WO2000052045A2

WO2000052045A2 - Mage-3 derived immunogenic peptides presented by mhc of class ii and the use thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2000052045A2
Application number: PCT/EP2000/001458
Authority: WO
Inventors: Maria Pia Protti; Paolo Dellabona
Original assignee: Fondazione Centro San Raffaele Del Monte Tabor
Priority date: 1999-02-26
Filing date: 2000-02-23
Publication date: 2000-09-08
Also published as: CA2364002A1; IT1309584B1; WO2000052045A3; EP1161443A2; JP2002538166A; AU2913400A; ITMI990396A1

Abstract

Peptides derived from the protein MAGE-3, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and the use thereof for inducing an immune response against tumors.

Description

MAGE-3 DERIVED IMMUNOGENIC PEPTIDES PRESENTED BY MHC OF CLASS II AND THE USE THEREOF

The present invention relates to peptides derived from MAGE-3 protein and to the use thereof as immunostimulants, specifically as agents capable of stimulating the CD4⁺ T cell immune response. The importance of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in anti -tumor immunity has been clearly demonstrated in animal models. CD4⁺ T cells exert helper activity for the induction and maintenance of anti-tumor CD8⁺ T cells (Greenberg, P.D., 1991,. Adv. Immunol. 49:281-355; Chen, P., et al . , 1993, J. Immunol. 151:244-255; Mandelboim, 0., et al . , 1995,. Nat. Med. 1:1179-1183; Mayordomo, J.I., et al . , 1995, Nat. Med. 1:1297-1302; Bellone, M., et al . , 1997,. J. Immunol. 158:783-789; Ostrand-Rosemberg, S., et al . , 1990, J. Immunol. 144:4068-4071; James, R. , et al . , 1991, Immunology 72:213-218), but they may also have an effector function either by indirect mechanism against MHC class II negative tumors, via macrophages activation, or by direct mechanism against MHC class II positive tumors.

Recently, the requirement of cognate CD4⁺ T cell help for optimal induction of anti -tumor CD8⁺ CTL was demonstrated (Ossendorp, F., et al . 1998. J. Exp . Med.

187:693-702). In humans, evidence for a role of CD4⁺ T cells in anti-tumor immunity comes from the study of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which revealed the presence of both CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cells at the tumor site (Goedegebuure,

P.S., et al. 1995. Immunol. Res. 14:119-131; Maccalli, C, et al . 1994. Int. J. Cancer 57:56-62), and from the detection in the sera of neoplastic patients of antibodies directed against tumor antigens (Sahin U. et al . , 1997, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9:709-716). However, in recent years research on the T cell immunity against human tumors has focused mainly on identification of CD8⁺ HLA class I restricted CTL responses. For example, WO 95/19783 discloses MAGE-3 derived peptides capable of binding to MHC class I molecules, such as the allele HLA-A1. Such peptides usually have a number of residues ranging from 8 to 10 amino acids.

To date tyrosinase, a tissue-specific antigen expressed in normal and neoplastic cells of melanocytic lineage (Topalian, S. ., et al . 1994. Proc . Natl . Acad. Sci. USA 91:9461-9465.; Yee , C, et al . 1996. J. Immunol. 157:4079-4086), is the only melanoma associated antigen demonstrated as a specific target for CD4⁺ melanoma reactive T cells and for which CD4⁺ T cell epitopes have been identified (Topalian, S.L., et al . 1996. J. Exp . Med. 183:1965-1971). WO 97/11669 (Topalian et al . ) reports that peptides from this antigen are recognized in association with MHC class II molecules.

Characterization of the CD4⁺ T cell epitope repertoire on other tumor associated antigens, expecially those that are tumor- specific and shared among tumors of several histotypes (Van den Eynde , B.J., et al . 1997. Immunol. Today 9:684-693), would contribute decisively to improve the efficacy of peptide-based immunization protocols in neoplastic patients. The family of MAGE genes ("Melanoma Associated

Antigen") consists of about 12 members which are expressed in various types of tumors. MAGE-3 is a tumor-specific antigen encoded by a gene expressed in a high proportion of melanomas and in several other tumor histotypes (head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, bladder carcinomas, lung carcinomas and sarcomas) and not in normal tissues, with the exception of testis and placenta (Van den Eynde, B.J., et al. 1997. Immunol. Today 9:684-693). CD8⁺ CTL from melanoma patients recognize HLA class I restricted MAGE-3 epitopes (Van den Eynde, B.J., et al . 1997. Immunol. Today

9:684-693), and clinical trials with synthetic peptides corresponding to HLA-A1 and/or -A2 MAGE-3 binding sequences are ongoing in patients affected by melanoma and other neoplastic diseases (Van den Eynde, B.J., et al . 1997.

Immunol. Today 9:684-693).

According to a first aspect, the invention relates to

MAGE-3 derived immunogenic peptides capable of binding to

MHC class II molecules. Such peptides have length from 12 to 15 residues and correspond to MAGE-3 fragments (according to the amino acid sequence reported in Gaugler B. et al. 1994, J. Exp . Med. 179, 921-930) 21-35, 111-125, 161-175, 251-265, 286-300, preferably 141-155, 146-160, 156-170, more preferably 171-185, 191-205 and 281-295. The corresponding amino acid sequences are reported in SEQ ID No. 1-11.

The peptides of the invention are characterized by promiscuous binding to different alleles of MHC class II molecules, such characteristic being advantageous in that one same peptide can be recognized by a wider patient population.

In an in vitro binding assay, the peptides of the invention proved capable of binding different purified molecules belonging to widespread HLA-DR alleles, and of inducing activation of CD4⁺ cells. More particularly, it has been observed that stimulation with the peptides of the invention induces a remarkable proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells and of their cytolytic activity. CD4+ T cells exposed to such peptides were able to cause lysis of melanoma cells expressing the MAGE-3 protein and the HLA-DR molecules. Details of such experimental evidence are reported in the examples .

The peptides are preferably prepared synthetically, for example according to the procedures described in Merrifield, (1986) Science 232:341-347, and Barany and

Merrifield, The Peptides, Gross and Meienhofer, eds (N.Y.,

Academic Press) , pp. 1-284 (1979) . The synthesis can be carried out in solution or in solid phase or with an automatized synthesizer (Stewart and Young, Solid Phase

Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed. , Rockford 111., Pierce Chemical

Co. (1984) . Alternatively, the recombinant DNA technology can be used, or the peptides can be prepared starting from the natural protein by fragmentation or enzymatic digestion. Furthermore, the amino acid residues can be replaced, preferably conservatively, by other residues of L- or D- amino acids, or added to the disclosed peptides, or they can be chemically modified, for example by amidation of the terminal carboxylic group or by binding with lipophilic groups (e.g. myristyl) , or by glycosylation or conjugations with other peptides, to obtain more favourable properties, such as higher affinity to the MHC molecule, higher immunogenicity, better selectivity in inducing the immune response or higher bioavailability after administration. The peptides of the invention can also be chemically derivatized at the side chains which are therefore modified. For example, free carboxylic groups can be derivatized to form salts, methyl- and ethyl- esters or other types of esters or hydrazides . The peptides of the invention can also be conjugated with known epitopes, for example with epitopes binding HLA molecules of class I, in order to induce a more complete spectrum of responses, of both the cytotoxic and helper type, and to enhance the response against the tumour. The provision of new epitopes from an antigen not significantly expressed in normal tissues, such as MAGE-3, would allow to prepare vaccines for use in immunotherapy of patients with tumors expressing the same antigen. Furthermore, the CD4⁺ T cells response induced by the epitopes is strenghtened in that those cells, in addition to an intrinsic cytotoxic activity, exhibit also helper activity through the stimulation and proliferation of other

T cells, such as CD8⁺T cells, as well as through macrophages activation.

Therefore, according to a further aspect, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing an effective amount of a peptide of the invention, optionally in combination with other known peptides binding MHC class I molecules and corresponding to CD8⁺ T cell epitopes, such as the peptides described in W095/19783. In addition to the active ingredients , the compositions will contain pharmaceutically acceptable excipients . "Effective amount" herein means a sufficient amount to activate specific lymphocytes and induce an effective response against the tumor. Such an amount will depend on the peptide used, the administration, the severity of the disease to be treated and the general conditions of the patient and will usually range from 1 to 50 μg/ml, for example in case of peptides being loaded on dendritic cells .

According to a preferred embodiment, such compositions will be used for the preventive vaccination of patients with predisposition to neoplasias or in the therapeutical vaccination of neoplastic patients. "Vaccination" herein means both active immunization, i.e. the in vivo administration of the peptides to elicit an in vivo immune response directly in the patient, as in conventional vaccination protocols, for example against pathogens, and passive immunization, i.e. the use of the peptides to activate in vitro anti-tumor CD4⁺ cells, which are subsequently re-inoculated into the patient.

The techniques for the preparation and the use of vaccines are known to those skilled in the art and are described, per example, in Paul, Fundamental Immunology,

Raven Press, New York (1989) or Cryz , S. J. , Immunotherapy and Vaccines, VCH Verlagsgesselschaft (1991) . Vaccines are conventionally prepared in the form of injectables, suspensions or solutions, but they can also be used in the form of solid preparations or liposomes. The immunogenic ingredients can be mixed with pharmacologically acceptable excipients, such as emulsifiers, buffering agents and adjuvants which increase the efficacy of the vaccine. The latter can be administered according to single or multiple dosage schedule. Multiple dose provides 1 to 10 separate doses, each containing a quantity of antigen varying from 1 μg to 1000 μg, followed by further doses at subsequent time intervals, necessary to maintain or to reinforce the immune response and, if required by the subject, a further dose after several months. In any case, the treatment regimen will depend on the response elicited in the treated patient, general conditions and progress of the tumor.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for inducing an immune response against tumor cells expressing a MAGE-3 antigen which comprises incubating APC cells (Antigen Presenting Cells) with the peptides of the invention in conditions suitable for the activation of effectors T CD4⁺. Such conditions comprise loading autologous APC with the peptides and the subsequent exposure to purified T CD4⁺lymphocites . Suitable APC cells are autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , dendritic cells, macrophages or activated B cells. The peptides are added to an APC culture for a sufficient time to obtain the peptide/APC binding, and subsequently a cell population containing CD4⁺ CTLs is added, thereby causing activation and proliferation of CTLs. According to a preferred embodiment, T cells are taken from the treated patient and optionally purified, then, after activation as described above and expansion in suitable culture medium, they are reintroduced in the same patient. Culture media can contain one or more cytokines (such as IL-2 or T-cell Growth Factor) which contribute to the expansion of CD4⁺ precursors .

In a preferred embodiment, cells playing an important role in the induction of the immune response, such as APC, dendritic cells etc., are genetically engineered with vectors encoding the peptides of the invention (for example viral or retroviral vectors, such as those from adenovirus or lentivirus or MLV) . Furthermore, the peptides can also be fused with a suitable protein carrier, to have a satisfactory processing and expression at the cell surface. Accordingly, the DNA encoding for the epitopes of the invention, may be inserted in a suitable expression vector, under the control of a suitable viral promoter, such as CMV or SV40, when a very efficient expression is required, or an inducible promoter such as that controlled by ecdysone . The epitopes herein referred correspond to the nucleotide fragments listed in the following Table 1, according to the (human) MAGE-3 gene sequence deposited at GenBank under the accession number U03735:

TABLE 1

aa Amino acid sequence Nt

21-35 EALGLVGAQAPATEE 2525-2569 111-125 RKVAELVHFLLLKYR 2795-2839

141-155 GNWQYFFPVIFSKAS 2885-2929

146-160 FFPVIFSKASSSLQL 2900-2944

156-170 SSLQLVFGIELMEVD 2930-2974

161-175 VFGIELMEVDPIGHL 2945-2989 171-185 PIGHLYIFATCLGLS 2975-3019

191-205 GDNQIMPKAGLLIIV 3035-3079

251-265 VQENYLEYRQPVGSD 3215-3259

281-295 TSYVKVLHHMVKISG 3305-3349

286-300 VLHHMVKISGGPHIS 3320-3364 The invention also relates to antibodies, fragments or derivatives thereof, directed to the above described peptides. The general methodology for producing antibodies is well known and is disclosed per example in Kohler and Milstein, 1975, Nature 256, 494 or in J.G.R. Hurrel, Monoclonal Hybridoma Antibodies: Techniques and Applications, CRC Press Inc., Boco Raron, FL (1982). The antibodies can be polyclonal or, preferably, monoclonal, or antibody fragments like be F(ab')2, Fab, Fv or scFv.

Still a further aspect of the invention is a method for monitoring the frequency and the expansion of specific precursors for the peptides or the complete MAGE-3 protein, in neoplastic patients subject to active vaccination, by the ELISPOT technique (Herr, W. Et al . , 1997, J. Immunol. Methods 203:141-52) or by cytofluorimetric analysis using tetramers consisting of tetrameric soluble molecules avidin-biotin-MHC class II, pulsed with the relevant peptide (Yee, C. et al . 1999, J. Immunol. 162:2227-2234). Description of the Figures

Fig. 1: Proliferative activity of CD4⁺ T cells challenged with the MAGE-3 Pool, tested in 2-d microproliferation assays . The data are representative of (n=x) experiments, and are means of triplicate determinations — SD . Panel A

(n=6) : responses to MAGE-3 Pool (0.01, 0.5, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and

5 μg/ml) . Panel B (n=3) : responses to recombinant MAGE-3 protein (5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) . Panel C (n=7) : responses to the individual synthetic peptides forming the MAGE-3 Pool (10 μg/ml) at different weeks of propagation. The blank (i.e. the basal level of proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells in the presence of APC only) was subtracted and was as follows: 2 weeks: 30 , 866^±1 , 115 ; 4 weeks: 7,106^±2,201; and 6 weeks: 21,838—2,767. Asterisks indicate responses significantly higher than the blanks (*, P<0.001 and ** P<0.025, as determined by unpaired, one-tailed Student's t test) . Panel D (n=5) : response to MAGE-3 Pool (5 μg/ml) (a) and to peptide corresponding to sequence 281-295 (b) , in the presence of different doses of L243 mAb (0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml). The blank was 1,251-444, the proliferation of CD4⁺ T cells in the presence of MAGE-3 pool was 28,191^±373, and the proliferation in the presence of sequence 281-295 was 22,504^±141. Fig. 2: Cytolytic activity of MAGE-3 specific CD4⁺ T cells.

The data are representative of (n=x) experiments, and are means of triplicate determinations—SD . Panel A (n=6) : lytic activity against different HLA-DR matched and unmatched melanoma cells. HLA-DR types of CD4⁺ T cells and melanomas are indicated at the bottom along with their symbols .

Fig. 3: CD4^± T cells recognize MAGE-3 (281-295) in association with HLA-DR11 on OI TC cells.

The data are representative of (n=x) experiments, and are means of triplicate determinations—SD . Panel A (n=3): lytic activity of CD4⁺ CTL against LCL alone or LCL pulsed with MAGE-3₁₄₁_₁₅₄, MAGE-3₁₄₆_₁₆₀ and MAGE-3₂₈₁_₂95 • Panel

B (n=3) : cold target inhibition experiments. Cold targets [OI TC (circles) and LCL pulsed with MAGE-3₂₈₁_₂₉₅

(squares) ] were used to inhibit the lytic activity of MAGE-

3 specific CD4⁺ CTL against hot OI TC (E/T ratio was 40:1).

Percentage of specific lysis against OI TC cells in the absence of cold targets was 26—1.2%. For the abbreviations of HLA phenotypes and of cell lines see Example 4.

The following examples illustrate the invention in greater detail.

EXAMPLES Example 1

DR-Peptide binding assay.

Peptide interactions with detergent-solubilized DR molecules were measured using an ELISA-based high-flux competition assay (Radrizzani, L., et al . 1997. J. Immunol. 159:703-711). HLA-DR molecules were isolated from the following human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) : DR1

(DRB1*0101) from HOM-2, DR3 (DRB1*0301) from WT49, DR4

(DRB1*0401) from PREISS, DR5 (DRB1*1101) from SWEIG, DR7

(DRB1*0701) from EKR, and DR8 (DRB1*0801) from BM9. DR2 (DRB1*1501) was isolated from the L cell transfectant

L466.1. The molecules were affinity purified using the mAb

1-1C4 (Cammarota, G., et al . 1992. Nature 356:799-801), as described in (Sinigaglia, F., et al . 1992. Methods Enzymol .

203:370-386). Peptide competition assay was conducted to measure the ability of unlabeled peptides to compete with a biotinylated indicator peptide for binding to purified DR molecules. The following biotinylated indicator peptides were used: GFKA₇ for DR1 and DR7 ; GIRA₂YA₄ for DR2 ; LAYDA₅ for DR3; UD4 for DR4 (Hammer, J., et al . 1995. J. Exp . Med. 181:1847-1855); TT 830-843 for DR5 ; and GYRAgL for DR8. The biotinylated indicator peptide and HLA-DR molecules were incubated with 10-fold dilutions (0.001-100 πiM) of the unlabeled competitor peptides (peptides corresponding to the MAGE-3 predicted sequences) . To determine peptide binding affinity, the promiscuous ^307-319 peptide from influenza hemagglutinin (Roche, P.A., et al . 1990. J.

Immunol. 144:1849-1856) was included in each competition assay. The relative binding data of the unlabeled competitor peptides were expressed as inhibitory concentration (IC^_Q) : i.e. the concentration of competitor peptide required to inhibit 50% of binding of the biotinylated indicator peptide.

The results of the binding assay are reported in the following Table 2.

Table 2: Determination of HLA-DR binding by MAGE-3 derived peptides

HLA-DR al le es

Residues Sequence *0101 *0301 *0401 *0701 *0801 *1101 *1501

141-155 GNWQYFFPVIFSKAS 25 >100 (A) 7 0.1 3.2 0.6 3

146-160 FFPVIFSKASSSLQL 10 7 2 0.01 1.5 1.8 0.2

156-170 SSLQLVFGIELMEVD 7 90 45 0.03 7 28 0.18

171-185 PIGHLYIFATCLGLS 0.3 2.8 0.9 0.01 1.5 0.9 0.03

281-295 TSYVKVLHHMVKISG 15 26 70 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.5

21-35 EALGLVGAQAPATEE 14 >100 >100 25 >100 >100 22

111-125 RKVAELVHFLLLKYR >100 >100 >100 55 7 0.7 0.055

161-175 VFGIELMEVDPIGHL >100 0.6 28 10 100 >100 100

191-205 GDNQIMPKAGLLIIV >100 >100 >100 6 1 4 0.07

251-265 VQENYLEYRQVPGSD >100 >100 >100 26 10 60 5

286-300 VLHHMVKISGGPHIS 15 >100 >100 0.01 14 0.2 0.48

The binding data are expressed as relative binding capability (IC_5Q μM) , calculated as concentration of competitor peptide required to inhibit 50% of binding of the biotinylated indicator peptide (indicator peptide) . (a) IC_5Q values higher than 100 μM are outside the sensitivity limits of the binding assay.

Example 2

Peptide synthesis.

Peptides were synthetized on a 9050 Millipore synthesizer (Millipore Volketswil, Switzerland). The purity of the peptides was evaluated by RP-HPLC and electron spray mass spectrometry . Synthetic peptides were lyophilized and then reconstituted in DMSO at 2 mg/ml concentration and diluted in PBS as needed.

Example 3 Propagation of CD4— T cells and proliferation assay.

The synthetic peptides corresponding to the MAGE-3 sequences most promiscuous (141, 155, 146-160, 156-170, 171-185, 281-295) for HLA-DR binding (see Tables 1 and 2) were pooled (MAGE-3 Pool) and used to stimulate the PBMC of an healthy donor whose HLA type, identified by standard serologic typing, is: Al , A2/B41, B52/DR11, as described in Protti, M.P., et al . 1990. J. Immunol. 144:1711-1720. Briefly, 20xl0⁶ PBMC were cultivated for 7 days in RPMI 1460 (GIBCO, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated human serum

(Technogenetics, Milan, Italy) , 2mM 1-glutamine, 100

U/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin (Biowhittaker,

Walkersville, MD) (TCM) containing the MAGE-3 Pool (1 μg/ml of each peptide) . The reactive lymphoblasts were isolated on a Percoll gradient (Protti, M.P., et al . 1990. J. Immunol. 144:1711-1720), further expanded in T cell growth factor (Lymphocult, Biotest Diagnostic Inc., Dreieich, West Germany) and restimulated at weekly intervals with the same amount of antigen plus irradiated (4000 rad) autologous PBMC as APC.

In the proliferation assay CD4⁺ T cells and autologous irradiated PBMC were diluted in TCM to 2x10 /ml and 2xl0°/ml, respectively and plated in triplicate in 96 round-bottom well plates (100 μl of

CD4⁺ T cells and 100 μl of APC) . The cells were stimulated with different concentrations of MAGE-3 pool (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 μg/ml), each peptide (10 μg/ml) and different concentrations of rMAGE-3 protein (5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) . Triplicate wells with CD4⁺ T cells alone and APC alone were used as controls. Three wells with

CD4⁺ T cells plus APC did not receive any stimulus to determine the basal growth rate (blank) . In inhibition experiments different concentrations of mAb L243 or an isotype matched irrelevant mAb (0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml) were added in triplicate wells of CD4⁺ cells plus APC stimulated with MAGE-3 pool (5 μg/ml) or MAGE-3₂₈₁_₂g₅ (10 μg/ml) . After three days the cultures were pulsed for 16 h with [³H]TdR (1 mCi , well, 6.7 Ci/mol, Amersham Corp., Milan, Italy) . The cells were collected with a Skatron Titertek multiple harvester (Skatron Inc., Sterling, VA) and the thymidine incorporated was measured in a liquid scintillation counter.

T cells were 94% CD4⁺ after 1 week of culture and could be propagated in long term culture by weekly restimulation with the MAGE-3 Pool in the presence of autologous irradiated PBMC. In microproliferation assays (Fig. 1) the cells responded vigorously to the MAGE-3 Pool (Panel A) , even at low concentrations (100-500 ng/ml) . Reactivity to the individual peptides forming the pool was also periodically investigated (Panel C) : the CD4⁺ T cells predominantly recognized the peptide corresponding to AGE-3 g₁_₂g5 and, although to a much lower extent, the peptides corresponding to the overlapping sequences ^MAGE-3i4 _i54 ^an^ MAGE-3₁₄g_₁₆₀. Reactivity to MAGE-3₂₈₁_₂₉₅ increased during the propagation of the line (Panel C) . The proliferative activity of CD4⁺ T cells in the presence of MAGE-3 Pool

(Panel Da) or MAGE-3₂₈₁_₂₉₅ (Panel Db) was inhibited by addition in culture of different concentrations of L243 mAb (Panel D) , demonstrating that the recognition of

MAGE-3 sequences was HLA-DR restricted.

The HLA-DR11+ PBMC from the healthy donor were also stimulated with a second pool of synthetic peptides corresponding to the MAGE-3 sequences 21-35, 111-125, 161-175, 191-205, 251-265 and 286-300. The CD4⁺ T cells proliferated in a dose dependent manner to different concentrations of the MAGE-3 pool II, and the study of the epitope repertoire of the MAGE-3 specific CD4⁺ T cells showed recognition of sequences ^MAGE_3m-i25 ' MAGE-3₁₆₁_₁₇₅ and predominantly MAGE-3₁₉₁_₂₀₅. Furthermore, MAGE-3 specific CD4⁺ T cells from a melanoma patient, whose HLA-DR type is HLA-DR4/DR11 , recognized the sequences ^MAGE_3i4i-i55 ^MAGE_3146-160 ' MAGE-3₁₅₆_₁₇₀, MAGE-3₁₇₁_₁₈₅ and MAGE-3₂₈₁_₂₉₅. The study of the restriction element showed that all sequences were recognized in association with the HLA-

DR4 allele, demonstrating that sequences 141-155, 146-

160 and 281-295 are presented to CD4⁺ T cells in association at least with two different alleles (HLA-

DR11 and HLA-DR 4) .

Example 4

Cytotoxicity assay

CD4⁺ T cells were tested for specific lytic activity in a standard 4-h Cr release assay as described in Protti, M.P., et al . 1996. Cancer Res.

56:1210-1213. The following targets were used: melanoma cells (SK-Mel 28, HT144, OI TC described in Imro, M.A., et al. 1998. Hum. Gene Ther. 9:1335-1344 and MD TC established in our laboratory from a cutaneous metastasis) , and LCL. The HLA-DR type of target cells, identified by molecular or serologic typing, was: SK-Mel

28 (DR*04*13), HT144 (DR*04*07), OI TC (DR*01*11), MD TC

(DR*04*11) , LCL (DR11) . In cold target competition assays, unlabeled target cells (cold targets) were seeded in plates at serial ratios of hot-to-cold target cells. Effector CD4⁺ T cells and ⁵¹Cr-labeled target cells (hot targets) were then added, and cytotoxicity assessed as described above. Percentage inhibition was calculated as follows:

[ (% specific lysis without cold target-% specific lysis with cold target) /(% specific lysis without cold target) ]xl00.

CD4⁺ T cells showed cytolytic activity against OI TC and MD TC which express the HLA-DRll restricting allele, while they did not kill SK-Mel 28 and HT144 which express unrelated HLA-DR alleles (Figure 2a) . To verify whether the cytolytic CD4⁺ T cells recognized HLA-DRll restricted MAGE-3 epitopes on melanoma cells, first was tested their lytic activity against HLA-DR11⁺ LCL unpulsed, or pulsed with the synthetic peptides recognized in microproliferation assays. LCL pulsed with MAGE-3₂₈₁_₂₉₅ were strongly recognized by the CD4⁺ T cells, while no killing activity against LCL unpulsed or pulsed with ^MAGE_3141-154 ^anc^ ^MAGE_3 ₁46-160 ^was detectable (Figure 3a) . Subsequently, cold target inhibition experiments were performed which showed that the lytic activity of CD4⁺ T cells against OI TC was inhibited by the addition of LCL pulsed with MAGE-3₂₈₁_ 295 (Figure 3b) , demonstrating that this sequence is indeed presented by HLA-DRll on the OI TC melanoma cells. These results further demonstrate that MAGE-3₂₈₁_

₂₉₅ is naturally processed and forms a cytotoxic CD4⁺ T cell epitope.

CD4⁺ T cells specific for sequence MAGE-3₁₉₁__2Q5 also showed cytolytic activity against MAGE-3/HLA-DR11+ melanoma cells and cold/target inhibition experiments showed that the sequence 191-205 was indeed recognized at the surface of the melanoma cells in association with the HLA-DRll allele and therefore this epitope is naturally processed.

In the case of the patient, the CD4⁺ T cells showed cytolytic activity against the autologous tumor that expresses the MAGE-3 antigen, and against the SK-Mel 28 melanoma cells that express the antigen and the HLA-DR4 retriction allele, while they did not kill melanoma cells expressing the MAGE-3 protein but an unrelated HLA-DR allele.

Claims

1. Peptides binding MHC class II molecules selected from the group consisting of: a) EALGLVGAQAPATEE b) RKVAELVHFLLLKYR c) GNWQYFFPVIFSKAS d) FFPVIFSKASSSLQL e) SSLQLVFGIELMEVD f) VGFIELMEVDPIGHL g) PIGHLYIFATCLGLS h) GDNQIMPKAGLLIIV i ) VQENYLEYRQVPGSD j) TSYVKVLHHMVKISG k) VLHHMVKISGGPHIS

2. Monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies directed to peptides of claim 1.

3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a peptide of claim 1 together with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

4. A composition as claimed in claim 3 , further comprising one or more peptides binding MHC class I molecules corresponding to CTL CD8⁺ epitopes.

5. A composition as claimed in claims 3 and 4, for use as a vaccine.

6. A method for inducing an immune response against tumor cells expressing a MAGE-3 antigen, which method comprises contacting APC cells with the peptides of claim 1 in suitable conditions for the activation of effector CD4⁺ T cells.

7. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein autologous APC are loaded with the peptides and subsequently contacted with purified CD4⁺ lymphocytes.

8. The use of the peptides of claim 1 for the preparation of an anti-tumor medicament.

9. The use as claimed in claim 8, wherein said medicament is a vaccine.