WO2000052130A1 - Detergent tablet - Google Patents

Detergent tablet Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000052130A1
WO2000052130A1 PCT/US2000/005302 US0005302W WO0052130A1 WO 2000052130 A1 WO2000052130 A1 WO 2000052130A1 US 0005302 W US0005302 W US 0005302W WO 0052130 A1 WO0052130 A1 WO 0052130A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
phase
weight
acid
alkali metal
detergent tablet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/005302
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Steven Baldwin Mcgowan
James Iain Kinloch
Alasdair Duncan Mcgregor
Original Assignee
The Procter & Gamble Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Procter & Gamble Company filed Critical The Procter & Gamble Company
Priority to AU38621/00A priority Critical patent/AU3862100A/en
Priority to JP2000602742A priority patent/JP2002538270A/en
Priority to MXPA01008901A priority patent/MXPA01008901A/en
Priority to CA002362955A priority patent/CA2362955C/en
Priority to EP00917687A priority patent/EP1159396A1/en
Priority to US09/914,752 priority patent/US6770616B1/en
Publication of WO2000052130A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000052130A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D11/00—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents
    • C11D11/0082—Special methods for preparing compositions containing mixtures of detergents one or more of the detergent ingredients being in a liquefied state, e.g. slurry, paste or melt, and the process resulting in solid detergent particles such as granules, powders or beads
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
    • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
    • C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
    • C11D17/0073—Tablets
    • C11D17/0078—Multilayered tablets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/36—Organic compounds containing phosphorus
    • C11D3/364—Organic compounds containing phosphorus containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/37—Polymers
    • C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C11D3/3757—(Co)polymerised carboxylic acids, -anhydrides, -esters in solid and liquid compositions
    • C11D3/3761—(Co)polymerised carboxylic acids, -anhydrides, -esters in solid and liquid compositions in solid compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/37—Polymers
    • C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C11D3/3769—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to multi-phase detergent tablets.
  • it relates to multi-phase detergent tablets having improved robustness and product integrity together with excellent dissolution characteristics.
  • the invention also relates to methods of manufacturing multi-phase detergent tablets and to detergent auxiliary compositions useful therein.
  • detergent compositions in tablet form are known in the art. It is understood that detergent compositions in tablet form hold several advantages over detergent compositions in particulate form, such as ease of dosing, handling, transportation and storage.
  • Detergent tablets are most commonly prepared by pre-mixing components of a detergent composition and forming the pre-mixed detergent components into a tablet using any suitable equipment, preferably a tablet press. Tablets are typically formed by compression of the components of the detergent composition so that the tablets produced are sufficiently robust to be able to withstand handling and transportation without sustaining damage. In addition to being robust, tablets must also dissolve sufficiently fast so that the detergent components are released into the wash water as soon as possible at the beginning of the wash cycle. However, a dichotomy exists in that as compression force is increased, the rate of dissolution of the tablets becomes slower. The present invention therefore seeks to find a balance between tablet robustness and tablet dissolution.
  • Multi-phase detergent tablets described in the prior art are prepared by compressing a first composition in a tablet press to form a substantially planar first layer. A further detergent composition is then delivered to the tablet press on top of the first layer. This second composition is then compressed to form another substantially planar second layer.
  • the first layer is generally subjected to more than one compression as it is also compressed during the compression of the second composition.
  • the first and second compression forces are in the same order of magnitude. The Applicant has found that where this is the case, because the compression force must be sufficient to bind the first and second compositions together, the force used in both the first and second compression steps must be in the range of from about 4,000 to about 20,000 kg (assuming a tablet cross-section of about 10 cm 2 ).
  • the present invention therefore provides multi-phase detergent tablets for use in automatic dishwashing, laundry, etc and which have improved integrity and robustness together with excellent dissolution characteristics.
  • the invention also provides methods of manufacturing multi-phase detergent tablets and detergent auxiliary compositions useful therein. Summary of the Invention
  • a multi-phase detergent tablet for use in a washing machine, the tablet comprising a first phase in adhesive contact with one or more second phases, and wherein at least the first phase is in the form of a compressed particulate solid incorporating a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising polymeric polycarboxylate and inorganic carrier.
  • compositions of the invention thus comprise multiple phases in adhesive contact with one another, at least a first phase of which is in the form of a compressed particulate solid incorporating cogranules of a detergency additive composition.
  • at least one and preferably each second phase is also in the form of a compressed particulate solid and, if desired, can also incorporate cogranules of the same or different detergency additive composition.
  • inclusion of the detergency additive composition in the first phase improves inter-phase adhesion at a given tablet compaction force (even where the second phase is free of cogranulated additive composition) and allows a significant reduction in compaction force on both first and second phases whilst delivering improved tablet solubility and bite strength.
  • a preferred cogranulated detergency additive composition for incorporation herein comprises i) from about 0.1% to about 60%, preferably from about 1% to about 25%, more preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight thereof of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 40% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 70% to about 99%, more preferably from 80% to about 95% by weight thereof of inorganic carrier, and optionally iii) from 0% to about 50%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight thereof of one or more organic auxiliaries, preferably selected from chelating agents, surfactants, polymeric disintegrants, solubility aids and mixtures thereof.
  • Polymeric polycarboxylates suitable for inclusion in the detergency additive composition include i) homo- and copolymers of one or more carboxylic monomers selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, alpha-hydroxyacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, and mixtures thereof, and ii) copolymers of one or more of the above carboxylic monomers with one or more nonionic monomers selected from acrylamide, acrylonitrile, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, methylvinyl ketone, acrolein, styrene and alpha-methyl styrene, alkyl vinyl ethers, esters and amides of carboxylic monomers such as (C,-C 4 )-alkyl (meth)acrylates, and water-soluble salts and mixtures thereof.
  • carboxylic monomers selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, alpha-hydroxyacrylic
  • the polymeric polycarboxylates herein can be in acid , neutralised or partially neutralised form with sodium, potassium, ammonium or other counterions.
  • Molecular weights of the polymeric polycarboxylates can vary widely e.g. weight averages ranging from about 500 to about 5,000,000, but normally weight average molecular weights will fall in the range from about 1000 to about 100,000.
  • the polymeric polycarboxylates will be in liquid or liquifiable form, for example as a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion in a liquid or liquifiable medium such as water or a water/organic solvent mixture.
  • liquid or liquifiable polymeric polycarboxyate mixtures suitable for use herein have a polymer solids content of at least about 10%, preferably from about 20% to about 70%, more preferably from about 40% to about 60% by weight thereof.
  • the inorganic carrier herein generally comprises one or more inorganic salts and in preferred embodiments is selected from alkali metal silicate, alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate, alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal tripolyphosphate, and mixtures thereof.
  • an inorganic carrier which comprises a mixture of alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal sulfate, preferably in a weight ratio of from about 3 : 1 to about 1 :3, more preferably from about 2: 1 to about 1:1, and especially from about 1.8:1 to about 1.5:1.
  • the inorganic carrier normally takes the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight- average particle size of less than about 200 ⁇ m, preferably less than about 150 ⁇ m, such carriers being preferred from the viewpoint of providing optimum granulometry, tablet strength, inter-phase adhesivity and solubility characteristics.
  • a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising i) from about 0.1 % to about 60%, preferably from about 1% to about 25%, more preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 40% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 70%) to about 99%, more preferably from 80% to about 95% by weight of inorganic carrier in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200 ⁇ m, preferably less than about 150 ⁇ m, and optionally iii) from 0% to about 50%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of one or more organic auxiliaries selected from chelating agents, surfactants, polymeric disintegrants, solubility aids and mixtures thereof.
  • a preferred method for making the tablets herein comprises the step of admixing a liquid feed comprising the polymeric polycarboxylate with a powder feed comprising the inorganic carrier and subjecting the mixture to conditions of agitation and heat to form cogranules of the detergency additive composition.
  • the liquid feed and powder feed are admixed under essentially non-evaporative conditions to form a wet cogranular output stream and the wet cogranular output stream is subsequently subjected to heat-drying, for example in a fluidised bed.
  • the cogranules are compacted optionally with other detergent tablet ingredients to form the first phase of the tablet, the second phase is superposed in particulate or tablet form on or over the first phase and thereafter the first phase and superposed second phase are further compacted to form the final multi-phase detergent tablet.
  • Manufacture of the cogranular detergency additive composition is preferably undertaken in a vertical, short retention time, plow-type agglomerator such as a Schugi Flexomix followed by drying of the wet agglomerates in a fluidized bed dryer with fines recycling and size reduction as necessary to achieve the requisite granule size distribution.
  • the liquid feed ususally in the form of a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion of polymeric polycarboxylate in a liquid or liquifiable medium such as water or a water/organic solvent mixture, is preferably applied to the powder feed by spray-on at a slightly elevated temperature in order to provide an appropriate feed viscosity.
  • the powder feed comprises inorganic carrier, preferably in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200 ⁇ m, preferably less than about 150 ⁇ m, together with any recycled fines.
  • the liquid:powder feed ratio is generally less than about 0.5 preferably less than about 0.4, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.35, and especially from about 0.2 to about 0.3.
  • the powder feed comprises a mixture of alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal sulfate in a weight ratio of from about 3:1 to about 1:3, more preferably from about 2 : 1 to about 1:1, and especially from about 1.8:1 to about 1.5:1.
  • a method of making a cogranular detergency additive composition comprising admixing a liquid feed comprising a polymeric polycarboxylate with a powder feed comprising inorganic carrier and subjecting the mixture to conditions of agitation and heat, and wherein the polymeric polycarboxylate is in the form of a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion in a liquid or liquifiable medium, the inorganic carrier is in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200 ⁇ m, preferably less than about 150 ⁇ m, and wherein the liquid:powder feed ratio is less than about 0.5, preferably less than about 0.4, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.
  • preferred cogranuar detergent additive compositions have an apparent density in the range from about 400 to about 1100 g/1, preferably from about 600 to about 900 g/1, a median granule size of from about 400 to about 700, preferably from about 450 to about 650 ⁇ m, and a size distribution such that no more than about 5% by weight is greater than 1500 ⁇ m, preferably 1400 ⁇ m, and at least about 95%> by weight is greater than 200 ⁇ m, preferably 250 ⁇ m.
  • the cogranuar detergent additive compositions preferably have a final moisture content of less than about 5%, preferably from about 1% to about 3% by weight thereof.
  • the cogranulated detergency additive composition generally comprises at least about 5%>, preferably from about 10% to about 80%, more preferably from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the final tablet.
  • a preferred cogranulated detergency additive composition for use herein i) from about 1% to about 25%, preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight thereof of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 30% to about 85%>, preferably from about 45% to about 65% by weight thereof of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate or mixture thereof, and iii) from about 13% to about 69%, preferably from about 15% to about 50% by weight thereof of alkali metal sulfate, and optionally iv) from 0% to about 5% by weight thereof of organic chelating agent.
  • Such a composition is highly suited for incorporation in so-called nil-P detergent tablets, i.e., tablets containing no phosphate builder and a minimal amount, if any, of phosphorus-containing chelating agents.
  • nil-P detergent tablets i.e., tablets containing no phosphate builder and a minimal amount, if any, of phosphorus-containing chelating agents.
  • Such tablets will contain phosphorus in an amount less than about 0.5%, preferably less than about 0.1% by weight.
  • a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising from about 5% to about 20% by weight of polymeric polycarboxylate and from about 80% to about 95% by weight of inorganic carrier, the inorganic carrier comprising i) from about 45% to about 65% by weight of the additive composition of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate or mixture thereof, and ii) from about 15% to about 50% by weight of the additive composition of alkali metal sulfate.
  • Organic chelating agents suitable for inclusion in the cogranulated detergency additive composition or in the remainder of the tablet composition include diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate), ethylene diphosphonate, hydroxy- ethylene- 1 , 1 -diphosphonate, nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediaminotetracetate, ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinate, methylglycinediacetic acid in their salt and free acid forms.
  • diethylenetriamine penta methylene phosphonate
  • ethylene diphosphonate hydroxy- ethylene- 1 , 1 -diphosphonate
  • nitrilotriacetate ethylenediami
  • Polymeric disintegrants suitable for inclusion in the cogranulated detergency additive composition or in the remainder of the tablet composition include starch, cellulose and derivatives thereof, alginates, sugars, polyvinylpyrrolidones, swellable clays and mixtures thereof.
  • Solubility aids suitable for inclusion in the cogranulated detergency additive composition or in the remainder of the tablet composition include water-soluble hydrated salts having a solubility in distilled water of at least about 25g/100g at 25°C, preferably selected from hydrates of sodium acetate, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium citrate and mixtures thereof.
  • the detergent tablets herein comprise at least one first phase in adhesive contact with one or more second phases (sometimes referred to herein as Optional subsequent phases').
  • the first phase is a compressed shaped body prepared at an applied compression pressure of at least about 40 kg/cm 2 , preferably at least about 250 kg/cm 2 , more preferably at least about 350 kg/cm 2 (3.43 kN/cm 2 or 34.3 MPa), even more preferably from about 400 to about 2000 kg/cm 2 , and especially from about 600 to about 1600 kg/cm 2 (compression pressure herein is the applied force divided by the cross- sectional area of the tablet in a plane transverse to the applied force - in effect, the transverse cross-sectional area of the die of the rotary press).
  • the second phase is preferably formed at a compression pressure of less than about 350 kg/cm 2 , preferably in the range from about 40 kg/cm 2 to about 300 kg/cm 2 and more preferably from about 70 to about 270 kg/cm 2 .
  • the first phase is formed by compression at a pressure greater than that applied to the second phase.
  • the compression pressures applied to the first and second phases will generally be in a ratio of at least about 1.2: 1 , preferably at least about 2:1, more preferably at least about 4:1.
  • the first and second phases herein are in a relatively high weight ratio to one another, for example at least about 6:1, preferably at least about 10:1; also that the tablet composition contain one or more detergent actives (for example enzymes, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, surfactants, chelating agents etc) which is predominantly concentrated in the second phase, for example, at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, especially about 80% by weight of the active (based on the total weight of the active in tablet) is in the second phase of the tablet.
  • one or more detergent actives for example enzymes, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, surfactants, chelating agents etc
  • compositions are optimum for tablet strength, dissolution, cleaning, and pH regulation characteristics providing, for example, tablet compositions capable of dissolving in the wash liquor so as to deliver at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, and more preferably at least 80% by weight of the detergent active to the wash liquor within 10, 5, 4 or even 3 minutes of the start of the wash process.
  • the time within which the multi-phase tablet or a phase thereof or a detergent active component dissolves is determined according to DIN 44990 using a dishwashing machine available from Bosch on the normal 65°C washing program with water hardness at 18°H using a minimum of six replicates or a sufficient number to ensure reproducibility.
  • the multi-phase detergent tablet of the present invention comprises a first phase, a second and optional subsequent phases.
  • the first phase is preferably in the form of a shaped body of detergent composition comprising the cogranular detergency additive composition and one or more detergent components as described below.
  • Preferred detergent components include, builder, bleach, enzymes and surfactant.
  • the components of the detergent composition are mixed together by, for example admixing dry components or spraying-on liquid components.
  • the components are then formed into a first phase using any suitable equipment, but preferably by compression, for example in a tablet press.
  • the first phase can be prepared by extrusion, casting, etc.
  • the first phase is prepared such that it comprises at least one mould in the surface of the shaped body.
  • the mould is created using a specially designed tablet press wherein the surface of the punch that contacts the detergent composition is shaped such that when it contacts and presses the detergent composition it presses a mould, or multiple moulds into the first phase of the multi-phase detergent tablet.
  • the mould will have an inwardly concave or generally concave surface to provide improved adhesion to the second phase.
  • the tablets of the invention also include one or more additional phases prepared from a composition or compositions which comprise one or more detergent components as described below.
  • At least one phase (herein referred to as a second phase) preferably takes the form of a particulate solid (which term encompasses powders, granules, agglomerates, and other particulate solids including mixtures thereof with liquid binders, meltable solids, spray-ons, etc) compressed either as a layer or into/within the one or more moulds of the first phase of the detergent tablet such that the second phase itself takes the form of a shaped body.
  • Preferred detergent components include builders, colourants, binders, surfactants, disrupting agents and enzymes, in particular amylase and protease enzymes.
  • the second and optional subsequent phases comprise a disrupting agent that may be selected from either a disintegrating agent or an effervescent agent.
  • Suitable disintegrating agents include agents that swell on contact with water or facilitate water influx and/or efflux by forming channels in the detergent tablet. Any known disintegrating or effervescing agent suitable for use in laundry or dishwashing applications is envisaged for use herein.
  • Suitable disintegrating agent include starch, starch derivatives such as Arbocel (tradename), Nivapur (tradename) both available from Rettenmaier, ⁇ ymcel (tradename) available from Metsa-serla , alginates, acetate trihydrate, burkeite, monohydrated carbonate formula ⁇ a 2 CO 3 .H 2 O, hydrated STPP with a phase I content of at least about 40% , carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), CMC-based polymers, sodium acetate, aluminium oxide.
  • Suitable effervescing agents are those that produce a gas on contact with water. Suitable effervesing agents may be oxygen, nitrogen dioxide or carbon dioxide evolving species.
  • effervescent agents may be selected from the group consisting of perborate, percarbonate, carbonate, bicarbonate in combination with inorganic acids such as sulphamic acid and/or carboxylic acids such as citric, malic and maleic acid and mixtures thereof
  • the components of the detergent composition are mixed together by for example premixing dry components and admixing, preferably by spray-on, the liquid components.
  • the components of the second and optional subsequent phases are then compressed to form one or more layers or are fed into and retained within the mould provided by the first phase.
  • the preferred mould embodiments of the present invention comprises two phases; a first and a second phase.
  • the first phase will normally comprise one mould and the second phase will normally consist of a single detergent active composition.
  • the first phase may comprise more than one mould and the second phase may be prepared from more than one detergent active composition.
  • the second phase may comprise more than one detergent active composition contained within one mould. It is also envisaged that several detergent active compositions are contained in separate moulds. In this way potentially chemically sensitive detergent components can be separated in order to avoid any loss in performance caused by components reacting together and potentially becoming inactive or exhausted.
  • the first phase weighs greater than about 3g, preferably greater than about 4g. More preferably the first phase weighs from about lOg to about 30g, even more preferably from about 15g to about 25g and most preferably form about 18g to about 24g.
  • the second and optional subsequent phases weigh less than about 4g. More preferably the second and/or optional subsequent phases weigh between about 0.2g and about 3.5g, most preferably from aboutlg to about 2.5g.
  • the components of the second and optional subsequent phases are compressed, especially in the mould embodiments, at a much lower compression force relative to the compression force normally used to prepare high strength tablets.
  • the tablets of the invention display excellent adherence between phases and product integrity.
  • an advantage of the present invention is that because a lower compression force is used heat, force or chemically sensitive detergent components can be incorporated into the detergent tablet without sustaining the consequential loss in performance usually encountered when incorporating such components into tablets.
  • Yet another advantage of the present invention is the ability to prepare a multi-phase detergent tablet wherein one phase can be designed to dissolve or disperse, preferably significantly before another phase.
  • the second and optional subsequent phase(s) dissolves or disperses before the first phase.
  • the first phase dissolves or disperses in from 5 to 20 minutes, more preferably from 10 to 15 minutes and the second and/or optional subsequent phases dissolves or disperses in less than 5 minutes, more preferably less than 4.5 minutes, most preferably less than 4 minutes.
  • the time in which the first, second and/or optional subsequent phase dissolve or disperse are independent from each other.
  • differential dissolution of the phases is achieved.
  • a particular benefit of being able to achieve differential dissolution of the multi -phase detergent tablet is that a component that is chemically inactivated by the presence of another component can be separated into a different phase.
  • the component that is inactivated is preferably located in the second and optional subsequent phase(s).
  • the multi-phase detergent tablets are prepared using any suitable tabletting equipment, e.g., a Courtoy R253..
  • the tablets are prepared by compression in a tablet press capable of preparing a tablet comprising a mould.
  • the first phase is prepared using a specially designed tablet press.
  • the punch(es) of this tablet press are modified so that the surface of the punch that contacts the detergent composition has a convex surface.
  • a first detergent composition is delivered into the die of the tablet press and the punch is lowered to contact and then compress the detergent composition to form a first phase.
  • the first detergent composition is compressed using an applied pressure of at least 250 kg/cm 2 , preferably between 350 and 2000 kg/cm 2 , more preferably 500 to 1800 kg/cm 2 , most preferably 600 to 1500 kg/cm 2 .
  • the punch is then elevated, exposing the first phase containing a mould.
  • a second and optional subsequent detergent composition(s) is then delivered into the mould.
  • the specially designed tablet press punch is then lowered a second time to lightly compress the second and optional subsequent detergent composition(s) to form the second and optional subsequent phase(s).
  • the optional subsequent phase is prepared in an optional subsequent compression step substantially similar to the second compression step described above.
  • the second and optional subsequent detergent composition s) is compressed at a pressure of preferably less than 350 kg/cm 2 , more preferably from 40 to 300 kg/cm 2 , most preferably from 70 to 270 kg/cm 2 .
  • the punch is elevated a second time and the multi-phase detergent tablet is ejected from the tablet press.
  • Multi-layer tablets without moulds can be prepared in a similar manner except using a tablet punch having a planar surface.
  • the first and second and or optional subsequent phases of the multi-phase detergent tablet described herein are prepared by compression of one or more compositions comprising detergent active components.
  • the compositions used in any of these phases may, in addition to the cogranulated detergency additive composition, include a variety of different detergent components including builder compounds, surfactants, enzymes, bleaching agents, alkalinity sources, colourants, perfume, lime soap dispersants, organic polymeric compounds including polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents, crystal growth inhibitors, heavy metal ion sequestrants, metal ion salts, enzyme stabilisers, corrosion inhibitors, suds suppressers, solvents, fabric softening agents, optical brighteners and hydrotropes.
  • the proportions of these active components are given by weight of the corresponding composition of active detergent components, unless specified otherwise.
  • Highly preferred detergent components of the first phase include a builder compound, a surfactant, an enzyme and a bleaching agent.
  • Highly preferred detergent components of the second phase include builder, enzymes and disrupting agent.
  • Builders suitable for use herein include water-soluble builders such as citrates, carbonates and polyphosphates and partially water-soluble or insoluble builders such as crystalline layered silicates (EP-A-0164514 and EP-A-0293640) and aluminosilicates inclusive of Zeolites A, B, P, X, HS and MAP.
  • the builder is typically present at a level of from about 1% to about 80%) by weight, preferably from about 10%) to about 70% by weight, most preferably from about 20% to about 60% by weight of composition.
  • Surfactants suitable herein include anionic surfactants such as alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl glyceryl sulfonates, alkyl and alkenyl sulphonates, alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, N-acyl sarcosinates, N-acyl taurates and alkyl succinates and sulfosuccinates, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl or acyl moiety is C5-C20 .
  • anionic surfactants such as alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl glyceryl sulfonates, alkyl and alkenyl sulphonates, alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, N-acyl sarcosinates, N-acyl taurates
  • cationic surfactants such as choline esters (US- A-4228042, US-A-4239660 and US-A-4260529) and mono C ⁇ C ⁇ N-alkyl or alkenyl ammonium surfactants wherein the remaining N positions are substituted by methyl, hydroxy ethyl or hydroxypropyl groups; low and high cloud point nonionic surfactants and mixtures thereof including nonionic alkoxylated surfactants (especially ethoxylates derived from C6-C ⁇ g primary alcohols), ethoxylated-propoxylated alcohols (e.g., Olin
  • Poly-Tergent® SLF18 epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols (e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18B - see WO-A-94/22800), ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants, and block polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polymeric compounds such as PLURONIC®, REVERSED PLURONIC®, and TETRONIC® by the BASF-Wyandotte Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan; amphoteric surfactants such as the amine oxides and alkyl amphocarboxylicc surfactants such as MiranolTM C2M; and zwitterionic surfactants such as the betaines and sultaines; and mixtures thereof.
  • Surfactants suitable herein are disclosed, for example, in US-A- 3,929,678 , US-A- 4,259,217, EP-A-0414 549, WO-A-93/08876 and WO-A-93/08874.
  • Surfactants are typically present at a level of from about 0.2% to about 30% by weight, more preferably from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, most preferably from about 1% to about 5% by weight of composition.
  • Enzymes suitable herein include bacterial and fungal cellulases such as Carezyme and Celluzyme (Novo Nordisk A/S); peroxidases; lipases such as Amano-P (Amano Pharmaceutical Co.), Ml Lipase R and Lipomax R (Gist-Brocades) and Lipolase R and Lipolase Ultra R (Novo); cutinases; proteases such as Esperase R , Alcalase R , Durazym R and Savinase R (Novo) and Maxatase R , Maxacal R , Properase R and Maxapem R (Gist-Brocades); and ⁇ and ⁇ amylases such as Purafect Ox Am R (Genencor) and Termamyl R , Ban R , Fungamyl R , Duramyl R , and Natalase R (Novo); and mixtures thereof. Enzymes are preferably added herein as prills, granulates, or cogranulates at
  • Bleaching agents suitable herein include chlorine and oxygen bleaches, especially inorganic perhydrate salts such as sodium perborate mono-and tefrahydrates and sodium percarbonate optionally coated to provide controlled rate of release (see, for example, GB- A- 1466799 on sulfate/carbonate coatings), preformed organic peroxyacids and mixtures thereof with organic peroxyacid bleach precursors and/or transition metal-containing bleach catalysts (especially manganese or cobalt).
  • Inorganic perhydrate salts are typically incorporated at levels in the range from about 1% to about 40% by weight, preferably from about 2% to about 30% by weight and more preferably from abut 5% to about 25% by weight of composition.
  • Peroxyacid bleach precursors preferred for use herein include precursors of perbenzoic acid and substituted perbenzoic acid; cationic peroxyacid precursors; peracetic acid precursors such as TAED, sodium acetoxybenzene sulfonate and pentaacetylglucose; pernonanoic acid precursors such as sodium 3,5,5- trimethylhexanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (iso-NOBS) and sodium nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS); amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursors (EP-A-0170386); and benzoxazin peroxyacid precursors (EP-A-0332294 and EP-A-0482807).
  • Bleach precursors are typically incorporated at levels in the range from about 0.5% to about 25%, preferably from about 1% to about 10% by weight of composition while the preformed organic peroxyacids themselves are typically incorporated at levels in the range from 0.5% to 25% by weight, more preferably from 1% to 10% by weight of composition.
  • Bleach catalysts preferred for use herein include the manganese triazacyclononane and related complexes (US-A-4246612, US-A-5227084); Co, Cu, Mn and Fe bispyridylamine and related complexes (US-A-5114611); and pentamine acetate cobalt(III) and related complexes(US-A-4810410).
  • suitable components herein include organic polymers having dispersant, anti- redeposition, soil release or other detergency properties invention in levels of from about O.P/o to about 30%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 15%, most preferably from about 1% to about 10% by weight of composition.
  • Preferred anti-redeposition polymers herein include acrylic acid containing polymers such as Sokalan PA30, PA20, PA15, PA10 and Sokalan CP10 (BASF GmbH), Acusol 45N, 480N, 460N (Rohm and Haas), acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymers such as Sokalan CP5 and acrylic/methacrylic copolymers.
  • Preferred soil release polymers herein include alkyl and hydroxyalkyl celluloses (US-A-4,000,093), polyoxyethylenes, polyoxypropylenes and copolymers thereof, and nonionic and anionic polymers based on terephthalate esters of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • Heavy metal sequestrants and crystal growth inhibitors are suitable for use herein in levels generally from about 0.005% to about 20%>, preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably from about 0.25% to about 7.5% and most preferably from about 0.5%) to about 5% by weight of composition, for example diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate), ethylene diphosphonate, hydroxy- ethylene- 1 , 1 -diphosphonate, nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediaminotetracetate, ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinate, methylglycinediacetic acid in their salt and free acid forms.
  • diethylenetriamine penta methylene phosphonate
  • compositions herein can contain a corrosion inhibitor such as organic silver coating agents in levels of from about 0.05% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of composition (especially paraffins such as Winog 70 sold by Wintershall, Salzbergen, Germany), nitrogen- containing corrosion inhibitor compounds (for example benzotriazole and benzimadazole - see GB-A-1137741) and Mn(II) compounds, particularly Mn(II) salts of organic ligands in levels of from about 0.005% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 1%, more preferably from about 0.02% to about 0.4% by weight of the composition.
  • a corrosion inhibitor such as organic silver coating agents in levels of from about 0.05% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of composition (especially paraffins such as Winog 70 sold by Wintershall, Salzbergen, Germany), nitrogen- containing corrosion inhibitor compounds (for example benzotriazole and benzimadazole - see GB-
  • the first, second and/or optional subsequent phases of the tablet can also comprise a binder.
  • the binder is selected from the group consisting of organic polymers, for example polyethylene and/or polypropylene glycols having an average molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 12000, especially those of molecular weight 4000, 6000 and 9000, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PNP), especially PNP of molecular weight 90 000, polyacrylates, sugars and sugar derivatives, starch and starch derivatives, for example hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC); and inorganic polymers, such as hexametaphosphate.
  • PNP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • HPMC hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose
  • CMC carboxy methyl cellulose
  • inorganic polymers such as hexametaphosphate.
  • the polyethyleneglycol binders are highly preferred herein.
  • Suitable components herein include colourants, water-soluble bismuth compounds such as bismuth acetate and bismuth citrate at levels of from about 0.01% to about 5%, enzyme stabilizers such as calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol and chlorine bleach scavengers at levels of from about 0.01% to about 6%, lime soap dispersants (see WO-A- 93/08877), suds suppressors (see WO-93/08876 and EP-A-0705324), polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents, optical brighteners, perfumes, fillers and clay and cationic fabric softeners.
  • enzyme stabilizers such as calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol and chlorine bleach scavengers at levels of from about 0.01% to about 6%
  • lime soap dispersants see WO-A- 93/08877
  • suds suppressors see WO-93/08876 and EP-A-0705324
  • polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents such as
  • the detergent tablets herein are preferably formulated to have a not unduly high pH, preferably a pH in 1% solution in distilled water of from about 8.0 to about 12.5, more preferably from about 9.0 to about 11.8, most preferably from about 9.5 to about 11.5.
  • a preferred machine dishwashing method comprises treating soiled articles selected from crockery, glassware, silverware, metallic items, cutlery and mixtures thereof, with an aqueous liquid having dissolved or dispensed therein an effective amount of a the herein described compositions.
  • an effective amount is meant from 8g to 60g of product dissolved or dispersed in a wash solution of volume from 3 to 10 litres, as are typical product dosages and wash solution volumes commonly employed in conventional machine dishwashing methods.
  • the detergent tablets are from 15g to 40g in weight, more preferably from 20g to 35g in weight, although tablets of a lower weight (e.g. as little as 2g) may be suitable in some circumstances.
  • Machine laundry methods herein typically comprise treating soiled laundry with an aqueous wash solution in a washing machine having dissolved or dispensed therein an effective amount of the herein described compositions.
  • an effective amount is meant from 40g to 300g of product dissolved or dispersed in a wash solution of volume from 5 to 65 litres, as are typical product dosages and wash solution volumes commonly employed in conventional machine laundry methods.
  • a dispensing device is employed in the washing method.
  • the dispensing device is charged with the detergent product, and is used to introduce the product directly into the drum of the washing machine before the commencement of the wash cycle. Its volume capacity should be such as to be able to contain sufficient detergent product as would normally be used in the washing method.
  • the device may possess a number of openings through which the product may pass.
  • the device may be made of a material which is permeable to liquid but impermeable to the solid product, which will allow release of dissolved product.
  • the detergent product will be rapidly released at the start of the wash cycle thereby providing transient localised high concentrations of product in the drum of the washing machine at this stage of the wash cycle.
  • Preferred dispensing devices are reusable and are designed in such a way that container integrity is maintained in both the dry state and during the wash cycle.
  • the dispensing device may be a flexible container, such as a bag or pouch.
  • the bag may be of fibrous construction coated with a water impermeable protective material so as to retain the contents, such as is disclosed in EP-A-0018678.
  • it may be formed of a water-insoluble synthetic polymeric material provided with an edge seal or closure designed to rupture in aqueous media as disclosed in EP-A-0011500, EP- A-0011501, EP-A-0011502, and EP-A-0011968.
  • a convenient form of water frangible closure comprises a water soluble adhesive disposed along and sealing one edge of a pouch formed of a water impermeable polymeric film such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • Citric Acid Anhydrous Citric acid
  • Carbonate Powdered anhydrous sodium carbonate 73%> ⁇ 150 ⁇ m
  • PAAC Pentaamine acetate cobalt (III) salt Paraffin Paraffin oil sold under the tradename Winog 70 by Wintershall.
  • PEG 4000 Polyethylene Glycol average molecular weight approximately 4000 available from Hoechst
  • nil-P detergent tablets of the present invention suitable for use in a dishwashing machine.
  • components are quoted as parts by weight on a 100% active basis.
  • Polymer 480N 1.30 1.20 1.50 1.40 1.60 1.00 Sulphate 3.00 2.50 2.00 2.20 3.10 2.50
  • the multi-phase tablet compositions are prepared as follows.
  • the cogranular detergency additive compositions are initially prepared by spray-on of a liquid feed of Polymer 480N onto a powder feed containing carbonate, sulphate and recycled fines in a Schugi Flexomix 160 followed by drying of the wet agglomerates in a fluidized bed dryer with fines recycling and size reduction as necessary to achieve the requisite granule size distribution.
  • the Schugi is set at a rotation speed of about 3000 rpm and a blade position of 2°.
  • the temperature of the liquid feed is in the region of 30°C to 40°C.
  • the liquid:powder feed ratio is in the range from about 0.2 to about 0.3.
  • the dried granules After size reduction in a hammer mill and screening, the dried granules have an apparent density in the range from about 700 to about 800 g/1, a median granule size of from about 520 to about 570 ⁇ m, and a size distribution such that no more than about 5% by weight is greater than 1400 ⁇ m and at least about 95% by weight is greater than 250 ⁇ m. Any generated fines are recycled through the Schugi.
  • the detergent active composition of phase 1 is then prepared by admixing the cogranular detergency additive compositions and the remaining granular and liquid components and is then passed into the die of a conventional rotary press.
  • the rotary press includes a punch suitably shaped for forming the mould.
  • the cross-section of the die is approximately 30x38 mm.
  • the composition is then subjected to to a compression force of 1220 kg/cm 2 and the punch is then elevated exposing the first phase of the tablet containing the mould in its upper surface.
  • the detergent active composition of phase 2 is prepared in similar manner and the composition is then passed into the die.
  • the phase 2 particulate compositions have a mean particle size of from about 430-470 ⁇ m.
  • the particulate active composition is then subjected to a compression force of 150 kg/cm 2 , the punch is elevated, and the multi-phase tablet ejected from the tablet press.
  • the tablets provide improved tablet integrity, inter-phase adhesion and strength together with excellent dissolution and cleaning characteristics.
  • Suitable water-soluble builder compounds include the water soluble monomeric polycarboxylates, or their acid forms, homo or copolymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxylic radicals separated from each other by not more that two carbon atoms, carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, phosphates, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.
  • the carboxylate or polycarboxylate builder can be monomeric or oligomeric in type although monomeric polycarboxylates are generally preferred for reasons of cost and performance.
  • Suitable carboxylates containing one carboxy group include the water soluble salts of lactic acid, glycolic acid and ether derivatives thereof.
  • Polycarboxylates containing two carboxy groups include the water-soluble salts of succinic acid, malonic acid, (ethylenedioxy) diacetic acid, maleic acid, diglycolic acid, tartaric acid, tartronic acid and fumaric acid, as well as the ether carboxylates and the sulfmyl carboxylates.
  • Polycarboxylates containing three carboxy groups include, in particular, water-soluble citrates, aconitrates and citraconates as well as succinate derivatives such as the carboxymethyloxysuccinates described in GB-A- 1,379,241, lactoxysuccinates described in GB-A-1, 389,732, and aminosuccinates described in NL-A-7205873, and the oxypolycarboxylate materials such as 2-oxa- 1 , 1 ,3-propane tricarboxylates described in GB-A-1,387,447.
  • succinate derivatives such as the carboxymethyloxysuccinates described in GB-A- 1,379,241, lactoxysuccinates described in GB-A-1, 389,732, and aminosuccinates described in NL-A-7205873
  • the oxypolycarboxylate materials such as 2-oxa- 1 , 1 ,3-propane tricarboxy
  • Polycarboxylate containing four carboxy groups include oxydisuccinates disclosed in GB- A- 1,261, 829, 1,1,2,2-ethane tetracarboxylates, 1,1,3,3-propane tetracarboxylates and 1,1,2,3-propane tetracarboxylates.
  • Polycarboxylates containing sulfo substituents include the sulfosuccinate derivatives disclosed in GB-A-1,398,421, GB-A-1, 398,422 and US-A- 3,936,448, and the sulfonated pyrolysed citrates described in GB-A- 1,439,000.
  • Alicyclic and heterocyclic polycarboxylates include cyclopentane-cis,cis,cis- tetracarboxylates, cyclopentadienide pentacarboxylates, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrofuran - cis, cis, cis-tetracarboxylates, 2,5-tetrahydrofuran - cis - dicarboxylates, 2,2,5,5-tetrahydrofuran - tetracarboxylates, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexane - hexacarboxylates and carboxymethyl derivatives of polyhydric alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol.
  • Aromatic polycarboxylates include mellitic acid, pyromellitic acid and the phthalic acid derivatives disclosed in GB- A-1, 425,343.
  • the preferred polycarboxylates are hydroxycarboxylates containing up to three carboxy groups per molecule, more particularly citrates.
  • the parent acids of the monomeric or oligomeric polycarboxylate chelating agents or mixtures thereof with their salts e.g. citric acid or citrate/citric acid mixtures are also contemplated as useful builder components.
  • Borate builders, as well as builders containing borate- forming materials that can produce borate under detergent storage or wash conditions can also be used but are not preferred at wash conditions less that 50°C, especially less than 40°C.
  • carbonate builders are the alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates, including sodium carbonate and sesqui-carbonate and mixtures thereof with ultra-fine calcium carbonate as disclosed in DE-A-2,321,001.
  • Highly preferred builder compounds for use in the present compositions are water-soluble phosphate builders.
  • water-soluble phosphate builders are the alkali metal tripolyphosphates, sodium, potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium orthophosphate, sodium polymeta/phosphate in which the degree of polymerisation ranges from 6 to 21, and salts of phytic acid.
  • water-soluble phosphate builders are the alkali metal tripolyphosphates, sodium, potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium orthophosphate, sodium polymeta/phosphate in which the degree of polymerization ranges from 6 to 21, and salts of phytic acid.
  • Partially soluble or insoluble builder compound The compositions herein can contain a partially water-soluble or water-insoluble builder compound.
  • Partially soluble and insoluble builder compounds are particularly suitable for use in tablets prepared for use in laundry cleaning methods.
  • partially water soluble builders include the crystalline layered silicates as disclosed for example, in EP-A-0164514 and EP-A-0293640. Preferred are the crystalline layered sodium silicates of general formula
  • Crystalline layered sodium silicates of this type preferably have a two dimensional 'sheet' structure, such as the so called ⁇ -layered structure, as described in EP-A-0164514 and EP-A-0293640. Methods for preparation of crystalline layered silicates of this type are disclosed in DE-A-3417649 and DE-A-3742043.
  • x in the general formula above has a value of 2,3 or 4 and is preferably 2.
  • the most preferred crystalline layered sodium silicate compound has the formula ⁇ - Na2Si2 ⁇ 5 , known as NaSKS-6 (trade name), available from Hoechst AG.
  • the crystalline layered sodium silicate material can be added, especially in granular detergent compositions, as a particulate in intimate admixture with a solid, water-soluble ionisable material as described in WO-A-92/ 18594.
  • the solid, water-soluble ionisable material is selected from organic acids, organic and inorganic acid salts and mixtures thereof, with citric acid being preferred.
  • Examples of largely water insoluble builders include the sodium aluminosilicates.
  • Suitable aluminosilicates include the aluminosilicate zeolites having the unit cell formula Na z [(AlO2) z (SiO2)y]. XH2O wherein z and y are at least 6; the molar ratio of z to y is from 1.0 to 0.5 and x is at least 5, preferably from 7.5 to 276, more preferably from 10 to 264.
  • the aluminosilicate material are in hydrated form and are preferably crystalline, containing from 10% to 28%), more preferably from 18% to 22% water in bound form.
  • the aluminosilicate zeolites can be naturally occurring materials, but are preferably synthetically derived. Synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite B, Zeolite P, Zeolite X, Zeolite HS and mixtures thereof. A preferred method of synthesizing aluminosilicate zeolites is that described by Schoeman et al (published in Zeolite (1994) 14(2), 110-116), in which the author describes a method of preparing colloidal aluminosilicate zeolites.
  • the colloidal aluminosilicate zeolite particles should preferably be such that no more than 5% of the particles are of size greater than l ⁇ m in diameter and not more than 5% of particles are of size less then 0.05 ⁇ m in diameter.
  • the aluminosilicate zeolite particles have an average particle size diameter of between O.Ol ⁇ m and l ⁇ m, more preferably between 0.05 ⁇ m and 0.9 ⁇ m, most preferably between O.l ⁇ m and 0.6 ⁇ m.
  • Zeolite A has the formula
  • Preferred aluminosilicate zeolites are the colloidal aluminosilicate zeolites.
  • colloidal aluminosilicate zeolites especially colloidal zeolite A, provide enhanced builder performance, especially in terms of improved stain removal, reduced fabric encrustation and improved fabric whiteness maintenance.
  • Mixtures of colloidal zeolite A and colloidal zeolite Y are also suitable herein providing excellent calcium ion and magnesium ion sequestration performance.
  • Suitable surfactants are selected from anionic, cationic, nonionic ampholytic and zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof.
  • Automatic dishwashing machine products should be low foaming in character and thus the foaming of the surfactant system for use in dishwashing should be suppressed or more preferably be low foaming, typically nonionic in character. Sudsing caused by surfactant systems used in laundry cleaning methods need not be suppressed to the same extent as is necessary for dishwashing.
  • a listing of surfactants typically included in automatic dishwashing detergent compositions is given in EP-A-0414549 and WO-A-93/08876 and WO-A-93/08874.
  • Nonionic ethoxylated alcohol surfactants are nonionic ethoxylated alcohol surfactants.
  • alkyl ethoxylate condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with from 1 to 25 moles of ethylene oxide are suitable for use herein.
  • the alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohol can either be straight or branched, primary or secondary, and generally contains from 6 to 22 carbon atoms.
  • Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms with from 2 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
  • a suitable endcapped alkyl alkoxylate surfactant is the epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols represented by the formula:
  • R ⁇ is a linear or branched, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms
  • R 2 is a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to
  • x is an integer having an average value of from 0.5 to 1.5, more preferably 1 ; and y is an integer having a value of at least 15, more preferably at least 20.
  • the surfactant of formula I at least 10 carbon atoms in the terminal epoxide unit [CH2CH(OH)R2] .
  • Suitable surfactants of formula I are Olin Corporation's POLY-TERGENT® SLF-18B nonionic surfactants, as described, for example, in WO-A-94/22800.
  • Suitable surfactants for use herein include ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols having the formula: RlO[CH 2 CH(R3)O] x [CH2]kCH(OH)[CH 2 ] j OR2
  • R and R 2 are linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms;
  • R ⁇ is H, or a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
  • x is an integer having an average value from 1 to 30, wherein when x is 2 or greater R- may be the same or different and k and j are integers having an average value of from 1 to 12, and more preferably 1 to 5.
  • R! and R 2 are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms with 8 to 18 carbon atoms being most preferred. H or a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms is most preferred for R- .
  • x is an integer having an average value of from 1 to 20, more preferably from 6 to 15.
  • R ⁇ when, in the preferred embodiments, and x is greater than 2, R ⁇ may be the same or different. That is, R ⁇ may vary between any of the alkyleneoxy units as described above. For instance, if x is 3, R ⁇ may be be selected to form ethyleneoxy(EO) or propyleneoxy(PO) and may vary in order of (EO)(PO)(EO), (EO)(EO)(PO); (EO)(EO)(EO); (PO)(EO)(PO); (PO)(PO)(EO) and (PO)(PO)(PO).
  • the integer three is chosen for example only and the variation may be much larger with a higher integer value for x and include, for example, mulitple (EO) units and a much small number of (PO) units.
  • Particularly preferred surfactants as described above include those that have a low cloud point of less than 20°C. These low cloud point surfactants may then be employed in conjunction with a high cloud point surfactant as described in detail below for superior grease cleaning benefits.
  • ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants are those wherein k is 1 and j is 1 so that the surfactants have the formula:
  • Rl , R 2 and R 3 are defined as above and x is an integer with an average value of from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20, and even more preferably from 6 to 18.
  • Most preferred are surfactants wherein R and R 2 range from 9 to 14, R 3 is H forming ethyleneoxy and x ranges from 6 to 15.
  • the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants comprise three general components, namely a linear or branched alcohol, an alkylene oxide and an alkyl ether end cap.
  • the alkyl ether end cap and the alcohol serve as a hydrophobic, oil-soluble portion of the molecule while the alkylene oxide group forms the hydrophilic, water- soluble portion of the molecule.
  • surfactants exhibit significant improvements in spotting and filming characteristics and removal of greasy soils, when used in conjunction with high cloud point surfactants, relative to conventional surfactants.
  • the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol surfactants may be produced by reacting an aliphatic alcohol with an epoxide to form an ether which is then reacted with a base to form a second epoxide. The second epoxide is then reacted with an alkoxylated alcohol to form the novel compounds of the present invention.
  • Nonionic ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohol surfactants are nonionic ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohol surfactants.
  • the ethoxylated Cg-Cig fatty alcohols and Cg-Cjg mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols are suitable surfactants for use herein, particularly where water soluble.
  • the ethoxylated fatty alcohols are the Cj 0"Cl8 ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 50, most preferably these are the C ⁇ -C ⁇ g ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 40.
  • the mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols have an alkyl chain length of from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 30 and a degree of propoxylation
  • the condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol are suitable for use herein.
  • the hydrophobic portion of these compounds preferably has a molecular weight of from 1500 to 1800 and exhibits water insolubility.
  • Examples of compounds of this type include certain of the commercially-available Pluronic ⁇ M surfactants, marketed by BASF.
  • condensation products of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine are suitable for use herein.
  • the hydrophobic moiety of these products consists of the reaction product of ethylenediamine and excess propylene oxide, and generally has a molecular weight of from 2500 to 3000.
  • this type of nonionic surfactant include certain of the commercially available Tetronic compounds, marketed by BASF.
  • compositions herein can also include a mixed nonionic surfactant system comprising at least one low cloud point nonionic surfactant and at least one high cloud point nonionic surfactant.
  • Cloud point is a well known property of nonionic surfactants which is the result of the surfactant becoming less soluble with increasing temperature, the temperature at which the appearance of a second phase is observable is referred to as the “cloud point” (See Kirk Othmer's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3 r Ed. Vol. 22, pp. 360-379).
  • a "low cloud point" nonionic surfactant is defined as a nonionic surfactant system ingredient having a cloud point of less than 30°C, preferably less than 20°C, and most preferably less than 10°C.
  • Typical low cloud point nonionic surfactants include nonionic alkoxylated surfactants, especially ethoxylates derived from primary alcohol, and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene (PO/EO/PO) reverse block polymers.
  • low cloud point nonionic surfactants include, for example, ethoxylated-propoxylated alcohol (e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18), epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols (e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18B series of nonionics, as described, for example, in WO-A-94/22800) and the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants.
  • ethoxylated-propoxylated alcohol e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18
  • epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18B series of nonionics, as described, for example, in WO-A-94/22800
  • ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants ethoxylated-propoxylated alcohol (e.g., Ol
  • Nonionic surfactants can optionally contain propylene oxide in an amount up to 15% by weight.
  • Other suitable nonionic surfactants can be prepared by the processes described in US-A-4,223,163.
  • Low cloud point nonionic surfactants additionally comprise a polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene block polymeric compound.
  • Block polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene polymeric compounds include those based on ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane and ethylenediamine as initiator reactive hydrogen compound.
  • Certain of the block polymer surfactant compounds designated PLURONIC®, REVERSED PLURONIC®, and TETRONIC® by the BASF-Wyandotte Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan, are also suitable herein.
  • Preferred examples include REVERSED PLURONIC® 25R2 and TETRONIC® 702, Such surfactants are typically useful herein as low cloud point nonionic surfactants.
  • a "high cloud point" nonionic surfactant is defined as a nonionic surfactant system ingredient having a cloud point of greater than 40°C, preferably greater than 50°C, and more preferably greater than 60°C.
  • the nonionic surfactant system comprises an ethoxylated surfactant derived from the reaction of a monohydroxy alcohol or alkylphenol containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, with from 6 to 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkyl phenol on an average basis.
  • Such high cloud point nonionic surfactants include, for example, Tergitol 15S9 (supplied by Union Carbide), Rhodasurf TMD 8.5 (supplied by Rhone Poulenc), and Neodol 91-8 (supplied by Shell).
  • the high cloud point nonionic surfactant further have a hydrophile- lipophile balance ("HLB"; see Kirk Othmer hereinbefore) value within the range of from 9 to 15, preferably 11 to 15.
  • HLB hydrophile- lipophile balance
  • Such materials include, for example, Tergitol 15S9 (supplied by Union Carbide), Rhodasurf TMD 8.5 (supplied by Rhone Poulenc), and Neodol 91-8 (supplied by Shell).
  • high cloud point nonionic surfactant is derived from a straight or preferably branched chain or secondary fatty alcohol containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (C6-C20 alcohol), including secondary alcohols and branched chain primary alcohols.
  • high cloud point nonionic surfactants are branched or secondary alcohol ethoxylates, more preferably mixed C9/11 or Cl 1/15 branched alcohol ethoxylates, condensed with an average of from 6 to 15 moles, preferably from 6 to 12 moles, and most preferably from 6 to 9 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
  • the ethoxylated nonionic surfactant so derived has a narrow ethoxylate distribution relative to the average.
  • Anionic surfactants are branched or secondary alcohol ethoxylates, more preferably mixed C9/11 or Cl 1/15 branched alcohol ethoxylates, condensed with an average of from 6 to 15 moles, preferably from 6 to 12 moles, and most preferably from
  • anionic surfactants useful for detersive purposes are suitable. These can include salts (including, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and triethanolamine salts) of the anionic sulfate, sulfonate, carboxylate and sarcosinate surfactants. Anionic sulfate surfactants are preferred.
  • anionic surfactants include the isethionates such as the acyl isethionates, N-acyl taurates, fatty acid amides of methyl tauride, alkyl succinates and sulfosuccinates, monoesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C, ⁇ -C, r, monoesters) diesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C,--C, 4 diesters), N-acyl sarcosinates.
  • Resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids are also suitable, such as rosin, hydrogenated rosin, and resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids present in or derived from tallow oil.
  • Anionic sulfate surfactants suitable for use herein include the linear and branched primary and secondary alkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxysulfates, fatty oleoyl glycerol sulfates, alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates, the C5-C17 acyl-N-(C]-C4 alkyl) and -N-(C -C2 hydroxyalkyl) glucamine sulfates, and sulfates of alkylpolysaccharides such as the sulfates of alkylpolyglucoside (the nonionic nonsulfated compounds being described herein).
  • Alkyl sulfate surfactants are preferably selected from the linear and branched primary Cl0"Cl8 alkyl sulfates, more preferably the Ci 1-C15 branched chain alkyl sulfates and the C12-C14 linear chain alkyl sulfates.
  • Alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactants are preferably selected from the group consisting of the C10-C18 alkyl sulfates which have been ethoxylated with from 0.5 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide per molecule. More preferably, the alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactant is a Cl l _ Ci8 . most preferably Ci 1-C15 alkyl sulfate which has been ethoxylated with from 0.5 to 7, preferably from 1 to 5, moles of ethylene oxide per molecule. Mixtures of alkyl sulfate and alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactants are also suitable herein (WO-A-93/18124). Anionic sulfonate surfactants
  • Anionic sulfonate surfactants suitable for use herein include the salts of C5-C20 linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl ester sulfonates, C ⁇ -C22 primary or secondary alkane sulfonates, C6-C24 olefin sulfonates, sulfonated polycarboxylic acids, alkyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty acyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty oleyl glycerol sulfonates, and any mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable anionic carboxylate surfactants include the alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, the alkyl polyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants and the soaps ('alkyl carboxyls'), especially certain secondary soaps as described herein.
  • Suitable alkyl ethoxy carboxylates include those with the formula RO(CH2CH2 ⁇ ) x
  • Suitable alkyl polyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants include those having the formula RO-(CHR ⁇ -CHR2-O)-R3 wherein R is a Cg to Cis alkyl group, x is from 1 to 25, Ri and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl acid radical, succinic acid radical, hydroxysuccinic acid radical, and mixtures thereof, and R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable soap surfactants include the secondary soap surfactants which contain a carboxyl unit connected to a secondary carbon.
  • Preferred secondary soap surfactants for use herein are water-soluble members selected from the group consisting of the water-soluble salts of 2-methyl-l-undecanoic acid, 2-ethyl-l-decanoic acid, 2-propyl-l-nonanoic acid, 2- butyl- 1-octanoic acid and 2-pentyl-l-heptanoic acid. Certain soaps may also be included as suds suppressors.
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are the alkali metal sarcosinates of formula R-CON
  • R is a C5-C17 linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group
  • R 1 is a C1-C4 alkyl group
  • M is an alkali metal ion.
  • Preferred examples are the myristyl and oleoyl methyl sarcosinates in the form of their sodium salts.
  • Suitable amphoteric surfactants for use herein include the amine oxide surfactants and the alkyl amphocarboxylic acids.
  • Suitable amine oxides include those compounds having the formula R3(OR4) x N ⁇ (R5)2 wherein R is selected from an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, acylamidopropoyl and alkyl phenyl group, or mixtures thereof, containing from 8 to 26 carbon atoms; R ⁇ is an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group containing from 2 to 3 carbon atoms, or mixtures thereof; x is from 0 to 5, preferably from 0 to 3; and each R ⁇ is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to 3, or a polyethylene oxide group containing from 1 to 3 ethylene oxide groups.
  • Preferred are C 0-C18 alkyl dimethylamine oxide, and CiO-18 acylamido alkyl dimethylamine oxide.
  • a suitable example of an alkyl amphodicarboxylic acid is Miranol(TM) C2M Cone, manufactured by Miranol, Inc., Dayton, NJ.
  • Zwitterionic surfactants can be broadly described as derivatives of secondary and tertiary amines, derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines, or derivatives of quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulfonium compounds. Betaine and sultaine surfactants are exemplary zwitterionic surfactants for use herein.
  • Suitable betaines are those compounds having the formula R(R')2N + R 2 COO " wherein R is a C -C18 hydrocarbyl group, each R is typically C1-C3 alkyl, and R 2 is a C1-C5 hydrocarbyl group.
  • Preferred betaines are C 2- 18 dimethyl-ammonio hexanoate and the ClO-18 acylamidopropane (or ethane) dimethyl (or diethyl) betaines.
  • Complex betaine surfactants are also suitable for use herein.
  • Cationic surfactants used in this invention are preferably water dispersible compound having surfactant properties comprising at least one ester (i.e. -COO-) linkage and at least one cationically charged group.
  • Other suitable cationic ester surfactants including choline ester surfactants, have for example been disclosed in US-A-4228042, US-A-4239660 and US-A-4260529.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants include the quaternary ammonium surfactants selected from mono Cg-C g, preferably C6-C 0 N-alkyl or alkenyl ammonium surfactants wherein the remaining N positions are substituted by methyl, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl groups.
  • Enzymes suitable for use herein included cellulases, hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, gluco-amylases, amylases, xylanases, Upases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, ⁇ -glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred enzymes include protease, amylase, lipase, peroxidases, cutinase and/or cellulase in conjunction with one or more plant cell wall degrading enzymes.
  • the cellulases usable in the present invention include both bacterial or fungal cellulase. Preferably, they will have a pH optimum of between 5 and 12 and an activity above 50 CEVU (Cellulose Viscosity Unit).
  • CEVU Cellulose Viscosity Unit
  • Suitable cellulases are disclosed in US-A-4,435,307, J61078384 and WO-A-96/02653 which disclose fungal cellulases produced respectively from Humicola insolens, Trichoderma, Thielavia and Sporotrichum.
  • EP-A-0739982 describes cellulases isolated from novel Bacillus species. Suitable cellulases are also disclosed in GB-A-2075028; GB-A-2095275, DE-A-2.247.832 and WO-A-95/26398.
  • cellulases examples include cellulases produced by a strain of Humicola insolens (Humicola grisea var. thermoidea), particularly the Humicola strain DSM 1800.
  • Other suitable cellulases are cellulases originated from Humicola insolens having a molecular weight of 50KDa, an isoelectric point of 5.5 and containing 415 amino acids; and a ⁇ 43kD endoglucanase derived from Humicola insolens, DSM 1800, exhibiting cellulase activity; a preferred endoglucanase component has the amino acid sequence disclosed in WO-A-91/17243.
  • suitable cellulases are the EGIII cellulases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum described in WO-A-94/21801.
  • Especially suitable cellulases are the cellulases having color care benefits. Examples of such cellulases are cellulases described in European patent application No. 91202879.2, filed November 6, 1991 (Novo). Carezyme and Celluzyme (Novo Nordisk A S) are especially useful. See also WO-A- 91/17244 and WO-A-91/21801.
  • Other suitable cellulases for fabric care and/or cleaning properties are described in WO-A-96/34092, WO-A-96/17994 and WO-A-95/24471.
  • Said cellulases are normally incorporated in detergent compositions at levels from 0.0001%) to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition.
  • Peroxidase enzymes are used in combination with oxygen sources, e.g. percarbonate, perborate, persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, etc. They are used for "solution bleaching", i.e. to prevent transfer of dyes or pigments removed from substrates during wash operations to other substrates in the wash solution.
  • Peroxidase enzymes are known in the art, and include, for example, horseradish peroxidase, ligninase and haloperoxidase such as chloro- and bromo-peroxidase.
  • Peroxidase-containing detergent compositions are disclosed, for example, in WO-A-89/099813, WO-A-89/09813 and in European Patent application EP No. 91202882.6, filed on November 6, 1991 and EP No. 96870013.8, filed February 20, 1996. Also suitable is the laccase enzyme.
  • Preferred enhancers are substitued phenthiazine and phenoxasine 10- Phenothiazinepropionicacid (PPT), 10-ethylphenothiazine-4-carboxylic acid (EPC), 10- phenoxazinepropionic acid (POP) and 10-methylphenoxazine (described in WO-A- 94/12621) and substitued syringates (C3-C5 substitued alkyl syringates) and phenols.
  • Sodium percarbonate or perborate are preferred sources of hydrogen peroxide.
  • Said cellulases and/or peroxidases are normally incorporated in detergent composition at levels from 0.0001% to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition.
  • Suitable lipase enzymes for detergent usage include those produced by microorganisms of the Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in GB-A-1,372,034.
  • Suitable lipases include those which show a positive immunological cross-reaction with the antibody of the lipase, produced by the microorganism Pseudomonas fluorescent IAM 1057. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P "Amano,” hereinafter referred to as "Amano-P".
  • lipases include Amano-CES, lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRLB 3673 from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; Chromobacter viscosum lipases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., The Netherlands, and lipases ex Pseudomonas gladioli.
  • lipases such as Ml Lipase ⁇ and Lipomax ⁇ - (Gist-Brocades) and Lipolase ⁇ and Lipolase UltraR(Novo) which have found to be very effective when used in combination with the compositions of the present invention.
  • lipolytic enzymes described in EP-A-0258068, WO-A-92/05249, WO-A-95/22615, WO-A-94/03578, WO-A- 95/35381 and WO- A-96/00292.
  • cutinases [EC 3.1.1.50] which can be considered as a special kind of lipase, namely lipases which do not require interfacial activation. Addition of cutinases to detergent compositions have been described in e.g. WO-A-88/09367, WO-A-90/09446, WO-A-94/14963 and WO-A-94/14964.
  • the lipases and/or cutinases are normally incorporated in detergent composition at levels from 0.0001% to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition.
  • Suitable proteases are the subtilisins which are obtained from particular strains of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (subtilisin BPN and BPN').
  • One suitable protease is obtained from a strain of Bacillus, having maximum activity throughout the pH range of 8-12, developed and sold as ESPERASE® by Novo Industries A/S of Denmark, hereinafter "Novo". The preparation of this enzyme and analogous enzymes is described in GB 1,243,784 to Novo.
  • Other suitable proteases include ALCALASE®, DURAZYM® and SAVINASE® from Novo and MAXATASE®, MAXACAL®, PROPERASE® and MAXAPEM® (protein engineered Maxacal) from Gist-Brocades.
  • Proteolytic enzymes also encompass modified bacterial serine proteases, such as those described in European Patent Application Serial Number 87 303761.8, filed April 28, 1987 (particularly pages 17, 24 and 98), and which is called herein “Protease B”, and in EP-A-0199404 which refers to a modified bacterial serine protealytic enzyme which is called “Protease A” herein.
  • Suitable is what is called herein “Protease C”, which is a variant of an alkaline serine protease from Bacillus in which lysine replaced arginine at position 27, tyrosine replaced valine at position 104, serine replaced asparagine at position 123, and alanine replaced threonine at position 274.
  • Protease C is described in WO-A-91/06637. Genetically modified variants, particularly of Protease C, are also included herein.
  • a suitable protease referred to as "Protease D” is a carbonyl hydrolase variant having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, which is derived from a precursor carbonyl hydrolase by substituting a different amino acid for a plurality of amino acid residues at a position in said carbonyl hydrolase equivalent to position +76, preferably also in combination with one or more amino acid residue positions equivalent to those selected from the group consisting of +99, +101, +103, +104, +107, +123, +27, +105, +109, +126, +128, +135, +156, +166, +195, +197, +204, +206, +210, +216, +217, +218, +222, +260, +265, and/or +274 according to the numbering of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin, as described in WO-A-95/10591 and in the patent application of C. Ghosh, et al, "Bleaching Compositions Comprising Protease
  • proteases described in EP-A-0251 446 and WO-A-91/06637 are also suitable.
  • protease BLAP® described in WO-A-91/02792 and their variants described in WO-A-95/23221.
  • protease from Bacillus sp. NCIMB 40338 described in WO-A- 93/18140.
  • Enzymatic detergents comprising protease, one or more other enzymes, and a reversible protease inhibitor are described in WO-A-92/03529.
  • a protease having decreased adsorption and increased hydrolysis is available as described in WO-A- 95/07791.
  • a recombinant trypsin-like protease for detergents suitable herein is described in WO-A- 94/25583.
  • Other suitable proteases are described in EP-A-0516 200.
  • protease enzymes which are a carbonyl hydrolase variant having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, which is derived by replacement of a plurality of amino acid residues of a precursor carbonyl hydrolase with different amino acids, wherein said plurality of amino acid residues replaced in the precursor enzyme correspond to position +210 in combination with one or more of the following residues: +33, +62, +67, +76, +100, +101, +103, +104, +107, +128, +129, +130, +132, +135, +156, +158, +164, +166, +167, +170, +209, +215, +217, +218 and +222, where the numbered positions correspond to naturally-occurring subtilisin from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or to equivalent amino acid residues in other carbonyl hydrolases or subtilisins (such as Bacillus lentus subtilisin).
  • Preferred enzymes of this type include those having position changes +210, +76, +103, +104, +156, and +166.
  • the proteolytic enzymes are incorporated in detergent compositions at a level of from 0.0001% to 2%, preferably from 0.001% to 0.2%, more preferably from 0.005% to 0.1% pure enzyme by weight of composition.
  • Amylases ( ⁇ and/or ⁇ ) can be included for removal of carbohydrate-based stains.
  • WO-A- 94/02597 describes cleaning compositions which incorporate mutant amylases. See also WO-A-95/10603.
  • Other amylases known for use in cleaning compositions include both ⁇ - and ⁇ -amylases.
  • ⁇ -Amylases are known in the art and include those disclosed in US-A- 5,003,257; EP-A-0252,666; WO-A-91/00353; FR-A-2,676,456; EP-A-0285,123; EP-A- 525,610; EP-A-0368,341; and GB-A- 1,296,839.
  • amylases are stability- enhanced amylases described in WO-A-94/18314 and WO-A-96/05295 and amylase variants having additional modification in the immediate parent available from Novo Nordisk A S, disclosed in WO-A-95/10603. Also suitable are amylases described in EP- A-0277216, WO-A-95/26397 and WO-A-96/23873.
  • ⁇ -amylases examples are Purafect Ox Am® from Genencor and Termamyl®, Ban® ,Fungamyl® and Duramyl®, Natalase all available from Novo Nordisk A/S Denmark.
  • WO-A-95/26397 describes other suitable amylases : ⁇ -amylases characterised by having a specific activity at least 25% higher than the specific activity of Termamyl® at a temperature range of 25 °C to 55°C and at a pH value in the range of 8 to 10, measured by the Phadebas® ⁇ -amylase activity assay. Suitable are variants of the above enzymes, described in WO-A-96/23873. Other amylolytic enzymes with improved properties with respect to the activity level and the combination of thermostability and a higher activity level are described in WO-A-95/35382.
  • Preferred amylase enzymes include those described in WO-A-95/26397 and in co- pending application by Novo Nordisk PCT/DK96/00056.
  • amylolytic enzymes are incorporated in detergent compositions at a level of from 0.0001% to 2%, preferably from 0.00018% to 0.06%, more preferably from 0.00024% to 0.048% pure enzyme by weight of composition
  • compositions herein comprise amylase enzymes, particularly those described in WO-A-95/26397 and co-pending application by Novo Nordisk PCT/DK96/00056 in combination with a complementary amylase.
  • complementary it is meant the addition of one or more amylase suitable for detergency purposes. Examples of complementary amylases ( ⁇ and/or ⁇ ) are described below.
  • WO-A-94/02597 and WO-A-95/10603 describe cleaning compositions which incorporate mutant amylases.
  • Other amylases known for use in cleaning compositions include both ⁇ - and ⁇ -amylases.
  • ⁇ -Amylases are known in the art and include those disclosed in US-A-5,003,257; EP-A-0252,666; WO-A-91/00353; FR-A-2,676,456; EP-A- 0 285123; EP-A-0525610; EP-A-0368341; and GB-A-1,296,839.
  • Other suitable amylases are stability-enhanced amylases described in WO-A-94/18314 and WO-A-96/05295 and amylase variants having additional modification in the immediate parent available from Novo Nordisk A S, disclosed in WO-A-95/10603.
  • amylases described in EP-A-0277 216 are also suitable.
  • ⁇ -amylases examples are Purafect Ox Am® from Genencor and Termamyl®, Ban® ,Fungamyl® and Duramyl®, all available from Novo Nordisk A S Denmark.
  • WO95/26397 describes other suitable amylases : ⁇ - amylases characterised by having a specific activity at least 25% higher than the specific activity of Termamyl® at a temperature range of 25 °C to 55°C and at a pH value in the range of 8 to 10, measured by the Phadebas® ⁇ -amylase activity assay. Suitable are variants of the above enzymes, described in WO-A-96/23873.
  • amylolytic enzymes with improved properties with respect to the activity level and the combination of thermostability and a higher activity level are described in WO-A-95/35382.
  • Preferred complementary amylases for the present invention are the amylases sold under the tradename Purafect Ox Am R described in WO- A- 94/18314, WO-A-96/05295 sold by
  • the complementary amylase is generally incorporated in detergent compositions at a level of from 0.0001% to 2%, preferably from 0.00018% to 0.06%, more preferably from 0.00024% to 0.048% pure enzyme by weight of composition.
  • a weight of pure enzyme ratio of specific amylase to the complementary amylase is comprised between 9:1 to 1 :9, more preferably between 4:1 to 1 :4, and most preferably between 2:1 and 1 :2.
  • the above-mentioned enzymes may be of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. Origin can further be mesophilic or extremophilic (psychrophilic, psychrotrophic, thermophilic, barophilic, alkalophilic, acidophilic, halophilic, etc.). Purified or non-purified forms of these enzymes may be used. Also included by definition, are mutants of native enzymes. Mutants can be obtained e.g. by protein and/or genetic engineering, chemical and/or physical modifications of native enzymes. Common practice as well is the expression of the enzyme via host organisms in which the genetic material responsible for the production of the enzyme has been cloned.
  • Enzymes are normally incorporated in detergent composition at levels from 0.0001% to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition.
  • the enzymes can be added as separate single ingredients (prills, granulates, stabilized liquids, etc... containing one enzyme ) or as mixtures of two or more enzymes ( e.g. cogranulates ).
  • enzyme oxidation scavengers which are described in copending European Patent application 92870018.6 filed on January 31, 1992.
  • enzyme oxidation scavengers are ethoxylated tetraethylene polyamines.
  • a range of enzyme materials and means for their incorporation into synthetic detergent compositions is also disclosed in WO- A-9307263, WO- A-9307260, WO-A-8908694 and US-A-3,553,139. Enzymes are further disclosed in US-A-4, 101,457 and US-A- 4,507,219. Enzyme materials useful for liquid detergent formulations, and their incorporation into such formulations, are disclosed in US-A- 4,261,868. Enzymes for use in detergents can be stabilised by various techniques. Enzyme stabilisation techniques are disclosed and exemplified in US-A-3,600,319, EP-A-0199405 and EP-A-0200586. Enzyme stabilisation systems are also described, for example, in US-A- 3,519,570. A useful Bacillus, sp. AC 13 giving proteases, xylanases and cellulases, is described in WO- A-9401532.
  • Suitable bleaching agents herein include chlorine and oxygen-releasing bleaching agents.
  • the oxygen-releasing bleaching agent contains a hydrogen peroxide source and an organic peroxyacid bleach precursor compound.
  • the production of the organic peroxyacid occurs by an in situ reaction of the precursor with a source of hydrogen peroxide.
  • Preferred sources of hydrogen peroxide include inorganic perhydrate bleaches.
  • a preformed organic peroxyacid is incorporated directly into the composition.
  • Compositions containing mixtures of a hydrogen peroxide source and organic peroxyacid precursor in combination with a preformed organic peroxyacid are also envisaged.
  • Inorganic perhydrate bleaches are also envisaged.
  • inorganic perhydrate salts include perborate, percarbonate, perphosphate, persulfate and persilicate salts.
  • the inorganic perhydrate salts are normally the alkali metal salts.
  • the inorganic perhydrate salt can be included as the crystalline solid without additional protection. For certain perhydrate salts however, a coated form of the material is used in order to provide better storage stability.
  • Sodium perborate can be in the form of the monohydrate of nominal formula
  • Alkali metal percarbonates, particularly sodium percarbonate are preferred perhydrates for inclusion herein.
  • Sodium percarbonate is an addition compound having a formula corresponding to 2Na2CO3.3H2O2, and is available commercially as a crystalline solid.
  • Sodium percarbonate, being a hydrogen peroxide addition compound tends on dissolution to release the hydrogen peroxide quite rapidly which can increase the tendency for localised high bleach concentrations to arise.
  • the percarbonate is most preferably incorporated into such compositions in a coated form which provides in-product stability.
  • a suitable coating material providing in product stability comprises mixed salt of a water soluble alkali metal sulphate and carbonate. Such coatings together with coating processes have previously been described in GB-A- 1 ,466,799.
  • the weight ratio of the mixed salt coating material to percarbonate lies in the range from 1 : 200 to 1 : 4, more preferably from 1 : 99 to 1 : 9, and most preferably from 1 : 49 to 1 : 19.
  • the mixed salt is of sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate which has the general formula Na2SO4.n.Na2CO3 wherein n is from 0.1 to 3, preferably n is from 0.3 to 1.0 and most preferably n is from 0.2 to 0.5.
  • Another suitable coating material providing in product stability comprises sodium silicate of Si ⁇ 2 : Na2 ⁇ ratio from 1.8 : 1 to 3.0 : 1, preferably
  • sodium metasilicate preferably applied at a level of from 2% to 10%, (normally from 3% to 5%>) of Si ⁇ 2 by weight of the inorganic perhydrate salt.
  • Magnesium silicate can also be included in the coating. Coatings that contain silicate and borate salts or boric acids or other inorganics are also suitable. Other coatings which contain waxes, oils, fatty soaps can also be used herein.
  • Potassium peroxymonopersulfate is another inorganic perhydrate salt of utility in the compositions herein. O 00/52130 ⁇ PCTVUSOO/05302
  • Peroxyacid bleach precursors are compounds which react with hydrogen peroxide in a perhydrolysis reaction to produce a peroxyacid.
  • peroxyacid bleach precursors may be represented as
  • L is a leaving group and X is essentially any functionality, such that on perhydrolysis the structure of the peroxyacid produced is
  • Suitable peroxyacid bleach precursor compounds typically contain one or more N- or O- acyl groups, which precursors can be selected from a wide range of classes.
  • Suitable classes include anhydrides, esters, imides, lactams and acylated derivatives of imidazoles and oximes. Examples of useful materials within these classes are disclosed in GB-A- 1586789.
  • Suitable esters are disclosed in GB-A-836988, GB-A-864798, GB-A-1147871, GB-A-2143231 and EP-A-0170386.
  • L group The leaving group, hereinafter L group, must be sufficiently reactive for the perhydrolysis reaction to occur within the optimum time frame (e.g., a wash cycle). However, if L is too reactive, this activator will be difficult to stabilise for use in a bleaching composition.
  • Preferred L groups are selected from the group consisting of:
  • R is an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing from 1 to
  • R 3 is an alkyl chain containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R 4 is H or
  • R , R is an alkenyl chain containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and Y is H or a solubilizing group. Any of R 1 , R3 and R 4 may be substituted by essentially any functional group including, for example alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, amine, nitrosyl, amide and ammonium or alkyl ammonium groups.
  • the prefened solubilizing groups are -SO.JM , -CO 2 " M , -SO JM , -N (R ) .X " and
  • M and -CO 2 M wherein R is an alkyl chain containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, M is a cation which provides solubility to the bleach activator and X is an anion which provides solubility to the bleach activator.
  • M is an alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium cation, with sodium and potassium being most preferred, and X is a halide, hydroxide, methylsulfate or acetate anion.
  • Perbenzoic acid precursor compounds provide perbenzoic acid on perhydrolysis.
  • Suitable O-acylated perbenzoic acid precursor compounds include the substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonates, including for example benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonate:
  • benzoylation products of sorbitol, glucose, and all saccharides with benzoylating agents including for example:
  • Perbenzoic acid precursor compounds of the imide type include N-benzoyl succinimide, tetrabenzoyl ethylene diamine and the N-benzoyl substituted ureas.
  • Suitable imidazole type perbenzoic acid precursors include N-benzoyl imidazole and N-benzoyl benzimidazole and other useful N-acyl group-containing perbenzoic acid precursors include N-benzoyl pyrrolidone, dibenzoyl taurine and benzoyl pyroglutamic acid.
  • Other perbenzoic acid precursors include the benzoyl diacyl peroxides, the benzoyl tetraacyl peroxides, and the compound having the formula:
  • Phthalic anhydride is another suitable perbenzoic acid precursor compound herein:
  • Suitable N-acylated lactam perbenzoic acid precursors have the formula:
  • n is from 0 to 8, preferably from 0 to 2
  • R is a benzoyl group.
  • Perbenzoic acid derivative precursors provide substituted perbenzoic acids on perhydrolysis.
  • Suitable substituted perbenzoic acid derivative precursors include any of the herein disclosed perbenzoic precursors in which the benzoyl group is substituted by essentially any non-positively charged (i.e.; non-cationic) functional group including, for example alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, amine, nitrosyl and amide groups.
  • a preferred class of substituted perbenzoic acid precursor compounds are the amide substituted compounds of the following general formulae:
  • Ri is an aryl or alkaryl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms
  • R 2 is an arylene, or alkarylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms
  • R ⁇ is H or an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and L can be essentially any leaving group.
  • Ri preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • R 2 preferably contains from 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • R* may be aryl, substituted aryl or alkylaryl containing branching, substitution, or both and may be sourced from either synthetic sources or natural sources including for example, tallow fat. Analogous structural variations are permissible for R 2 .
  • substitution can include alkyl, aryl, halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other typical substituent groups or organic compounds.
  • R ⁇ is preferably H or methyl.
  • R and R ⁇ should not contain more than 18 carbon atoms in total. Amide substituted bleach activator compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.
  • Cationic peroxyacid precursor compounds produce cationic peroxyacids on perhydrolysis.
  • cationic peroxyacid precursors are formed by substituting the peroxyacid part of a suitable peroxyacid precursor compound with a positively charged functional group, such as an ammonium or alkyl ammonium group, preferably an ethyl or methyl ammonium group.
  • Cationic peroxyacid precursors are typically present in the compositions as a salt with a suitable anion, such as for example a halide ion or a methylsulfate ion.
  • the peroxyacid precursor compound to be so cationically substituted may be a perbenzoic acid, or substituted derivative thereof, precursor compound as described hereinbefore.
  • the peroxyacid precursor compound may be an alkyl percarboxylic acid precursor compound or an amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursor as described hereinafter
  • Cationic peroxyacid precursors are described in US-A-4,904,406; US-A-4,751,015; US- A-4,988,451; US-A-4,397,757; US-A-5,269,962; US-A-5,127,852; US-A-5,093,022; US- A-5,106,528; GB-A-1,382,594; EP-A-0475512, EP-A-0458396 and EP-A-0284292; and in JP87-318,332.
  • Suitable cationic peroxyacid precursors include any of the ammonium or alkyl ammonium substituted alkyl or benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonates, N-acylated caprolactams, and monobenzoyltetraacetyl glucose benzoyl peroxides.
  • a preferred cationically substituted benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonate is the 4-(trimethyl ammonium) methyl derivative of benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonate:
  • a preferred cationically substituted alkyl oxybenzene sulfonate has the formula:
  • Preferred cationic peroxyacid precursors of the N-acylated caprolactam class include the trialkyl ammonium methylene benzoyl caprolactams, particularly trimethyl ammonium methylene benzoyl caprolactam:
  • N-acylated caprolactam class examples include the trialkyl ammonium methylene alkyl caprolactams:
  • n is from 0 to 12, particularly from 1 to 5.
  • Another preferred cationic peroxyacid precursor is 2-(N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium) ethyl sodium 4-sulphophenyl carbonate chloride.
  • Alkyl percarboxylic acid bleach precursors form percarboxylic acids on perhydrolysis.
  • Preferred precursors of this type provide peracetic acid on perhydrolysis.
  • Preferred alkyl percarboxylic precursor compounds of the imide type include the N- ,N,N ⁇ N1 tetra acetylated alkylene diamines wherein the alkylene group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly those compounds in which the alkylene group contains 1 , 2 and 6 carbon atoms. Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) is particularly preferred.
  • TAED Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine
  • alkyl percarboxylic acid precursors include sodium 3,5,5-tri-methyl hexanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (iso-NOBS), sodium nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS), sodium acetoxybenzene sulfonate (ABS) and penta acetyl glucose.
  • Amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursor compounds are also suitable, including those of the following general formulae:
  • Ri is an alkyl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms
  • R 2 is an alkylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms
  • R ⁇ is H or an alkyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and L can be essentially any leaving group.
  • Ri preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • R 2 preferably contains from 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • R* may be straight chain or branched alkyl containing branching, substitution, or both and may be sourced from either synthetic sources or natural sources including for example, tallow fat. Analogous structural variations are permissible for R 2 .
  • the substitution can include alkyl, halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other typical substituent groups or organic compounds.
  • R ⁇ is preferably H or methyl.
  • R and R ⁇ should not contain more than 18 carbon atoms in total. Amide substituted bleach activator compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.
  • precursor compounds of the benzoxazin-type as disclosed for example in EP-A-0332294 and EP-A-0482807, particularly those having the formula:
  • R is H, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, and wherein R ⁇ , R ⁇ , R, and R ⁇ may be the same or different substituents selected from H, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, alkyl amino, COOR fi (wherein R fi is H or an alkyl group) and carbonyl functions.
  • An especially preferred precursor of the benzoxazin-type is:
  • a suitable class of organic peroxyacid compounds are the amide substituted compounds of the following general formulae:
  • R* is an alkyl, aryl or alkaryl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms
  • R 2 is an alkylene, arylene, and alkarylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms
  • R ⁇ > is H or an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • Ri preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • R 2 preferably contains from 4 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • Ri may be straight chain or branched alkyl, substituted aryl or alkylaryl containing branching, substitution, or both and may be sourced from either synthetic sources or natural sources including for example, tallow fat. Analogous structural variations are permissible for R 2 .
  • substitution can include alkyl, aryl, halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other typical substituent groups or organic compounds.
  • R ⁇ is preferably H or methyl.
  • R* and R ⁇ should not contain more than 18 carbon atoms in total. Amide substituted organic peroxyacid compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.
  • organic peroxyacids include diacyl and tetraacylperoxides, especially diperoxydodecanedioc acid, diperoxytetradecanedioc acid, and diperoxyhexadecanedioc acid.
  • Dibenzoyl peroxide is a preferred organic peroxyacid herein.
  • Mono- and diperazelaic acid, mono- and diperbrassylic acid, and N-phthaloylaminoperoxicaproic acid are also suitable herein.
  • Controlled rate of release - means
  • a means may be provided for controlling the rate of release of bleaching agent, particularly oxygen bleach to the wash solution.
  • Means for controlling the rate of release of the bleach may provide for controlled release of peroxide species to the wash solution.
  • Such means could, for example, include controlling the release of any inorganic perhydrate salt, acting as a hydrogen peroxide source, to the wash solution.
  • Suitable controlled release means can include confining the bleach to one portion of the composition.
  • Another mechanism for controlling the rate of release of bleach may be by coating the bleach with a coating designed to provide the controlled release.
  • the coating may therefore, for example, comprise a poorly water soluble material, or be a coating of sufficient thickness that the kinetics of dissolution of the thick coating provide the controlled rate of release.
  • the coating material may be applied using various methods. Any coating material is typically present at a weight ratio of coating material to bleach of from 1 :99 to 1:2, preferably from 1 :49 to 1:9.
  • Suitable coating materials include triglycerides (e.g. partially) hydrogenated vegetable oil, soy bean oil, cotton seed oil) mono or diglycerides, macrocrystalline waxes, gelatin, cellulose, fatty acids and any mixtures thereof.
  • Other suitable coating materials can comprise the alkali and alkaline earth metal sulphates, silicates and carbonates, including calcium carbonate and silicas.
  • a preferred coating material particularly for an inorganic perhydrate salt bleach source, comprises sodium silicate of SiO 2 : Na 2 O ratio from 1.8 : 1 to 3.0 : 1, preferably 1.8:1 to
  • sodium metasilicate preferably applied at a level of from 2% to 10%, (normally from 3% to 5%) of Si ⁇ 2 by weight of the inorganic perhydrate salt.
  • Magnesium silicate can also be included in the coating.
  • Suitable binders include the C10-C20 alcohol ethoxylates containing from 5 - 100 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol and more preferably the C15-C20 primary alcohol ethoxylates containing from 20 - 100 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
  • binders include certain polymeric materials.
  • Polyvinylpyrrolidones with an average molecular weight of from 12,000 to 700,000 and polyethylene glycols (PEG) with an average molecular weight of from 600 to 5 x 10 ⁇ preferably 1000 to 400,000 most preferably 1000 to 10,000 are examples of such polymeric materials.
  • Copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene, methylvinyl ether or methacrylic acid, the maleic anhydride constituting at least 20 mole percent of the polymer are further examples of polymeric materials useful as binder agents.
  • polymeric materials may be used as such or in combination with solvents such as water, propylene glycol and the above mentioned C ⁇ )-C 2 o alcohol ethoxylates containing from 5 - 100 moles of ethylene oxide per mole.
  • solvents such as water, propylene glycol and the above mentioned C ⁇ )-C 2 o alcohol ethoxylates containing from 5 - 100 moles of ethylene oxide per mole.
  • binders include the CIQ-C 2 O mono- and diglycerol ethers and also the C ⁇ o-C o fatty acids.
  • Cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, and homo- or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts are other examples of binders suitable for use herein.
  • One method for applying the coating material involves agglomeration.
  • Preferred agglomeration processes include the use of any of the organic binder materials described hereinabove. Any conventional agglomerator/mixer may be used including, but not limited to pan, rotary drum and vertical blender types. Molten coating compositions may also be applied either by being poured onto, or spray atomized onto a moving bed of bleaching agent.
  • Suitable means of providing the required controlled release include mechanical means for altering the physical characteristics of the bleach to control its solubility and rate of release. Suitable protocols could include compression, mechanical injection, manual injection, and adjustment of the solubility of the bleach compound by selection of particle size of any particulate component.
  • particle size Whilst the choice of particle size will depend both on the composition of the particulate component, and the desire to meet the desired controlled release kinetics, it is desirable that the particle size should be more than 500 micrometers, preferably having an average particle diameter of from 800 to 1200 micrometers.
  • Additional protocols for providing the means of controlled release include the suitable choice of any other components of the composition such that when the composition is introduced to the wash solution the ionic strength environment therein provided enables the required controlled release kinetics to be achieved.
  • Metal-containing bleach catalyst
  • Bleach-cintaining compositions herein can additionally contain a metal containing bleach catalyst.
  • the metal containing bleach catalyst is a transition metal containing bleach catalyst, more preferably a manganese or cobalt-containing bleach catalyst.
  • a suitable type of bleach catalyst is a catalyst comprising a heavy metal cation of defined bleach catalytic activity, such as copper, iron cations, an auxiliary metal cation having little or no bleach catalytic activity, such as zinc or aluminium cations, and a sequestrant having defined stability constants for the catalytic and auxiliary metal cations, particularly ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) and water-soluble salts thereof.
  • a heavy metal cation of defined bleach catalytic activity such as copper, iron cations
  • an auxiliary metal cation having little or no bleach catalytic activity such as zinc or aluminium cations
  • a sequestrant having defined stability constants for the catalytic and auxiliary metal cations, particularly ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) and water-soluble salts thereof.
  • Preferred types of bleach catalysts include the manganese-based complexes disclosed in US-A- 5,246,621 and US-A-5,244,594. Preferred examples of these catalysts include Mn IV (u-O)3(l,4,7-trimethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane) 2 -(PF6) 2 , Mn ⁇ 2 (u-O) ⁇ (u-
  • ligands suitable for use herein include l,5,9-trimethyl-l,5,9- triazacyclododecane, 2-methyl- 1 ,4,7-triazacyclononane, 2-methyl- 1 ,4,7- triazacyclononane, l,2,4,7-tetramethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane, and mixtures thereof.
  • Still another type of bleach catalyst is a water-soluble complex of manganese (III), and/or (IV) with a ligand which is a non-carboxylate polyhydroxy compound having at least three consecutive C-OH groups.
  • Preferred ligands include sorbitol, iditol, dulsitol, mannitol, xylithol, arabitol, adonitol, meso- erythritol, meso-inositol, lactose, and mixtures thereof.
  • US-A-5,114,611 teaches a bleach catalyst comprising a complex of transition metals, including Mn, Co, Fe, or Cu, with an non-(macro)-cyclic ligand.
  • Said ligands are of the formula: R 2 R 3
  • B is a bridging group selected from O, S. CR5R6.
  • R ⁇ , R6, and R ⁇ can each be H, alkyl, or aryl groups, including substituted or unsubstituted groups.
  • Preferred ligands include pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, and triazole rings. Optionally, said rings may be substituted with substituents such as alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, halide, and nitro. Particularly preferred is the ligand 2,2'-bispyridylamine.
  • Preferred bleach catalysts include Co, Cu,
  • catalysts include Co(2,2'-bispyridylamine)Cl 2 , Di(isothiocyanato)bispyridylamine-cobalt (II), trisdipyridylamine-cobalt(II) perchlorate, Co(2,2-bispyridylamine) 2 ⁇ 2Cl ⁇ 4, Bis-(2,2'- bispyridylamine) copper(II) perchlorate, tris(di-2-pyridylamine) iron(II) perchlorate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred examples include binuclear Mn complexes with tetra-N-dentate and bi-N- dentate ligands, including N4MnIH(u-O)2Mnr N4) + and [Bipy2Mn ⁇ (u-
  • the bleach-catalyzing manganese complexes have not generally been elucidated, it may be speculated that they comprise chelates or other hydrated coordination complexes which result from the interaction of the carboxyl and nitrogen atoms of the ligand with the manganese cation.
  • the oxidation state of the manganese cation during the catalytic process is not known with certainty, and may be the (+11), (+III), (+IV) or (+V) valence state. Due to the ligands' possible six points of attachment to the manganese cation, it may be reasonably speculated that multi-nuclear species and/or "cage" structures may exist in the aqueous bleaching media. Whatever the form of the active Mn-ligand species which actually exists, it functions in an apparently catalytic manner to provide improved bleaching performances on stubborn stains such as tea, ketchup, coffee, wine, juice, and the like.
  • bleach catalysts are described, for example, in EP-A-0408131 (cobalt complex catalysts), EP-A-0384503, and EP-A-0306089 (metallo-porphyrin catalysts), US-A- 4,728,455 (manganese/multidentate ligand catalyst), US-A-4,711,748 and EP-A-0224952, (absorbed manganese on aluminosilicate catalyst), US-A-4,601,845 (aluminosilicate support with manganese and zinc or magnesium salt), US-A-4,626,373 (manganese/ligand catalyst), US-A- 4,119,557 (ferric complex catalyst), DE-A-2,054,019 (cobalt chelant catalyst), CA-A-866,191 (transition metal-containing salts), US-A- 4,430,243 (chelants with manganese cations and non-catalytic metal cations), and US-A- 4,728,455 (manganese glu
  • Preferred cobalt catalysts of this type have the formula:
  • the preferred cobalt catalyst of this type useful herein are cobalt pentaamine chloride salts having the formula [Co(NH 3 ) 5 Cl] Y y , and especially [Co(NH 3 ) 5 Cl]Cl2.
  • T are selected from the group consisting of chloride, iodide, I3", formate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, citrate, acetate, carbonate, bromide, PF6 “ , BF4", B(Ph)4 " , phosphate, phosphite, silicate, tosylate, methanesulfonate, and combinations thereof.
  • T can be protonated if more than one anionic group exists in T, e.g., HPO4"- " ,
  • T may be selected from the group consisting of non- traditional inorganic anions such as anionic surfactants (e.g., linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl sulfates (AS), alkylethoxysulfonates (AES), etc.) and/or anionic polymers (e.g., polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, etc.).
  • anionic surfactants e.g., linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl sulfates (AS), alkylethoxysulfonates (AES), etc.
  • anionic polymers e.g., polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, etc.
  • the M moieties include, but are not limited to, for example, F “ , SO4 ⁇ 2, NCS", SCN “ , S2 ⁇ 3 " 2, NH3, PO43-, and carboxylates (which preferably are mono-carboxylates, but more than one carboxylate may be present in the moiety as long as the binding to the cobalt is by only one carboxylate per moiety, in which case the other carboxylate in the M moiety may be protonated or in its salt form).
  • carboxylates which preferably are mono-carboxylates, but more than one carboxylate may be present in the moiety as long as the binding to the cobalt is by only one carboxylate per moiety, in which case the other carboxylate in the M moiety may be protonated or in its salt form).
  • M can be protonated if more than one anionic group exists in M (e.g., HPO4 2 -, HCO3-, H2PO4-, HOC(O)CH 2 C(O)O- , etc.)
  • Preferred M moieties are substituted and unsubstituted C1-C30 carboxylic acids having the formulas: RC(O)O-
  • R is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C30 (preferably C -C 3) unsubstituted and substituted alkyl, C6-C30 (preferably Cg-C ) unsubstituted and substituted aryl, and C3-C30 (preferably C5-C18) unsubstituted and substituted heteroaryl, wherein substituents are selected from the group consisting of - NR'3, -NR' + , -C(O)OR', -OR * , -C(O)NR' 2 , wherein R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Ci-Cg moieties.
  • Such substituted R therefore include the moieties -(CH2) n OH and -(CH2) n NR'4 + , wherein n is an integer from 1 to 16, preferably from 2 to 10, and most preferably from 2 to 5.
  • M are carboxylic acids having the formula above wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, straight or branched C4- C 12 alkyl, and benzyl. Most preferred R is methyl.
  • Preferred carboxylic acid M moieties include formic, benzoic, octanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, malonic, maleic, succinic, adipic, phthalic, 2-ethylhexanoic, naphthenoic, oleic, palmitic, triflate, tartrate, stearic, butyric, citric, acrylic, aspartic, fumaric, lauric, linoleic, lactic, malic, and especially acetic acid.
  • the B moieties include carbonate, di- and higher carboxylates (e.g., oxalate, malonate, malic, succinate, maleate), picolinic acid, and alpha and beta amino acids (e.g., glycine, alanine, beta-alanine, phenylalanine).
  • carboxylates e.g., oxalate, malonate, malic, succinate, maleate
  • picolinic acid e.g., glycine, alanine, beta-alanine, phenylalanine.
  • Cobalt bleach catalysts useful herein are known, being described for example along with their base hydrolysis rates, in M. L. Tobe, "Base Hydrolysis of Transition-Metal Complexes", Adv. Inorg. Bioinorg. Mech., (1983), 2, pages 1-94.
  • cobalt pentaamine acetate salts having the formula [Co(NH3)5OAc] T y , wherein OAc represents an acetate moiety, and especially cobalt pentaamine acetate chloride, [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc]Cl2; as well as [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc](OAc)2; [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc](PF 6 ) 2 ; [Co(NH 3 )5OAc](SO 4 ); [Co(NH3) 5 OAc](BF 4 )2; and [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc](NO3)2 (herein "PAC").
  • PAC cobalt pentaamine acetate salts having the formula [Co(NH3)5OAc] T y , wherein OAc represents an acetate moiety, and especially cobalt pentaamine acetate chloride, [Co(NH 3 ) 5 OAc]Cl2; as well as [Co(
  • cobalt catalysts are readily prepared by known procedures, such as taught for example in the Tobe article hereinbefore and the references cited therein, in US-A- 4,810,410, to Diakun et al, issued March 7,1989, J. Chem. Ed. (1989.. 66 (12), 1043-45; The Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds, W.L. Jolly (Prentice-Hall; 1970), pp. 461-3; Inorg. Chem.. 18, 1497-1502 (1979); Inorg. Chem.. 21, 2881-2885 (1982); Inorg. Chem.. 18, 2023-2025 (1979); Inorg. Synthesis, 173-176 (1960); and Journal of Physical Chemistry. 56. 22-25 (1952); as well as the synthesis examples provided hereinafter.
  • Cobalt catalysts suitable for incorporation into the detergent tablets of the present invention may be produced according to the synthetic routes disclosed in US-A- 5,559,261, US-A-5,581,005, and US-A-5,597,936.
  • catalysts may be co-processed with adjunct materials so as to reduce the colour impact if desired for the aesthetics of the product, or to be included in enzyme-containing particles as exemplified hereinafter, or the compositions may be manufactured to contain catalyst "speckles".
  • Organic polymeric compounds may be added as preferred components of the detergent tablets in accord with the invention.
  • organic polymeric compound it is meant essentially any polymeric organic compound commonly found in detergent compositions having dispersant, anti-redeposition, soil release agents or other detergency properties.
  • organic polymeric compounds include the water soluble organic homo- or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids, modified polycarboxylates or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxyl radicals separated from each other by not more than two carbon atoms. Polymers of the latter type are disclosed in GB-A- 1,596,756.
  • salts are polyacrylates of molecular weight 2000-10000 and their copolymers with any suitable other monomer units including modified acrylic, fumaric, maleic, itaconic, aconitic, mesaconic, citraconic and methylenemalonic acid or their salts, maleic anhydride, acrylamide, alkylene, vinylmethyl ether, styrene and any mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred are the copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride having a molecular weight of from 20,000 to 100,000.
  • Preferred commercially available acrylic acid containing polymers having a molecular weight below 15,000 include those sold under the tradename Sokalan PA30, PA20, PA15, PA10 and Sokalan CP10 by BASF GmbH, and those sold under the tradename Acusol 45N, 480N, 460N by Rohm and Haas.
  • Preferred acrylic acid containing copolymers include those which contain as monomer units: a) from 90% to 10%, preferably from 80% to 20% by weight acrylic acid or its salts and b) from 10% to 90%, preferably from 20% to 80% by weight of a substituted acrylic monomer or its salts having the general formula -[CR2-CR ⁇ (CO-O-R3)]- wherein at least one of the substituents R ⁇ , R2 or R3, preferably Ri or R2 is a 1 to 4 carbon alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group, Ri or R2 can be a hydrogen and R3 can be a hydrogen or alkali metal salt. Most preferred is a substituted acrylic monomer wherein Ri is methyl, R2 is hydrogen (i.e. a methacrylic acid monomer).
  • the most preferred copolymer of this type has a molecular weight of 3500 and contains 60% to 80% by weight of acrylic acid and 40%) to 20% by weight of methacrylic acid.
  • polyamine and modified polyamine compounds are useful herein including those derived from aspartic acid such as those disclosed in EP-A-0305282, EP-A-0305283 and EP-A-0351629.
  • Other optional polymers may polyvinyl alcohols and acetates both modified and non- modified, cellulosics and modified cellulosics, polyoxyethylenes, polyoxypropylenes, and copolymers thereof, both modified and non-modified, terephthalate esters of ethylene or propylene glycol or mixtures thereof with polyoxyalkylene units. Suitable examples are disclosed in US-A-5,591,703, US-A-5,597,789 and US-A-4,490,271.
  • Suitable polymeric soil release agents include those soil release agents having: (a) one or more nonionic hydrophile components consisting essentially of (i) polyoxyethylene segments with a degree of polymerization of at least 2, or (ii) oxypropylene or polyoxypropylene segments with a degree of polymerization of from 2 to 10, wherein said hydrophile segment does not encompass any oxypropylene unit unless it is bonded to adjacent moieties at each end by ether linkages, or (iii) a mixture of oxyalkylene units comprising oxyethylene and from 1 to 30 oxypropylene units, said hydrophile segments preferably comprising at least 25%> oxyethylene units and more preferably, especially for such components having 20 to 30 oxypropylene units, at least 50% oxyethylene units; or (b) one or more hydrophobe components comprising (i) C3 oxyalkylene terephthalate segments, wherein, if said hydrophobe components also comprise oxyethylene terephthalate, the ratio of oxyethylene
  • poly (vinyl ester) segments preferably polyvinyl acetate, having a degree of polymerization of at least 2, or (iv) C1-C4 alkyl ether or C4 hydroxyalkyl ether substituents, or mixtures therein, wherein said substituents are present in the form of Ci- C4 alkyl ether or C4 hydroxyalkyl ether cellulose derivatives, or mixtures therein, or a combination of (a) and (b).
  • the polyoxyethylene segments of (a)(i) will have a degree of polymerization of from 200, although higher levels can be used, preferably from 3 to 150, more preferably from 6 to 100.
  • Suitable oxy C4-C6 alkylene hydrophobe segments include, but are not limited to, end-caps of polymeric soil release agents such as M ⁇ 3S(CH2) n OCH2CH2 ⁇ -, where M is sodium and n is an integer from 4-6, as disclosed in US-A-4,721,580.
  • Polymeric soil release agents useful herein also include cellulosic derivatives such as hydroxyether cellulosic polymers, copolymeric blocks of ethylene terephthalate or propylene terephthalate with polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide terephthalate, and the like. Such agents are commercially available and include hydroxyethers of cellulose such as METHOCEL (Dow). Cellulosic soil release agents for use herein also include those selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alkyl and C4 hydroxyalkyl cellulose; see US-A-4,000,093.
  • Soil release agents characterized by poly( vinyl ester) hydrophobe segments include graft copolymers of poly(vinyl ester), e.g., Ci-Cg vinyl esters, preferably poly(vinyl acetate) grafted onto polyalkylene oxide backbones, such as polyethylene oxide backbones. See EP-A-0219048.
  • Another suitable soil release agent is a copolymer having random blocks of ethylene terephthalate and polyethylene oxide (PEO) terephthalate.
  • the molecular weight of this polymeric soil release agent is in the range of from 25,000 to 55,000. See US-A- 3,959,230 and US-A-3,893,929.
  • Another suitable polymeric soil release agent is a polyester with repeat units of ethylene terephthalate units contains 10-15% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units together with 90-80% by weight of poly oxy ethylene terephthalate units, derived from a polyoxyethylene glycol of average molecular weight 300-5,000.
  • Another suitable polymeric soil release agent is a sulfonated product of a substantially linear ester oligomer comprised of an oligomeric ester backbone of terephthaloyl and oxyalkyleneoxy repeat units and terminal moieties covalently attached to the backbone.
  • These soil release agents are described fully in US-A-4,968,451.
  • Other suitable polymeric soil release agents include the terephthalate polyesters of US-A-4,711 ,730, the anionic end-capped oligomeric esters of US-A-4,721,580 and the block polyester oligomeric compounds of US-A-4,702,857.
  • Other polymeric soil release agents also include the soil release agents of US-A-4,877,896 which discloses anionic, especially sul- foarolyl, end-capped terephthalate esters.
  • Another soil release agent is an oligomer with repeat units of terephthaloyl units, sulfoisoterephthaloyl units, oxyethyleneoxy and oxy-l,2-propylene units.
  • the repeat units form the backbone of the oligomer and are preferably terminated with modified isethionate end-caps.
  • a particularly preferred soil release agent of this type comprises one sulfoisophthaloyl unit, 5 terephthaloyl units, oxyethyleneoxy and oxy- 1,2- propyleneoxy units in a ratio of from 1.7 to 1.8, and two end-cap units of sodium 2-(2- hydroxyethoxy)-ethanesulfonate.
  • the tablets of the invention preferably contain as an optional component a heavy metal ion sequestrant.
  • heavy metal ion sequestrant it is meant herein components which act to sequester (chelate) heavy metal ions. These components may also have calcium and magnesium chelation capacity, but preferentially they show selectivity to binding heavy metal ions such as iron, manganese and copper.
  • Heavy metal ion sequestrants which are acidic in nature, having for example phosphonic acid or carboxylic acid functionalities, may be present either in their acid form or as a complex/salt with a suitable counter cation such as an alkali or alkaline metal ion, ammonium, or substituted ammonium ion, or any mixtures thereof.
  • a suitable counter cation such as an alkali or alkaline metal ion, ammonium, or substituted ammonium ion, or any mixtures thereof.
  • any salts/complexes are water soluble.
  • the molar ratio of said counter cation to the heavy metal ion sequestrant is preferably at least 1:1.
  • Suitable heavy metal ion sequestrants for use herein include organic phosphonates, such as the amino alkylene poly (alkylene phosphonates), alkali metal ethane 1 -hydroxy disphosphonates and nitrilo trimethylene phosphonates.
  • organic phosphonates such as the amino alkylene poly (alkylene phosphonates), alkali metal ethane 1 -hydroxy disphosphonates and nitrilo trimethylene phosphonates.
  • Preferred among the above species are diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) hexamethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonate) and hydroxy-ethylene- 1 , 1 -diphosphonate.
  • Suitable heavy metal ion sequestrant for use herein include nitrilotriacetic acid and polyaminocarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminotetracetic acid, ethylenetriamine pentacetic acid, ethylenediamine disuccinic acid, ethylenediamine diglutaric acid, 2- hydroxypropylenediamine disuccinic acid or any salts thereof.
  • EDDS ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid
  • alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, or substituted ammonium salts thereof, or mixtures thereof Especially preferred is ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) or the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, or substituted ammonium salts thereof, or mixtures thereof.
  • Preferred EDDS compounds are the free acid form and the sodium or magnesium salt or complex thereof.
  • the detergent tablets preferably contain a crystal growth inhibitor component, preferably an organodiphosphonic acid component, incorporated preferably at a level of from 0.01% to 5%, more preferably from 0.1% to 2% by weight of the compositions.
  • a crystal growth inhibitor component preferably an organodiphosphonic acid component
  • organo diphosphonic acid it is meant herein an organo diphosphonic acid which does not contain nitrogen as part of its chemical structure. This definition therefore excludes the organo aminophosphonates, which however may be included in compositions of the invention as heavy metal ion sequestrant components.
  • the organo diphosphonic acid is preferably a C -C4 diphosphonic acid, more preferably a C2 diphosphonic acid, such as ethylene diphosphonic acid, or most preferably ethane 1- hydroxy- 1,1 -diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and may be present in partially or fully ionized form, particularly as a salt or complex.
  • HEDP ethane 1- hydroxy- 1,1 -diphosphonic acid
  • compositions herein optionally contains a water-soluble sulfate salt.
  • the water-soluble sulfate salt is at the level of from 0.1 % to 40%, more preferably from 1 % to 30%), most preferably from 5% to 25% by weight of composition.
  • the water-soluble sulfate salt may be essentially any salt of sulfate with any counter cation.
  • Preferred salts are selected from the sulfates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, particularly sodium sulfate.
  • a suitable alkali metal silicate is sodium silicate having an SiO 2 :Na 2 O ratio of from 1.8 to 3.0, preferably from 1.8 to 2.4, most preferably 2.0.
  • Sodium silicate is preferably present at a level of less than 20%>, preferably from 1%> to 15%, most preferably from 3% to 12%) by weight of SiO 2 .
  • the alkali metal silicate may be in the form of either the anhydrous salt or a hydrated salt.
  • compositions herein can also contain sodium metasilicate, present at a level of at least 0.4%> SiO 2 by weight.
  • Sodium metasilicate has a nominal SiO 2 : Na 2 O ratio of 1.0.
  • the weight ratio of said sodium silicate to said sodium metasilicate, measured as SiO is preferably from 50:1 to 5:4, more preferably from 15:1 to 2:1, most preferably from 10:1 to 5:2.
  • colourant means any substance that absorbs specific wavelengths of light from the visible light spectrum. Such colourants when added to a detergent composition have the effect of changing the visible colour and thus the appearance of the detergent composition.
  • Colourants may be for example either dyes or pigments.
  • the colourants are stable in composition in which they are to be incorporated. Thus in a composition of high pH the colourant is preferably alkali stable and in a composition of low pH the colourant is preferably acid stable.
  • suitable dyes include reactive dyes, direct dyes, azo dyes.
  • Preferred dyes include phthalocyanine dyes, anthraquinone dye, quinoline dyes, monoazo, disazo and polyazo. More preferred dyes include anthraquinone, quinoline and monoazo dyes.
  • Preferred dyes include SANDOLAN E-HRL 180% (tradename), SANDOLAN MILLING BLUE (tradename), TURQUOISE ACID BLUE (tradename) and SANDOLAN BRILLIANT GREEN (tradename) all available from Clariant UK, HEXACOL QUINOLINE YELLOW (tradename) and HEXACOL BRILLIANT BLUE (tradename) both available from Pointings, UK, ULTRA MARINE BLUE (tradename) available from Holliday or LEVAFIX TURQUISE BLUE EBA (tradename) available from Bayer, USA.
  • the colourant may be incorporated by any suitable method. Suitable methods include mixing all or selected detergent components with a colourant in a drum or spraying all or selected detergent components with the colourant in a rotating drum.
  • Colourant is typically added at a level of from 0.001% to 1.5%, preferably from 0.01% to 1.0%, most preferably from 0.1% to 0.3% by weight of composition.
  • compositions herein can contain a corrosion inhibitor preferably selected from organic silver coating agents, particularly paraffin, nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds and Mn(II) compounds, particularly Mn(II) salts of organic ligands.
  • a corrosion inhibitor preferably selected from organic silver coating agents, particularly paraffin, nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds and Mn(II) compounds, particularly Mn(II) salts of organic ligands.
  • Organic silver coating agents are described in WO-A-94/16047 and EP-A-690122.
  • Nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds are disclosed in EP-A-0634478.
  • Mn(II) compounds for use in corrosion inhibition are described in EP-A-0672 749.
  • the functional role of the silver coating agent is to form 'in use' a protective coating layer on any silverware components of the washload to which the compositions of the invention are being applied.
  • the silver coating agent should hence have a high affinity for attachment to solid silver surfaces, particularly when present in as a component of an aqueous washing and bleaching solution with which the solid silver surfaces are being treated.
  • Suitable organic silver coating agents herein include fatty esters of mono- or polyhydric alcohols having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
  • the fatty acid portion of the fatty ester can be obtained from mono- or poly-carboxylic acids having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
  • monocarboxylic fatty acids include behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid and ⁇ , ⁇ '- dihydroxyisobutyric acid.
  • suitable polycarboxylic acids include: n-butyl-malonic acid, isocitric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, malic acid and succinic acid.
  • the fatty alcohol radical in the fatty ester can be represented by mono- or polyhydric alcohols having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain.
  • suitable fatty alcohols include; behenyl, arachidyl, cocoyl, oleyl and lauryl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, ethanol, isopropanol, vinyl alcohol, diglycerol, xylitol, sucrose, erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol or sorbitan.
  • the fatty acid and/or fatty alcohol group of the fatty ester adjunct material have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain.
  • Preferred fatty esters herein are ethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitan esters wherein the fatty acid portion of the ester normally comprises a species selected from behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid or myristic acid.
  • glycerol esters are also highly preferred. These are the mono-, di- or tri-esters of glycerol and the fatty acids as defined above.
  • fatty alcohol esters for use herein include: stearyl acetate, palmityl di-lactate, cocoyl isobutyrate, oleyl maleate, oleyl dimaleate , and tallowyl proprionate.
  • Fatty acid esters useful herein include: xylitol monopalmitate, pentaerythritol monostearate, sucrose monostearate, glycerol monostearate, ethylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan esters.
  • Suitable sorbitan esters include sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monomyristate, sorbitan monobehenate, sorbitan mono-oleate, sorbitan dilaurate, sorbitan distearate, sorbitan dibehenate, sorbitan dioleate, and also mixed tallowalkyl sorbitan mono- and di-esters.
  • Glycerol monostearate, glycerol mono-oleate, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol monobehenate, and glycerol distearate are preferred glycerol esters herein.
  • Suitable organic silver coating agents include triglycerides, mono or diglycerides, and wholly or partially hydrogenated derivatives thereof, and any mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable sources of fatty acid esters include vegetable and fish oils and animal fats. Suitable vegetable oils include soy bean oil, cotton seed oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm oil and corn oil.
  • Waxes including microcrystalline waxes are suitable organic silver coating agents herein.
  • Preferred waxes have a melting point in the range from 35°C to 110°C and comprise generally from 12 to 70 carbon atoms.
  • Preferred are petroleum waxes of the paraffin and microcrystalline type which are composed of long-chain saturated hydrocarbon compounds.
  • Alginates and gelatin are suitable organic silver coating agents herein.
  • Dialkyl amine oxides such as CI -C 2 Q methylamine oxide, and dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds and salts, such as the C 2 -C 2 Q methylammonium halides are also suitable.
  • organic silver coating agents include certain polymeric materials.
  • perfume materials particularly those demonstrating a high substantivity for metallic surfaces, are also useful as the organic silver coating agents herein.
  • Polymeric soil release agents can also be used as an organic silver coating agent.
  • a preferred organic silver coating agent is a paraffin oil, typically a predominantly branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having a number of carbon atoms in the range of from 20 to 50; preferred paraffin oil selected from predominantly branched C 2 5_45 species with a ratio of cyclic to noncyclic hydrocarbons of from 1 :10 to 2:1, preferably from 1 :5 to 1 :1.
  • Suitable nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds include imidazole and derivatives thereof such as benzimidazole, 2-heptadecyl imidazole and those imidazole derivatives described in Czech Patent No. 139, 279 and GB-A- 1,137,741, which also discloses a method for making imidazole compounds.
  • nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds are pyrazole compounds and their derivatives, particularly those where the pyrazole is substituted in any of the 1, 3, 4 or 5 positions by substituents R ⁇ , R3, R4 and R5 where R is any of H,
  • R3 and R5 are any of C -C20 alkyl or hydroxyl, and R4 is any ofH, NH 2 or NO 2 .
  • nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds include benzotriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, l-phenyl-5-mercapto-l,2,3,4-tetrazole, thionalide, morpholine, melamine, distearylamine, stearoyl stearamide, cyanuric acid, aminotriazole, aminotetrazole and indazole.
  • Nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines, especially distearylamine and ammonium compounds such as ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen citrate are also suitable.
  • the Mn(II) compound is preferably incorporated at a level to provide from 0.1 ppm to 250 ppm, more preferably from 0.5 ppm to 50 ppm, most preferably from 1 ppm to 20 ppm by weight of Mn(II) ions in bleaching solution.
  • the Mn (II) compound may be an inorganic salt in anhydrous, or any hydrated forms. Suitable salts include manganese sulphate, manganese carbonate, manganese phosphate, manganese nitrate, manganese acetate and manganese chloride.
  • the Mn(II) compound may be a salt or complex of an organic fatty acid such as manganese acetate or manganese stearate.
  • the Mn(II) compound may be a salt or complex of an organic ligand.
  • the organic ligand is a heavy metal ion sequestrant.
  • the organic ligand is a crystal growth inhibitor.
  • additional corrosion inhibitor compounds include, mercaptans and diols, especially mercaptans with 4 to 20 carbon atoms including lauryl mercaptan, thiophenol, thionapthol, thionalide and thioanthranol. Also suitable are saturated or unsaturated C ⁇ o ⁇ C 2 o fatty acids, or their salts, especially aluminium tristearate. The C ⁇ 2 -C 2 o hydroxy fatty acids, or their salts, are also suitable. Phosphonated octa-decane and other anti- oxidants such as betahydroxytoluene (BHT) are also suitable.
  • BHT betahydroxytoluene
  • Copolymers of butadiene and maleic acid particularly those supplied under the trade reference no. 07787 by Polysciences Inc have been found to be of particular utility as corrosion inhibitor compounds.
  • compositions herein can contain a water-soluble bismuth compound, preferably present at a level of from 0.005% to 20%, more preferably from 0.01% to 5%, most preferably from 0.1% to 1% by weight of composition.
  • the water-soluble bismuth compound may be essentially any salt or complex of bismuth with essentially any inorganic or organic counter anion.
  • Preferred inorganic bismuth salts are selected from the bismuth trihalides, bismuth nitrate and bismuth phosphate.
  • Bismuth acetate and citrate are preferred salts with an organic counter anion.
  • Preferred enzyme-containing compositions herein can comprise from 0.001% to 10%, preferably from 0.005% to 8%, most preferably from 0.01% to 6%, by weight of an enzyme stabilizing system.
  • the enzyme stabilizing system can be any stabilizing system which is compatible with the detersive enzyme.
  • Such stabilizing systems can comprise calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acid, boronic acid, chlorine bleach scavengers and mixtures thereof.
  • Such stabilizing systems can also comprise reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as reversible protease inhibitors.
  • compositions herein can contain a lime soap dispersant compound, preferably present at a level of from 0.1% to 40% by weight, more preferably 1% to 20% by weight, most preferably from 2% to 10% by weight of composition.
  • a lime soap dispersant is a material that prevents the precipitation of alkali metal, ammonium or amine salts of fatty acids by calcium or magnesium ions.
  • Preferred lime soap disperant compounds are disclosed in WO-A-93/08877.
  • compositions herein preferably comprise a suds suppressing system present at a level of from 0.01% to 15%, preferably from 0.05% to 10%, most preferably from 0.1% to 5% by weight of composition.
  • Suitable suds suppressing systems for use herein may comprise essentially any known antifoam compound, including, for example silicone antifoam compounds, 2-alkyl and alcanol antifoam compounds.
  • Preferred suds suppressing systems and antifoam compounds are disclosed in WO-A-93/08876 and EP-A-0705324.
  • compositions herein can also comprise from 0.01% to 10 %>, preferably from 0.05% to 0.5%) by weight of polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents.
  • the polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents are preferably selected from polyamine N- oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinylpyrrolidonepolymers or combinations thereof.
  • compositions can also contain from 0.005% to 5% by weight of certain types of hydrophilic optical brighteners.
  • Hydrophilic optical brighteners useful herein include those having the structural formula:
  • R is selected from anilino, N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and NH-2-hydroxyethyl; R is selected from N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino, morphihno, chloro and amino; and M is a salt-forming cation such as sodium or potassium.
  • the brightener is 4,4',-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine- 2-yl)amino]-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid and disodium salt.
  • This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal-UNPA-GX by Ciba- Geigy Corporation. Tinopal-UNPA-GX is the preferred hydrophilic optical brightener useful in the detergent compositions herein.
  • the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-N- methylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt.
  • This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal 5BM-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation.
  • R is anilino
  • R 2 is morphihno
  • M is a cation such as sodium
  • the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-morphilino-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2'- stilbenedisulfonic acid, sodium salt.
  • This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal AMS-GX by Ciba Geigy Corporation.
  • compositions herein can contain a clay softening system comprising a clay mineral compound and optionally a clay flocculating agent.
  • the clay mineral compound is preferably a smectite clay compound.
  • Smectite clays are disclosed in the US-A-3,862,058, US-A-3, 948,790, US-A-3,954,632 and US-A- 4,062,647.
  • EP-A-0299575 and EP-A-0313146 describe suitable organic polymeric clay flocculating agents.
  • Suitable cationic fabric softening agents include the water insoluble tertiary amines or dilong chain amide materials as disclosed in GB-A-1514276 and EP-A-0011340.
  • Cationic fabric softening agents are typically incorporated at total levels of from 0.5% to 15% by weight, normally from 1% to 5% by weight.

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Abstract

A multi-phase detergent tablet for use in a washing machine, the tablet comprising a first phase in adhesive contact with one or more second phases, and wherein at least the first phase is in the form of a compressed particulate solid incorporating a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising polymeric polycarboxylate and inorganic carrier. The multi-phase tablets provide improved interphase adhesivity, robustness and strength together with excellent dissolution and cleaning characteristics.

Description

Detergent Tablet
Technical Field
The present invention relates to multi-phase detergent tablets. In particular, it relates to multi-phase detergent tablets having improved robustness and product integrity together with excellent dissolution characteristics. The invention also relates to methods of manufacturing multi-phase detergent tablets and to detergent auxiliary compositions useful therein.
Background
Detergent compositions in tablet form are known in the art. It is understood that detergent compositions in tablet form hold several advantages over detergent compositions in particulate form, such as ease of dosing, handling, transportation and storage.
Detergent tablets are most commonly prepared by pre-mixing components of a detergent composition and forming the pre-mixed detergent components into a tablet using any suitable equipment, preferably a tablet press. Tablets are typically formed by compression of the components of the detergent composition so that the tablets produced are sufficiently robust to be able to withstand handling and transportation without sustaining damage. In addition to being robust, tablets must also dissolve sufficiently fast so that the detergent components are released into the wash water as soon as possible at the beginning of the wash cycle. However, a dichotomy exists in that as compression force is increased, the rate of dissolution of the tablets becomes slower. The present invention therefore seeks to find a balance between tablet robustness and tablet dissolution.
Solutions to this problem, as seen in the prior art, have included compressing the tablets with low compression pressure. However tablets made in this way, although having a fast relative dissolution rate, tend to crumble, becoming damaged and unacceptable to the consumer. Other solutions have included preparing tablets using a high relative compression pressure, in order to achieve the required level of robustness, and comprising a dissolution aid, such as an effervescent agent.
Multi-phase detergent tablets described in the prior art are prepared by compressing a first composition in a tablet press to form a substantially planar first layer. A further detergent composition is then delivered to the tablet press on top of the first layer. This second composition is then compressed to form another substantially planar second layer. Thus the first layer is generally subjected to more than one compression as it is also compressed during the compression of the second composition. Typically the first and second compression forces are in the same order of magnitude. The Applicant has found that where this is the case, because the compression force must be sufficient to bind the first and second compositions together, the force used in both the first and second compression steps must be in the range of from about 4,000 to about 20,000 kg (assuming a tablet cross-section of about 10 cm2). A consequence of this is a slower rate of tablet dissolution. Other multi-phase tablets exhibiting differential dissolution are prepared such that the second layer is compressed at a lower force than the first layer. However, although the dissolution rate of the second layer is improved, the second layer is soft in comparison to the first layer and is therefore vulnerable to damage caused by handling and transportation. Moreover, the two layers are found to have poor adhesion characteristics and can break up under the relatively mild stress conditions found in storage or transportation.
The present invention therefore provides multi-phase detergent tablets for use in automatic dishwashing, laundry, etc and which have improved integrity and robustness together with excellent dissolution characteristics. The invention also provides methods of manufacturing multi-phase detergent tablets and detergent auxiliary compositions useful therein. Summary of the Invention
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a multi-phase detergent tablet for use in a washing machine, the tablet comprising a first phase in adhesive contact with one or more second phases, and wherein at least the first phase is in the form of a compressed particulate solid incorporating a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising polymeric polycarboxylate and inorganic carrier.
The compositions of the invention thus comprise multiple phases in adhesive contact with one another, at least a first phase of which is in the form of a compressed particulate solid incorporating cogranules of a detergency additive composition. In preferred embodiments, at least one and preferably each second phase is also in the form of a compressed particulate solid and, if desired, can also incorporate cogranules of the same or different detergency additive composition. Surprisingly, inclusion of the detergency additive composition in the first phase improves inter-phase adhesion at a given tablet compaction force (even where the second phase is free of cogranulated additive composition) and allows a significant reduction in compaction force on both first and second phases whilst delivering improved tablet solubility and bite strength.
A preferred cogranulated detergency additive composition for incorporation herein comprises i) from about 0.1% to about 60%, preferably from about 1% to about 25%, more preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight thereof of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 40% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 70% to about 99%, more preferably from 80% to about 95% by weight thereof of inorganic carrier, and optionally iii) from 0% to about 50%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight thereof of one or more organic auxiliaries, preferably selected from chelating agents, surfactants, polymeric disintegrants, solubility aids and mixtures thereof.
Polymeric polycarboxylates suitable for inclusion in the detergency additive composition include i) homo- and copolymers of one or more carboxylic monomers selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, alpha-hydroxyacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, and mixtures thereof, and ii) copolymers of one or more of the above carboxylic monomers with one or more nonionic monomers selected from acrylamide, acrylonitrile, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, methylvinyl ketone, acrolein, styrene and alpha-methyl styrene, alkyl vinyl ethers, esters and amides of carboxylic monomers such as (C,-C4)-alkyl (meth)acrylates, and water-soluble salts and mixtures thereof. Of the above, preferred are homo- and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid
The polymeric polycarboxylates herein can be in acid , neutralised or partially neutralised form with sodium, potassium, ammonium or other counterions. Molecular weights of the polymeric polycarboxylates can vary widely e.g. weight averages ranging from about 500 to about 5,000,000, but normally weight average molecular weights will fall in the range from about 1000 to about 100,000. Preferably, the polymeric polycarboxylates will be in liquid or liquifiable form, for example as a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion in a liquid or liquifiable medium such as water or a water/organic solvent mixture. Generally, liquid or liquifiable polymeric polycarboxyate mixtures suitable for use herein have a polymer solids content of at least about 10%, preferably from about 20% to about 70%, more preferably from about 40% to about 60% by weight thereof.
The inorganic carrier herein generally comprises one or more inorganic salts and in preferred embodiments is selected from alkali metal silicate, alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate, alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal tripolyphosphate, and mixtures thereof. Of these, highly preferred is an inorganic carrier which comprises a mixture of alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal sulfate, preferably in a weight ratio of from about 3 : 1 to about 1 :3, more preferably from about 2: 1 to about 1:1, and especially from about 1.8:1 to about 1.5:1. The inorganic carrier normally takes the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight- average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm, such carriers being preferred from the viewpoint of providing optimum granulometry, tablet strength, inter-phase adhesivity and solubility characteristics.
Thus according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising i) from about 0.1 % to about 60%, preferably from about 1% to about 25%, more preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 40% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 70%) to about 99%, more preferably from 80% to about 95% by weight of inorganic carrier in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm, and optionally iii) from 0% to about 50%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of one or more organic auxiliaries selected from chelating agents, surfactants, polymeric disintegrants, solubility aids and mixtures thereof. A preferred method for making the tablets herein comprises the step of admixing a liquid feed comprising the polymeric polycarboxylate with a powder feed comprising the inorganic carrier and subjecting the mixture to conditions of agitation and heat to form cogranules of the detergency additive composition. In a highly preferred embodiment, the liquid feed and powder feed are admixed under essentially non-evaporative conditions to form a wet cogranular output stream and the wet cogranular output stream is subsequently subjected to heat-drying, for example in a fluidised bed. In subsequent steps, the cogranules are compacted optionally with other detergent tablet ingredients to form the first phase of the tablet, the second phase is superposed in particulate or tablet form on or over the first phase and thereafter the first phase and superposed second phase are further compacted to form the final multi-phase detergent tablet.
Manufacture of the cogranular detergency additive composition is preferably undertaken in a vertical, short retention time, plow-type agglomerator such as a Schugi Flexomix followed by drying of the wet agglomerates in a fluidized bed dryer with fines recycling and size reduction as necessary to achieve the requisite granule size distribution. The liquid feed, ususally in the form of a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion of polymeric polycarboxylate in a liquid or liquifiable medium such as water or a water/organic solvent mixture, is preferably applied to the powder feed by spray-on at a slightly elevated temperature in order to provide an appropriate feed viscosity.
The powder feed, on the other hand, comprises inorganic carrier, preferably in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm, together with any recycled fines. The liquid:powder feed ratio is generally less than about 0.5 preferably less than about 0.4, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.35, and especially from about 0.2 to about 0.3. In preferred embodiments, the powder feed comprises a mixture of alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal sulfate in a weight ratio of from about 3:1 to about 1:3, more preferably from about 2 : 1 to about 1:1, and especially from about 1.8:1 to about 1.5:1.
The process herein is highly preferred from the viewpoint of providing cogranular detergency additive compositions having the requisite granulometry for making compacted multi-phase detergent tablets of optimum strength, adhesion, and solubility characteristics. Thus, according to further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of making a cogranular detergency additive composition comprising admixing a liquid feed comprising a polymeric polycarboxylate with a powder feed comprising inorganic carrier and subjecting the mixture to conditions of agitation and heat, and wherein the polymeric polycarboxylate is in the form of a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion in a liquid or liquifiable medium, the inorganic carrier is in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm, and wherein the liquid:powder feed ratio is less than about 0.5, preferably less than about 0.4, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.35, and especially from about 0.2 to about 0.3.
From the granulometry viewpoint, preferred cogranuar detergent additive compositions have an apparent density in the range from about 400 to about 1100 g/1, preferably from about 600 to about 900 g/1, a median granule size of from about 400 to about 700, preferably from about 450 to about 650 μm, and a size distribution such that no more than about 5% by weight is greater than 1500μm, preferably 1400μm, and at least about 95%> by weight is greater than 200μm, preferably 250μm. In addition, the cogranuar detergent additive compositions preferably have a final moisture content of less than about 5%, preferably from about 1% to about 3% by weight thereof. The cogranulated detergency additive composition generally comprises at least about 5%>, preferably from about 10% to about 80%, more preferably from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the final tablet.
In compositional terms, a preferred cogranulated detergency additive composition for use herein i) from about 1% to about 25%, preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight thereof of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 30% to about 85%>, preferably from about 45% to about 65% by weight thereof of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate or mixture thereof, and iii) from about 13% to about 69%, preferably from about 15% to about 50% by weight thereof of alkali metal sulfate, and optionally iv) from 0% to about 5% by weight thereof of organic chelating agent. Such a composition is highly suited for incorporation in so-called nil-P detergent tablets, i.e., tablets containing no phosphate builder and a minimal amount, if any, of phosphorus-containing chelating agents. Generally such tablets will contain phosphorus in an amount less than about 0.5%, preferably less than about 0.1% by weight. Thus, according to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising from about 5% to about 20% by weight of polymeric polycarboxylate and from about 80% to about 95% by weight of inorganic carrier, the inorganic carrier comprising i) from about 45% to about 65% by weight of the additive composition of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate or mixture thereof, and ii) from about 15% to about 50% by weight of the additive composition of alkali metal sulfate.
Organic chelating agents suitable for inclusion in the cogranulated detergency additive composition or in the remainder of the tablet composition include diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate), ethylene diphosphonate, hydroxy- ethylene- 1 , 1 -diphosphonate, nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediaminotetracetate, ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinate, methylglycinediacetic acid in their salt and free acid forms.
Polymeric disintegrants suitable for inclusion in the cogranulated detergency additive composition or in the remainder of the tablet composition include starch, cellulose and derivatives thereof, alginates, sugars, polyvinylpyrrolidones, swellable clays and mixtures thereof.
Solubility aids suitable for inclusion in the cogranulated detergency additive composition or in the remainder of the tablet composition include water-soluble hydrated salts having a solubility in distilled water of at least about 25g/100g at 25°C, preferably selected from hydrates of sodium acetate, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium citrate and mixtures thereof.
The detergent tablets herein comprise at least one first phase in adhesive contact with one or more second phases (sometimes referred to herein as Optional subsequent phases'). In preferred embodiments, the first phase is a compressed shaped body prepared at an applied compression pressure of at least about 40 kg/cm2, preferably at least about 250 kg/cm2, more preferably at least about 350 kg/cm2 (3.43 kN/cm2 or 34.3 MPa), even more preferably from about 400 to about 2000 kg/cm2, and especially from about 600 to about 1600 kg/cm2 (compression pressure herein is the applied force divided by the cross- sectional area of the tablet in a plane transverse to the applied force - in effect, the transverse cross-sectional area of the die of the rotary press). The second phase, on the other hand, is preferably formed at a compression pressure of less than about 350 kg/cm2, preferably in the range from about 40 kg/cm2 to about 300 kg/cm2 and more preferably from about 70 to about 270 kg/cm2. In preferred embodiments, moreover, the first phase is formed by compression at a pressure greater than that applied to the second phase. In these embodiments, the compression pressures applied to the first and second phases will generally be in a ratio of at least about 1.2: 1 , preferably at least about 2:1, more preferably at least about 4:1.
Although simple multi-layer tablets are envisaged for use herein, preferred from the viewpoint of optimum product integrity, strength (measured for example by the Child Bite Strength [CBS] test) and dissolution characteristics are tablets wherein the first phase is in the form of a shaped body having at least one mould therein; and the second phase is in the form of a particulate solid compressed within said mould. Such embodiments are sometimes referred to herein as 'mould' embodiments. The tablets of the invention, both mould embodiments and otherwise, will preferably have a CBS of at least about 6kg, preferably greater than about 8kg, more preferably greater than about 10kg, especially greater than about 12kg, and more especially greater than about 14kg, CBS being measured per the US Consumer Product Safety Commission Test Specification.
It is also preferred that the first and second phases herein are in a relatively high weight ratio to one another, for example at least about 6:1, preferably at least about 10:1; also that the tablet composition contain one or more detergent actives (for example enzymes, bleaches, bleach activators, bleach catalysts, surfactants, chelating agents etc) which is predominantly concentrated in the second phase, for example, at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, especially about 80% by weight of the active (based on the total weight of the active in tablet) is in the second phase of the tablet. Again, such compositions are optimum for tablet strength, dissolution, cleaning, and pH regulation characteristics providing, for example, tablet compositions capable of dissolving in the wash liquor so as to deliver at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, and more preferably at least 80% by weight of the detergent active to the wash liquor within 10, 5, 4 or even 3 minutes of the start of the wash process.
Detailed Description of the Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a detergent tablet that is not only sufficiently robust to withstand handling and transportation, but also at least a significant portion of which dissolves rapidly in the wash water providing rapid delivery of detergent active. It is preferred that at least one phase of the tablet dissolves in the wash water within the first ten minutes, preferably five minutes, more preferably four minutes of the wash cycle of an automatic dishwashing or laundry washing machine. Preferably the washing machine is either an automatic dishwashing or laundry washing machine. The time within which the multi-phase tablet or a phase thereof or a detergent active component dissolves is determined according to DIN 44990 using a dishwashing machine available from Bosch on the normal 65°C washing program with water hardness at 18°H using a minimum of six replicates or a sufficient number to ensure reproducibility.
The multi-phase detergent tablet of the present invention comprises a first phase, a second and optional subsequent phases. The first phase is preferably in the form of a shaped body of detergent composition comprising the cogranular detergency additive composition and one or more detergent components as described below. Preferred detergent components include, builder, bleach, enzymes and surfactant. The components of the detergent composition are mixed together by, for example admixing dry components or spraying-on liquid components. The components are then formed into a first phase using any suitable equipment, but preferably by compression, for example in a tablet press. Alternatively, the first phase can be prepared by extrusion, casting, etc.
In mould embodiments, the first phase is prepared such that it comprises at least one mould in the surface of the shaped body. In a preferred embodiment the mould is created using a specially designed tablet press wherein the surface of the punch that contacts the detergent composition is shaped such that when it contacts and presses the detergent composition it presses a mould, or multiple moulds into the first phase of the multi-phase detergent tablet. Preferably, the mould will have an inwardly concave or generally concave surface to provide improved adhesion to the second phase.
The tablets of the invention also include one or more additional phases prepared from a composition or compositions which comprise one or more detergent components as described below. At least one phase (herein referred to as a second phase) preferably takes the form of a particulate solid (which term encompasses powders, granules, agglomerates, and other particulate solids including mixtures thereof with liquid binders, meltable solids, spray-ons, etc) compressed either as a layer or into/within the one or more moulds of the first phase of the detergent tablet such that the second phase itself takes the form of a shaped body. Preferred detergent components include builders, colourants, binders, surfactants, disrupting agents and enzymes, in particular amylase and protease enzymes. In another preferred aspect of the present invention the second and optional subsequent phases comprise a disrupting agent that may be selected from either a disintegrating agent or an effervescent agent. Suitable disintegrating agents include agents that swell on contact with water or facilitate water influx and/or efflux by forming channels in the detergent tablet. Any known disintegrating or effervescing agent suitable for use in laundry or dishwashing applications is envisaged for use herein. Suitable disintegrating agent include starch, starch derivatives such as Arbocel (tradename), Nivapur (tradename) both available from Rettenmaier, Νymcel (tradename) available from Metsa-serla , alginates, acetate trihydrate, burkeite, monohydrated carbonate formula Νa2CO3.H2O, hydrated STPP with a phase I content of at least about 40% , carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), CMC-based polymers, sodium acetate, aluminium oxide. Suitable effervescing agents are those that produce a gas on contact with water. Suitable effervesing agents may be oxygen, nitrogen dioxide or carbon dioxide evolving species. Examples of preferred effervescent agents may be selected from the group consisting of perborate, percarbonate, carbonate, bicarbonate in combination with inorganic acids such as sulphamic acid and/or carboxylic acids such as citric, malic and maleic acid and mixtures thereof
The components of the detergent composition are mixed together by for example premixing dry components and admixing, preferably by spray-on, the liquid components. The components of the second and optional subsequent phases are then compressed to form one or more layers or are fed into and retained within the mould provided by the first phase.
The preferred mould embodiments of the present invention comprises two phases; a first and a second phase. The first phase will normally comprise one mould and the second phase will normally consist of a single detergent active composition. However, it is envisaged that the first phase may comprise more than one mould and the second phase may be prepared from more than one detergent active composition. Furthermore, it is also envisaged that the second phase may comprise more than one detergent active composition contained within one mould. It is also envisaged that several detergent active compositions are contained in separate moulds. In this way potentially chemically sensitive detergent components can be separated in order to avoid any loss in performance caused by components reacting together and potentially becoming inactive or exhausted.
In a preferred aspect of the present invention the first phase weighs greater than about 3g, preferably greater than about 4g. More preferably the first phase weighs from about lOg to about 30g, even more preferably from about 15g to about 25g and most preferably form about 18g to about 24g. The second and optional subsequent phases weigh less than about 4g. More preferably the second and/or optional subsequent phases weigh between about 0.2g and about 3.5g, most preferably from aboutlg to about 2.5g.
The components of the second and optional subsequent phases are compressed, especially in the mould embodiments, at a much lower compression force relative to the compression force normally used to prepare high strength tablets. At the same time, the tablets of the invention display excellent adherence between phases and product integrity. Thus an advantage of the present invention is that because a lower compression force is used heat, force or chemically sensitive detergent components can be incorporated into the detergent tablet without sustaining the consequential loss in performance usually encountered when incorporating such components into tablets.
Yet another advantage of the present invention is the ability to prepare a multi-phase detergent tablet wherein one phase can be designed to dissolve or disperse, preferably significantly before another phase. In the present invention it is preferred that the second and optional subsequent phase(s) dissolves or disperses before the first phase. According to the preferred weight ranges described above, it preferable that the first phase dissolves or disperses in from 5 to 20 minutes, more preferably from 10 to 15 minutes and the second and/or optional subsequent phases dissolves or disperses in less than 5 minutes, more preferably less than 4.5 minutes, most preferably less than 4 minutes. The time in which the first, second and/or optional subsequent phase dissolve or disperse are independent from each other. Thus in a particularly preferred aspect of the present invention differential dissolution of the phases is achieved. A particular benefit of being able to achieve differential dissolution of the multi -phase detergent tablet is that a component that is chemically inactivated by the presence of another component can be separated into a different phase. In this case the component that is inactivated is preferably located in the second and optional subsequent phase(s).
The multi-phase detergent tablets are prepared using any suitable tabletting equipment, e.g., a Courtoy R253.. Preferably the tablets are prepared by compression in a tablet press capable of preparing a tablet comprising a mould. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the first phase is prepared using a specially designed tablet press. The punch(es) of this tablet press are modified so that the surface of the punch that contacts the detergent composition has a convex surface. A first detergent composition is delivered into the die of the tablet press and the punch is lowered to contact and then compress the detergent composition to form a first phase. The first detergent composition is compressed using an applied pressure of at least 250 kg/cm2, preferably between 350 and 2000 kg/cm2, more preferably 500 to 1800 kg/cm2, most preferably 600 to 1500 kg/cm2. The punch is then elevated, exposing the first phase containing a mould. A second and optional subsequent detergent composition(s) is then delivered into the mould. The specially designed tablet press punch is then lowered a second time to lightly compress the second and optional subsequent detergent composition(s) to form the second and optional subsequent phase(s). In another embodiment of the present invention where an optional subsequent phase is present the optional subsequent phase is prepared in an optional subsequent compression step substantially similar to the second compression step described above. The second and optional subsequent detergent composition s) is compressed at a pressure of preferably less than 350 kg/cm2, more preferably from 40 to 300 kg/cm2, most preferably from 70 to 270 kg/cm2. After compression of the second detergent composition, the punch is elevated a second time and the multi-phase detergent tablet is ejected from the tablet press. Multi-layer tablets without moulds can be prepared in a similar manner except using a tablet punch having a planar surface.
The first and second and or optional subsequent phases of the multi-phase detergent tablet described herein are prepared by compression of one or more compositions comprising detergent active components. Suitably, the compositions used in any of these phases may, in addition to the cogranulated detergency additive composition, include a variety of different detergent components including builder compounds, surfactants, enzymes, bleaching agents, alkalinity sources, colourants, perfume, lime soap dispersants, organic polymeric compounds including polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents, crystal growth inhibitors, heavy metal ion sequestrants, metal ion salts, enzyme stabilisers, corrosion inhibitors, suds suppressers, solvents, fabric softening agents, optical brighteners and hydrotropes. In the following, the proportions of these active components, including any amounts contained in the cogranulated detergency additive composition, are given by weight of the corresponding composition of active detergent components, unless specified otherwise. Highly preferred detergent components of the first phase include a builder compound, a surfactant, an enzyme and a bleaching agent. Highly preferred detergent components of the second phase include builder, enzymes and disrupting agent.
Builders suitable for use herein include water-soluble builders such as citrates, carbonates and polyphosphates and partially water-soluble or insoluble builders such as crystalline layered silicates (EP-A-0164514 and EP-A-0293640) and aluminosilicates inclusive of Zeolites A, B, P, X, HS and MAP. The builder is typically present at a level of from about 1% to about 80%) by weight, preferably from about 10%) to about 70% by weight, most preferably from about 20% to about 60% by weight of composition.
Surfactants suitable herein include anionic surfactants such as alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl glyceryl sulfonates, alkyl and alkenyl sulphonates, alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, N-acyl sarcosinates, N-acyl taurates and alkyl succinates and sulfosuccinates, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl or acyl moiety is C5-C20 . preferably CjQ'ClS linear or branched; cationic surfactants such as choline esters (US- A-4228042, US-A-4239660 and US-A-4260529) and mono C^C^ N-alkyl or alkenyl ammonium surfactants wherein the remaining N positions are substituted by methyl, hydroxy ethyl or hydroxypropyl groups; low and high cloud point nonionic surfactants and mixtures thereof including nonionic alkoxylated surfactants (especially ethoxylates derived from C6-Cιg primary alcohols), ethoxylated-propoxylated alcohols (e.g., Olin
Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18), epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols (e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18B - see WO-A-94/22800), ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants, and block polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene polymeric compounds such as PLURONIC®, REVERSED PLURONIC®, and TETRONIC® by the BASF-Wyandotte Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan; amphoteric surfactants such as the amine oxides and alkyl amphocarboxylicc surfactants such as Miranol™ C2M; and zwitterionic surfactants such as the betaines and sultaines; and mixtures thereof. Surfactants suitable herein are disclosed, for example, in US-A- 3,929,678 , US-A- 4,259,217, EP-A-0414 549, WO-A-93/08876 and WO-A-93/08874. Surfactants are typically present at a level of from about 0.2% to about 30% by weight, more preferably from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, most preferably from about 1% to about 5% by weight of composition.
Enzymes suitable herein include bacterial and fungal cellulases such as Carezyme and Celluzyme (Novo Nordisk A/S); peroxidases; lipases such as Amano-P (Amano Pharmaceutical Co.), Ml LipaseR and LipomaxR (Gist-Brocades) and LipolaseR and Lipolase UltraR (Novo); cutinases; proteases such as EsperaseR, AlcalaseR, DurazymR and SavinaseR (Novo) and MaxataseR, MaxacalR, ProperaseR and MaxapemR (Gist-Brocades); and α and β amylases such as Purafect Ox AmR (Genencor) and TermamylR, BanR, FungamylR, DuramylR, and NatalaseR (Novo); and mixtures thereof. Enzymes are preferably added herein as prills, granulates, or cogranulates at levels typically in the range from about 0.0001% to about 2% pure enzyme by weight of composition.
Bleaching agents suitable herein include chlorine and oxygen bleaches, especially inorganic perhydrate salts such as sodium perborate mono-and tefrahydrates and sodium percarbonate optionally coated to provide controlled rate of release (see, for example, GB- A- 1466799 on sulfate/carbonate coatings), preformed organic peroxyacids and mixtures thereof with organic peroxyacid bleach precursors and/or transition metal-containing bleach catalysts (especially manganese or cobalt). Inorganic perhydrate salts are typically incorporated at levels in the range from about 1% to about 40% by weight, preferably from about 2% to about 30% by weight and more preferably from abut 5% to about 25% by weight of composition. Peroxyacid bleach precursors preferred for use herein include precursors of perbenzoic acid and substituted perbenzoic acid; cationic peroxyacid precursors; peracetic acid precursors such as TAED, sodium acetoxybenzene sulfonate and pentaacetylglucose; pernonanoic acid precursors such as sodium 3,5,5- trimethylhexanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (iso-NOBS) and sodium nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS); amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursors (EP-A-0170386); and benzoxazin peroxyacid precursors (EP-A-0332294 and EP-A-0482807). Bleach precursors are typically incorporated at levels in the range from about 0.5% to about 25%, preferably from about 1% to about 10% by weight of composition while the preformed organic peroxyacids themselves are typically incorporated at levels in the range from 0.5% to 25% by weight, more preferably from 1% to 10% by weight of composition. Bleach catalysts preferred for use herein include the manganese triazacyclononane and related complexes (US-A-4246612, US-A-5227084); Co, Cu, Mn and Fe bispyridylamine and related complexes (US-A-5114611); and pentamine acetate cobalt(III) and related complexes(US-A-4810410).
Other suitable components herein include organic polymers having dispersant, anti- redeposition, soil release or other detergency properties invention in levels of from about O.P/o to about 30%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 15%, most preferably from about 1% to about 10% by weight of composition. Preferred anti-redeposition polymers herein include acrylic acid containing polymers such as Sokalan PA30, PA20, PA15, PA10 and Sokalan CP10 (BASF GmbH), Acusol 45N, 480N, 460N (Rohm and Haas), acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymers such as Sokalan CP5 and acrylic/methacrylic copolymers. Preferred soil release polymers herein include alkyl and hydroxyalkyl celluloses (US-A-4,000,093), polyoxyethylenes, polyoxypropylenes and copolymers thereof, and nonionic and anionic polymers based on terephthalate esters of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
Heavy metal sequestrants and crystal growth inhibitors are suitable for use herein in levels generally from about 0.005% to about 20%>, preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, more preferably from about 0.25% to about 7.5% and most preferably from about 0.5%) to about 5% by weight of composition, for example diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate), ethylene diphosphonate, hydroxy- ethylene- 1 , 1 -diphosphonate, nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediaminotetracetate, ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinate, methylglycinediacetic acid in their salt and free acid forms.
The compositions herein, especially for use in dishwashing, can contain a corrosion inhibitor such as organic silver coating agents in levels of from about 0.05% to about 10%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of composition (especially paraffins such as Winog 70 sold by Wintershall, Salzbergen, Germany), nitrogen- containing corrosion inhibitor compounds (for example benzotriazole and benzimadazole - see GB-A-1137741) and Mn(II) compounds, particularly Mn(II) salts of organic ligands in levels of from about 0.005% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 1%, more preferably from about 0.02% to about 0.4% by weight of the composition.
The first, second and/or optional subsequent phases of the tablet can also comprise a binder. Where present the binder is selected from the group consisting of organic polymers, for example polyethylene and/or polypropylene glycols having an average molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 12000, especially those of molecular weight 4000, 6000 and 9000, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PNP), especially PNP of molecular weight 90 000, polyacrylates, sugars and sugar derivatives, starch and starch derivatives, for example hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC); and inorganic polymers, such as hexametaphosphate. The polyethyleneglycol binders are highly preferred herein. Other suitable components herein include colourants, water-soluble bismuth compounds such as bismuth acetate and bismuth citrate at levels of from about 0.01% to about 5%, enzyme stabilizers such as calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol and chlorine bleach scavengers at levels of from about 0.01% to about 6%, lime soap dispersants (see WO-A- 93/08877), suds suppressors (see WO-93/08876 and EP-A-0705324), polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents, optical brighteners, perfumes, fillers and clay and cationic fabric softeners.
Detergent components suitable for use herein are described in more detail in the Appendix to the Description (Ref: ADW1L)
The detergent tablets herein are preferably formulated to have a not unduly high pH, preferably a pH in 1% solution in distilled water of from about 8.0 to about 12.5, more preferably from about 9.0 to about 11.8, most preferably from about 9.5 to about 11.5.
A preferred machine dishwashing method comprises treating soiled articles selected from crockery, glassware, silverware, metallic items, cutlery and mixtures thereof, with an aqueous liquid having dissolved or dispensed therein an effective amount of a the herein described compositions. By an effective amount is meant from 8g to 60g of product dissolved or dispersed in a wash solution of volume from 3 to 10 litres, as are typical product dosages and wash solution volumes commonly employed in conventional machine dishwashing methods. Preferably the detergent tablets are from 15g to 40g in weight, more preferably from 20g to 35g in weight, although tablets of a lower weight (e.g. as little as 2g) may be suitable in some circumstances.
Machine laundry methods herein typically comprise treating soiled laundry with an aqueous wash solution in a washing machine having dissolved or dispensed therein an effective amount of the herein described compositions. By an effective amount is meant from 40g to 300g of product dissolved or dispersed in a wash solution of volume from 5 to 65 litres, as are typical product dosages and wash solution volumes commonly employed in conventional machine laundry methods.
In a preferred use aspect a dispensing device is employed in the washing method. The dispensing device is charged with the detergent product, and is used to introduce the product directly into the drum of the washing machine before the commencement of the wash cycle. Its volume capacity should be such as to be able to contain sufficient detergent product as would normally be used in the washing method.
To allow for release of the detergent product during the wash the device may possess a number of openings through which the product may pass. Alternatively, the device may be made of a material which is permeable to liquid but impermeable to the solid product, which will allow release of dissolved product. Preferably, the detergent product will be rapidly released at the start of the wash cycle thereby providing transient localised high concentrations of product in the drum of the washing machine at this stage of the wash cycle.
Preferred dispensing devices are reusable and are designed in such a way that container integrity is maintained in both the dry state and during the wash cycle.
Alternatively, the dispensing device may be a flexible container, such as a bag or pouch. The bag may be of fibrous construction coated with a water impermeable protective material so as to retain the contents, such as is disclosed in EP-A-0018678. Alternatively it may be formed of a water-insoluble synthetic polymeric material provided with an edge seal or closure designed to rupture in aqueous media as disclosed in EP-A-0011500, EP- A-0011501, EP-A-0011502, and EP-A-0011968. A convenient form of water frangible closure comprises a water soluble adhesive disposed along and sealing one edge of a pouch formed of a water impermeable polymeric film such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
Examples
Abbreviations used in Examples
In the detergent compositions, the abbreviated component identifications have the following meanings:
Citrate Sodium citrate, anhydrous
Bicarbonate Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Citric Acid Anhydrous Citric acid
Carbonate Powdered anhydrous sodium carbonate, 73%><150μm
Silicate Amorphous Sodium Silicate (SiO2:Na2O ratio = 2.0)
SKS-6 Crystalline layered silicate of formula δ-Na2Si2θ5 PB1 Anhydrous sodium perborate monohydrate Polymer 480N Sodium polyacrylate/methacrylate copolymer solution
(-45% active) supplied by Norso Haas
Nonionic C13-C15 mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohol with an average degree of ethoxylation of 3.8 and an average degree of propoxylation of 4.5, sold under the tradename Plurafac by BASF
TAED Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine HEDP Ethane 1 -hydroxy- 1,1-diphosphonic acid Chelant Magnesium stabilised diethylenetriaminepenta(methylene phosphonic acid) sodium salt solution
PAAC Pentaamine acetate cobalt (III) salt Paraffin Paraffin oil sold under the tradename Winog 70 by Wintershall.
Protease Proteolytic enzyme Amylase Amylolytic enzyme. BTA Benzotriazole Sulphate Powdered anhydrous sodium sulphate, 59%<150μm PEG 400 Polyethylene Glycol average molecular weight approximately 400 available from Hoechst
PEG 4000 : Polyethylene Glycol average molecular weight approximately 4000 available from Hoechst
In the following examples all levels are quoted as parts by weight:
Examples I- VI
The following examples illustrate nil-P detergent tablets of the present invention suitable for use in a dishwashing machine. In the following, components are quoted as parts by weight on a 100% active basis.
I II III IV V VI
Phase 1
Cogranule
Carbonate 4.70 4.00 3.50 4.30 5.10 4.90
Polymer 480N 1.30 1.20 1.50 1.40 1.60 1.00 Sulphate 3.00 2.50 2.00 2.20 3.10 2.50
Water 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10
Other Components
Citrate 4.10 5.00 5.90 3.50 3.30 4.50 HEDP 0.06 0.04 0.07
Silicate 2.10 0.67 2.50 2.00 2.40
SKS-6 1.50 2.30
Chelant 0.11 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.15
PB1 3.00 2.45 2.70 3.50 2.50 3.10
TAED 0.50 1.00 1.10
PAAC 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.004
Amylase 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.15
Protease 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.09
Nonionic 0.50 0.80 0.60 0.80 0.40 0.90
PEG 4000 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.38 0.33 0.29
BTA 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06
Paraffin 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15
Perfume 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.013 0.013 0.013
Total 20.222g 18.952g 20.622g 19.126g 20.307g 20.307g
Phase 2
Amylase 0.30 0.35 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.25
Protease 0.30 0.22 0.3 0.25 0.22 0.30
Citric acid 0.25 0.20 0.30 0.30
Sulphamic acid 0.30 0.30
Bicarbonate 0.70 0.45 0.56 1.09 0.45 0.45
Carbonate 0.55 0.55
Silicate 0.64
CaC12 0.07 0.07
PEG 4000 0.08 0.042 0.075 0.07 0.04 0.045
PEG 400 0.08 0.018 0.015 0.02 0.015
Total 1.63g 2.0g 1.4g 2.01g 2.0g 2.0g
The multi-phase tablet compositions are prepared as follows. The cogranular detergency additive compositions are initially prepared by spray-on of a liquid feed of Polymer 480N onto a powder feed containing carbonate, sulphate and recycled fines in a Schugi Flexomix 160 followed by drying of the wet agglomerates in a fluidized bed dryer with fines recycling and size reduction as necessary to achieve the requisite granule size distribution. The Schugi is set at a rotation speed of about 3000 rpm and a blade position of 2°. The temperature of the liquid feed is in the region of 30°C to 40°C. The liquid:powder feed ratio is in the range from about 0.2 to about 0.3. After size reduction in a hammer mill and screening, the dried granules have an apparent density in the range from about 700 to about 800 g/1, a median granule size of from about 520 to about 570 μm, and a size distribution such that no more than about 5% by weight is greater than 1400μm and at least about 95% by weight is greater than 250μm. Any generated fines are recycled through the Schugi.
The detergent active composition of phase 1 is then prepared by admixing the cogranular detergency additive compositions and the remaining granular and liquid components and is then passed into the die of a conventional rotary press. The rotary press includes a punch suitably shaped for forming the mould. The cross-section of the die is approximately 30x38 mm. The composition is then subjected to to a compression force of 1220 kg/cm2 and the punch is then elevated exposing the first phase of the tablet containing the mould in its upper surface. The detergent active composition of phase 2 is prepared in similar manner and the composition is then passed into the die. The phase 2 particulate compositions have a mean particle size of from about 430-470μm. The particulate active composition is then subjected to a compression force of 150 kg/cm2, the punch is elevated, and the multi-phase tablet ejected from the tablet press. The tablets provide improved tablet integrity, inter-phase adhesion and strength together with excellent dissolution and cleaning characteristics.
Appendix to the Description Builders
Water-soluble builder compound
Suitable water-soluble builder compounds include the water soluble monomeric polycarboxylates, or their acid forms, homo or copolymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxylic radicals separated from each other by not more that two carbon atoms, carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, phosphates, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.
The carboxylate or polycarboxylate builder can be monomeric or oligomeric in type although monomeric polycarboxylates are generally preferred for reasons of cost and performance.
Suitable carboxylates containing one carboxy group include the water soluble salts of lactic acid, glycolic acid and ether derivatives thereof. Polycarboxylates containing two carboxy groups include the water-soluble salts of succinic acid, malonic acid, (ethylenedioxy) diacetic acid, maleic acid, diglycolic acid, tartaric acid, tartronic acid and fumaric acid, as well as the ether carboxylates and the sulfmyl carboxylates.
Polycarboxylates containing three carboxy groups include, in particular, water-soluble citrates, aconitrates and citraconates as well as succinate derivatives such as the carboxymethyloxysuccinates described in GB-A- 1,379,241, lactoxysuccinates described in GB-A-1, 389,732, and aminosuccinates described in NL-A-7205873, and the oxypolycarboxylate materials such as 2-oxa- 1 , 1 ,3-propane tricarboxylates described in GB-A-1,387,447.
Polycarboxylate containing four carboxy groups include oxydisuccinates disclosed in GB- A- 1,261, 829, 1,1,2,2-ethane tetracarboxylates, 1,1,3,3-propane tetracarboxylates and 1,1,2,3-propane tetracarboxylates. Polycarboxylates containing sulfo substituents include the sulfosuccinate derivatives disclosed in GB-A-1,398,421, GB-A-1, 398,422 and US-A- 3,936,448, and the sulfonated pyrolysed citrates described in GB-A- 1,439,000.
Alicyclic and heterocyclic polycarboxylates include cyclopentane-cis,cis,cis- tetracarboxylates, cyclopentadienide pentacarboxylates, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrofuran - cis, cis, cis-tetracarboxylates, 2,5-tetrahydrofuran - cis - dicarboxylates, 2,2,5,5-tetrahydrofuran - tetracarboxylates, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexane - hexacarboxylates and carboxymethyl derivatives of polyhydric alcohols such as sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol. Aromatic polycarboxylates include mellitic acid, pyromellitic acid and the phthalic acid derivatives disclosed in GB- A-1, 425,343.
Of the above, the preferred polycarboxylates are hydroxycarboxylates containing up to three carboxy groups per molecule, more particularly citrates.
The parent acids of the monomeric or oligomeric polycarboxylate chelating agents or mixtures thereof with their salts, e.g. citric acid or citrate/citric acid mixtures are also contemplated as useful builder components.
Borate builders, as well as builders containing borate- forming materials that can produce borate under detergent storage or wash conditions can also be used but are not preferred at wash conditions less that 50°C, especially less than 40°C.
Examples of carbonate builders are the alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates, including sodium carbonate and sesqui-carbonate and mixtures thereof with ultra-fine calcium carbonate as disclosed in DE-A-2,321,001.
Highly preferred builder compounds for use in the present compositions are water-soluble phosphate builders. Specific examples of water-soluble phosphate builders are the alkali metal tripolyphosphates, sodium, potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium orthophosphate, sodium polymeta/phosphate in which the degree of polymerisation ranges from 6 to 21, and salts of phytic acid.
Specific examples of water-soluble phosphate builders are the alkali metal tripolyphosphates, sodium, potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium and ammonium pyrophosphate, sodium and potassium orthophosphate, sodium polymeta/phosphate in which the degree of polymerization ranges from 6 to 21, and salts of phytic acid.
Partially soluble or insoluble builder compound The compositions herein can contain a partially water-soluble or water-insoluble builder compound. Partially soluble and insoluble builder compounds are particularly suitable for use in tablets prepared for use in laundry cleaning methods. Examples of partially water soluble builders include the crystalline layered silicates as disclosed for example, in EP-A-0164514 and EP-A-0293640. Preferred are the crystalline layered sodium silicates of general formula
NaMSixO2+ι .yH2O
wherein M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20. Crystalline layered sodium silicates of this type preferably have a two dimensional 'sheet' structure, such as the so called δ-layered structure, as described in EP-A-0164514 and EP-A-0293640. Methods for preparation of crystalline layered silicates of this type are disclosed in DE-A-3417649 and DE-A-3742043. For the purpose of the present invention, x in the general formula above has a value of 2,3 or 4 and is preferably 2.
The most preferred crystalline layered sodium silicate compound has the formula δ- Na2Si2θ5 , known as NaSKS-6 (trade name), available from Hoechst AG.
The crystalline layered sodium silicate material can be added, especially in granular detergent compositions, as a particulate in intimate admixture with a solid, water-soluble ionisable material as described in WO-A-92/ 18594. The solid, water-soluble ionisable material is selected from organic acids, organic and inorganic acid salts and mixtures thereof, with citric acid being preferred.
Examples of largely water insoluble builders include the sodium aluminosilicates. Suitable aluminosilicates include the aluminosilicate zeolites having the unit cell formula Naz[(AlO2)z(SiO2)y]. XH2O wherein z and y are at least 6; the molar ratio of z to y is from 1.0 to 0.5 and x is at least 5, preferably from 7.5 to 276, more preferably from 10 to 264. The aluminosilicate material are in hydrated form and are preferably crystalline, containing from 10% to 28%), more preferably from 18% to 22% water in bound form.
The aluminosilicate zeolites can be naturally occurring materials, but are preferably synthetically derived. Synthetic crystalline aluminosilicate ion exchange materials are available under the designations Zeolite A, Zeolite B, Zeolite P, Zeolite X, Zeolite HS and mixtures thereof. A preferred method of synthesizing aluminosilicate zeolites is that described by Schoeman et al (published in Zeolite (1994) 14(2), 110-116), in which the author describes a method of preparing colloidal aluminosilicate zeolites. The colloidal aluminosilicate zeolite particles should preferably be such that no more than 5% of the particles are of size greater than lμm in diameter and not more than 5% of particles are of size less then 0.05 μm in diameter. Preferably the aluminosilicate zeolite particles have an average particle size diameter of between O.Olμm and lμm, more preferably between 0.05 μm and 0.9 μm, most preferably between O.lμm and 0.6 μm.
Zeolite A has the formula
Na 12 [AlO2) 12 (SiO2)ι2]. H2O
wherein x is from 20 to 30, especially 27. Zeolite X has the formula Nag6
[(AlO2)86(Si°2)l06-- 276 H2θ- Zeolite MAP, as disclosed in EP-B-384,070 is a suitable zeolite builder herein.
Preferred aluminosilicate zeolites are the colloidal aluminosilicate zeolites. When employed as a component of a detergent composition colloidal aluminosilicate zeolites, especially colloidal zeolite A, provide enhanced builder performance, especially in terms of improved stain removal, reduced fabric encrustation and improved fabric whiteness maintenance. Mixtures of colloidal zeolite A and colloidal zeolite Y are also suitable herein providing excellent calcium ion and magnesium ion sequestration performance.
Surfactant
Suitable surfactants are selected from anionic, cationic, nonionic ampholytic and zwitterionic surfactants and mixtures thereof. Automatic dishwashing machine products should be low foaming in character and thus the foaming of the surfactant system for use in dishwashing should be suppressed or more preferably be low foaming, typically nonionic in character. Sudsing caused by surfactant systems used in laundry cleaning methods need not be suppressed to the same extent as is necessary for dishwashing.
A typical listing of anionic, nonionic, ampholytic and zwitterionic classes, and species of these surfactants, is given in US-A-3, 929,678. A list of suitable cationic surfactants is given in US-A-4,259,217. A listing of surfactants typically included in automatic dishwashing detergent compositions is given in EP-A-0414549 and WO-A-93/08876 and WO-A-93/08874.
Nonionic surfactants
Nonionic ethoxylated alcohol surfactants
The alkyl ethoxylate condensation products of aliphatic alcohols with from 1 to 25 moles of ethylene oxide are suitable for use herein. The alkyl chain of the aliphatic alcohol can either be straight or branched, primary or secondary, and generally contains from 6 to 22 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms with from 2 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
End-capped alkyl alkoxylate surfactants
A suitable endcapped alkyl alkoxylate surfactant is the epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols represented by the formula:
R1O[CH2CH(CH3)O]x[CH2CH2O]y[CH2CH(OH)R2] (I)
wherein R\ is a linear or branched, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 4 to 18 carbon atoms; R2 is a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 2 to
26 carbon atoms; x is an integer having an average value of from 0.5 to 1.5, more preferably 1 ; and y is an integer having a value of at least 15, more preferably at least 20.
Preferably, the surfactant of formula I, at least 10 carbon atoms in the terminal epoxide unit [CH2CH(OH)R2] . Suitable surfactants of formula I, according to the present invention, are Olin Corporation's POLY-TERGENT® SLF-18B nonionic surfactants, as described, for example, in WO-A-94/22800.
Ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated alcohols
Other suitable surfactants for use herein include ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols having the formula: RlO[CH2CH(R3)O]x[CH2]kCH(OH)[CH2]jOR2
wherein R and R2 are linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms; R^ is H, or a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; x is an integer having an average value from 1 to 30, wherein when x is 2 or greater R- may be the same or different and k and j are integers having an average value of from 1 to 12, and more preferably 1 to 5.
R! and R2 are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms with 8 to 18 carbon atoms being most preferred. H or a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms is most preferred for R- . Preferably, x is an integer having an average value of from 1 to 20, more preferably from 6 to 15.
As described above, when, in the preferred embodiments, and x is greater than 2, R^ may be the same or different. That is, R^ may vary between any of the alkyleneoxy units as described above. For instance, if x is 3, R^may be be selected to form ethyleneoxy(EO) or propyleneoxy(PO) and may vary in order of (EO)(PO)(EO), (EO)(EO)(PO); (EO)(EO)(EO); (PO)(EO)(PO); (PO)(PO)(EO) and (PO)(PO)(PO). Of course, the integer three is chosen for example only and the variation may be much larger with a higher integer value for x and include, for example, mulitple (EO) units and a much small number of (PO) units.
Particularly preferred surfactants as described above include those that have a low cloud point of less than 20°C. These low cloud point surfactants may then be employed in conjunction with a high cloud point surfactant as described in detail below for superior grease cleaning benefits.
Most preferred ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants are those wherein k is 1 and j is 1 so that the surfactants have the formula:
Rl O[CH2CH(R )O]xCH2CH(OH)CH2OR2
where Rl , R2 and R3 are defined as above and x is an integer with an average value of from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20, and even more preferably from 6 to 18. Most preferred are surfactants wherein R and R2 range from 9 to 14, R3 is H forming ethyleneoxy and x ranges from 6 to 15.
The ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants comprise three general components, namely a linear or branched alcohol, an alkylene oxide and an alkyl ether end cap. The alkyl ether end cap and the alcohol serve as a hydrophobic, oil-soluble portion of the molecule while the alkylene oxide group forms the hydrophilic, water- soluble portion of the molecule.
These surfactants exhibit significant improvements in spotting and filming characteristics and removal of greasy soils, when used in conjunction with high cloud point surfactants, relative to conventional surfactants.
Generally speaking, the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylene) alcohol surfactants may be produced by reacting an aliphatic alcohol with an epoxide to form an ether which is then reacted with a base to form a second epoxide. The second epoxide is then reacted with an alkoxylated alcohol to form the novel compounds of the present invention.
Nonionic ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohol surfactants
The ethoxylated Cg-Cig fatty alcohols and Cg-Cjg mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols are suitable surfactants for use herein, particularly where water soluble. Preferably the ethoxylated fatty alcohols are the Cj 0"Cl8 ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 50, most preferably these are the C^-C^g ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a degree of ethoxylation from 3 to 40. Preferably the mixed ethoxylated/propoxylated fatty alcohols have an alkyl chain length of from 10 to 18 carbon atoms, a degree of ethoxylation of from 3 to 30 and a degree of propoxylation
Figure imgf000029_0001
Nonionic EO/PO condensates with propylene glycol
The condensation products of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol are suitable for use herein. The hydrophobic portion of these compounds preferably has a molecular weight of from 1500 to 1800 and exhibits water insolubility. Examples of compounds of this type include certain of the commercially-available Pluronic^M surfactants, marketed by BASF. Nonionic EO condensation products with propylene oxide/ethylene diamine adducts
The condensation products of ethylene oxide with the product resulting from the reaction of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine are suitable for use herein. The hydrophobic moiety of these products consists of the reaction product of ethylenediamine and excess propylene oxide, and generally has a molecular weight of from 2500 to 3000. Examples of this type of nonionic surfactant include certain of the commercially available Tetronic compounds, marketed by BASF.
Mixed Nonionic Surfactant Systems
The compositions herein can also include a mixed nonionic surfactant system comprising at least one low cloud point nonionic surfactant and at least one high cloud point nonionic surfactant.
"Cloud point", as used herein, is a well known property of nonionic surfactants which is the result of the surfactant becoming less soluble with increasing temperature, the temperature at which the appearance of a second phase is observable is referred to as the "cloud point" (See Kirk Othmer's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3r Ed. Vol. 22, pp. 360-379).
As used herein, a "low cloud point" nonionic surfactant is defined as a nonionic surfactant system ingredient having a cloud point of less than 30°C, preferably less than 20°C, and most preferably less than 10°C. Typical low cloud point nonionic surfactants include nonionic alkoxylated surfactants, especially ethoxylates derived from primary alcohol, and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene (PO/EO/PO) reverse block polymers. Also, such low cloud point nonionic surfactants include, for example, ethoxylated-propoxylated alcohol (e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18), epoxy-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols (e.g., Olin Corporation's Poly-Tergent® SLF18B series of nonionics, as described, for example, in WO-A-94/22800) and the ether-capped poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol surfactants.
Nonionic surfactants can optionally contain propylene oxide in an amount up to 15% by weight. Other suitable nonionic surfactants can be prepared by the processes described in US-A-4,223,163. Low cloud point nonionic surfactants additionally comprise a polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene block polymeric compound. Block polyoxyethylene- polyoxypropylene polymeric compounds include those based on ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane and ethylenediamine as initiator reactive hydrogen compound. Certain of the block polymer surfactant compounds designated PLURONIC®, REVERSED PLURONIC®, and TETRONIC® by the BASF-Wyandotte Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan, are also suitable herein. Preferred examples include REVERSED PLURONIC® 25R2 and TETRONIC® 702, Such surfactants are typically useful herein as low cloud point nonionic surfactants.
As used herein, a "high cloud point" nonionic surfactant is defined as a nonionic surfactant system ingredient having a cloud point of greater than 40°C, preferably greater than 50°C, and more preferably greater than 60°C. Preferably the nonionic surfactant system comprises an ethoxylated surfactant derived from the reaction of a monohydroxy alcohol or alkylphenol containing from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, with from 6 to 15 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkyl phenol on an average basis. Such high cloud point nonionic surfactants include, for example, Tergitol 15S9 (supplied by Union Carbide), Rhodasurf TMD 8.5 (supplied by Rhone Poulenc), and Neodol 91-8 (supplied by Shell).
It is also preferred that the high cloud point nonionic surfactant further have a hydrophile- lipophile balance ("HLB"; see Kirk Othmer hereinbefore) value within the range of from 9 to 15, preferably 11 to 15. Such materials include, for example, Tergitol 15S9 (supplied by Union Carbide), Rhodasurf TMD 8.5 (supplied by Rhone Poulenc), and Neodol 91-8 (supplied by Shell).
Another suitable high cloud point nonionic surfactant is derived from a straight or preferably branched chain or secondary fatty alcohol containing from 6 to 20 carbon atoms (C6-C20 alcohol), including secondary alcohols and branched chain primary alcohols. Preferably, high cloud point nonionic surfactants are branched or secondary alcohol ethoxylates, more preferably mixed C9/11 or Cl 1/15 branched alcohol ethoxylates, condensed with an average of from 6 to 15 moles, preferably from 6 to 12 moles, and most preferably from 6 to 9 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Preferably the ethoxylated nonionic surfactant so derived has a narrow ethoxylate distribution relative to the average. Anionic surfactants
Essentially any anionic surfactants useful for detersive purposes are suitable. These can include salts (including, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, and substituted ammonium salts such as mono-, di- and triethanolamine salts) of the anionic sulfate, sulfonate, carboxylate and sarcosinate surfactants. Anionic sulfate surfactants are preferred.
Other anionic surfactants include the isethionates such as the acyl isethionates, N-acyl taurates, fatty acid amides of methyl tauride, alkyl succinates and sulfosuccinates, monoesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C, ~-C, r, monoesters) diesters of sulfosuccinate (especially saturated and unsaturated C,--C, 4 diesters), N-acyl sarcosinates. Resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids are also suitable, such as rosin, hydrogenated rosin, and resin acids and hydrogenated resin acids present in or derived from tallow oil.
Anionic sulfate surfactants
Anionic sulfate surfactants suitable for use herein include the linear and branched primary and secondary alkyl sulfates, alkyl ethoxysulfates, fatty oleoyl glycerol sulfates, alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates, the C5-C17 acyl-N-(C]-C4 alkyl) and -N-(C -C2 hydroxyalkyl) glucamine sulfates, and sulfates of alkylpolysaccharides such as the sulfates of alkylpolyglucoside (the nonionic nonsulfated compounds being described herein).
Alkyl sulfate surfactants are preferably selected from the linear and branched primary Cl0"Cl8 alkyl sulfates, more preferably the Ci 1-C15 branched chain alkyl sulfates and the C12-C14 linear chain alkyl sulfates.
Alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactants are preferably selected from the group consisting of the C10-C18 alkyl sulfates which have been ethoxylated with from 0.5 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide per molecule. More preferably, the alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactant is a Cl l_Ci8. most preferably Ci 1-C15 alkyl sulfate which has been ethoxylated with from 0.5 to 7, preferably from 1 to 5, moles of ethylene oxide per molecule. Mixtures of alkyl sulfate and alkyl ethoxysulfate surfactants are also suitable herein (WO-A-93/18124). Anionic sulfonate surfactants
Anionic sulfonate surfactants suitable for use herein include the salts of C5-C20 linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl ester sulfonates, Cβ-C22 primary or secondary alkane sulfonates, C6-C24 olefin sulfonates, sulfonated polycarboxylic acids, alkyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty acyl glycerol sulfonates, fatty oleyl glycerol sulfonates, and any mixtures thereof.
Anionic carboxylate surfactant
Suitable anionic carboxylate surfactants include the alkyl ethoxy carboxylates, the alkyl polyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants and the soaps ('alkyl carboxyls'), especially certain secondary soaps as described herein.
Suitable alkyl ethoxy carboxylates include those with the formula RO(CH2CH2θ)x
CH2C00"M+ wherein R is a C to Cig alkyl group, x ranges from 0 to 10, and the ethoxylate distribution is such that, on a weight basis, the amount of material where x is 0 is less than 20 % and M is a cation. Suitable alkyl polyethoxy polycarboxylate surfactants include those having the formula RO-(CHRι -CHR2-O)-R3 wherein R is a Cg to Cis alkyl group, x is from 1 to 25, Ri and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl acid radical, succinic acid radical, hydroxysuccinic acid radical, and mixtures thereof, and R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable soap surfactants include the secondary soap surfactants which contain a carboxyl unit connected to a secondary carbon. Preferred secondary soap surfactants for use herein are water-soluble members selected from the group consisting of the water-soluble salts of 2-methyl-l-undecanoic acid, 2-ethyl-l-decanoic acid, 2-propyl-l-nonanoic acid, 2- butyl- 1-octanoic acid and 2-pentyl-l-heptanoic acid. Certain soaps may also be included as suds suppressors.
Alkali metal sarcosinate surfactants
Other suitable anionic surfactants are the alkali metal sarcosinates of formula R-CON
(Ri) CH2 COOM, wherein R is a C5-C17 linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl group, R1 is a C1-C4 alkyl group and M is an alkali metal ion. Preferred examples are the myristyl and oleoyl methyl sarcosinates in the form of their sodium salts.
Amphoteric surfactants
Suitable amphoteric surfactants for use herein include the amine oxide surfactants and the alkyl amphocarboxylic acids.
Suitable amine oxides include those compounds having the formula R3(OR4)xNθ(R5)2 wherein R is selected from an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, acylamidopropoyl and alkyl phenyl group, or mixtures thereof, containing from 8 to 26 carbon atoms; R^ is an alkylene or hydroxyalkylene group containing from 2 to 3 carbon atoms, or mixtures thereof; x is from 0 to 5, preferably from 0 to 3; and each R^ is an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group containing from 1 to 3, or a polyethylene oxide group containing from 1 to 3 ethylene oxide groups. Preferred are C 0-C18 alkyl dimethylamine oxide, and CiO-18 acylamido alkyl dimethylamine oxide.
A suitable example of an alkyl amphodicarboxylic acid is Miranol(TM) C2M Cone, manufactured by Miranol, Inc., Dayton, NJ.
Zwitterionic surfactants
Zwitterionic surfactants can be broadly described as derivatives of secondary and tertiary amines, derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines, or derivatives of quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium or tertiary sulfonium compounds. Betaine and sultaine surfactants are exemplary zwitterionic surfactants for use herein.
Suitable betaines are those compounds having the formula R(R')2N+R2COO" wherein R is a C -C18 hydrocarbyl group, each R is typically C1-C3 alkyl, and R2 is a C1-C5 hydrocarbyl group. Preferred betaines are C 2- 18 dimethyl-ammonio hexanoate and the ClO-18 acylamidopropane (or ethane) dimethyl (or diethyl) betaines. Complex betaine surfactants are also suitable for use herein.
Cationic surfactants Cationic ester surfactants used in this invention are preferably water dispersible compound having surfactant properties comprising at least one ester (i.e. -COO-) linkage and at least one cationically charged group. Other suitable cationic ester surfactants, including choline ester surfactants, have for example been disclosed in US-A-4228042, US-A-4239660 and US-A-4260529.
Suitable cationic surfactants include the quaternary ammonium surfactants selected from mono Cg-C g, preferably C6-C 0 N-alkyl or alkenyl ammonium surfactants wherein the remaining N positions are substituted by methyl, hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl groups.
Enzymes
Enzymes suitable for use herein included cellulases, hemicellulases, peroxidases, proteases, gluco-amylases, amylases, xylanases, Upases, phospholipases, esterases, cutinases, pectinases, keratanases, reductases, oxidases, phenoloxidases, lipoxygenases, ligninases, pullulanases, tannases, pentosanases, malanases, β-glucanases, arabinosidases, hyaluronidase, chondroitinase, laccase and mixtures thereof.
Preferred enzymes include protease, amylase, lipase, peroxidases, cutinase and/or cellulase in conjunction with one or more plant cell wall degrading enzymes.
The cellulases usable in the present invention include both bacterial or fungal cellulase. Preferably, they will have a pH optimum of between 5 and 12 and an activity above 50 CEVU (Cellulose Viscosity Unit). Suitable cellulases are disclosed in US-A-4,435,307, J61078384 and WO-A-96/02653 which disclose fungal cellulases produced respectively from Humicola insolens, Trichoderma, Thielavia and Sporotrichum. EP-A-0739982 describes cellulases isolated from novel Bacillus species. Suitable cellulases are also disclosed in GB-A-2075028; GB-A-2095275, DE-A-2.247.832 and WO-A-95/26398.
Examples of such cellulases are cellulases produced by a strain of Humicola insolens (Humicola grisea var. thermoidea), particularly the Humicola strain DSM 1800. Other suitable cellulases are cellulases originated from Humicola insolens having a molecular weight of 50KDa, an isoelectric point of 5.5 and containing 415 amino acids; and a ~43kD endoglucanase derived from Humicola insolens, DSM 1800, exhibiting cellulase activity; a preferred endoglucanase component has the amino acid sequence disclosed in WO-A-91/17243. Also suitable cellulases are the EGIII cellulases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum described in WO-A-94/21801. Especially suitable cellulases are the cellulases having color care benefits. Examples of such cellulases are cellulases described in European patent application No. 91202879.2, filed November 6, 1991 (Novo). Carezyme and Celluzyme (Novo Nordisk A S) are especially useful. See also WO-A- 91/17244 and WO-A-91/21801. Other suitable cellulases for fabric care and/or cleaning properties are described in WO-A-96/34092, WO-A-96/17994 and WO-A-95/24471.
Said cellulases are normally incorporated in detergent compositions at levels from 0.0001%) to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition.
Peroxidase enzymes are used in combination with oxygen sources, e.g. percarbonate, perborate, persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, etc. They are used for "solution bleaching", i.e. to prevent transfer of dyes or pigments removed from substrates during wash operations to other substrates in the wash solution. Peroxidase enzymes are known in the art, and include, for example, horseradish peroxidase, ligninase and haloperoxidase such as chloro- and bromo-peroxidase. Peroxidase-containing detergent compositions are disclosed, for example, in WO-A-89/099813, WO-A-89/09813 and in European Patent application EP No. 91202882.6, filed on November 6, 1991 and EP No. 96870013.8, filed February 20, 1996. Also suitable is the laccase enzyme.
Preferred enhancers are substitued phenthiazine and phenoxasine 10- Phenothiazinepropionicacid (PPT), 10-ethylphenothiazine-4-carboxylic acid (EPC), 10- phenoxazinepropionic acid (POP) and 10-methylphenoxazine (described in WO-A- 94/12621) and substitued syringates (C3-C5 substitued alkyl syringates) and phenols. Sodium percarbonate or perborate are preferred sources of hydrogen peroxide.
Said cellulases and/or peroxidases are normally incorporated in detergent composition at levels from 0.0001% to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition.
Other suitable enzymes that can be included in the detergent compositions of the present invention include lipases. Suitable lipase enzymes for detergent usage include those produced by microorganisms of the Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in GB-A-1,372,034. Suitable lipases include those which show a positive immunological cross-reaction with the antibody of the lipase, produced by the microorganism Pseudomonas fluorescent IAM 1057. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P "Amano," hereinafter referred to as "Amano-P". Other suitable commercial lipases include Amano-CES, lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRLB 3673 from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; Chromobacter viscosum lipases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., The Netherlands, and lipases ex Pseudomonas gladioli. Especially suitable lipases are lipases such as Ml Lipase^ and Lipomax^- (Gist-Brocades) and Lipolase^ and Lipolase UltraR(Novo) which have found to be very effective when used in combination with the compositions of the present invention. Also suitables are the lipolytic enzymes described in EP-A-0258068, WO-A-92/05249, WO-A-95/22615, WO-A-94/03578, WO-A- 95/35381 and WO- A-96/00292.
Also suitable are cutinases [EC 3.1.1.50] which can be considered as a special kind of lipase, namely lipases which do not require interfacial activation. Addition of cutinases to detergent compositions have been described in e.g. WO-A-88/09367, WO-A-90/09446, WO-A-94/14963 and WO-A-94/14964.
The lipases and/or cutinases are normally incorporated in detergent composition at levels from 0.0001% to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition.
Suitable proteases are the subtilisins which are obtained from particular strains of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (subtilisin BPN and BPN'). One suitable protease is obtained from a strain of Bacillus, having maximum activity throughout the pH range of 8-12, developed and sold as ESPERASE® by Novo Industries A/S of Denmark, hereinafter "Novo". The preparation of this enzyme and analogous enzymes is described in GB 1,243,784 to Novo. Other suitable proteases include ALCALASE®, DURAZYM® and SAVINASE® from Novo and MAXATASE®, MAXACAL®, PROPERASE® and MAXAPEM® (protein engineered Maxacal) from Gist-Brocades. Proteolytic enzymes also encompass modified bacterial serine proteases, such as those described in European Patent Application Serial Number 87 303761.8, filed April 28, 1987 (particularly pages 17, 24 and 98), and which is called herein "Protease B", and in EP-A-0199404 which refers to a modified bacterial serine protealytic enzyme which is called "Protease A" herein. Suitable is what is called herein "Protease C", which is a variant of an alkaline serine protease from Bacillus in which lysine replaced arginine at position 27, tyrosine replaced valine at position 104, serine replaced asparagine at position 123, and alanine replaced threonine at position 274. Protease C is described in WO-A-91/06637. Genetically modified variants, particularly of Protease C, are also included herein.
A suitable protease referred to as "Protease D" is a carbonyl hydrolase variant having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, which is derived from a precursor carbonyl hydrolase by substituting a different amino acid for a plurality of amino acid residues at a position in said carbonyl hydrolase equivalent to position +76, preferably also in combination with one or more amino acid residue positions equivalent to those selected from the group consisting of +99, +101, +103, +104, +107, +123, +27, +105, +109, +126, +128, +135, +156, +166, +195, +197, +204, +206, +210, +216, +217, +218, +222, +260, +265, and/or +274 according to the numbering of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin, as described in WO-A-95/10591 and in the patent application of C. Ghosh, et al, "Bleaching Compositions Comprising Protease Enzymes" having US Serial No. 08/322,677, filed October 13, 1994.
Also suitable are proteases described in EP-A-0251 446 and WO-A-91/06637, protease BLAP® described in WO-A-91/02792 and their variants described in WO-A-95/23221.
See also a high pH protease from Bacillus sp. NCIMB 40338 described in WO-A- 93/18140. Enzymatic detergents comprising protease, one or more other enzymes, and a reversible protease inhibitor are described in WO-A-92/03529. When desired, a protease having decreased adsorption and increased hydrolysis is available as described in WO-A- 95/07791. A recombinant trypsin-like protease for detergents suitable herein is described in WO-A- 94/25583. Other suitable proteases are described in EP-A-0516 200.
Other suitable protease enzymes include protease enzymes which are a carbonyl hydrolase variant having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, which is derived by replacement of a plurality of amino acid residues of a precursor carbonyl hydrolase with different amino acids, wherein said plurality of amino acid residues replaced in the precursor enzyme correspond to position +210 in combination with one or more of the following residues: +33, +62, +67, +76, +100, +101, +103, +104, +107, +128, +129, +130, +132, +135, +156, +158, +164, +166, +167, +170, +209, +215, +217, +218 and +222, where the numbered positions correspond to naturally-occurring subtilisin from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or to equivalent amino acid residues in other carbonyl hydrolases or subtilisins (such as Bacillus lentus subtilisin). Preferred enzymes of this type include those having position changes +210, +76, +103, +104, +156, and +166. The proteolytic enzymes are incorporated in detergent compositions at a level of from 0.0001% to 2%, preferably from 0.001% to 0.2%, more preferably from 0.005% to 0.1% pure enzyme by weight of composition.
Amylases (α and/or β) can be included for removal of carbohydrate-based stains. WO-A- 94/02597 describes cleaning compositions which incorporate mutant amylases. See also WO-A-95/10603. Other amylases known for use in cleaning compositions include both α - and β-amylases. α-Amylases are known in the art and include those disclosed in US-A- 5,003,257; EP-A-0252,666; WO-A-91/00353; FR-A-2,676,456; EP-A-0285,123; EP-A- 525,610; EP-A-0368,341; and GB-A- 1,296,839. Other suitable amylases are stability- enhanced amylases described in WO-A-94/18314 and WO-A-96/05295 and amylase variants having additional modification in the immediate parent available from Novo Nordisk A S, disclosed in WO-A-95/10603. Also suitable are amylases described in EP- A-0277216, WO-A-95/26397 and WO-A-96/23873.
Examples of commercial α-amylases products are Purafect Ox Am® from Genencor and Termamyl®, Ban® ,Fungamyl® and Duramyl®, Natalase all available from Novo Nordisk A/S Denmark. WO-A-95/26397 describes other suitable amylases : α-amylases characterised by having a specific activity at least 25% higher than the specific activity of Termamyl® at a temperature range of 25 °C to 55°C and at a pH value in the range of 8 to 10, measured by the Phadebas® α-amylase activity assay. Suitable are variants of the above enzymes, described in WO-A-96/23873. Other amylolytic enzymes with improved properties with respect to the activity level and the combination of thermostability and a higher activity level are described in WO-A-95/35382.
Preferred amylase enzymes include those described in WO-A-95/26397 and in co- pending application by Novo Nordisk PCT/DK96/00056.
The amylolytic enzymes are incorporated in detergent compositions at a level of from 0.0001% to 2%, preferably from 0.00018% to 0.06%, more preferably from 0.00024% to 0.048% pure enzyme by weight of composition
In a particularly preferred embodiment, compositions herein comprise amylase enzymes, particularly those described in WO-A-95/26397 and co-pending application by Novo Nordisk PCT/DK96/00056 in combination with a complementary amylase. By "complementary" it is meant the addition of one or more amylase suitable for detergency purposes. Examples of complementary amylases (α and/or β) are described below. WO-A-94/02597 and WO-A-95/10603 describe cleaning compositions which incorporate mutant amylases. Other amylases known for use in cleaning compositions include both α- and β-amylases. α-Amylases are known in the art and include those disclosed in US-A-5,003,257; EP-A-0252,666; WO-A-91/00353; FR-A-2,676,456; EP-A- 0 285123; EP-A-0525610; EP-A-0368341; and GB-A-1,296,839. Other suitable amylases are stability-enhanced amylases described in WO-A-94/18314 and WO-A-96/05295 and amylase variants having additional modification in the immediate parent available from Novo Nordisk A S, disclosed in WO-A-95/10603. Also suitable are amylases described in EP-A-0277 216. Examples of commercial α-amylases products are Purafect Ox Am® from Genencor and Termamyl®, Ban® ,Fungamyl® and Duramyl®, all available from Novo Nordisk A S Denmark. WO95/26397 describes other suitable amylases : α- amylases characterised by having a specific activity at least 25% higher than the specific activity of Termamyl® at a temperature range of 25 °C to 55°C and at a pH value in the range of 8 to 10, measured by the Phadebas® α-amylase activity assay. Suitable are variants of the above enzymes, described in WO-A-96/23873. Other amylolytic enzymes with improved properties with respect to the activity level and the combination of thermostability and a higher activity level are described in WO-A-95/35382. Preferred complementary amylases for the present invention are the amylases sold under the tradename Purafect Ox AmR described in WO- A- 94/18314, WO-A-96/05295 sold by
Genencor; Termamyl®, Fungamyl®, Ban® Natalase and Duramyl®, all available from Novo Nordisk A/S and Maxamyl® by Gist-Brocades.
The complementary amylase is generally incorporated in detergent compositions at a level of from 0.0001% to 2%, preferably from 0.00018% to 0.06%, more preferably from 0.00024% to 0.048% pure enzyme by weight of composition. Preferably a weight of pure enzyme ratio of specific amylase to the complementary amylase is comprised between 9:1 to 1 :9, more preferably between 4:1 to 1 :4, and most preferably between 2:1 and 1 :2.
The above-mentioned enzymes may be of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. Origin can further be mesophilic or extremophilic (psychrophilic, psychrotrophic, thermophilic, barophilic, alkalophilic, acidophilic, halophilic, etc.). Purified or non-purified forms of these enzymes may be used. Also included by definition, are mutants of native enzymes. Mutants can be obtained e.g. by protein and/or genetic engineering, chemical and/or physical modifications of native enzymes. Common practice as well is the expression of the enzyme via host organisms in which the genetic material responsible for the production of the enzyme has been cloned.
Enzymes are normally incorporated in detergent composition at levels from 0.0001% to 2% of active enzyme by weight of composition. The enzymes can be added as separate single ingredients (prills, granulates, stabilized liquids, etc... containing one enzyme ) or as mixtures of two or more enzymes ( e.g. cogranulates ).
Other suitable detergent ingredients that can be added are enzyme oxidation scavengers which are described in copending European Patent application 92870018.6 filed on January 31, 1992. Examples of such enzyme oxidation scavengers are ethoxylated tetraethylene polyamines.
A range of enzyme materials and means for their incorporation into synthetic detergent compositions is also disclosed in WO- A-9307263, WO- A-9307260, WO-A-8908694 and US-A-3,553,139. Enzymes are further disclosed in US-A-4, 101,457 and US-A- 4,507,219. Enzyme materials useful for liquid detergent formulations, and their incorporation into such formulations, are disclosed in US-A- 4,261,868. Enzymes for use in detergents can be stabilised by various techniques. Enzyme stabilisation techniques are disclosed and exemplified in US-A-3,600,319, EP-A-0199405 and EP-A-0200586. Enzyme stabilisation systems are also described, for example, in US-A- 3,519,570. A useful Bacillus, sp. AC 13 giving proteases, xylanases and cellulases, is described in WO- A-9401532.
Bleaching agent
Suitable bleaching agents herein include chlorine and oxygen-releasing bleaching agents. In one preferred aspect the oxygen-releasing bleaching agent contains a hydrogen peroxide source and an organic peroxyacid bleach precursor compound. The production of the organic peroxyacid occurs by an in situ reaction of the precursor with a source of hydrogen peroxide. Preferred sources of hydrogen peroxide include inorganic perhydrate bleaches. In an alternative aspect a preformed organic peroxyacid is incorporated directly into the composition. Compositions containing mixtures of a hydrogen peroxide source and organic peroxyacid precursor in combination with a preformed organic peroxyacid are also envisaged. Inorganic perhydrate bleaches
Examples of inorganic perhydrate salts include perborate, percarbonate, perphosphate, persulfate and persilicate salts. The inorganic perhydrate salts are normally the alkali metal salts. The inorganic perhydrate salt can be included as the crystalline solid without additional protection. For certain perhydrate salts however, a coated form of the material is used in order to provide better storage stability.
Sodium perborate can be in the form of the monohydrate of nominal formula
NaBθ2H2θ2 or the tetrahydrate NaBθ2H2θ2-3H2θ. Alkali metal percarbonates, particularly sodium percarbonate are preferred perhydrates for inclusion herein. Sodium percarbonate is an addition compound having a formula corresponding to 2Na2CO3.3H2O2, and is available commercially as a crystalline solid. Sodium percarbonate, being a hydrogen peroxide addition compound tends on dissolution to release the hydrogen peroxide quite rapidly which can increase the tendency for localised high bleach concentrations to arise. The percarbonate is most preferably incorporated into such compositions in a coated form which provides in-product stability.
A suitable coating material providing in product stability comprises mixed salt of a water soluble alkali metal sulphate and carbonate. Such coatings together with coating processes have previously been described in GB-A- 1 ,466,799. The weight ratio of the mixed salt coating material to percarbonate lies in the range from 1 : 200 to 1 : 4, more preferably from 1 : 99 to 1 : 9, and most preferably from 1 : 49 to 1 : 19. Preferably, the mixed salt is of sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate which has the general formula Na2SO4.n.Na2CO3 wherein n is from 0.1 to 3, preferably n is from 0.3 to 1.0 and most preferably n is from 0.2 to 0.5. Another suitable coating material providing in product stability, comprises sodium silicate of Siθ2 : Na2θ ratio from 1.8 : 1 to 3.0 : 1, preferably
1.8:1 to 2.4:1, and/or sodium metasilicate, preferably applied at a level of from 2% to 10%, (normally from 3% to 5%>) of Siθ2 by weight of the inorganic perhydrate salt.
Magnesium silicate can also be included in the coating. Coatings that contain silicate and borate salts or boric acids or other inorganics are also suitable. Other coatings which contain waxes, oils, fatty soaps can also be used herein.
Potassium peroxymonopersulfate is another inorganic perhydrate salt of utility in the compositions herein. O 00/52130 Λ PCTVUSOO/05302
41
Peroxyacid bleach precursor
Peroxyacid bleach precursors are compounds which react with hydrogen peroxide in a perhydrolysis reaction to produce a peroxyacid. Generally peroxyacid bleach precursors may be represented as
O X-C-L
where L is a leaving group and X is essentially any functionality, such that on perhydrolysis the structure of the peroxyacid produced is
O X-C-OOH
Suitable peroxyacid bleach precursor compounds typically contain one or more N- or O- acyl groups, which precursors can be selected from a wide range of classes. Suitable classes include anhydrides, esters, imides, lactams and acylated derivatives of imidazoles and oximes. Examples of useful materials within these classes are disclosed in GB-A- 1586789. Suitable esters are disclosed in GB-A-836988, GB-A-864798, GB-A-1147871, GB-A-2143231 and EP-A-0170386.
Leaving groups
The leaving group, hereinafter L group, must be sufficiently reactive for the perhydrolysis reaction to occur within the optimum time frame (e.g., a wash cycle). However, if L is too reactive, this activator will be difficult to stabilise for use in a bleaching composition.
Preferred L groups are selected from the group consisting of:
Figure imgf000044_0001
O Λ O
-N— C-R1 -N N -N-C-CH— R4 R3 Y
I U I , I Y
R3 Y I I -O-CH=C-CH=CH2 -O-C H=C-C H=C H2
Figure imgf000044_0002
R3 O Y
1 ii I
-O-C=CHR4 , and — N— S— CH— R4
R3 O
and mixtures thereof, wherein R is an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing from 1 to
14 carbon atoms, R 3 is an alkyl chain containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, R 4 is H or
R , R is an alkenyl chain containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and Y is H or a solubilizing group. Any of R 1 , R3 and R 4 may be substituted by essentially any functional group including, for example alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, amine, nitrosyl, amide and ammonium or alkyl ammonium groups.
The prefened solubilizing groups are -SO.JM , -CO2 "M , -SO JM , -N (R ) .X" and
3 - + - + 3 O<~N(R )-, and most preferably -SO., M and -CO2 M wherein R is an alkyl chain containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, M is a cation which provides solubility to the bleach activator and X is an anion which provides solubility to the bleach activator. Preferably, M is an alkali metal, ammonium or substituted ammonium cation, with sodium and potassium being most preferred, and X is a halide, hydroxide, methylsulfate or acetate anion.
Perbenzoic acid precursor
Perbenzoic acid precursor compounds provide perbenzoic acid on perhydrolysis.
Suitable O-acylated perbenzoic acid precursor compounds include the substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonates, including for example benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonate:
Figure imgf000045_0001
Also suitable are the benzoylation products of sorbitol, glucose, and all saccharides with benzoylating agents, including for example:
Figure imgf000045_0002
Ac = COCH3; Bz = Benzoyl
Perbenzoic acid precursor compounds of the imide type include N-benzoyl succinimide, tetrabenzoyl ethylene diamine and the N-benzoyl substituted ureas. Suitable imidazole type perbenzoic acid precursors include N-benzoyl imidazole and N-benzoyl benzimidazole and other useful N-acyl group-containing perbenzoic acid precursors include N-benzoyl pyrrolidone, dibenzoyl taurine and benzoyl pyroglutamic acid. Other perbenzoic acid precursors include the benzoyl diacyl peroxides, the benzoyl tetraacyl peroxides, and the compound having the formula:
Figure imgf000046_0001
Phthalic anhydride is another suitable perbenzoic acid precursor compound herein:
Figure imgf000046_0002
Suitable N-acylated lactam perbenzoic acid precursors have the formula:
Figure imgf000046_0003
wherein n is from 0 to 8, preferably from 0 to 2, and R is a benzoyl group.
Perbenzoic acid derivative precursors
Perbenzoic acid derivative precursors provide substituted perbenzoic acids on perhydrolysis.
Suitable substituted perbenzoic acid derivative precursors include any of the herein disclosed perbenzoic precursors in which the benzoyl group is substituted by essentially any non-positively charged (i.e.; non-cationic) functional group including, for example alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, halogen, amine, nitrosyl and amide groups. A preferred class of substituted perbenzoic acid precursor compounds are the amide substituted compounds of the following general formulae:
R1 c N R2. R N R2
O R5 O or R5 O O
wherein Ri is an aryl or alkaryl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, R2 is an arylene, or alkarylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and R^ is H or an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and L can be essentially any leaving group. Ri preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. R2 preferably contains from 4 to 8 carbon atoms. R* may be aryl, substituted aryl or alkylaryl containing branching, substitution, or both and may be sourced from either synthetic sources or natural sources including for example, tallow fat. Analogous structural variations are permissible for R2. The substitution can include alkyl, aryl, halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other typical substituent groups or organic compounds. R^ is preferably H or methyl. R and R^ should not contain more than 18 carbon atoms in total. Amide substituted bleach activator compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.
Cationic peroxyacid precursors
Cationic peroxyacid precursor compounds produce cationic peroxyacids on perhydrolysis.
Typically, cationic peroxyacid precursors are formed by substituting the peroxyacid part of a suitable peroxyacid precursor compound with a positively charged functional group, such as an ammonium or alkyl ammonium group, preferably an ethyl or methyl ammonium group. Cationic peroxyacid precursors are typically present in the compositions as a salt with a suitable anion, such as for example a halide ion or a methylsulfate ion.
The peroxyacid precursor compound to be so cationically substituted may be a perbenzoic acid, or substituted derivative thereof, precursor compound as described hereinbefore. Alternatively, the peroxyacid precursor compound may be an alkyl percarboxylic acid precursor compound or an amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursor as described hereinafter Cationic peroxyacid precursors are described in US-A-4,904,406; US-A-4,751,015; US- A-4,988,451; US-A-4,397,757; US-A-5,269,962; US-A-5,127,852; US-A-5,093,022; US- A-5,106,528; GB-A-1,382,594; EP-A-0475512, EP-A-0458396 and EP-A-0284292; and in JP87-318,332.
Suitable cationic peroxyacid precursors include any of the ammonium or alkyl ammonium substituted alkyl or benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonates, N-acylated caprolactams, and monobenzoyltetraacetyl glucose benzoyl peroxides.
A preferred cationically substituted benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonate is the 4-(trimethyl ammonium) methyl derivative of benzoyl oxybenzene sulfonate:
Figure imgf000048_0001
A preferred cationically substituted alkyl oxybenzene sulfonate has the formula:
Figure imgf000048_0002
Preferred cationic peroxyacid precursors of the N-acylated caprolactam class include the trialkyl ammonium methylene benzoyl caprolactams, particularly trimethyl ammonium methylene benzoyl caprolactam:
Figure imgf000048_0003
Other preferred cationic peroxyacid precursors of the N-acylated caprolactam class include the trialkyl ammonium methylene alkyl caprolactams:
Figure imgf000049_0001
where n is from 0 to 12, particularly from 1 to 5.
Another preferred cationic peroxyacid precursor is 2-(N,N,N-trimethyl ammonium) ethyl sodium 4-sulphophenyl carbonate chloride.
Alkyl percarboxylic acid bleach precursors
Alkyl percarboxylic acid bleach precursors form percarboxylic acids on perhydrolysis. Preferred precursors of this type provide peracetic acid on perhydrolysis.
Preferred alkyl percarboxylic precursor compounds of the imide type include the N- ,N,N^N1 tetra acetylated alkylene diamines wherein the alkylene group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly those compounds in which the alkylene group contains 1 , 2 and 6 carbon atoms. Tetraacetyl ethylene diamine (TAED) is particularly preferred.
Other preferred alkyl percarboxylic acid precursors include sodium 3,5,5-tri-methyl hexanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (iso-NOBS), sodium nonanoyloxybenzene sulfonate (NOBS), sodium acetoxybenzene sulfonate (ABS) and penta acetyl glucose.
Amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursors
Amide substituted alkyl peroxyacid precursor compounds are also suitable, including those of the following general formulae:
R1 c — N — R2 C L R1 — N — C — R2 C L
O R5 O or R5 O O
wherein Ri is an alkyl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, R2 is an alkylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and R^ is H or an alkyl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and L can be essentially any leaving group. Ri preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. R2 preferably contains from 4 to 8 carbon atoms. R* may be straight chain or branched alkyl containing branching, substitution, or both and may be sourced from either synthetic sources or natural sources including for example, tallow fat. Analogous structural variations are permissible for R2. The substitution can include alkyl, halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other typical substituent groups or organic compounds. R^ is preferably H or methyl. R and R^ should not contain more than 18 carbon atoms in total. Amide substituted bleach activator compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.
Benzoxazin organic peroxyacid precursors
Also suitable are precursor compounds of the benzoxazin-type, as disclosed for example in EP-A-0332294 and EP-A-0482807, particularly those having the formula:
Figure imgf000050_0001
including the substituted benzoxazins of the type
Figure imgf000050_0002
wherein R, is H, alkyl, alkaryl, aryl, arylalkyl, and wherein R~, R^, R,, and R^ may be the same or different substituents selected from H, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, alkyl amino, COORfi (wherein Rfi is H or an alkyl group) and carbonyl functions.
An especially preferred precursor of the benzoxazin-type is:
Figure imgf000051_0001
Preformed organic peroxyacid
A suitable class of organic peroxyacid compounds are the amide substituted compounds of the following general formulae:
R1 C — N — R2 C — OOH R1 N — C — R2 C — OOH
O R5 O or R5 O O
wherein R* is an alkyl, aryl or alkaryl group with from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, R2 is an alkylene, arylene, and alkarylene group containing from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, and R~> is H or an alkyl, aryl, or alkaryl group containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Ri preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. R2 preferably contains from 4 to 8 carbon atoms. Ri may be straight chain or branched alkyl, substituted aryl or alkylaryl containing branching, substitution, or both and may be sourced from either synthetic sources or natural sources including for example, tallow fat. Analogous structural variations are permissible for R2. The substitution can include alkyl, aryl, halogen, nitrogen, sulphur and other typical substituent groups or organic compounds. R^ is preferably H or methyl. R* and R^ should not contain more than 18 carbon atoms in total. Amide substituted organic peroxyacid compounds of this type are described in EP-A-0170386.
Other organic peroxyacids include diacyl and tetraacylperoxides, especially diperoxydodecanedioc acid, diperoxytetradecanedioc acid, and diperoxyhexadecanedioc acid. Dibenzoyl peroxide is a preferred organic peroxyacid herein. Mono- and diperazelaic acid, mono- and diperbrassylic acid, and N-phthaloylaminoperoxicaproic acid are also suitable herein.
Controlled rate of release - means
A means may be provided for controlling the rate of release of bleaching agent, particularly oxygen bleach to the wash solution. Means for controlling the rate of release of the bleach may provide for controlled release of peroxide species to the wash solution. Such means could, for example, include controlling the release of any inorganic perhydrate salt, acting as a hydrogen peroxide source, to the wash solution.
Suitable controlled release means can include confining the bleach to one portion of the composition. Another mechanism for controlling the rate of release of bleach may be by coating the bleach with a coating designed to provide the controlled release. The coating may therefore, for example, comprise a poorly water soluble material, or be a coating of sufficient thickness that the kinetics of dissolution of the thick coating provide the controlled rate of release.
The coating material may be applied using various methods. Any coating material is typically present at a weight ratio of coating material to bleach of from 1 :99 to 1:2, preferably from 1 :49 to 1:9. Suitable coating materials include triglycerides (e.g. partially) hydrogenated vegetable oil, soy bean oil, cotton seed oil) mono or diglycerides, macrocrystalline waxes, gelatin, cellulose, fatty acids and any mixtures thereof. Other suitable coating materials can comprise the alkali and alkaline earth metal sulphates, silicates and carbonates, including calcium carbonate and silicas.
A preferred coating material, particularly for an inorganic perhydrate salt bleach source, comprises sodium silicate of SiO2 : Na2O ratio from 1.8 : 1 to 3.0 : 1, preferably 1.8:1 to
2.4:1, and/or sodium metasilicate, preferably applied at a level of from 2% to 10%, (normally from 3% to 5%) of Siθ2 by weight of the inorganic perhydrate salt.
Magnesium silicate can also be included in the coating.
Any inorganic salt coating materials may be combined with organic binder materials to provide composite inorganic salt/organic binder coatings. Suitable binders include the C10-C20 alcohol ethoxylates containing from 5 - 100 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol and more preferably the C15-C20 primary alcohol ethoxylates containing from 20 - 100 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol.
Other preferred binders include certain polymeric materials. Polyvinylpyrrolidones with an average molecular weight of from 12,000 to 700,000 and polyethylene glycols (PEG) with an average molecular weight of from 600 to 5 x 10^ preferably 1000 to 400,000 most preferably 1000 to 10,000 are examples of such polymeric materials. Copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethylene, methylvinyl ether or methacrylic acid, the maleic anhydride constituting at least 20 mole percent of the polymer are further examples of polymeric materials useful as binder agents. These polymeric materials may be used as such or in combination with solvents such as water, propylene glycol and the above mentioned Cκ)-C2o alcohol ethoxylates containing from 5 - 100 moles of ethylene oxide per mole. Further examples of binders include the CIQ-C2O mono- and diglycerol ethers and also the Cιo-C o fatty acids.
Cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose, and homo- or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids or their salts are other examples of binders suitable for use herein.
One method for applying the coating material involves agglomeration. Preferred agglomeration processes include the use of any of the organic binder materials described hereinabove. Any conventional agglomerator/mixer may be used including, but not limited to pan, rotary drum and vertical blender types. Molten coating compositions may also be applied either by being poured onto, or spray atomized onto a moving bed of bleaching agent.
Other means of providing the required controlled release include mechanical means for altering the physical characteristics of the bleach to control its solubility and rate of release. Suitable protocols could include compression, mechanical injection, manual injection, and adjustment of the solubility of the bleach compound by selection of particle size of any particulate component.
Whilst the choice of particle size will depend both on the composition of the particulate component, and the desire to meet the desired controlled release kinetics, it is desirable that the particle size should be more than 500 micrometers, preferably having an average particle diameter of from 800 to 1200 micrometers.
Additional protocols for providing the means of controlled release include the suitable choice of any other components of the composition such that when the composition is introduced to the wash solution the ionic strength environment therein provided enables the required controlled release kinetics to be achieved. Metal-containing bleach catalyst
Bleach-cintaining compositions herein can additionally contain a metal containing bleach catalyst. Preferably the metal containing bleach catalyst is a transition metal containing bleach catalyst, more preferably a manganese or cobalt-containing bleach catalyst.
A suitable type of bleach catalyst is a catalyst comprising a heavy metal cation of defined bleach catalytic activity, such as copper, iron cations, an auxiliary metal cation having little or no bleach catalytic activity, such as zinc or aluminium cations, and a sequestrant having defined stability constants for the catalytic and auxiliary metal cations, particularly ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid) and water-soluble salts thereof. Such catalysts are disclosed in US-A-4,430,243.
Preferred types of bleach catalysts include the manganese-based complexes disclosed in US-A- 5,246,621 and US-A-5,244,594. Preferred examples of these catalysts include MnIV (u-O)3(l,4,7-trimethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane)2-(PF6)2, Mnιπ 2(u-O)ι(u-
OAc)2( 1 ,4,7-trimethyl- 1 ,4,7-triazacyclononane) -(ClO4) , MnIV4(u-O)6( 1 ,4,7- triazacyclononane)4-(Clθ4)2, Mnι MnIV4(u-O) (u-OAc)2.( 1 ,4,7-trimethyl- 1 ,4,7- triazacyclononane)2-(Clθ4)3, and mixtures thereof. Others are described in EP-A- 0549,272. Other ligands suitable for use herein include l,5,9-trimethyl-l,5,9- triazacyclododecane, 2-methyl- 1 ,4,7-triazacyclononane, 2-methyl- 1 ,4,7- triazacyclononane, l,2,4,7-tetramethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane, and mixtures thereof.
For other examples of suitable bleach catalysts see US-A-4,246,612 and US-A-5,227,084.
See also US- A-5, 194,416 which teaches mononuclear manganese (IV) complexes such as Mn(l,4,7-trimethyl-l,4,7-triazacyclononane)(OCH3)3.(PF6).
Still another type of bleach catalyst, as disclosed in US-A-5,114,606, is a water-soluble complex of manganese (III), and/or (IV) with a ligand which is a non-carboxylate polyhydroxy compound having at least three consecutive C-OH groups. Preferred ligands include sorbitol, iditol, dulsitol, mannitol, xylithol, arabitol, adonitol, meso- erythritol, meso-inositol, lactose, and mixtures thereof.
US-A-5,114,611 teaches a bleach catalyst comprising a complex of transition metals, including Mn, Co, Fe, or Cu, with an non-(macro)-cyclic ligand. Said ligands are of the formula: R2 R3
R1-N=C-B-C=N-R4
wherein Rl, R^, R3_ and R^ can each be selected from H, substituted alkyl and aryl groups such that each R!-N=C-R2 and R3-C=N-R4 form a five or six-membered ring. Said ring can further be substituted. B is a bridging group selected from O, S. CR5R6.
NR and C=O, wherein R^, R6, and R^ can each be H, alkyl, or aryl groups, including substituted or unsubstituted groups. Preferred ligands include pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, and triazole rings. Optionally, said rings may be substituted with substituents such as alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, halide, and nitro. Particularly preferred is the ligand 2,2'-bispyridylamine. Preferred bleach catalysts include Co, Cu,
Mn, Fe,-bispyridylmethane and -bispyridylamine complexes. Highly preferred catalysts include Co(2,2'-bispyridylamine)Cl2, Di(isothiocyanato)bispyridylamine-cobalt (II), trisdipyridylamine-cobalt(II) perchlorate, Co(2,2-bispyridylamine)2θ2Clθ4, Bis-(2,2'- bispyridylamine) copper(II) perchlorate, tris(di-2-pyridylamine) iron(II) perchlorate, and mixtures thereof.
Preferred examples include binuclear Mn complexes with tetra-N-dentate and bi-N- dentate ligands, including N4MnIH(u-O)2Mnr N4)+and [Bipy2Mn^(u-
O)2MnIVbipy2]-(ClO4)3.
While the structures of the bleach-catalyzing manganese complexes have not generally been elucidated, it may be speculated that they comprise chelates or other hydrated coordination complexes which result from the interaction of the carboxyl and nitrogen atoms of the ligand with the manganese cation. Likewise, the oxidation state of the manganese cation during the catalytic process is not known with certainty, and may be the (+11), (+III), (+IV) or (+V) valence state. Due to the ligands' possible six points of attachment to the manganese cation, it may be reasonably speculated that multi-nuclear species and/or "cage" structures may exist in the aqueous bleaching media. Whatever the form of the active Mn-ligand species which actually exists, it functions in an apparently catalytic manner to provide improved bleaching performances on stubborn stains such as tea, ketchup, coffee, wine, juice, and the like.
Other bleach catalysts are described, for example, in EP-A-0408131 (cobalt complex catalysts), EP-A-0384503, and EP-A-0306089 (metallo-porphyrin catalysts), US-A- 4,728,455 (manganese/multidentate ligand catalyst), US-A-4,711,748 and EP-A-0224952, (absorbed manganese on aluminosilicate catalyst), US-A-4,601,845 (aluminosilicate support with manganese and zinc or magnesium salt), US-A-4,626,373 (manganese/ligand catalyst), US-A- 4,119,557 (ferric complex catalyst), DE-A-2,054,019 (cobalt chelant catalyst), CA-A-866,191 (transition metal-containing salts), US-A- 4,430,243 (chelants with manganese cations and non-catalytic metal cations), and US-A- 4,728,455 (manganese gluconate catalysts).
Other preferred examples include cobalt (III) catalysts having the formula:
Co[(NH3)nM'mB'bT'tQqPp] Yy
wherein cobalt is in the +3 oxidation state; n is an integer from 0 to 5 (preferably 4 or 5; most preferably 5); M' represents a monodentate ligand; m is an integer from 0 to 5 (preferably 1 or 2; most preferably 1); B' represents a bidentate ligand; b is an integer from 0 to 2; T' represents a tridentate ligand; t is 0 or 1 ; Q is a tetradentate ligand; q is 0 or 1 ; P is a pentadentate ligand; p is 0 or 1 ; and n + m + 2b + 3t + 4q + 5p = 6; Y is one or more appropriately selected counteranions present in a number y, where y is an integer from 1 to 3 (preferably 2 to 3; most preferably 2 when Y is a -1 charged anion), to obtain a charge-balanced salt, preferred Y are selected from the group consisting of chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, citrate, acetate, carbonate, and combinations thereof; and wherein further at least one of the coordination sites attached to the cobalt is labile under automatic dishwashing use conditions and the remaining co-ordination sites stabilise the cobalt under automatic dishwashing conditions such that the reduction potential for cobalt (III) to cobalt (II) under alkaline conditions is less than 0.4 volts (preferably less than 0.2 volts) versus a normal hydrogen electrode.
Preferred cobalt catalysts of this type have the formula:
[Co(NH3)n(M')m] Yy
wherein n is an integer from 3 to 5 (preferably 4 or 5; most preferably 5); M' is a labile coordinating moiety, preferably selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, hydroxide, water, and (when m is greater than 1) combinations thereof; m is an integer from 1 to 3 (preferably 1 or 2; most preferably 1); m+n = 6; and Y is an appropriately selected counteranion present in a number y, which is an integer from 1 to 3 (preferably 2 to 3; most preferably 2 when Y is a -1 charged anion), to obtain a charge-balanced salt.
The preferred cobalt catalyst of this type useful herein are cobalt pentaamine chloride salts having the formula [Co(NH3)5Cl] Yy, and especially [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2.
More preferred are the present invention compositions which utilize cobalt (III) bleach catalysts having the formula:
[Co(NH3)n(M)m(B)b] Ty
wherein cobalt is in the +3 oxidation state; n is 4 or 5 (preferably 5); M is one or more ligands coordinated to the cobalt by one site; m is 0, 1 or 2 (preferably 1); B is a ligand co-ordinated to the cobalt by two sites; b is 0 or 1 (preferably 0), and when b=0, then m+n = 6, and when b=l , then m=0 and n=4; and T is one or more appropriately selected counteranions present in a number y, where y is an integer to obtain a charge-balanced salt (preferably y is 1 to 3; most preferably 2 when T is a -1 charged anion); and wherein further said catalyst has a base hydrolysis rate constant of less than 0.23 M~l s'l (25°C).
Preferred T are selected from the group consisting of chloride, iodide, I3", formate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, citrate, acetate, carbonate, bromide, PF6", BF4", B(Ph)4", phosphate, phosphite, silicate, tosylate, methanesulfonate, and combinations thereof. Optionally, T can be protonated if more than one anionic group exists in T, e.g., HPO4"-",
HCO3", H2PO4", etc. Further, T may be selected from the group consisting of non- traditional inorganic anions such as anionic surfactants (e.g., linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl sulfates (AS), alkylethoxysulfonates (AES), etc.) and/or anionic polymers (e.g., polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, etc.).
The M moieties include, but are not limited to, for example, F", SO4~2, NCS", SCN", S2θ3"2, NH3, PO43-, and carboxylates (which preferably are mono-carboxylates, but more than one carboxylate may be present in the moiety as long as the binding to the cobalt is by only one carboxylate per moiety, in which case the other carboxylate in the M moiety may be protonated or in its salt form). Optionally, M can be protonated if more than one anionic group exists in M (e.g., HPO42-, HCO3-, H2PO4-, HOC(O)CH2C(O)O- , etc.) Preferred M moieties are substituted and unsubstituted C1-C30 carboxylic acids having the formulas: RC(O)O-
wherein R is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C1-C30 (preferably C -C 3) unsubstituted and substituted alkyl, C6-C30 (preferably Cg-C ) unsubstituted and substituted aryl, and C3-C30 (preferably C5-C18) unsubstituted and substituted heteroaryl, wherein substituents are selected from the group consisting of - NR'3, -NR' +, -C(O)OR', -OR*, -C(O)NR'2, wherein R' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Ci-Cg moieties. Such substituted R therefore include the moieties -(CH2)nOH and -(CH2)nNR'4+, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 16, preferably from 2 to 10, and most preferably from 2 to 5.
Most preferred M are carboxylic acids having the formula above wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, straight or branched C4- C 12 alkyl, and benzyl. Most preferred R is methyl. Preferred carboxylic acid M moieties include formic, benzoic, octanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, malonic, maleic, succinic, adipic, phthalic, 2-ethylhexanoic, naphthenoic, oleic, palmitic, triflate, tartrate, stearic, butyric, citric, acrylic, aspartic, fumaric, lauric, linoleic, lactic, malic, and especially acetic acid.
The B moieties include carbonate, di- and higher carboxylates (e.g., oxalate, malonate, malic, succinate, maleate), picolinic acid, and alpha and beta amino acids (e.g., glycine, alanine, beta-alanine, phenylalanine).
Cobalt bleach catalysts useful herein are known, being described for example along with their base hydrolysis rates, in M. L. Tobe, "Base Hydrolysis of Transition-Metal Complexes", Adv. Inorg. Bioinorg. Mech., (1983), 2, pages 1-94. For example, Table 1 at page 17, provides the base hydrolysis rates (designated therein as køH) f°r cobalt pentaamine catalysts complexed with oxalate (kQH= 2.5 x 10~4 M~l s~l (25°C)), NCS" (k0H= 5.0 x IO-4 M"1 s" 1 (25°C)), formate (k0H= 5.8 x 10"4 M"1 s"1 (25°C)), and acetate (koH= 9.6 x 10"4 M~l s~l (25°C)). The most preferred cobalt catalyst useful herein are cobalt pentaamine acetate salts having the formula [Co(NH3)5OAc] Ty, wherein OAc represents an acetate moiety, and especially cobalt pentaamine acetate chloride, [Co(NH3)5OAc]Cl2; as well as [Co(NH3)5OAc](OAc)2; [Co(NH3)5OAc](PF6)2; [Co(NH3)5OAc](SO4); [Co(NH3)5OAc](BF4)2; and [Co(NH3)5OAc](NO3)2 (herein "PAC"). These cobalt catalysts are readily prepared by known procedures, such as taught for example in the Tobe article hereinbefore and the references cited therein, in US-A- 4,810,410, to Diakun et al, issued March 7,1989, J. Chem. Ed. (1989.. 66 (12), 1043-45; The Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds, W.L. Jolly (Prentice-Hall; 1970), pp. 461-3; Inorg. Chem.. 18, 1497-1502 (1979); Inorg. Chem.. 21, 2881-2885 (1982); Inorg. Chem.. 18, 2023-2025 (1979); Inorg. Synthesis, 173-176 (1960); and Journal of Physical Chemistry. 56. 22-25 (1952); as well as the synthesis examples provided hereinafter.
Cobalt catalysts suitable for incorporation into the detergent tablets of the present invention may be produced according to the synthetic routes disclosed in US-A- 5,559,261, US-A-5,581,005, and US-A-5,597,936.
These catalysts may be co-processed with adjunct materials so as to reduce the colour impact if desired for the aesthetics of the product, or to be included in enzyme-containing particles as exemplified hereinafter, or the compositions may be manufactured to contain catalyst "speckles".
Organic polymeric compound
Organic polymeric compounds may be added as preferred components of the detergent tablets in accord with the invention. By organic polymeric compound it is meant essentially any polymeric organic compound commonly found in detergent compositions having dispersant, anti-redeposition, soil release agents or other detergency properties.
Examples of organic polymeric compounds include the water soluble organic homo- or co-polymeric polycarboxylic acids, modified polycarboxylates or their salts in which the polycarboxylic acid comprises at least two carboxyl radicals separated from each other by not more than two carbon atoms. Polymers of the latter type are disclosed in GB-A- 1,596,756. Examples of such salts are polyacrylates of molecular weight 2000-10000 and their copolymers with any suitable other monomer units including modified acrylic, fumaric, maleic, itaconic, aconitic, mesaconic, citraconic and methylenemalonic acid or their salts, maleic anhydride, acrylamide, alkylene, vinylmethyl ether, styrene and any mixtures thereof. Preferred are the copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride having a molecular weight of from 20,000 to 100,000. Preferred commercially available acrylic acid containing polymers having a molecular weight below 15,000 include those sold under the tradename Sokalan PA30, PA20, PA15, PA10 and Sokalan CP10 by BASF GmbH, and those sold under the tradename Acusol 45N, 480N, 460N by Rohm and Haas.
Preferred acrylic acid containing copolymers include those which contain as monomer units: a) from 90% to 10%, preferably from 80% to 20% by weight acrylic acid or its salts and b) from 10% to 90%, preferably from 20% to 80% by weight of a substituted acrylic monomer or its salts having the general formula -[CR2-CRι(CO-O-R3)]- wherein at least one of the substituents R\, R2 or R3, preferably Ri or R2 is a 1 to 4 carbon alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group, Ri or R2 can be a hydrogen and R3 can be a hydrogen or alkali metal salt. Most preferred is a substituted acrylic monomer wherein Ri is methyl, R2 is hydrogen (i.e. a methacrylic acid monomer). The most preferred copolymer of this type has a molecular weight of 3500 and contains 60% to 80% by weight of acrylic acid and 40%) to 20% by weight of methacrylic acid.
The polyamine and modified polyamine compounds are useful herein including those derived from aspartic acid such as those disclosed in EP-A-0305282, EP-A-0305283 and EP-A-0351629.
Other optional polymers may polyvinyl alcohols and acetates both modified and non- modified, cellulosics and modified cellulosics, polyoxyethylenes, polyoxypropylenes, and copolymers thereof, both modified and non-modified, terephthalate esters of ethylene or propylene glycol or mixtures thereof with polyoxyalkylene units. Suitable examples are disclosed in US-A-5,591,703, US-A-5,597,789 and US-A-4,490,271.
Soil Release Agents
Suitable polymeric soil release agents include those soil release agents having: (a) one or more nonionic hydrophile components consisting essentially of (i) polyoxyethylene segments with a degree of polymerization of at least 2, or (ii) oxypropylene or polyoxypropylene segments with a degree of polymerization of from 2 to 10, wherein said hydrophile segment does not encompass any oxypropylene unit unless it is bonded to adjacent moieties at each end by ether linkages, or (iii) a mixture of oxyalkylene units comprising oxyethylene and from 1 to 30 oxypropylene units, said hydrophile segments preferably comprising at least 25%> oxyethylene units and more preferably, especially for such components having 20 to 30 oxypropylene units, at least 50% oxyethylene units; or (b) one or more hydrophobe components comprising (i) C3 oxyalkylene terephthalate segments, wherein, if said hydrophobe components also comprise oxyethylene terephthalate, the ratio of oxyethylene terephthalate:C3 oxyalkylene terephthalate units is
2:1 or lower, (ii) C4-C6 alkylene or oxy C4-C6 alkylene segments, or mixtures therein,
(iii) poly (vinyl ester) segments, preferably polyvinyl acetate, having a degree of polymerization of at least 2, or (iv) C1-C4 alkyl ether or C4 hydroxyalkyl ether substituents, or mixtures therein, wherein said substituents are present in the form of Ci- C4 alkyl ether or C4 hydroxyalkyl ether cellulose derivatives, or mixtures therein, or a combination of (a) and (b).
Typically, the polyoxyethylene segments of (a)(i) will have a degree of polymerization of from 200, although higher levels can be used, preferably from 3 to 150, more preferably from 6 to 100. Suitable oxy C4-C6 alkylene hydrophobe segments include, but are not limited to, end-caps of polymeric soil release agents such as Mθ3S(CH2)nOCH2CH2θ-, where M is sodium and n is an integer from 4-6, as disclosed in US-A-4,721,580.
Polymeric soil release agents useful herein also include cellulosic derivatives such as hydroxyether cellulosic polymers, copolymeric blocks of ethylene terephthalate or propylene terephthalate with polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide terephthalate, and the like. Such agents are commercially available and include hydroxyethers of cellulose such as METHOCEL (Dow). Cellulosic soil release agents for use herein also include those selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alkyl and C4 hydroxyalkyl cellulose; see US-A-4,000,093.
Soil release agents characterized by poly( vinyl ester) hydrophobe segments include graft copolymers of poly(vinyl ester), e.g., Ci-Cg vinyl esters, preferably poly(vinyl acetate) grafted onto polyalkylene oxide backbones, such as polyethylene oxide backbones. See EP-A-0219048.
Another suitable soil release agent is a copolymer having random blocks of ethylene terephthalate and polyethylene oxide (PEO) terephthalate. The molecular weight of this polymeric soil release agent is in the range of from 25,000 to 55,000. See US-A- 3,959,230 and US-A-3,893,929. Another suitable polymeric soil release agent is a polyester with repeat units of ethylene terephthalate units contains 10-15% by weight of ethylene terephthalate units together with 90-80% by weight of poly oxy ethylene terephthalate units, derived from a polyoxyethylene glycol of average molecular weight 300-5,000.
Another suitable polymeric soil release agent is a sulfonated product of a substantially linear ester oligomer comprised of an oligomeric ester backbone of terephthaloyl and oxyalkyleneoxy repeat units and terminal moieties covalently attached to the backbone. These soil release agents are described fully in US-A-4,968,451. Other suitable polymeric soil release agents include the terephthalate polyesters of US-A-4,711 ,730, the anionic end-capped oligomeric esters of US-A-4,721,580 and the block polyester oligomeric compounds of US-A-4,702,857. Other polymeric soil release agents also include the soil release agents of US-A-4,877,896 which discloses anionic, especially sul- foarolyl, end-capped terephthalate esters.
Another soil release agent is an oligomer with repeat units of terephthaloyl units, sulfoisoterephthaloyl units, oxyethyleneoxy and oxy-l,2-propylene units. The repeat units form the backbone of the oligomer and are preferably terminated with modified isethionate end-caps. A particularly preferred soil release agent of this type comprises one sulfoisophthaloyl unit, 5 terephthaloyl units, oxyethyleneoxy and oxy- 1,2- propyleneoxy units in a ratio of from 1.7 to 1.8, and two end-cap units of sodium 2-(2- hydroxyethoxy)-ethanesulfonate.
Heavy metal ion sequestrant
The tablets of the invention preferably contain as an optional component a heavy metal ion sequestrant. By heavy metal ion sequestrant it is meant herein components which act to sequester (chelate) heavy metal ions. These components may also have calcium and magnesium chelation capacity, but preferentially they show selectivity to binding heavy metal ions such as iron, manganese and copper.
Heavy metal ion sequestrants, which are acidic in nature, having for example phosphonic acid or carboxylic acid functionalities, may be present either in their acid form or as a complex/salt with a suitable counter cation such as an alkali or alkaline metal ion, ammonium, or substituted ammonium ion, or any mixtures thereof. Preferably any salts/complexes are water soluble. The molar ratio of said counter cation to the heavy metal ion sequestrant is preferably at least 1:1.
Suitable heavy metal ion sequestrants for use herein include organic phosphonates, such as the amino alkylene poly (alkylene phosphonates), alkali metal ethane 1 -hydroxy disphosphonates and nitrilo trimethylene phosphonates. Preferred among the above species are diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) hexamethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonate) and hydroxy-ethylene- 1 , 1 -diphosphonate.
Other suitable heavy metal ion sequestrant for use herein include nitrilotriacetic acid and polyaminocarboxylic acids such as ethylenediaminotetracetic acid, ethylenetriamine pentacetic acid, ethylenediamine disuccinic acid, ethylenediamine diglutaric acid, 2- hydroxypropylenediamine disuccinic acid or any salts thereof.
Especially preferred is ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) or the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, or substituted ammonium salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. Preferred EDDS compounds are the free acid form and the sodium or magnesium salt or complex thereof.
Crystal growth inhibitor component
The detergent tablets preferably contain a crystal growth inhibitor component, preferably an organodiphosphonic acid component, incorporated preferably at a level of from 0.01% to 5%, more preferably from 0.1% to 2% by weight of the compositions.
By organo diphosphonic acid it is meant herein an organo diphosphonic acid which does not contain nitrogen as part of its chemical structure. This definition therefore excludes the organo aminophosphonates, which however may be included in compositions of the invention as heavy metal ion sequestrant components.
The organo diphosphonic acid is preferably a C -C4 diphosphonic acid, more preferably a C2 diphosphonic acid, such as ethylene diphosphonic acid, or most preferably ethane 1- hydroxy- 1,1 -diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and may be present in partially or fully ionized form, particularly as a salt or complex. Water-soluble sulfate salt
The compositions herein optionally contains a water-soluble sulfate salt. Where present the water-soluble sulfate salt is at the level of from 0.1 % to 40%, more preferably from 1 % to 30%), most preferably from 5% to 25% by weight of composition.
The water-soluble sulfate salt may be essentially any salt of sulfate with any counter cation. Preferred salts are selected from the sulfates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, particularly sodium sulfate.
Alkali Metal Silicate
A suitable alkali metal silicate is sodium silicate having an SiO2:Na2O ratio of from 1.8 to 3.0, preferably from 1.8 to 2.4, most preferably 2.0. Sodium silicate is preferably present at a level of less than 20%>, preferably from 1%> to 15%, most preferably from 3% to 12%) by weight of SiO2. The alkali metal silicate may be in the form of either the anhydrous salt or a hydrated salt.
The compositions herein can also contain sodium metasilicate, present at a level of at least 0.4%> SiO2 by weight. Sodium metasilicate has a nominal SiO2 : Na2O ratio of 1.0.
The weight ratio of said sodium silicate to said sodium metasilicate, measured as SiO , is preferably from 50:1 to 5:4, more preferably from 15:1 to 2:1, most preferably from 10:1 to 5:2.
Colourant
The term 'colourant', as used herein, means any substance that absorbs specific wavelengths of light from the visible light spectrum. Such colourants when added to a detergent composition have the effect of changing the visible colour and thus the appearance of the detergent composition. Colourants may be for example either dyes or pigments. Preferably the colourants are stable in composition in which they are to be incorporated. Thus in a composition of high pH the colourant is preferably alkali stable and in a composition of low pH the colourant is preferably acid stable.
Examples of suitable dyes include reactive dyes, direct dyes, azo dyes. Preferred dyes include phthalocyanine dyes, anthraquinone dye, quinoline dyes, monoazo, disazo and polyazo. More preferred dyes include anthraquinone, quinoline and monoazo dyes. Preferred dyes include SANDOLAN E-HRL 180% (tradename), SANDOLAN MILLING BLUE (tradename), TURQUOISE ACID BLUE (tradename) and SANDOLAN BRILLIANT GREEN (tradename) all available from Clariant UK, HEXACOL QUINOLINE YELLOW (tradename) and HEXACOL BRILLIANT BLUE (tradename) both available from Pointings, UK, ULTRA MARINE BLUE (tradename) available from Holliday or LEVAFIX TURQUISE BLUE EBA (tradename) available from Bayer, USA.
The colourant may be incorporated by any suitable method. Suitable methods include mixing all or selected detergent components with a colourant in a drum or spraying all or selected detergent components with the colourant in a rotating drum.
Colourant is typically added at a level of from 0.001% to 1.5%, preferably from 0.01% to 1.0%, most preferably from 0.1% to 0.3% by weight of composition.
Corrosion inhibitor compound
The compositions herein, especially for use in dishwashing, can contain a corrosion inhibitor preferably selected from organic silver coating agents, particularly paraffin, nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds and Mn(II) compounds, particularly Mn(II) salts of organic ligands.
Organic silver coating agents are described in WO-A-94/16047 and EP-A-690122. Nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds are disclosed in EP-A-0634478. Mn(II) compounds for use in corrosion inhibition are described in EP-A-0672 749.
The functional role of the silver coating agent is to form 'in use' a protective coating layer on any silverware components of the washload to which the compositions of the invention are being applied. The silver coating agent should hence have a high affinity for attachment to solid silver surfaces, particularly when present in as a component of an aqueous washing and bleaching solution with which the solid silver surfaces are being treated.
Suitable organic silver coating agents herein include fatty esters of mono- or polyhydric alcohols having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. The fatty acid portion of the fatty ester can be obtained from mono- or poly-carboxylic acids having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Suitable examples of monocarboxylic fatty acids include behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid and β,β'- dihydroxyisobutyric acid. Examples of suitable polycarboxylic acids include: n-butyl-malonic acid, isocitric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, malic acid and succinic acid.
The fatty alcohol radical in the fatty ester can be represented by mono- or polyhydric alcohols having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. Examples of suitable fatty alcohols include; behenyl, arachidyl, cocoyl, oleyl and lauryl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, ethanol, isopropanol, vinyl alcohol, diglycerol, xylitol, sucrose, erythritol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol or sorbitan.
Preferably, the fatty acid and/or fatty alcohol group of the fatty ester adjunct material have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain.
Preferred fatty esters herein are ethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitan esters wherein the fatty acid portion of the ester normally comprises a species selected from behenic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid or myristic acid.
The glycerol esters are also highly preferred. These are the mono-, di- or tri-esters of glycerol and the fatty acids as defined above.
Specific examples of fatty alcohol esters for use herein include: stearyl acetate, palmityl di-lactate, cocoyl isobutyrate, oleyl maleate, oleyl dimaleate , and tallowyl proprionate. Fatty acid esters useful herein include: xylitol monopalmitate, pentaerythritol monostearate, sucrose monostearate, glycerol monostearate, ethylene glycol monostearate, sorbitan esters. Suitable sorbitan esters include sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monomyristate, sorbitan monobehenate, sorbitan mono-oleate, sorbitan dilaurate, sorbitan distearate, sorbitan dibehenate, sorbitan dioleate, and also mixed tallowalkyl sorbitan mono- and di-esters.
Glycerol monostearate, glycerol mono-oleate, glycerol monopalmitate, glycerol monobehenate, and glycerol distearate are preferred glycerol esters herein. Suitable organic silver coating agents include triglycerides, mono or diglycerides, and wholly or partially hydrogenated derivatives thereof, and any mixtures thereof. Suitable sources of fatty acid esters include vegetable and fish oils and animal fats. Suitable vegetable oils include soy bean oil, cotton seed oil, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, grapeseed oil, palm oil and corn oil.
Waxes, including microcrystalline waxes are suitable organic silver coating agents herein. Preferred waxes have a melting point in the range from 35°C to 110°C and comprise generally from 12 to 70 carbon atoms. Preferred are petroleum waxes of the paraffin and microcrystalline type which are composed of long-chain saturated hydrocarbon compounds.
Alginates and gelatin are suitable organic silver coating agents herein.
Dialkyl amine oxides such as CI -C2Q methylamine oxide, and dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds and salts, such as the C 2-C2Q methylammonium halides are also suitable.
Other suitable organic silver coating agents include certain polymeric materials. Polyvmylpyrrolidones with an average molecular weight of from 12,000 to 700,000, polyethylene glycols (PEG) with an average molecular weight of from 600 to 10,000, polyamine N-oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, and cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxyethylcellulose are examples of such polymeric materials.
Certain perfume materials, particularly those demonstrating a high substantivity for metallic surfaces, are also useful as the organic silver coating agents herein.
Polymeric soil release agents can also be used as an organic silver coating agent.
A preferred organic silver coating agent is a paraffin oil, typically a predominantly branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having a number of carbon atoms in the range of from 20 to 50; preferred paraffin oil selected from predominantly branched C25_45 species with a ratio of cyclic to noncyclic hydrocarbons of from 1 :10 to 2:1, preferably from 1 :5 to 1 :1. A paraffin oil meeting these characteristics, having a ratio of cyclic to noncyclic hydrocarbons of 32:68, is sold by Wintershall, Salzbergen, Germany, under the trade name WI OG 70.
Nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds
Suitable nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds include imidazole and derivatives thereof such as benzimidazole, 2-heptadecyl imidazole and those imidazole derivatives described in Czech Patent No. 139, 279 and GB-A- 1,137,741, which also discloses a method for making imidazole compounds.
Also suitable as nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds are pyrazole compounds and their derivatives, particularly those where the pyrazole is substituted in any of the 1, 3, 4 or 5 positions by substituents R\, R3, R4 and R5 where R is any of H,
CH2OH, CONH3, or COCH3, R3 and R5 are any of C -C20 alkyl or hydroxyl, and R4 is any ofH, NH2 or NO2.
Other suitable nitrogen-containing corrosion inhibitor compounds include benzotriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, l-phenyl-5-mercapto-l,2,3,4-tetrazole, thionalide, morpholine, melamine, distearylamine, stearoyl stearamide, cyanuric acid, aminotriazole, aminotetrazole and indazole.
Nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines, especially distearylamine and ammonium compounds such as ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen citrate are also suitable.
Mn(T0 corrosion inhibitor compounds
The Mn(II) compound is preferably incorporated at a level to provide from 0.1 ppm to 250 ppm, more preferably from 0.5 ppm to 50 ppm, most preferably from 1 ppm to 20 ppm by weight of Mn(II) ions in bleaching solution.
The Mn (II) compound may be an inorganic salt in anhydrous, or any hydrated forms. Suitable salts include manganese sulphate, manganese carbonate, manganese phosphate, manganese nitrate, manganese acetate and manganese chloride. The Mn(II) compound may be a salt or complex of an organic fatty acid such as manganese acetate or manganese stearate. The Mn(II) compound may be a salt or complex of an organic ligand. In one preferred aspect the organic ligand is a heavy metal ion sequestrant. In another preferred aspect the organic ligand is a crystal growth inhibitor.
Other corrosion inhibitor compounds
Other suitable additional corrosion inhibitor compounds include, mercaptans and diols, especially mercaptans with 4 to 20 carbon atoms including lauryl mercaptan, thiophenol, thionapthol, thionalide and thioanthranol. Also suitable are saturated or unsaturated Cιo~ C2o fatty acids, or their salts, especially aluminium tristearate. The Cι2-C2o hydroxy fatty acids, or their salts, are also suitable. Phosphonated octa-decane and other anti- oxidants such as betahydroxytoluene (BHT) are also suitable.
Copolymers of butadiene and maleic acid, particularly those supplied under the trade reference no. 07787 by Polysciences Inc have been found to be of particular utility as corrosion inhibitor compounds.
Water-soluble bismuth compound
The compositions herein, especially for use in dishwashing, can contain a water-soluble bismuth compound, preferably present at a level of from 0.005% to 20%, more preferably from 0.01% to 5%, most preferably from 0.1% to 1% by weight of composition.
The water-soluble bismuth compound may be essentially any salt or complex of bismuth with essentially any inorganic or organic counter anion. Preferred inorganic bismuth salts are selected from the bismuth trihalides, bismuth nitrate and bismuth phosphate. Bismuth acetate and citrate are preferred salts with an organic counter anion.
Enzyme Stabilizing System
Preferred enzyme-containing compositions herein can comprise from 0.001% to 10%, preferably from 0.005% to 8%, most preferably from 0.01% to 6%, by weight of an enzyme stabilizing system. The enzyme stabilizing system can be any stabilizing system which is compatible with the detersive enzyme. Such stabilizing systems can comprise calcium ion, boric acid, propylene glycol, short chain carboxylic acid, boronic acid, chlorine bleach scavengers and mixtures thereof. Such stabilizing systems can also comprise reversible enzyme inhibitors, such as reversible protease inhibitors.
Lime soap dispersant compound
The compositions herein can contain a lime soap dispersant compound, preferably present at a level of from 0.1% to 40% by weight, more preferably 1% to 20% by weight, most preferably from 2% to 10% by weight of composition.
A lime soap dispersant is a material that prevents the precipitation of alkali metal, ammonium or amine salts of fatty acids by calcium or magnesium ions. Preferred lime soap disperant compounds are disclosed in WO-A-93/08877.
Suds suppressing system
The compositions herein preferably comprise a suds suppressing system present at a level of from 0.01% to 15%, preferably from 0.05% to 10%, most preferably from 0.1% to 5% by weight of composition.
Suitable suds suppressing systems for use herein may comprise essentially any known antifoam compound, including, for example silicone antifoam compounds, 2-alkyl and alcanol antifoam compounds. Preferred suds suppressing systems and antifoam compounds are disclosed in WO-A-93/08876 and EP-A-0705324.
Polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents
The compositions herein can also comprise from 0.01% to 10 %>, preferably from 0.05% to 0.5%) by weight of polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents.
The polymeric dye transfer inhibiting agents are preferably selected from polyamine N- oxide polymers, copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and N-vinylimidazole, polyvinylpyrrolidonepolymers or combinations thereof.
Optical brightener The compositions can also contain from 0.005% to 5% by weight of certain types of hydrophilic optical brighteners.
Hydrophilic optical brighteners useful herein include those having the structural formula:
Figure imgf000071_0001
wherein R is selected from anilino, N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and NH-2-hydroxyethyl; R is selected from N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl, N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino, morphihno, chloro and amino; and M is a salt-forming cation such as sodium or potassium.
When in the above formula, Ri is anilino, R2 is N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4',-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-bis-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine- 2-yl)amino]-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid and disodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal-UNPA-GX by Ciba- Geigy Corporation. Tinopal-UNPA-GX is the preferred hydrophilic optical brightener useful in the detergent compositions herein.
When in the above formula, Ri is anilino, R2 is N-2-hydroxyethyl-N-2-methylamino and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-(N-2-hydroxyethyl-N- methylamino)-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid disodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal 5BM-GX by Ciba-Geigy Corporation.
When in the above formula, R is anilino, R2 is morphihno and M is a cation such as sodium, the brightener is 4,4'-bis[(4-anilino-6-morphilino-s-triazine-2-yl)amino]2,2'- stilbenedisulfonic acid, sodium salt. This particular brightener species is commercially marketed under the tradename Tinopal AMS-GX by Ciba Geigy Corporation.
Clay softening system The compositions herein can contain a clay softening system comprising a clay mineral compound and optionally a clay flocculating agent.
The clay mineral compound is preferably a smectite clay compound. Smectite clays are disclosed in the US-A-3,862,058, US-A-3, 948,790, US-A-3,954,632 and US-A- 4,062,647. EP-A-0299575 and EP-A-0313146 describe suitable organic polymeric clay flocculating agents.
Cationic fabric softening agents
Suitable cationic fabric softening agents include the water insoluble tertiary amines or dilong chain amide materials as disclosed in GB-A-1514276 and EP-A-0011340.
Cationic fabric softening agents are typically incorporated at total levels of from 0.5% to 15% by weight, normally from 1% to 5% by weight.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A multi-phase detergent tablet for use in a washing machine, the tablet comprising a first phase in adhesive contact with one or more second phases, and wherein at least the first phase is in the form of a compressed particulate solid incoφorating a cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising polymeric polycarboxylate and inorganic carrier.
2. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to claim 1 wherein the cogranulated detergency additive composition comprises i) from about 0.1 % to about 60%, preferably from about 1% to about 25%>, more preferably from about 5% to about 20%> by weight thereof of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 40% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 70%) to about 99%, more preferably from 80%> to about 95% by weight thereof of inorganic carrier, preferably comprising one or more inorganic salts, and optionally iii) from 0% to about 50%>, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight thereof of one or more organic auxiliaries selected from chelating agents, surfactants, polymeric disintegrants, solubility aids and mixtures thereof.
3. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the polymeric polycarboxylate is selected from i) homo- and copolymers of one or more carboxylic monomers selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, alpha-chloroacrylic acid, alpha- hydroxyacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, and mixtures thereof, and ii) copolymers of one or more of the above carboxylic monomers with one or more nonionic monomers selected from acrylamide, acrylonitrile, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, methylvinyl ketone, acrolein, styrene and alpha-methyl styrene, alkyl vinyl ethers, esters and amides of carboxylic monomers such as (CrC4)-alkyl (meth)acrylates, and water-soluble salts and mixtures thereof.
4. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the inorganic carrier is selected from alkali metal silicate, alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate, alkali metal sulfate, alkali metal tripolyphosphate, and mixtures thereof.
5. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein the inorganic carrier is in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm.
6. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 5 wherein the cogranulated detergency additive composition comprises i) from about 1% to about 25%, preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight thereof of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 30% to about 85%, preferably from about 45% to about 65% by weight thereof of alkali metal carbonate alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate or mixture thereof, and iii) from about 13% to about 69%, preferably from about 15% to about 50% by weight thereof of alkali metal sulfate, and optionally iv) from 0% to about 5% by weight thereof of organic chelating agent.
7. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 2 to 6 wherein the organic chelating agent is selected from diethylenetriamine penta (methylene phosphonate), ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate) hexamethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonate), ethylene diphosphonate, hydroxy-ethylene- 1,1 -diphosphonate, nitrilotriacetate, ethylenediaminotetracetate, ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinate , methylglycinediacetic acid in their salt and free acid forms.
8. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 2 to 7 wherein the polymeric disintegrant I is selected from starch, cellulose and derivatives thereof, alginates, sugars, polyvmylpyrrolidones, swellable clays and mixtures thereof.
9. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 2 to 8 wherein the solubility aid is a water-soluble hydrated salt having a solubility in distilled water of at least about 25g/100g at 25°C, preferably selected from hydrates of sodium acetate, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium citrate and mixtures thereof.
10. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 9 wherein the cogranulated detergency additive composition comprises at least about 5%, preferably from about 10% to about 80%, more preferably from about 20% to about 60% by weight of the tablet.
11. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 10 wherein said one or more second phases is in the form of a compressed particulate solid and the first phase is formed by compression at a pressure greater than that of the second phase.
12. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 11 wherein the first phase is compressed at a pressure of at least about 40 kg/cm2, preferably at least about 250 kg/cm2, more preferably at least about 350 kg/cm2.
13. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 12 wherein the second phase is compressed at a pressure of less than about 350 kg/cm2.
14. A multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 13 wherein a) the first phase is in the form of a shaped body having at least one mould therein; and b) the second phase is in the form of a particulate solid compressed within said mould.
15. A method of making a multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 1 to 14 comprising admixing a liquid feed comprising the polymeric polycarboxylate with a powder feed comprising the inorganic carrier and subjecting the mixture to conditions of agitation and heat to form cogranules of the detergency additive composition.
16. A method of making a multi-phase detergent tablet according to claim 15 wherein the liquid feed and powder feed are admixed under essentially non-evaporative conditions to form a wet cogranular output stream and wherein the wet cogranular output stream is subsequently subjected to heat-drying.
17. A method of making a multi-phase detergent tablet according to claim 15 or 16 wherein the liquid feed comprises polymeric polycarboxylate in the form of a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion in a liquid or liquifiable medium, the powder feed comprises inorganic carrier in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm, and wherein the liquid:powder feed ratio is less than about 0.5, preferably less than about 0.4, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.35, and especially from about 0.2 to about 0.3.
18. A method of making a multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 15 to 17 wherein the powder feed comprises a mixture of alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal sulfate in a weight ratio of from about 3:1 to about 1:3, preferably from about 2:1 to about 1 :1, and especially from about 1.8:1 to about 1.5:1.
19. A method of making a multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 15 to 18 wherein the cogranular detergency additive composition has an apparent density in the range from about 400 to about 1100 g/1, preferably from about 600 to about 900 g/1, a median granule size of from about 400 to about 700, preferably from about 450 to about 650 μm, and a size distribution such that no more than about 5% by weight is greater than 1500μm and at least about 95%> by weight is greater than 200μm.
20. A method of making a multi-phase detergent tablet according to any of claims 15 to 19 comprising the steps of compacting the cogranules optionally with other detergent tablet ingredients to form the first phase of the tablet, superposing the second phase in particulate or tablet form on or over the first phase and thereafter further compacting the first phase and superposed second phase to form the final multi-phase detergent tablet.
21. A method of making a cogranular detergency additive composition comprising admixing a liquid feed comprising a polymeric polycarboxylate with a powder feed comprising inorganic carrier and subj ecting the mixture to conditions of agitation and heat, and wherein the polymeric polycarboxylate is in the form of a solution, dispersion, slurry or emulsion in a liquid or liquifiable medium, the inorganic carrier is in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm, and wherein the liquid:powder feed ratio is less than about 0.5, preferably less than about 0.4, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.35, and especially from about 0.2 to about 0.3.
22. A cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising i) from about 0.1% to about 60%, preferably from about 1% to about 25%, more preferably from about 5% to about 20% by weight of polymeric polycarboxylate, ii) from about 40% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 70%> to about 99%, more preferably from 80% to about 95% by weight of inorganic carrier in the form of a powder or mixture of powders having a weight-average particle size of less than about 200μm, preferably less than about 150μm, and optionally iii) from 0%> to about 50%, preferably from about 0.5% to about 20% by weight of one or more organic auxiliaries selected from chelating agents, surfactants, polymeric disintegrants, solubility aids and mixtures thereof.
23. A cogranulated detergency additive composition comprising from about 5% to about 20% by weight of polymeric polycarboxylate and from about 80% to about 95% by weight of inorganic carrier, the inorganic carrier comprising i) from about 45% to about 65% by weight of the additive composition of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, alkali metal sesquicarbonate or mixture thereof, and ii) from about 15% to about 50% by weight of the additive composition of alkali metal sulfate.
PCT/US2000/005302 1999-03-04 2000-02-29 Detergent tablet WO2000052130A1 (en)

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AU38621/00A AU3862100A (en) 1999-03-04 2000-02-29 Detergent tablet
JP2000602742A JP2002538270A (en) 1999-03-04 2000-02-29 Tablet detergent
MXPA01008901A MXPA01008901A (en) 1999-03-04 2000-02-29 Detergent tablet.
CA002362955A CA2362955C (en) 1999-03-04 2000-02-29 Multi-phase detergent tablet
EP00917687A EP1159396A1 (en) 1999-03-04 2000-02-29 Detergent tablet
US09/914,752 US6770616B1 (en) 1999-03-04 2000-02-29 Detergent tablet

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WO2005093034A1 (en) * 2004-03-09 2005-10-06 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Multi-phase tablets with an improved sensation of fragrance
US7300911B2 (en) * 2000-03-04 2007-11-27 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Method of preparing multiphase laundry detergent and cleaning product shaped bodies having noncompressed parts
EP2206767B1 (en) 2007-05-04 2016-03-30 Ecolab INC. Solid cleaning compositions
US9862915B2 (en) 2007-10-18 2018-01-09 Ecolab Usa Inc. Pressed, self-solidifying, solid cleaning compositions and methods of making them
CN110317681A (en) * 2019-07-12 2019-10-11 广州立白企业集团有限公司 Promote the composition and automatic dish-washing machine detergent composition of cement properties

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US7300911B2 (en) * 2000-03-04 2007-11-27 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Method of preparing multiphase laundry detergent and cleaning product shaped bodies having noncompressed parts
WO2005093034A1 (en) * 2004-03-09 2005-10-06 Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien Multi-phase tablets with an improved sensation of fragrance
EP2206767B1 (en) 2007-05-04 2016-03-30 Ecolab INC. Solid cleaning compositions
US9862915B2 (en) 2007-10-18 2018-01-09 Ecolab Usa Inc. Pressed, self-solidifying, solid cleaning compositions and methods of making them
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CN110317681A (en) * 2019-07-12 2019-10-11 广州立白企业集团有限公司 Promote the composition and automatic dish-washing machine detergent composition of cement properties

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