212 for directing a cooling control signal to controlled valve 194 through control line 214.
• the control device is programmed to selectively activate either heating device 170 or cooling device 186 according to said predetermined thermal cycling profile, in response to the received temperature indicative signal.
• the temperature controller unit 206 further includes a microcomputer 216 of a conventional type having display 218 and memory schematically represented at 220, into which predetermined thermal cycling profile data is stored, as will be explained later in more detail.
• the computer 216 is also provided with a suitable input/output interface linked to control device 204 through input and output lines 222, 224, respectively.
• the microcomputer 216 runs a control software that is programmed to send through line 224 control parameter data according to the thermal cycling profile data stored in memory 220, which control data indicate temperature-related set point values for feedback control as a function of time.
• Current control parameters setting of control device 204 may be also received by the microcomputer 216 through line 222.
• Also located within thermal cavity 156 is one or more further temperature sensors 226, 226' directly disposed onto article 41 for producing article temperature indicative signals, which are directed to an analog-to-digital converter 228 through respective lines 230, 230'.
• thermocouple may by used as sensor 226 while a "K” type thermal probe such as manufactured by Sanders Technology may be used as further sensor 226'.
• digital data line 232 interfaced with computer 216
• the resulting digital signals are sent to computer 216 through digital data line 232 interfaced therewith, and the computer 216 stores in memory 220 corresponding temperature values data in response to the received digital signal which data may be used for adjusting cycling profile data accordingly, be displayed or be otherwise processed.
• An intermediary method consists of introducing typical defects in a product and then increasing the vibration level until these defects repetitively precipitate.
• Time length of the vibrating stimulation is typically of about 10 minutes.
• Known methods of determining the vibrating stimulation spectrum to apply for a particular product can be also employed where the vibration apparatus and method according to the present invention are used to impart vibration to an article under test, considering characteristics of the energy transfer from the applied acoustical field to the induced vibrations.
• structural model characterizing the vibration response of a product can be built prior to determine the spectrum of vibrating stimulation likely to produce the target frequency response profile.
• modal analysis techniques may be used, such as those described in the inventor's papers " Modal analysis of electronic circuit using acoustical sources ", 4 th Annual IEEE Accelerated Stress Testing, 1998, and “Experimental modal analysis using acoustical sources”, 17 th Canadian Congress on Applied Mechanics, 1999, which papers are incorporated herein by reference.
• Modal analysis essentially consists in establishing a theoretical model in terms of vibration parameters including resonance frequencies and damping factor associated with main modes of vibration. Then, values for these vibration parameters are determined experimentally using either a mechanical or acoustical source of vibration with a conventional vibration measuring instrumentation.
• these vibration parameter values can be estimated through known finite element analysis, which may be also used for defining border conditions of the fixture on which is mounted the article. From the obtained vibration parameters values, vibrating stimulation levels required to comply with ESS testing requirements can be predicted as well as optimal vibration spectrums. Referring now to the drawings, an example of ESS application for testing a PCB according to the present invention will now be described. Once the vibration spectrum and level have been determined for the PCB 41 to be tested, the controller 124 as shown in Fig. 9 is programmed and the power levels of amplifiers 138 and 139 are set accordingly. An output polarity is also selected between the configurations using either line 137 or line 137' respectively. Turning now to Fig.
• the control unit 73 is then operated to cause the lift 28 to raise the upper loudspeaker module 34 to a position where there is sufficient clearance between the bottom plate 36 thereof and the baffle 44 of the cover portion 42 to allow mounting of an article to be tested.
• the PCB 41 is mounted on the fixture 52 and the clamps 49 are firmly brought in their closed position. If a pair of PCB's 41 and 41' as shown in Fig. 7 have to be tested, the PCB 41 is first mounted on the fixture 100 by first setting the PCB's edge onto the mounting blocks 81 ' with first rubber pads 95 therebetween.
• a Power Spectral Density reference curve 10 according to NAVMAT-9492 is plotted with an experimental frequency response curve 146 which has been superimposed on the controlled excitation signal curve 147 having a crossover frequency of 160 Hz and as plotted in dotted line, which curve 146 was obtained for a printed circuit board having its components mounted thereon which was tested using the first connecting configuration of Fig. 9 using output line 137. It can be seen that frequency response curve 146 substantially fits with the excitation signal curve 147. As can be seen from Fig. 12, it is to be understood that depending upon the testing requirements, the excitation signal can be set according to a different profile as compared with the NAVMAT-9492 which may be used as a guideline.
• FIG. 13 there is shown an experimental frequency response curve 149 obtained with a second example of excitation signal represented by curve 151 for the same printed circuit board as referred to in Fig. 12 and using the apparatus employing the first connecting configuration of Fig. 9.
• the main resonance frequencies of the printed circuit board was previously identified with a modal analysis made according to a known technique such the methods referred to before.
• the excitation signal profile was determined in a such manner to concentrate excitation energy around the resonance frequencies as well as on the lower portion of the frequency spectrum, to enhance power efficiency.
• the frequency response curve 149 substantially fits with the excitation signal curve 151.
• Fig. 16 there are shown typical cycling temperature response curves 232, 234 and 236 as obtained with the thermal control subsystem of Fig. 15 provided with a set of temperature sensors, namely standard thermocouple 198, thermal probe 226' and standard thermocouple 226, while imparting vibration to a PCB under test.
• a predetermined profile for performing thermal cycling stress screening of the PCB and as previously stored in the computer memory was selected by a user. Characteristics of the selected cycling profile were determined according to well known criteria, including cycle characteristics (low temperature, high temperature, product thermal response rate, dwell times at temperature extremes), number of thermal cycles and PCB condition (powered, unpowered, monitored, unmonitored).
• thermal rate of change values measured in airflow with thermal probe 198 are also higher than corresponding thermal rate of change values measured on article with sensors 226, 226'.
• the computer 220 shown in Fig. 15 is preferably programmed to adjust cycling profile data according to article temperature measurements, to increase performance of temperature control device 204.

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• Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
• Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)

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