WO2000057787A2 - Method for localization of blood clots - Google Patents
Method for localization of blood clots Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000057787A2 WO2000057787A2 PCT/US2000/007891 US0007891W WO0057787A2 WO 2000057787 A2 WO2000057787 A2 WO 2000057787A2 US 0007891 W US0007891 W US 0007891W WO 0057787 A2 WO0057787 A2 WO 0057787A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- substituted
- independently
- thrombus
- independently selected
- Prior art date
Links
- 208000007536 Thrombosis Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 title claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- -1 phenoxy, benzyloxy Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002603 single-photon emission computed tomography Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 claims description 12
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- 208000010378 Pulmonary Embolism Diseases 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910006069 SO3H Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
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- 125000006273 (C1-C3) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000006242 amine protecting group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- UCMIRNVEIXFBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-alanine Chemical group NCCC(O)=O UCMIRNVEIXFBKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004981 cycloalkylmethyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000006527 (C1-C5) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
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- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
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- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000094 2-phenylethyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004649 C2-C8 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000004767 (C1-C4) haloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004765 (C1-C4) haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003830 C1- C4 alkylcarbonylamino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910007161 Si(CH3)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
- A61K51/088—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins conjugates with carriers being peptides, polyamino acids or proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
- A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
- A61K51/04—Organic compounds
- A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
- A61K51/082—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins the peptide being a RGD-containing peptide
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
- A61B6/037—Emission tomography
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a medical diagnostic method and, in particular, to an in vivo diagnostic method for detecting a blood clot, such as a pulmonary embolism or a thrombus, employing a radiopharmaceutical contrast agent and volume rendering of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images.
- SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
- Pulmonary embolism is a condition of the lung that emerges when a portion of a blood clot (i.e., thrombus) growing pathologically within a patient breaks off (i.e., embolizes) and travels to the lung.
- a portion of a blood clot i.e., thrombus
- embolizes i.e., embolizes
- the condition itself is immediately life-threatening.
- a patient presenting with symptoms characteristic of pulmonary embolism must be properly diagnosed to assure that the symptoms do not represent other diseases. Accordingly, detection and localization of pulmonary embolism are critical to insure that the patient receives the appropriate care.
- the technique involves localizing a contrast agent at the tumor and obtaining a series of image slices of the tumor using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) .
- SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
- the image slices are then individually inspected by a physician. As a result, the process is time consuming and expensive.
- a volume rendering technique for displaying SPECT data derived from a complete set of image slices through the tumor.
- a three-dimensional matrix of data is assembled from the image slices.
- the three- dimensional matrix of data is then scanned along an array of parallel lines at a given angle with respect to the tumor. For each parallel line, the value of the most intense pixel along the parallel line is determined and assigned to a pixel in a two-dimensional array whose position corresponds to the position of the corresponding parallel line in the array of parallel lines.
- the process is repeated for a series of angles over 360° to produce a series of two-dimensional images.
- the present invention should provide a significant qualitative improvement in the ability of a naive physician to identify and localize a thrombus .
- the shortcomings associated with the known methods for localization of blood clots are overcome to a large degree by a method in accordance with the present invention.
- the method according to the present invention comprises the step of localizing a radiolabelled compound at a thrombus by administering a radiopharmaceutical compound to the patient.
- Two-dimensional images representing a physical property associated with the radiolabelled thrombus such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images, are then acquired and assembled into a three-dimensional matrix of data.
- the three-dimensional matrix of data is then scanned along an array of parallel lines to determine a maximum value along each line.
- SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
- the maximum value along each line is then assigned to a pixel in a two-dimensional array, where the relative position of the pixel in the two-dimensional array corresponds to the relative position of the line in the array of parallel lines.
- the three-dimensional matrix of data is optionally scanned along additional arrays of parallel lines to produce a series of images of the thrombus as viewed from different angles.
- the series of images can be displayed sequentially to produce a rotating view of the thrombus.
- Fig. 1 is a flow chart depicting the steps of a method for imaging a thrombus in accordance with the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a method for imaging a thrombus, the steps of which are depicted in Fig. 1.
- the patient is administered a radiolabelled compound that preferentially binds to the thrombus.
- the radiolabelled compound may be administered by injecting approximately 20 mCi (740 Mbq) of the radiolabelled compound into the venous circulation system of the patient.
- the radiolabelled compound comprises a radiopharmaceutical of the type described in U.S. Patent No. 5,744,120 issued April 28, 1998 to Edwards et al . , U.S. Patent No. 5,879,657 issued March 9, 1999 to DeGrado et al . , U.S.
- d 1 is preferably between about 1 and 20, x is independently 1-2; y is independently 1-2; and z is independently 0-4.
- Q is a glycoprotein Ilb/IIIA binding compound selected from the group including the cyclic lib/IIla receptor antagonist compounds described in co-pending U.S. Serial No.08/415,908,861 (equivalent to WO 94/22494); the RGD containing peptides described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,578,079 and 4,792,525, the patent applications PCT US88/04403, PCT
- Patent Nos. 4,427,646 and 5,270,030 the hirudin-based peptides described in U.S. Patent No. 5,279,812; the fibrin binding proteins described in U.S. Patent No. 5,217,705; the guanine derivatives that bind to the Ilb/IIIa receptor described in U.S. Patent No. 5,086,069; the tyrosine derivatives described in European Patent Application No. 0478328A1, and Hartman et . al . , J. Med. Chem. , 1992, 35, 4640; or an oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) .
- Q is of the formula (II) :
- R 31 is a C 6 -Ci 4 saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic carbocyclic ring system substituted with 0-4 R 10 or R 10a ;
- Z is S or O
- n" and n' are independently 0-2; R 1 and R 22 are independently selected from the following groups :
- heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R 12 ;
- R 1 and R 21 can alternatively join to form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R 12 ;
- R 1 or R 21 can alternatively be taken together with R 1 or R 21 on an adjacent carbon atom to form a direct bond, thereby to form a double or triple bond between said carbon atoms;
- R 22 and R 23 can alternatively join to form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R 12 ;
- R 22 or R 23 can alternatively be taken together with R 22 or R 23 on an adjacent carbon atom to form a direct bond, thereby to form a double or triple bond between the adj acent carbon atoms ;
- R 1 and R 2 where R 21 is H, can alternatively join to form a 5-8 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R 12 ;
- R 11 is selected from one or more of the following:
- heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and 0, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R 12 ;
- R 12 is selected from one or more of the following:
- R 13 is selected independently from: H, C1-C10 alkyl,
- R 13a i s C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl ;
- R 13 groups when two R 13 groups are bonded to a single N, said R 13 groups may alternatively be taken together to form - ( CH 2 ) 2-5- or - (CH 2 ) O ( CH2) - ;
- R 14 is OH, H, C1-C4 alkyl, or benzyl
- R 21 and R 23 are independently selected from:
- C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-6 halogen; benzyl ;
- R 2 is H or C ⁇ -C8 alkyl; R 10 and R 10a are selected independently from one or more of the following:
- R 3 is H or C1-C8 alkyl
- R 4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl
- R 5 is selected from: hydrogen; i-C ⁇ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R 11 ; 2-C8 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R 11 ;
- aryl substituted with 0-2 R 12 a 5-10-membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or 0, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R 12 ;
- R 16 is selected from: an amine protecting group; 1-2 amino acids;
- R 6 is H or Ci-C ⁇ alkyl
- R 7 is selected from:
- q is independently 0-2 and substitution on the cyclohexyl is at the 3 or 4 position;
- X is selected from:
- R 6 and R 7 can alternatively be taken together to form (CH 2 ) n X
- n 0 or 1 and X is -NH2 or
- M is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure
- q'. is 0-2; R is H, C1-C3 alkyl;
- R 8 is selected from:
- R 34 and R 35 are independently selected from: -OH,
- R 34 and R 35 can alternatively be taken together form: a cyclic boron ester where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or O;
- a divalent cyclic boron amide where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or O;
- a cyclic boron amide-ester where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or 0.
- Q is of the formula (III) :
- the shown phenyl ring may be further substituted with 0-3 RlO.
- R 10 is selected independently from: H, Ci-Cs alkyl, phenyl, halogen, or C1-C4 alkoxy;
- R 1 is H, C 1 -C4 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or phenyl- (Ci- C4) alkyl ;
- R 2 is H or methyl
- R 13 is selected independently from: H, C1-C10 alkyl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, C4-C 1 2 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl;
- R 13a is C1-C 1 0 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyDaryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl ; when two R 13 groups are bonded to a single N, said R 13 groups may alternatively be taken together to form -(CH 2 ) 2-5- or -(CH 2 )0(CH 2 )-;
- R 14 is OH, H, C1-C4 alkyl, or benzyl
- R 3 is H or CH3
- R 4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl
- R 16 is selected from: an amine protecting group; 1-2 amino acids; or
- R 3 and R 5 can alternatively be taken together to form -CH2CH2CH2-;
- R 6 is H or C1-C8 alkyl
- R 7 is:
- M is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure
- q' is 0-2;
- R 17 is H, C1-C3 alkyl;
- R 8 is selected from:
- C h . is a radionuclide metal chelator or bonding unit bound to the biologically active compound Q, either directly or through the optional linking group L n .
- R40 i independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: a bond to Ln, C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R 52 , aryl substituted with 0-3 R 52 , cycloaklyl substituted with 0-3 R 52 , heterocycle substituted with 0-3 R 52 ' heterocycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R 52 , aralkyl substituted with 0-3 R 52 and alkaryl substituted with 0-3 R 52 ;
- R 41 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, aryl substituted with 0-3 R 52 , C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R 52 , and a heterocycle substituted with 0-3 R 52 ;
- R 53 , R 53a , and R 54 are each independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, and a bond to L n -
- at least one other atom of the group located on R 40 must also be bound to the radionuclide.
- the atoms bound to the metal are termed donor atoms .
- the optional linking group L n is given by the formula:
- M 1 is -[(CH2)gZ 1 ]g'-(CR 55 R 56 )g"-;
- M 2 is - (CR 55 R 56 )g»- [Z 1 (CH2)g3g'-;
- g is independently 0-10;
- g' is independently 0-1;
- g" is independently 0-10;
- f is independently 0-10;
- f is independently 0-10;
- f" is independently 0-1;
- Z 1 is independently selected at each occurrence from a C6-C14 saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic carbocyclic ring system, substituted with 0-4 R 57 ; and a heterocyclic ring system, substituted with 0-4 R 57 ;
- R 55 and R 56 are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: hydrogen; C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-5 R 57 ; and alkaryl wherein the aryl is substituted with 0-5 R 57 ;
- R 58 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: hydrogen; C ⁇ -C6 alkyl; benzyl, and phenyl.
- radiolabelled it is meant that the compound contains a radioisotope which is suitable for administration to a mammalian patient.
- Suitable radioisotopes are known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, isotopes of halogens (such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine) , technetium and indium.
- Preferable radioisotopes include 123 I, 125 I, 131 I, 99m Tc, and 1: ⁇ l In, more preferably li:L In, 123 I and 99m Tc, and most preferably 99 Tc.
- Radiolabelled compounds of the invention may be prepared using standard radiolabelling procedures well known to those skilled in the art.
- the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa binding compound, Q is radiolabelled indirectly (that is, by incorporating the radiolabel into the compound through the chelating agent C h , ) .
- Such radiolabelling should also be reasonably stable, both chemically and metabolically, applying recognized standards in the art.
- the radiolabelled compound may be labeled in a variety of fashions with a variety of different radioisotopes, as those skilled in the art will recognize, such radiolabelling should be carried out in a manner such that the high binding affinity and specificity of the unlabeled glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa binding compound to the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor is not significantly affected.
- M ⁇ is a transition metal radionuclide which is attached to the biologically active compound Q via the chelator C h .
- Preferred radiolabelled compounds of the invention are radiolabelled compounds wherein the radiolabel is located on the carbocyclic ring system of R 31 of formula (II) .
- Even more preferred radiolabelled compounds of the invention are those of formula (III) , wherein the radiolabel is located at position R 10 or R 10a substituted on the benzene ring.
- the coordination sphere of the radionuclide includes all the ligands or groups bound to the radionuclide.
- Mt transition metal radionuclide
- Mt to be stable it typically has a coordination number comprised of an integer greater than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 7; that is there are 5 to 7 atoms bound to the metal and it is said to have a complete coordination sphere.
- the coordination sphere is completed by donor atoms from other ligands, termed ancillary or co-ligands, which can be either terminal or chelating.
- a large number of ligands can serve as ancillary or co-ligands, the choice of which is determined by a variety of considerations such as the ease of synthesis of the radiopharmaceutical, the chemical and physical properties of the ancillary ligand, the rate of formation, the yield, the number of isomeric forms of the resulting radiopharmaceuticals, the ability to administer said ancillary or co-ligand to a patient without adverse physiological consequences to said patient, and the compatibility of the ligand in a lyophilized kit formulation.
- the charge and lipophilicity of the ancillary ligand will effect the charge and lipophilicity of the radiopharmaceuticals.
- the radiopharmaceuticals prepared from the reagents of the present invention can be comprised of one or two ancillary or co-ligands, designated A I, in a binary ligand system.
- the one or two ancillary or co-ligands, ALI, comprising the radiopharmaceuticals can be independently selected from the group consisting of: dioxygen ligands, functionalized aminocarboxylates and halides; provided that the coordination sphere of the radionuclide is complete.
- Ancillary dioxygen ligands include ligands that coordinate to the metal ion through at least two oxygen donor atoms. Examples include but are not limited to: glucoheptonate, gluconate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, lactate, tartrate, mannitol, glucarate, altol, Kojic acid, 2, 2-bis (hydroxymethyl)propionic acid, 4, 5-dihydroxy-l, 3 -benzene disulfonate, or substituted or unsubstituted 1,2 or 3,4 hydroxypyridinones, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof .
- Functionalized aminocarboxylates include ligands that have a combination of nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms. Examples include but are not limited to: iminodiacetic acid, 2,3 diaminopropionic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, N,N' -ethylenediamine diacetic acid, N,N,N' -ethylenediamine triacetic acid, hydroxyethylethylenediamine triacetic acid, N,N" -ethylenediamine bis-hydroxyphenylglycine, or the ligands described in Eur. Pat. Appl. No. 93302712.0, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
- Halides which are suitable for use as the ancillary ligand A L1 can be chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
- radiopharmaceuticals prepared from the reagents of the present invention comprised of two different types of ancillary or co-ligands, one or two ligands designated the first ancillary or co-ligand or ligands, ALI, and independently selected from the group: dioxygen ligands, functionalized aminocarboxylates and halides; and one to four ligands designated the second ancillary or co-ligand or ligands, A 2, selected from the group: trisubstituted phosphines, trisubstituted arsines, tetrasubstit ted diphosphines and tetrasubstituted diarsines, in a ternary ligand system.
- Radiopharmaceuticals comprised of one or more ancillary or co-ligands AL2 ⁇ e more stable compared to said radiopharmaceuticals that are not comprised of one or more ancillary ligands, AL2,' that is, they have a minimal number of isomeric forms, the relative ratios of which do not change significantly with time, and remain substantially intact upon dilution.
- the radiopharmaceutical compr ses a compoun o t e ormu a IV the radiopharmaceutical compr ses a compoun o t e ormu a IV :
- the radiopharmaceutical comprises a compound of the formula (V) :
- a series of image slices of the thrombus are acquired at step 12 of Fig. 1.
- the image slices reflect the concentration of radioactivity within the thrombus.
- Each image slice is composed of a two-dimensional array of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises an intensity value representative of the concentration of radioactivity at the particular position within the thrombus which corresponds to the pixel .
- the image slices are obtained using a gamma camera to record single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images .
- SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
- data should be acquired using parameters that enhance the sensitivity of the technique for small lesions.
- the parameters should include a 3 mm or smaller digital sampling (i.e., pixel size), and a minimum of 90 views over a 360 degree rotation or 45 views over a 180 degree rotation.
- very high-resolution collimators and multiple heads should be used to increase the resolution and sensitivity, respectively.
- the acquired data should be reconstructed using a spatial filter with a relatively high frequency cutoff (i.e., approximately 3.00 or higher) to minimize resolution loss due to smoothing.
- a minimum of thirty angles ensures a visually smooth effect when the views are intended to be displayed sequentially to produce a rotating view of the thrombus, as described below.
- the image slices are reconstructed and assembled into a three-dimensional matrix of data.
- the three-dimensional matrix of data is assembled by stacking the individual image slices in sequential order.
- the three-dimensional matrix of data is organized as a series of transaxial image slices.
- the matrix of data is scanned along an array of parallel lines (usually perpendicular to the vertical axis of the body), at step 16, to determine the maximum intensity value along each of the parallel lines.
- the maximum intensity value along a parallel line is equivalent to the most intense pixel within the matrix of data encountered along that parallel line.
- the most intense pixel is defined as the pixel corresponding to the position within the lesion where the radioactivity is most intense.
- the maximum value along each parallel line is assigned to a pixel in a two-dimensional image array.
- the relative position of the pixel in the two-dimensional image array corresponds to the relative position of the line in the array of parallel lines.
- the resulting two-dimensional image array therefore represents an image of the most intense pixels as viewed by an observer viewing the thrombus along the array of parallel lines.
- the three-dimensional matrix of data can be scanned along additional arrays of parallel lines in order to produce image arrays of the thrombus from different angles.
- the lesion is scanned along a minimum of 90 views over a series of angles over 360° or a minimum of 45 views over a series of angles over 180°.
- results are displayed at step 22.
- the results can be displayed as individual views of the thrombus by displaying one or more of the individual two-dimensional image arrays.
- the individual two-dimensional image arrays can be displayed sequentially by angle to produce a rotating view of the most intense pixels.
- the present invention is not intended to be so limited. Instead, the present invention is intended to relate to any medical condition capable of diagnosis using a clot-binding radiopharmaceutical contrast agent and SPECT. For example, it is recognized that the present invention is equally applicable to localization of thrombii in general and arterial coronary thrombii in particular.
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Abstract
A method wherein a radiolabelled compound is localized at a thrombus. Two-dimensional images, representing a physical property associated with the radiolabelled thrombus, are acquired and assembled into a three-dimensional matrix of data. The three-dimensional matrix of data is then scanned along an array of parallel lines to determine a maximum value along each line. The maximum value along each line is then assigned to a pixel in a two-dimensional array, where the relative position of the pixel in the two-dimensional array corresponds to the relative position of the line in the array of parallel lines.
Description
Method for Localization of Blood Clots
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a medical diagnostic method and, in particular, to an in vivo diagnostic method for detecting a blood clot, such as a pulmonary embolism or a thrombus, employing a radiopharmaceutical contrast agent and volume rendering of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Pulmonary embolism is a condition of the lung that emerges when a portion of a blood clot (i.e., thrombus) growing pathologically within a patient breaks off (i.e., embolizes) and travels to the lung. In many instances, the condition itself is immediately life-threatening. However, even when the condition is not immediately life-threatening, a patient presenting with symptoms characteristic of pulmonary embolism must be properly diagnosed to assure that the symptoms do not represent other diseases. Accordingly, detection and localization of pulmonary embolism are critical to insure that the patient receives the appropriate care.
Previously, a technique for diagnosing tumors has been developed. The technique involves localizing a contrast agent at the tumor and obtaining a series of image slices of the tumor using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) . The image slices are then individually inspected by a physician. As a result, the process is time consuming and expensive.
To improve the ability to diagnose tumors using SPECT, a volume rendering technique has been developed for displaying SPECT data derived from a complete set of image slices through the tumor. According to this technique, a three-dimensional matrix of data is assembled from the image slices. The three- dimensional matrix of data is then scanned along an array of parallel lines at a given angle with respect to the tumor.
For each parallel line, the value of the most intense pixel along the parallel line is determined and assigned to a pixel in a two-dimensional array whose position corresponds to the position of the corresponding parallel line in the array of parallel lines. The process is repeated for a series of angles over 360° to produce a series of two-dimensional images. When the series of two-dimensional images are displayed sequentially, a rotating view of the most intense pixels is produced. In spite of the foregoing, the utility of SPECT as a tool for diagnosing pulmonary embolism remained limited. The limited use of SPECT in connection with pulmonary embolism is due, at least in part, to the fact that the normal anatomy of the thorax is complex. As a result, structures highlighted by the contrast agent are variable, often in a pattern that is unfamiliar to physicians, and without the normal identifying landmarks. Thus, the location of the thrombus and the extent of disease was expected to be difficult to ascertain from the SPECT images, even if volume rendering techniques were employed.
Accordingly, it would be highly beneficial to provide a method for identification and localization of pulmonary embolism using SPECT wherein a three-dimensional representation of a thrombus is obtained. The three- dimensional representation of the thrombus should enable a physician to more clearly, accurately, and efficiently determine the extent of disease. Accordingly, the present invention should provide a significant qualitative improvement in the ability of a naive physician to identify and localize a thrombus .
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The shortcomings associated with the known methods for localization of blood clots are overcome to a large degree by a method in accordance with the present invention. The method according to the present invention comprises the step of localizing a radiolabelled compound at a thrombus by
administering a radiopharmaceutical compound to the patient. Two-dimensional images representing a physical property associated with the radiolabelled thrombus, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images, are then acquired and assembled into a three-dimensional matrix of data. The three-dimensional matrix of data is then scanned along an array of parallel lines to determine a maximum value along each line. The maximum value along each line is then assigned to a pixel in a two-dimensional array, where the relative position of the pixel in the two-dimensional array corresponds to the relative position of the line in the array of parallel lines. The three-dimensional matrix of data is optionally scanned along additional arrays of parallel lines to produce a series of images of the thrombus as viewed from different angles. The series of images can be displayed sequentially to produce a rotating view of the thrombus.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 is a flow chart depicting the steps of a method for imaging a thrombus in accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to a method for imaging a thrombus, the steps of which are depicted in Fig. 1. At step 10, the patient is administered a radiolabelled compound that preferentially binds to the thrombus. For example, the radiolabelled compound may be administered by injecting approximately 20 mCi (740 Mbq) of the radiolabelled compound into the venous circulation system of the patient. In one embodiment, the radiolabelled compound comprises a radiopharmaceutical of the type described in U.S. Patent No. 5,744,120 issued April 28, 1998 to Edwards et al . , U.S. Patent
No. 5,879,657 issued March 9, 1999 to DeGrado et al . , U.S.
Patent No. 5,879,659 issued March 9, 1999 to Edwards et al . , and U.S. Patent No. 5,750,088 issued May 12, 1998 to Sworin et al . , all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, a radiopharmaceutical useful as an imaging agent in accordance with the present invention is given by formula (I) :
I (Q)d,-Ln-Ch.|χ-Mτ(All)y(At2)z (I),
wherein d1 is preferably between about 1 and 20, x is independently 1-2; y is independently 1-2; and z is independently 0-4. Q is a glycoprotein Ilb/IIIA binding compound selected from the group including the cyclic lib/IIla receptor antagonist compounds described in co-pending U.S. Serial No.08/415,908,861 (equivalent to WO 94/22494); the RGD containing peptides described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,578,079 and 4,792,525, the patent applications PCT US88/04403, PCT
US89/01742, PCT US90/03788, and PCT US91/02356, and by Ojima et. al., 204th Meeting of the Amer. Chem. Soc, 1992, Abstract 44 ; the peptides that are fibrinogen receptor antagonists described in European Patent Application Nos. 90202015.5, 90202030.4, 90202032.2, 90202032.0, 90311148.2, 90311151.6, and 90311537.6; the specific binding peptides and polypeptides described as Ilb/IIIa receptor ligands, ligands for the polymerization site of fibrin, laminin derivatives, ligands for fibrinogen, or thrombin ligands in PCT WO 93/23085 (excluding the technetium binding groups) ; the oligopeptides that correspond to the Ilia protein described in PCT WO 90/00178; the hirudin-based peptides described in PCT WO 90/03391; the Ilb/IIIa receptor ligands described in PCT WO 90/15818; the thrombus, platelet or atherosclerotic plaque binding peptides described in PCT WO 92/13572 (excluding the technetium binding group) and GB 9313965.7; the fibrin binding peptides described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,427,646 and
5,270,030; the hirudin-based peptides described in U.S. Patent No. 5,279,812; the fibrin binding proteins described in U.S. Patent No. 5,217,705; the guanine derivatives that bind to the Ilb/IIIa receptor described in U.S. Patent No. 5,086,069; the tyrosine derivatives described in European Patent Application No. 0478328A1, and Hartman et . al . , J. Med. Chem. , 1992, 35, 4640; or an oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) . In one embodiment, Q is of the formula (II) :
(II)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof wherein:
R31 is a C6-Ci4 saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic carbocyclic ring system substituted with 0-4 R10 or R10a;
R32 is selected from: -C(=0)-;
-C(=S)-
-s(=0)2-;
-S(=0)-; -P(=Z) (ZR13)-;
Z is S or O;
n" and n' are independently 0-2;
R1 and R22 are independently selected from the following groups :
hydrogen, Cχ-C8 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
C2-C8 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R11; C2-C8 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R11; C3-C10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
aryl substituted with 0-2 R12;
a 5-10-membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R12;
=0, F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -CN, -CO2R13, -C(=0)R13, -C(=0)N(R13)2, -CHO, -CH2OR13, -OC(=0)R13, -OC(=0)OR13a, -OR13, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR1 C (=0) R13 , -NR1 C(=0)OR13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2_ -NR14S02N (R13 ) 2 ,
-NR14Sθ2R13a, -SO3H, -S02R13a, -SR13, -S(=0)R13a, -Sθ2N(R13)2, -N(R13)2, -NHC (=NH) NHR13 , -C (=NH) HR13 , =NOR13, N02, -C(=0)NHOR13, -C (=0) NHNR13Rl3 , -OCH2CO2H, 2- (l-morpholino)ethoxy;
R1 and R21 can alternatively join to form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R12 ;
when n' is 2, R1 or R21 can alternatively be taken together with R1 or R21 on an adjacent carbon atom to form a direct bond, thereby to form a double or triple bond between said carbon atoms;
R22 and R23 can alternatively join to form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R12;
when n" is 2, R22 or R23 can alternatively be taken
together with R22 or R23 on an adjacent carbon atom to form a direct bond, thereby to form a double or triple bond between the adj acent carbon atoms ;
R1 and R2 , where R21 is H, can alternatively join to form a 5-8 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R12 ;
R11 is selected from one or more of the following:
=0, F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -CN, -CO2R13 , -C(=0)R13,
-C(=0)N(R13)2, -CHO, -CH2OR13, -OC(=0)R13, -OC(=0)OR13a, -OR13, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C (=0) R13 , -NR14C(=0)OR13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13) 2, -NR14Sθ2N (R13) 2. -NR1 S02R13a, -SO3H, -Sθ2R13a, -SR13 , -S(=0)R13a, -Sθ2N(R13)2, -N(R13)2, -NHC (=NH) NHR13 , -C (=NH) NHR13 ,
=N0R13, NO2, -C(=0)NHOR13, -C (=0) NHNR13R13a, -OCH2CO2H, 2- (1-morpholino) ethoxy,
C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl , C3-C6 cycloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl (alkyl being substituted with 1-5 groups selected independently from: -NR13R14, -CF3, NO2, -S02R13a, or -S(=0)R13a),
aryl substituted with 0-2 R12 ,
a 5-10-membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and 0, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R12;
R12 is selected from one or more of the following:
phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C7-C10 arylalkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, -CO2R13, -C (=0)NHOR13a,
-C(=0)NHN(R13)2, =NOR13, -B (R34) (R35) , C3-C6 cycloalkoxy, -OC(=0)R13, -C (=0) R13 , -OC (=0) OR13a, -OR13, - (C1-C4 alkyl) -OR13, -N(R13)2, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C(=0)R13, -NR13C (=0) OR13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13Sθ2 (R13) 2 , -NR13S02R13a,
-SO3H, -Sθ2R13a, -S(=0)R13a, -SR13, -Sθ2N(R13)2, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, ethylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyl , C1-C4 alkylcarbonylamino, -OCH2CO2H,
2- (l-morpholino) ethoxy, C1-C4 alkyl (alkyl being substituted with -N(R13)2. -CF3, NO2, or -S(=0)R13a);
R13 is selected independently from: H, C1-C10 alkyl,
C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl , aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl;
R13a is C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl ;
when two R13 groups are bonded to a single N, said R13 groups may alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2 )2-5- or - (CH2) O (CH2) - ;
R14 is OH, H, C1-C4 alkyl, or benzyl;
R21 and R23 are independently selected from:
hydrogen;
C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1-6 halogen; benzyl ;
R2 is H or Cχ-C8 alkyl;
R10 and R10a are selected independently from one or more of the following:
phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C7-C10 arylalkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, -CO2R13, -C (=0) N (R13) 2 , -C(=0)NHOR13a, -C(=0)NHN(R13)2, =NOR13 , -B(R34) (R35) , C3-C6 cycloalkoxy, -0C(=O)R13, -C(=0)R13,-0C(=0)0R13a, -OR13, - (C1-C4 alkyl) -OR13,
-N(R13)2, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C (=0) R13 , ~NR13C(=0)0R13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13Sθ2N (R13 ) 2 , -NR13S02R13a, -SO3H, -Sθ2R13a, -S(=0)R13a, -SR13, -S02N(R13)2 C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, C1-C4 haloalkyl (including -CvFw where v = 1 to 3 and w = 1 to (2v+l) ) ; C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4 alkylcarbonylamino, -OCH2CO2H, 2- (1-morpholino) ethoxy, C1-C4 alkyl (alkyl being substituted with -N(R13)2, -CF3, NO2 , or
-S(=0)R13a) ;
J is 3-aminopropionic acid or an L-isomer or D-isomer amino acid of structure -N(R3) C (R4) (R5) C(=0) - , wherein:
R3 is H or C1-C8 alkyl;
R4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl;
R5 is selected from: hydrogen; i-Cβ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R11; 2-C8 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
C2-C8 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R11,- C3-C10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
aryl substituted with 0-2 R12;
a 5-10-membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or 0, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R12;
=0, F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -CN, -CO2R13, -C(=0)R13, -C(=0)N(R13)2, -CHO, -CH2OR13, -0C(=0)R13, -0C(=0)0R13a, -OR13, -0C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C (=0) R13 , -NR14C(=0)0R13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR14S02N (R13 ) 2 , -NR14S02R13a, -S03H, -S02R13a, -SR13, -S (=0) R13a,
-Sθ2N(R13)2, -N(R13)2, -NHC (=NH) NHR13 , -C (=NH) NHR13 , =N0R13, NO2, -C(=0)NH0R13, -C (=0) NHNR13R13a, =N0R13 , -B(R34) (R35) , -OCH2CO2H, 2- (l-morpholino)ethoxy, -SC(=NH)NHR13, N3, -Si(CH3)3 (C1-C5 alkyl) NHR16;
- (C0-C6 alkyl) X;
independently 0,1;
-(CH2)mS(0)p< (CH2)2X, where = 1,2 and p' = 0-2;
wherein X is defined below; and
R3 and R4 may also be taken together to form
(CH2)nX
-CH2CHCH2 f where n = 0 , 1 and X is
R3 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)t- or -CH2S(0)P'C(CH3)2-, where t = 2-4 and p' = 0-2 ; or
R4 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)u-» where u = 2-5;
R16 is selected from: an amine protecting group; 1-2 amino acids;
1-2 amino acids substituted with an amine protecting group;
K is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure - (R6)CH(R7)C(=0)-, wherein:
R6 is H or Ci-Cβ alkyl;
R7 is selected from:
- (C1-C7 alkyl) X;
, wherein each q is
independently 0-2 and substitution on the phenyl is at the 3 or 4 position;
, wherein each
q is independently 0-2 and substitution on the cyclohexyl is at the 3 or 4 position;
(d
- (CH2)mO- (C1-C4 alkyl) -X, where m = 1 or 2;
-(CH2)mS(0)pi- (C1-C4 alkyl) -X, where m = 1 or 2 and p' = 0-2; and
X is selected from:
R6 and R7 can alternatively be taken together to form (CH2)nX
—(CH2 ) qCH(CH2 ) q— ^ wherein each q is independently 1
or 2 and wherein n = 0 or 1 and X is -NH2 or
L is -Y(CH2) vC(=0) -, wherein:
Y is NH, N(Cι-C3 alkyl), 0, or S; and v = 1 or 2 ;
M is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure
, wherein:
q'. is 0-2;
R is H, C1-C3 alkyl;
R8 is selected from:
-CO2R13, -SO3R13, -SO2NHR14, -B(R34) (R35) , -NHSO2CF3, -CONHNHSO2CF3, -P0(0R13)2, -P0(0R13)R13,
-S02NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or 0) , -SO2NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or O) ,
-SO2NHCOR13, -CONHS02R13a, -CH2CONHS02R13a, -NHSO2NHC0R13a, -NHCONHSθ2R13a, -SO2NHCONHR13 ;
R34 and R35 are independently selected from: -OH,
-F,
-N(R13)2, or Cχ-C8-alkoxy;
R34 and R35 can alternatively be taken together form: a cyclic boron ester where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or O;
a divalent cyclic boron amide where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or O;
a cyclic boron amide-ester where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or 0.
In another embodiment, Q is of the formula (III) :
(III)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof wherein:
the shown phenyl ring may be further substituted with 0-3 RlO.
R10 is selected independently from: H, Ci-Cs alkyl, phenyl, halogen, or C1-C4 alkoxy;
R1 is H, C1-C4 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or phenyl- (Ci- C4) alkyl ;
R2 is H or methyl;
R13 is selected independently from: H, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl;
R13a is C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyDaryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl ;
when two R13 groups are bonded to a single N, said R13 groups may alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2 )2-5- or -(CH2)0(CH2)-;
R14 is OH, H, C1-C4 alkyl, or benzyl;
J is β-alanine or an L-isomer or D-isomer amino acid of structure -N (R3 ) C (R4) (R5) C (=0) - , wherein:
R3 is H or CH3;
R4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl;
R5 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C1-C6 cycloalkylethyl , phenyl, phenylmethyl, CH2OH, CH2SH, CH2OCH3, CH2SCH3, CH2CH2SCH3, (CH2)sNH2, - (CH2)SNHC(=NH) (NH2) , - (CH2 ) sNHR16 , where s = 3 -5 ; or
R16 is selected from: an amine protecting group; 1-2 amino acids; or
1-2 amino acids substituted with an amine protecting group;
R3 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -CH2CH2CH2-; or
R4 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)u-/ where u = 2-5;
K is an L-isomer amino acid of structure -N(R6)CH(R7)C(=0) -, wherein:
R6 is H or C1-C8 alkyl;
R7 is:
(CH2)rX where r = 3-6
- (CH2)mS(CH2)2X where m = 1 or 2;
-(C3-C7 alkyl) -NH- (C1-C6 alkyl) ;
(C,
- (CH2 ) m-0- (C1 -C4 alkyl ) -NH- (C1-C6 alkyl ) , where m = 1 or 2 ;
- (CH2)m-S- (C1-C4 alkyl) -NH- (Ci-Cβ alkyl), where m = 1 or 2 ; and
X is -NH2 or -NHC(=NH) (NH2) , provided that X is not -NH2 when r = 4; or
R6 and R7 are alternatively be taken together to form (CH2)nX CH 2 CHCH 2 # where n = 0 , 1 and X is -NH2 or
-NHC(=NH) (NH2) ;
L is -Y(CH2) vC(=0) - , wherein:
Y is NH, 0, or S; and v = 1,2;
M is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure
wherein:
q' is 0-2;
R17 is H, C1-C3 alkyl;
R8 is selected from:
-C02R13,-S03R13, -SO2NHR14, -B (R34) (R35) , -NHSO2CF3 ,
-CONHNHSO2CF3, -P0(0R13)2, -P0(0R13)R13, -Sθ2NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or O) , -Sθ2NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or O) , -SO2NHCOR13, -CONHS02R13a, -CH2CONHSθ2R13a, -NHSθ2NHCOR13a, -NHCONHSθ2R13a, -SO2NHCONHR13.
Ch. is a radionuclide metal chelator or bonding unit bound to the biologically active compound Q, either directly or through the optional linking group Ln. Ch. is preferably selected from the group consisting of: R40N=N+=, R40R41N-N=, R40N=, and R40N=N(H) -; wherein,
R40 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: a bond to Ln, C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R52, aryl substituted with 0-3 R52, cycloaklyl substituted with 0-3 R52, heterocycle substituted with 0-3 R52' heterocycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R52, aralkyl substituted with 0-3 R52 and alkaryl substituted with 0-3 R52;
R41 is independently selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, aryl substituted with 0-3 R52, C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R52, and a heterocycle substituted with 0-3 R52;
R52 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: a bond to Ln, =0, F, Cl, Br,
I,-CF3,-CN, -CO2R53, -C(=0)R53, -C(=0)N(R53)2, -CHO, -CH20R53, -OC(=0)R53, -OC(=0)OR53a, -OR53,
-OC =0 N(R )2, -NR C(=0)R , -NR C (=0) OR , -NR53C(=0)N(R53)2, -NR5 S02N(R53)2, -NR54S02R53a, -SO3H, -S02R53a, -SR53, -S(=0)R53a, -S02N(R53)2, -N(R53)2, -NHC(=NH)NHR53, -C (=NH) NHR53 , =NOR53 , NO2 , -C (=0) NHOR53 , -C(=0)NHNR53R53a, -OCH2CO2H, 2- (1-morpholino) ethoxy; and
R53, R53a, and R54 are each independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, and a bond to Ln-
In order to have a chelating diazenido group (i.e., a group of formula R0N=N+= or R0N=(H)-) at least one other atom of the group located on R40 must also be bound to the radionuclide. The atoms bound to the metal are termed donor atoms . The optional linking group Ln is given by the formula:
M1- [Y1 (CR55R56) f (Z^f»Y2] f ■ -M2,
wherein:
M1 is -[(CH2)gZ1]g'-(CR55R56)g"-;
M2 is - (CR55R56)g»- [Z1(CH2)g3g'-;
g is independently 0-10;
g' is independently 0-1;
g" is independently 0-10;
f is independently 0-10;
f is independently 0-10;
f" is independently 0-1;
Y1 and Y2 , are independently selected at each
n e rom: a on , , , = , = , OC(=0)0, C(=0)NH-, C=NR56, S, SO, SO2 , SO3 , NHC(=0), (NH)2C(=0), and (NH)2C=S;
Z1 is independently selected at each occurrence from a C6-C14 saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic carbocyclic ring system, substituted with 0-4 R57; and a heterocyclic ring system, substituted with 0-4 R57;
R55 and R56 are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of: hydrogen; C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-5 R57; and alkaryl wherein the aryl is substituted with 0-5 R57;
R57 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: hydrogen, OH, NHR58, C(=0)R58, OC(=0)R58, OC(=0)OR58, C(=0)OR58, C(=0)NR58, C≡N, SR58, SOR58, S02R58,
NHC(=0)R58, NHC (=0) NHR58, NHC (=S) NHR58 ; or, alternatively, when attached to an additional molecule Q, R57 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: O, NR58, C=0, C(=0)0, OC(=0)0, C(=0)N-, C=NR58, S, SO, SO2 ,
SO3, NHC(=0), (NH)2C(=0), (NH)2C=S; and
R58 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: hydrogen; Cχ-C6 alkyl; benzyl, and phenyl.
The radiopharmaceutical compound used in accordance with the present invention is radiolabelled. By "radiolabelled", it is meant that the compound contains a radioisotope which is suitable for administration to a mammalian patient. Suitable radioisotopes are known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, isotopes of halogens (such as chlorine,
fluorine, bromine and iodine) , technetium and indium. Preferable radioisotopes include 123I, 125I, 131I, 99mTc, and 1:ιlIn, more preferably li:LIn, 123I and 99mTc, and most preferably 99 Tc. Radiolabelled compounds of the invention may be prepared using standard radiolabelling procedures well known to those skilled in the art. The glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa binding compound, Q, is radiolabelled indirectly (that is, by incorporating the radiolabel into the compound through the chelating agent Ch, ) . Such radiolabelling should also be reasonably stable, both chemically and metabolically, applying recognized standards in the art. Also, although the radiolabelled compound may be labeled in a variety of fashions with a variety of different radioisotopes, as those skilled in the art will recognize, such radiolabelling should be carried out in a manner such that the high binding affinity and specificity of the unlabeled glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa binding compound to the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor is not significantly affected. By not significantly affected, it is meant that the binding affinity and specificity is not affected more than about 50%, preferably not more than about 40%, more preferably not more than about 30%, even more preferably not more than about 20%, and still even more preferably not more than about 10%, and most preferably the binding affinity and specificity is not affected at all. Referring again to formula (I) , Mτ is a transition metal radionuclide which is attached to the biologically active compound Q via the chelator Ch.. Preferred radiolabelled compounds of the invention are radiolabelled compounds wherein the radiolabel is located on the carbocyclic ring system of R31 of formula (II) . Even more preferred radiolabelled compounds of the invention are those of formula (III) , wherein the radiolabel is located at position R10 or R10a substituted on the benzene ring.
The coordination sphere of the radionuclide includes all the ligands or groups bound to the radionuclide. For a transition metal radionuclide, Mt, to be stable it typically has a coordination number comprised of an integer greater than
or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 7; that is there are 5 to 7 atoms bound to the metal and it is said to have a complete coordination sphere. If the chelator or bonding unit C ' does not provide all of the atoms necessary to stabilize the metal radionuclide by completing its coordination sphere, the coordination sphere is completed by donor atoms from other ligands, termed ancillary or co-ligands, which can be either terminal or chelating.
A large number of ligands can serve as ancillary or co-ligands, the choice of which is determined by a variety of considerations such as the ease of synthesis of the radiopharmaceutical, the chemical and physical properties of the ancillary ligand, the rate of formation, the yield, the number of isomeric forms of the resulting radiopharmaceuticals, the ability to administer said ancillary or co-ligand to a patient without adverse physiological consequences to said patient, and the compatibility of the ligand in a lyophilized kit formulation. The charge and lipophilicity of the ancillary ligand will effect the charge and lipophilicity of the radiopharmaceuticals. For example, the use of 4, 5-dihydroxy-l, 3 -benzene disulfonate results in radiopharmaceuticals with an additional two anionic groups because the sulfonate groups will be anionic under physiological conditions . The use of N-alkyl substituted 3,4-hydroxypyridinones results in radiopharmaceuticals with varying degrees of lipophilicity depending on the size of the alkyl substituents .
The radiopharmaceuticals prepared from the reagents of the present invention can be comprised of one or two ancillary or co-ligands, designated A I, in a binary ligand system. The one or two ancillary or co-ligands, ALI, comprising the radiopharmaceuticals can be independently selected from the group consisting of: dioxygen ligands, functionalized aminocarboxylates and halides; provided that the coordination sphere of the radionuclide is complete.
Ancillary dioxygen ligands include ligands that coordinate to the metal ion through at least two oxygen donor
atoms. Examples include but are not limited to: glucoheptonate, gluconate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, lactate, tartrate, mannitol, glucarate, altol, Kojic acid, 2, 2-bis (hydroxymethyl)propionic acid, 4, 5-dihydroxy-l, 3 -benzene disulfonate, or substituted or unsubstituted 1,2 or 3,4 hydroxypyridinones, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof .
Functionalized aminocarboxylates include ligands that have a combination of nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms. Examples include but are not limited to: iminodiacetic acid, 2,3 diaminopropionic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, N,N' -ethylenediamine diacetic acid, N,N,N' -ethylenediamine triacetic acid, hydroxyethylethylenediamine triacetic acid, N,N" -ethylenediamine bis-hydroxyphenylglycine, or the ligands described in Eur. Pat. Appl. No. 93302712.0, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Halides which are suitable for use as the ancillary ligand AL1 can be chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Of particular utility are radiopharmaceuticals prepared from the reagents of the present invention comprised of two different types of ancillary or co-ligands, one or two ligands designated the first ancillary or co-ligand or ligands, ALI, and independently selected from the group: dioxygen ligands, functionalized aminocarboxylates and halides; and one to four ligands designated the second ancillary or co-ligand or ligands, A 2, selected from the group: trisubstituted phosphines, trisubstituted arsines, tetrasubstit ted diphosphines and tetrasubstituted diarsines, in a ternary ligand system. Radiopharmaceuticals comprised of one or more ancillary or co-ligands AL2 ^e more stable compared to said radiopharmaceuticals that are not comprised of one or more ancillary ligands, AL2,' that is, they have a minimal number of isomeric forms, the relative ratios of which do not change significantly with time, and remain substantially intact upon dilution.
In one particular embodiment, the radiopharmaceutical
compr ses a compoun o t e ormu a IV :
(IV) .
In another particular embodiment, the radiopharmaceutical comprises a compound of the formula (V) :
(V) .
After the radiopharmaceutical has been administered, a series of image slices of the thrombus are acquired at step 12 of Fig. 1. The image slices reflect the concentration of radioactivity within the thrombus. Each image slice is composed of a two-dimensional array of pixels, wherein each pixel comprises an intensity value representative of the concentration of radioactivity at the particular position within the thrombus which corresponds to the pixel . In one embodiment, the image slices are obtained using a gamma camera to record single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images .
When the method of the present invention is used to detect an arterial thrombus, for example, data should be acquired using parameters that enhance the sensitivity of the technique for small lesions. In particular, when SPECT images are acquired, the parameters should include a 3 mm or smaller digital sampling (i.e., pixel size), and a minimum of 90 views over a 360 degree rotation or 45 views over a 180 degree rotation. Further, very high-resolution collimators and multiple heads should be used to increase the resolution and sensitivity, respectively. In addition, the acquired data should be reconstructed using a spatial filter with a relatively high frequency cutoff (i.e., approximately 3.00 or higher) to minimize resolution loss due to smoothing. A minimum of thirty angles ensures a visually smooth effect when the views are intended to be displayed sequentially to produce a rotating view of the thrombus, as described below.
At step 14, the image slices are reconstructed and assembled into a three-dimensional matrix of data. The three-dimensional matrix of data is assembled by stacking the individual image slices in sequential order. When the image slices are collected perpendicularly to the long axis of the patient, the three-dimensional matrix of data is organized as a series of transaxial image slices. Once the three-dimensional matrix of data has been assembled, the matrix of data is scanned along an array of parallel lines (usually perpendicular to the vertical axis of
the body), at step 16, to determine the maximum intensity value along each of the parallel lines. The maximum intensity value along a parallel line is equivalent to the most intense pixel within the matrix of data encountered along that parallel line. The most intense pixel is defined as the pixel corresponding to the position within the lesion where the radioactivity is most intense.
At step 18, the maximum value along each parallel line is assigned to a pixel in a two-dimensional image array. The relative position of the pixel in the two-dimensional image array corresponds to the relative position of the line in the array of parallel lines. The resulting two-dimensional image array therefore represents an image of the most intense pixels as viewed by an observer viewing the thrombus along the array of parallel lines.
The three-dimensional matrix of data can be scanned along additional arrays of parallel lines in order to produce image arrays of the thrombus from different angles. At step 20, it is determined whether the three-dimensional matrix of data is to be scanned at a different angle. If the matrix of data is to be scanned at a different angle, the matrix of data is scanned along the new angle at step 16. Preferably, the lesion is scanned along a minimum of 90 views over a series of angles over 360° or a minimum of 45 views over a series of angles over 180°.
If additional views of the thrombus are not desired, the results are displayed at step 22. The results can be displayed as individual views of the thrombus by displaying one or more of the individual two-dimensional image arrays. Alternatively, when two-dimensional image arrays at more than one angle have been obtained, the individual two-dimensional image arrays can be displayed sequentially by angle to produce a rotating view of the most intense pixels.
Although the above discussion has focused primarily on localization of pulmonary embolism, the present invention is not intended to be so limited. Instead, the present invention is intended to relate to any medical condition capable of
diagnosis using a clot-binding radiopharmaceutical contrast agent and SPECT. For example, it is recognized that the present invention is equally applicable to localization of thrombii in general and arterial coronary thrombii in particular.
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that changes or modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the broad inventive concepts of the invention. It should therefore be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is intended to include all changes and modifications that are within the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the claims.
Claims
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
A method for imaging a thrombus comprising the steps of: a. localizing a radiolabelled compound at the thrombus; b. acquiring image slices representing a physical property of the radiolabelled thrombus; c. assembling the image slices into a three-dimensional matrix of data; d. scanning the three-dimensional matrix of data along an array of parallel lines to determine a maximum value along each line; and e. assigning the maximum value along each line to a pixel in a two-dimensional array, the position of the pixel corresponding to the position of the line in the array of parallel lines.
The method of Claim 1 wherein the localization step comprises the step of localizing a compound that preferentially binds to activated platelets of the thrombus .
The method of Claim 2 wherein the localization step comprises the step of localizing a compound that binds to activated platelets of the thrombus via the glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa receptor.
The method of Claim 3 wherein the localization step comprises the step of localizing a compound of the formula (I) , and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof , at the thrombus :
I (Q) ' -Ln-Cb. |χ-M, (A-,-.) y (A-,2) 2
(I),
wherein,
Q is a glycoprotein Ilb/IIIa binding compound;
d' is 1 - 20;
Ln is a linking group of formula:
M1- [Y1 (CR55R56) f (Z1) f"Y2] f . -M2 ,
wherein :
M1 is - [(CH2)gZ1]g.- (CR55R56)g"-;
M2 is - (CR55R56)g'>- [Z1(CH2)g]g'-;
g is independently 0-10;
g1 is independently 0-1;
g" is independently 0-10;
f is independently 0-10;
f is independently 0-10;
f" is independently 0-1;
Y1 and Y2, are independently selected at each occurrence from: a bond, O, NR56, C=0, C(=0)0, OC(=0)0. C(=0)NH-, C=NR56, S, SO, S02, SO3 , NHC(=0), (NH)2C(=0), and (NH)2C=S;
Z1 is independently selected at each occurrence from a C6-C14 saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic carbocyclic ring system, substituted with 0-4 R57; and a heterocyclic ring system, substituted with 0-4 R57;
R55 and R56 are independently selected at each occurrence from: hydrogen; C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-5 R57; and alkaryl wherein the aryl is substituted with 0-5 R57;
R57 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: hydrogen, OH, NHR58, C(=0)R58, OC(=0)R58, OC(=0)OR58, C(=0)OR58, C(=0)NR58, CsN, SR58, SOR58, SO2R58, NHC(=0)R58, NHC (=0) HR58, NHC (=S) NHR58 ; or, alternatively, when attached to an additional molecule Q, R57 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: O, NR58, C=0, C(=0)0, OC(=0)0, C(=0)N-, C=NR58, S, SO, SO2 , SO3, NHC(=0), (NH)2C(=0), (NH)2C=S; and,
R58 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: hydrogen; C1-C6 alkyl; benzyl, and phenyl;
Mτ is a transition metal radionuclide;
Ch. is a radionuclide metal chelator or bonding unit bound to the transition metal radionuclide selected from the group consisting of: R40N=N+=, R40R41N-N=, R 0N=, or R40N=N(H)-;
R40 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: a bond to Ln, Cι-Cχo alkyl substituted with 0-3 R52, aryl substituted with 0-3 R52, cycloaklyl substituted with 0-3 R52, heterocycle substituted with 0-3 R52' heterocycloalkyl substituted with 0-3 R52, aralkyl substituted with 0-3 R52 and alkaryl substituted with 0-3 R52;
R41 is independently selected from the group: hydrogen, aryl substituted with 0-3 R52, C1-C10 alkyl substituted with 0-3 R52, and a heterocycle substituted with 0-3 R52;
R52 is independently selected at each occurrence from the group: a bond to Ln, =0, F, Cl, Br, I,-CF3,-CN, -CO2R53 , -C(=0)R53, -C(=0)N(R53)2, -CHO, -CH2OR53, -OC(=0)R53, -OC(=0)OR53a, -OR53, -OC(=0)N(R53) , -NR 3C (=0) R53 , -NR54C(=0)0R53 , -NR53C(=0)N(R53) , -NR54S02N (R53) 2 , -NR54S02R53a, -SO3H, -S02R53a, -SR53, -S(=0)R53a, -S02N(R53)2, -N(R53)2, -NHC (=NH) NHR53 , -C (=NH) NHR53 , =NOR53, NO2, -C(=0)NH0R53, -C (=0) NHNR53R53a, -OCH2CO2H, 2- (1-morpholino) ethoxy;
R53, R53a, and R54 are each independently selected at each occurrence from the group: hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, and a bond to Ln;
AL1 is a first ligand wherein each of the y first ligands are selected from the group consisting of : dioxygen ligands, functionalized aminocarboxylates, halides, and combinations thereof;
AL2 is a second ligand wherein each of the z second ligands are selected from the group consisting of: trisubstituted phosphines, trisubstituted arsines, tetrasubstituted diphosphines , tetrasubstituted diarsines, and combinations thereof;
x is independently 1-2;
y is independently 1-2; and
z is independently 0-4.
5. The method of Claim 4 wherein Mτ is selected from the group consisting of: technetium-99m, rhenium-186, and rhenium-188.
6. The method of Claim 4 wherein the localization step comprises the step of localizing a compound of the
formula (I) at the thrombus wherein Q is of the formula (ID ,
(ID
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof wherein:
R31 is a C6-C14 saturated, partially saturated, or aromatic carbocyclic ring system substituted with 0-4 R10 or R10a;
R32 is selected from: -C(=0)-; -C(-S)-
-s(=o)2-;
-S(=0)-; -P(=Z) (ZR13) -;
Z is S or O;
n" and n' are independently 0-2;
R1 and R22 are independently selected from the following groups :
hydrogen,
Ci-Cβ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
C2-C8 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
C2-C8 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R ; C3-C10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
aryl substituted with 0-2 R12;
a 5-10-membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R12;
=0, F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -CN, -CO2R13, -C(=0)R13, -C(=0)N(R13)2, -CHO, -CH2OR13, -OC(=0)R13, -OC(=0)OR13a, -OR13, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C (=0) R13 , -NR1 C(=0)OR13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR14S02N (R13 ) 2 , -NR14Sθ2R13a, -SO3H, -S02R13a, -SR13, -S(=0)R13a, -S02N(R13)2, -N(R13)2, -NHC (=NH) NHR13 , -C (=NH) NHR13 , =NOR13, NO2, -C(=0)NHOR13, -C (=0) NHNR13R 3a, -OCH2CO2H, 2- (1-morpholino) ethoxy;
R1 and R21 can alternatively join to form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R12;
when n' is 2, R1 or R21 can alternatively be taken together with R1 or R21 on an adjacent carbon atom to form a direct bond, thereby to form a double or triple bond between said carbon atoms;
R22 and R23 can alternatively join to form a 3-7 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R12;
when n" is 2, R22 or R23 can alternatively be taken together with R22 or R23 on an adjacent carbon atom to form a direct bond, thereby to form a double or triple bond between the adjacent carbon atoms;
R1 and R2, where R21 is H, can alternatively join to form a 5-8 membered carbocyclic ring substituted with 0-2 R12 ;
R11 is selected from one or more of the following:
=0, F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -CN, -CO2R13, -C(=0)R13, -C(=0)N(R13)2, -CHO, -CH2OR13, -0C(=0)R13, -0C(=0)0R13a, -OR13, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C (=0) R13 , -NR1 C(=0)0R13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR1 S02N (R13 ) 2 , -NR14S02R13a, -SO3H, -S02R13a, -SR13, -S(=0)R13a, -S02N(R13)2, -N(R13)2, -NHC (=NH) NHR13 , -C (=NH) HR13 , =N0R13, N02, -C(=0)NH0R13, -C (=0) NHNR13R13a, -OCH2CO2H, 2- (l-morpholino)ethoxy,
C1-C5 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl (alkyl being substituted with 1-5 groups selected independently from: -NR13R14, -CF3, NO2, -Sθ2R13a, or -S(=0)R13a),
aryl substituted with 0-2 R12 ,
a 5-10-membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and 0, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R12;
R12 is selected from one or more of the following:
phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C7-C10 arylalkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, -CO2R13, -C(=0)NH0R13a, -C(=0)NHN(R13)2, =N0R13, -B (R34) (R35) , C3-C6 cycloalkoxy, -0C(=0)R13, -C(=0)R13, -0C(=0)0R13a, -OR13, -(C1-C4 alkyl) -OR13, -N(R13)2, -0C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR C(=0)R13, -NR13C (=0) 0R 3a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13S02N(R13)2, -NR13S02R13a, -SO3H, -S02R13a, -S(=0)R13a, -SR13, -S02N(R13)2, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy,
- a oa y , - a oa oxy, - alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4 alkylcarbonylamino, -OCH2CO2H,
2- (1-morpholino) ethoxy, C1-C4 alkyl (alkyl being substituted with -N(R13)2, -CF3, NO2 , or -S(=0)R13a) ;
R13 is selected independently from: H, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl;
R13a is C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (Cχ-Cιo alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl ;
when two R13 groups are bonded to a single N, said R13 groups may alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)2-5- or - (CH2) O (CH2) - ;
R14 is OH, H, C1-C4 alkyl, or benzyl;
R21 and R23 are independently selected from:
hydrogen;
C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1-6 halogen; benzyl ;
R2 is H or C1-C8 alkyl;
R10 and R10a are selected independently from one or more of the following:
phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C7-C10 arylalkyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, -CO2R13, -C(=0)N(R13) 2,
-C(=0)NHOR a, -C(=0)NHN(R13)2, =NOR13 , -B(R34) (R35) , C3-C6 cycloalkoxy, -0C(=0)R13, -C(=0)R13, -0C(=0)0R13a, -OR13, -(C1-C4 alkyl) -OR13, -N(R13)2, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C (=0) R13 , -NR13C(=0)OR13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13S02N (R13 ) 2 , -NR13S02R13a, -SO3H, -Sθ2R13a, -S(=0)R13a, -SR13 , -S02N(R13)2, C2-C6 alkoxyalkyl, methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, C1-C4 haloalkyl (including -CVFW where v = 1 to 3 and w = 1 to (2v+l) ) t C1-C4 haloalkoxy, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyla ino, -OCH2CO2H, 2- (1-morpholino) ethoxy, C1-C4 alkyl (alkyl being substituted with -N(R13)2, -CF3, NO2 , or -S(=0)R13a) ;
J is 3-aminopropionic acid or an L-isomer or D-isomer amino acid of structure -N(R3)C(R4) (R5)C(=0)-, wherein:
R3 is H or C1-C8 alkyl;
R4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl;
R5 is selected from: hydrogen;
Ci-Cβ alkyl substituted with 0-2 R11; . C2-C8 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R11; C2-C8 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R11; C3-C10 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R11;
aryl substituted with 0-2 R1 ;
a 5-10-membered heterocyclic ring system containing 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or 0, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-2 R12;
=0, F, Cl, Br, I, -CF3, -CN, -CO2R13, -C(=0)R13,
-C(=0)N(R13)2, -CHO, -CH2OR13, -OC(=0)R13, -OC(=0)OR13a, -OR13, -OC(=0)N(R13)2, -NR13C (=0) R13 , -NR14C(=0)0R13a, -NR13C(=0)N(R13)2, -NR14S02N (R13 ) 2 , -NR14S02R13 , -SO3H, -S02R13a, -SR13, -S(=0)R13a, -Sθ2N(R13)2, -N(R13)2, -NHC (=NH) NHR13 , -C (=NH) HR13 , =NOR13, NO2, -C(=0)NHOR13, -C (=0) NHNR13R13a, =NOR13 , -B(R34) (R35) , -OCH2CO2H, 2- (l-morpholino)ethoxy, -SC(=NH)NHR13, N3, -Si(CH3)3, (C1-C5 alkyDNHR16;
-(Co-Cg alkyl) X;
independently 0,1;
- (CH2)mS(0)pi (CH2)2X, where m = 1,2 and p' = 0-2;
wherein X is defined below; and
R3 and R4 may also be taken together to form
(CH2)nX CH2CHCH2 t Where n = 0,1 and X is
R3 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)t- or -CH2S(0)P'C(CH3)2-, where t = 2-4 and p' = 0-2 ; or
R4 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)u_, where u = 2-5;
R16 is selected from: an amine protecting group;
1-2 amino acids;
1-2 amino acids substituted with an amine protecting group;
K is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure - (R6)CH(R7)C(=0) -, wherein:
R6 is H or Ci-Cβ alkyl;
R7 is selected from:
- (C1-C7 alkyl) X;
, wherein each q is
independently 0-2 and substitution on the phenyl is at the 3 or 4 position;
q is independently 0-2 and substitution on the cyclohexyl is at the 3 or 4 position;
(C, -
- (CH2) O- (C1-C4 alkyl) -X, where m = 1 or 2;
- (CH2)mS (0)p« - (C1-C4 alkyl) -X, where m = 1 or 2 and p * = 0 -2 ; and
X is selected from:
-N(R13)R13; -C(=NH) (NH2) ; -SC (=NH) -NH2 ; -NH-C (=NH) (NHCN) ; •NH-C(=NCN) (NH ) ; -NH-C (=N-0R13) (NH2) ;
R6 and R7 can alternatively be taken together to form (CH2)nX
—(CH2 ) qCH(CH2 ) q— t wherein each q is independently 1
or 2 and wherein n = 0 or 1 and X is - H2 or
L is -Y(CH2) VC(=0) - , wherein:
Y is NH, N(Cι-C3 alkyl), 0, or S; and v = 1 or 2;
M is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure
, wherein :
q" is 0-2;
R17 is H, C1-C3 alkyl;
R8 is selected from:
-C02R13,-S03R13, -SO2NHR14, -B(R34) (R35) , -NHSO2CF3 , -CONHNHSO2CF3, -P0(0R13)2, -P0(0R13)R13, -Sθ2NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or O) , -SO2NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or O) , -SO2NHCOR13 , -C0ΝHS02R13a, -CH2CONHS02R13a, -NHSθ2NHCOR13a, -NHCONHSθ2R13a, -SO2NHCONHR13 ;
R34 and R35 are independently selected from: -OH, -F,
-N(R13)2, or Ci-Cθ-alkoxy;
R34 and R35 can alternatively be taken together form: a cyclic boron ester where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or 0;
a divalent cyclic boron amide where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or O;
a cyclic boron amide-ester where said chain or ring contains from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and, optionally, 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, or O.
The method of Claim 6 wherein the localization step comprises the step of localizing a compound of the formula (I) at the thrombus wherein Q is of the formula (III),
(III)
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof wherein:
the shown phenyl ring may be further substituted with 0-3 RiO;
R10 is selected independently from: H, Ci-Cs alkyl, phenyl, halogen, or C1-C4 alkoxy;
R1 is H, C1-C4 alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or phenyl- (Ci- C4) alkyl ;
R2 is H or methyl;
R13 is selected independently from: H, C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl;
Rl3a is C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C4-C12 alkylcycloalkyl, aryl, - (C1-C10 alkyl) aryl, or C3-C10 alkoxyalkyl ;
when two R13 groups are bonded to a single N, said R13 groups may alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)2-5- or - (CH2) 0 (CH2) - ;
R14 is OH, H, C1-C4 alkyl, or benzyl;
J is β-alanine or an L-isomer or D-isomer amino acid of structure -N (R3) C (R4) (R5) C (=0) - , wherein:
R3 is H or CH3;
R4 is H or C1-C3 alkyl;
R5 is H, Ci-Ce alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkylmethyl, C1-C6 cycloalkylethyl, phenyl, phenylmethyl, CH2OH, CH2SH, CH2OCH3, CH2SCH3 , CH2CH2SCH3, (CH2)SNH2, -(CH2)SNHC(=NH) (NH2) , - (CH2) SNHR16 , where s = 3 -5 ; or
R16 is selected from: an amine protecting group;
1-2 amino acids; or
1-2 amino acids substituted with an amine protecting group ;
R3 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -CH2CH2CH2-; or
R4 and R5 can alternatively be taken together to form -(CH2)u_, where u = 2-5;
K is an L-isomer amino acid of structure -N(R6)CH(R7)C(=0) -, wherein:
R6 is H or C1-C8 alkyl;
R7 is:
-(CH2)rX, where r = 3-6
- (CH2)mS (CH2) 2X, where m = 1 or 2 ;
-(C3-C7 alkyl) -NH- (C1-C6 alkyl);
- (CH2) -0-(Cι-C4 alkyl) -NH- (C1-C6 alkyl), where m = 1 or 2 ;
-(CH2)m-S-(Cι-C alkyl) -NH- (Ci-Cg alkyl), where m = 1 or 2; and
X is -NH2 or -NHC(=NH) (NH2) , provided that X is not -NH2 when r = 4 ; or
R6 and R7 are alternatively be taken together to form
(CH2)nX
CH2CHCH2 / Where n = 0 , 1 and X is -NH2 or
-NHC(=NH) (NH2) ;
L is -Y(CH2)vC(=0) -, wherein:
Y is NH, O, or S; and v = 1,2;
M is a D-isomer or L-isomer amino acid of structure
, wherein:
q 1 is 0 - 2 ;
R17 is H, C1-C3 alkyl;
R8 is selected from:
-C02R13,-S03R13, -SO2NHR14 , -B(R34) (R35) , -ΝHSO2CF3, -CONHNHSO2CF3, -PO(OR13)2, -PO(OR13)R13, -SO2NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or 0) , -SO2NH-heteroaryl (said heteroaryl being 5-10-membered and having 1-4 heteroatoms selected independently from N, S, or O) , -SO2NHCOR13, -CONHSθ2R13a, -CH2CONHS02R13a, -NHS02NHC0R13a, -NHCONHSθ2R13a, -SO2NHCONHR13.
The method of Claim 4 wherein the localization step comprises the step of localizing a compound of the formula (IV) at the thrombus:
(IV)
The method of Claim 4 wherein the localization step
comprises the step of localizing a compound of the formula (V) at the thrombus :
(V) .
10. The method of Claim 1 wherein the acquisition step comprises the step of acquiring image slices representing a concentration of radioactivity associated with the thrombus .
11. The method of Claim 10 wherein the acquisition step comprises the step of acquiring single photon emission computed tomography images of the thrombus .
12. The method of Claim 1 wherein the acquisition step comprises the step of acquiring transaxial image slices and further comprising the step of reformatting the transaxial image slices into image slices that are parallel to a long axis associated with the thrombus.
13. The method of Claim 1 comprising the step of displaying the two-dimensional array as a reprojected image.
4. The method of Claim 1 wherein the scanning step is performed at a series of angles.
15. The method of Claim 14 wherein the assignment step is performed at each of the series of angles.
16. The method of Claim 15 comprising the step of sequentially displaying the two-dimensional arrays as reprojected images.
17. A method for imaging a pulmonary embolus comprising the steps of : a. localizing a radiolabelled compound at the pulmonary embolus ; b. acquiring image slices representing a physical property of the radiolabelled pulmonary embolus; c. assembling the image slices into a three-dimensional matrix of data; d. scanning the three-dimensional matrix of data along an array of parallel lines to determine a maximum value along each line; and e. assigning the maximum value along each line to a pixel in a two-dimensional array, the position of the pixel corresponding to the position of the line in the array of parallel lines.
18. A method for imaging an arterial thrombus comprising the steps of : a. localizing a radiolabelled compound at the arterial thrombus ; b. acquiring image slices representing a physical property of the radiolabelled arterial thrombus; c. assembling the image slices into a three-dimensional matrix of data; d. scanning the three-dimensional matrix of data along an array of parallel lines to determine a maximum
value along each line; and e. assigning the maximum value along each line to a pixel in a two-dimensional array, the position of the pixel corresponding to the position of the line in the array of parallel lines.
19. A method for imaging a coronary thrombus comprising the steps of : a. localizing a radiolabelled compound at the coronary thrombus ; b. acquiring image slices representing a physical property of the radiolabelled coronary thrombus; c. assembling the image slices into a three-dimensional matrix of data; d. scanning the three-dimensional matrix of data along an array of parallel lines to determine a maximum value along each line; and e. assigning the maximum value along each line to a pixel in a two-dimensional array, the position of the pixel corresponding to the position of the line in the array of parallel lines.
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL14513000A IL145130A0 (en) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-03-24 | Method for localization of blood clots |
| CA002364753A CA2364753A1 (en) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-03-24 | Method for localization of blood clots |
| AU40278/00A AU4027800A (en) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-03-24 | Method for localization of blood clots |
| BR0010517-1A BR0010517A (en) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-03-24 | Imaging methods of a thrombus, pulmonary embolus, arterial thrombus and coronary thrombus |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12635999P | 1999-03-26 | 1999-03-26 | |
| US60/126,359 | 1999-03-26 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000057787A2 true WO2000057787A2 (en) | 2000-10-05 |
| WO2000057787A3 WO2000057787A3 (en) | 2001-02-22 |
Family
ID=22424397
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2000/007891 WO2000057787A2 (en) | 1999-03-26 | 2000-03-24 | Method for localization of blood clots |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU4027800A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0010517A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2364753A1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL145130A0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000057787A2 (en) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1994022494A1 (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1994-10-13 | The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company | RADIOLABELED PLATELET GPIIb/IIIa RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AS IMAGING AGENTS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS |
| WO1996031243A1 (en) * | 1995-04-03 | 1996-10-10 | The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company | Ternary radiopharmaceutical complexes |
| WO1996040637A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company | Stable reagents for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals |
-
2000
- 2000-03-24 AU AU40278/00A patent/AU4027800A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-03-24 IL IL14513000A patent/IL145130A0/en unknown
- 2000-03-24 BR BR0010517-1A patent/BR0010517A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-03-24 WO PCT/US2000/007891 patent/WO2000057787A2/en active Application Filing
- 2000-03-24 CA CA002364753A patent/CA2364753A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1994022494A1 (en) * | 1993-03-30 | 1994-10-13 | The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company | RADIOLABELED PLATELET GPIIb/IIIa RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS AS IMAGING AGENTS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS |
| WO1996031243A1 (en) * | 1995-04-03 | 1996-10-10 | The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company | Ternary radiopharmaceutical complexes |
| WO1996040637A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company | Stable reagents for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU4027800A (en) | 2000-10-16 |
| BR0010517A (en) | 2002-01-08 |
| WO2000057787A3 (en) | 2001-02-22 |
| CA2364753A1 (en) | 2000-10-05 |
| IL145130A0 (en) | 2002-06-30 |
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