WO2000047381A1 - Formers and methods of casting bodies, particularly concrete bodies, using the formers - Google Patents

Formers and methods of casting bodies, particularly concrete bodies, using the formers Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000047381A1
WO2000047381A1 PCT/GB2000/000461 GB0000461W WO0047381A1 WO 2000047381 A1 WO2000047381 A1 WO 2000047381A1 GB 0000461 W GB0000461 W GB 0000461W WO 0047381 A1 WO0047381 A1 WO 0047381A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
former
casting
chambers
mould
cast
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2000/000461
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Stephen Bide
Original Assignee
Stephen Bide
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stephen Bide filed Critical Stephen Bide
Priority to AU24532/00A priority Critical patent/AU2453200A/en
Publication of WO2000047381A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000047381A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/28—Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/30—Cores; Mandrels adjustable, collapsible, or expanding
    • B28B7/32—Cores; Mandrels adjustable, collapsible, or expanding inflatable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
    • B28B23/0068—Embedding lost cores
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/40—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material
    • B28B7/46—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material for humidifying or dehumidifying
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
    • E04B5/326—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with hollow filling elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
    • E04B5/326—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with hollow filling elements
    • E04B5/328—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with hollow filling elements the filling elements being spherical

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to formers and methods of casting bodies, particularly concrete bodies.
  • an object of the invention to address these problems of the prior art and provide a method of making cast bodies (such as concrete structures) with internal cavities which are simpler and cheaper to manufacture, which can be manufactured in situ, and which still possess the desired property of a greatly improved net-weight to load-bearing ratio as described above.
  • an array of multiple interconnected chambers is provided around which a body can be cast, e.g. a cast-concrete slab.
  • these chambers are interconnected by spacers which preferably provide communication between the chambers.
  • the chambers are generally spherical and are positioned in a common plane.
  • the multiple interconnected chambers are defined by a former around which the body is cast.
  • the former may be rigid and preferably comprises two portions which are assembled together to form the chambers and spacers between them. These two portions may be held together by snap-fit connections. Preferably, these two portions are designed so that they can be stacked in a compact manner ready for use. For example, they may be of the same general form so that concavities in one can seat in concavities in the other, or one can be reversed in the other so that the concavities form the chambers therebetween.
  • a rigid former is composed of polyolefin.
  • the polyolefin comprises polypropylene or polyethylene, or a combination thereof. Both polypropylene and polyethylene are biodegradable materials, and therefore more environmentally acceptable materials than many alternative plastics. Further, there is no toxic waste produced during the polyolefin manufacturing process.
  • the former may be an inflated sealed structure, and used in its inflated form during the casting of the body (e.g. a concrete slab).
  • the former may be inflated and cured, to create a rigid structure, and then used in the casting of the body.
  • the former may be inflated at the site of use and kept inflated during the casting process, while the casting material (e.g. concrete) sets.
  • the former may comprise two superimposed sheets heat sealed along appropriate join lines to form the chambers and spacers, and with excess material removed, typically by laser.
  • the former is provided with a plurality of spacer studs.
  • These spacer studs serve to space the chambers of the former from the exterior walls of the cast body.
  • the spacer studs may extend from the chamber, or alternatively, may extend from the spacers, or the junction between the spacers and the chambers.
  • the spacer studs are tapered.
  • the spacer studs are hollow. This allows any condensation which forms in the chambers and spacers either during the casting process or during subsequent use, to drain to the exterior of the cast body.
  • the diameter of the spacer studs at the external wall of the cast body is of a suitably small diameter so as not to compromise the load-bearing strength of the cast body.
  • the spacer studs may be integral with the former, or alternatively, may be removable after the casting material has set, leaving only small drainage holes in the exterior wall of the cast body. These holes may be left, or alternatively, the holes may be filled with a suitable filler material.
  • the former and preferably also a reinforcement matrix are placed inside a mould.
  • the mould is a rigid mould, and may be composed of polyolefin.
  • the polyolefin may comprise polypropylene or polyethylene, or a combination thereof.
  • this external mould is an integrated part of the rigid former.
  • Figure 1 shows a horizontal cross-section of an inflatable former according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 1.
  • Figure 3 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 2 surrounded by a concrete casting
  • Figure 4 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 2 with associated reinforcement matrix
  • Figure 5 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 3 with associated reinforcement matrix
  • Figure 6 shows a horizontal cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 1 surrounded by a concrete casting and associated reinforcement matrix
  • Figure 7 shows a vertical cross-section of a rigid former surrounded by a rigid liner for containing the poured concrete as it sets.
  • Figures 1 to 4 show a former 10 in cross-section, comprising multiple chambers 20 interconnected by spacers 30.
  • the chambers 20, are generally spherical and are arranged such that the chambers 20 are positioned in a single plane and each chamber 20 is interconnected, via spacers 30, with each immediately adjacent chamber 20.
  • the former comprises two sheets which are sealed together in the pattern of the chambers 20 and spacers 30, and the excess sheet material removed.
  • the former is then force-inflated, and the sheet material is cured whilst in the force-inflated state, resulting in a rigid former which can then be transported to the site of concrete casting.
  • the former is formed from two separate, but inter-connectable portions. These portions have the same profile, and are formed by press-moulding to produce rigid stackable former portions. These stackable portions take up less space for transportation to the site of concrete casting. Once at the site, two of he stackable former portions are assembled together with respective concavities in each aligned mouth-to-mouth to form the chambers 20 and spacers therebetween.
  • Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the associated reinforcement matrix 40 on which the former 10 is positioned. Once the former 10 is in position in association with the reinforcement matrix 40, the concrete is cast around the matrix 40 and former 10, to form a concrete slab, incorporating the former 10.
  • FIG. 7 A further embodiment of the present invention is shown in figure 7.
  • the rigid former 10 is provided with a plurality of tapered spacer studs 50 extending from the chambers 20 of the former 10. These spacer studs 50 are hollow and allow any condensation which forms in the chambers 20 and spacers 30 to drain from the cast concrete structure.
  • the spacer studs are not tapered, and are removably attached to the chambers of the former. This allows the removal of the spacer studs after the casting of the concrete structure.
  • the resultant hole in the wall of the cast concrete structure may be left, or plugged, or may be filled with a suitable filler material.
  • the chambers 20 and spacers 30 of the former 10 can be accessed via the hollow spacer studs 50, or the resultant hole when the spacer studs 50 are removed. This allows subsequent incorporation of pipes, cables and ducts into the internal cavities of the concrete slab after the casting process is complete.
  • figure 7 shows a rigid mould 60.
  • the former 10 and reinforcement matrix 40 (not shown) are placed inside the mould 60.
  • the walls of the mould may be re-inforced by placing wooden supports against their exterior sides 80, before pouring the concrete mixture into the mould 60.
  • the mould 60 can then be removed after the concrete has set.
  • the mould 60 may be left in place, and the cast concrete structure used in combination with its surrounding polyolefin mould 60.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to formers or cores (10) and a method for casting bodies, particularly concrete slabs. The former or core (10) is made from two embossed sheets which are sealed or interconnected together and comprises an array of chambers (20) connected by spacers (30). The former or core (10) can be placed in a mould (60) so that it is incorporated in the cast body. The former or core (10) may be inflatable and supported in the mould (60) by tapered spacer studs (50).

Description

FORMERS AND METHODS OF CASTING BODIES , PARTICULARLY CONCRETE BODIES, USING THE FORMERS .
The present invention relates to formers and methods of casting bodies, particularly concrete bodies.
It is known to manufacture concrete slabs and similar structures with internal cavities so as to reduce overall weight, and facilitate transportation to a construction site, and to produce a corresponding saving in the amount of concrete required in production. In fact, the saving in concrete can be as high as 65%. Furthermore, if the cavities are properly designed, they do not weaken the concrete slab. On the contrary, the reduction in net slab weight resulting from the omission of material enhances the load-bearing capability of the slab compared to a traditional slab span of similar thickness. Among other things this latter property permits the construction of lighter structures with wider spans and/or thinner floors and/or a greater number of floors on a given site area, all of which are important issues in concrete design and construction work.
In the past, the cavities in concrete slabs have been provided using plastic balls which are individually positioned and secured in a steel reinforcement matrix, prior to casting the concrete. This system requires accurate positioning of the balls within the reinforcement matrix, and therefore requires skill, and is time-consuming and increases manufacturing costs. Further, it is not economically practical to cast the concrete manually in situ, since apart from the skilled labour required, this would also involve transportation of the plastic balls, which are bulky, as well as the concrete materials and steel reinforcement matrix. Therefore, automated centralised manufacture is used, and the finished concrete slabs are transported to the site where they are to be installed.
It is therefore an object of the invention to address these problems of the prior art and provide a method of making cast bodies (such as concrete structures) with internal cavities which are simpler and cheaper to manufacture, which can be manufactured in situ, and which still possess the desired property of a greatly improved net-weight to load-bearing ratio as described above. According to the invention an array of multiple interconnected chambers is provided around which a body can be cast, e.g. a cast-concrete slab. Preferably, these chambers are interconnected by spacers which preferably provide communication between the chambers. Preferably, the chambers are generally spherical and are positioned in a common plane.
Preferably, the multiple interconnected chambers are defined by a former around which the body is cast.
The former may be rigid and preferably comprises two portions which are assembled together to form the chambers and spacers between them. These two portions may be held together by snap-fit connections. Preferably, these two portions are designed so that they can be stacked in a compact manner ready for use. For example, they may be of the same general form so that concavities in one can seat in concavities in the other, or one can be reversed in the other so that the concavities form the chambers therebetween.
Preferably, a rigid former is composed of polyolefin. Preferably, the polyolefin comprises polypropylene or polyethylene, or a combination thereof. Both polypropylene and polyethylene are biodegradable materials, and therefore more environmentally acceptable materials than many alternative plastics. Further, there is no toxic waste produced during the polyolefin manufacturing process.
Alternatively, the former may be an inflated sealed structure, and used in its inflated form during the casting of the body (e.g. a concrete slab). Alternatively, the former may be inflated and cured, to create a rigid structure, and then used in the casting of the body. Alternatively, the former may be inflated at the site of use and kept inflated during the casting process, while the casting material (e.g. concrete) sets. The former may comprise two superimposed sheets heat sealed along appropriate join lines to form the chambers and spacers, and with excess material removed, typically by laser.
Preferably, the former is provided with a plurality of spacer studs. These spacer studs serve to space the chambers of the former from the exterior walls of the cast body. The spacer studs may extend from the chamber, or alternatively, may extend from the spacers, or the junction between the spacers and the chambers. Preferably, the spacer studs are tapered.
Preferably, the spacer studs are hollow. This allows any condensation which forms in the chambers and spacers either during the casting process or during subsequent use, to drain to the exterior of the cast body. Further, the diameter of the spacer studs at the external wall of the cast body is of a suitably small diameter so as not to compromise the load-bearing strength of the cast body.
The spacer studs may be integral with the former, or alternatively, may be removable after the casting material has set, leaving only small drainage holes in the exterior wall of the cast body. These holes may be left, or alternatively, the holes may be filled with a suitable filler material.
During the casting process, the former and preferably also a reinforcement matrix are placed inside a mould. Preferably, the mould is a rigid mould, and may be composed of polyolefin. The polyolefin may comprise polypropylene or polyethylene, or a combination thereof. Preferably, this external mould is an integrated part of the rigid former.
It is a major advantage over the prior art that the chamber-interconnections and stud-holes provided by the present invention allow for the convenient subsequent incorporation of cables, pipes, ducts and/or other technical installations within the cast body.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached figures in which:
Figure 1 shows a horizontal cross-section of an inflatable former according to a first embodiment of the present invention; and
Figure 2 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 1.
Figure 3 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 2 surrounded by a concrete casting; and Figure 4 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 2 with associated reinforcement matrix; and
Figure 5 shows a vertical cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 3 with associated reinforcement matrix; and
Figure 6 shows a horizontal cross-section of an inflatable former according to figure 1 surrounded by a concrete casting and associated reinforcement matrix; and
Figure 7 shows a vertical cross-section of a rigid former surrounded by a rigid liner for containing the poured concrete as it sets.
Figures 1 to 4 show a former 10 in cross-section, comprising multiple chambers 20 interconnected by spacers 30. The chambers 20, are generally spherical and are arranged such that the chambers 20 are positioned in a single plane and each chamber 20 is interconnected, via spacers 30, with each immediately adjacent chamber 20. The former comprises two sheets which are sealed together in the pattern of the chambers 20 and spacers 30, and the excess sheet material removed.
The former is then force-inflated, and the sheet material is cured whilst in the force-inflated state, resulting in a rigid former which can then be transported to the site of concrete casting.
In an alternative embodiment, the former is formed from two separate, but inter-connectable portions. These portions have the same profile, and are formed by press-moulding to produce rigid stackable former portions. These stackable portions take up less space for transportation to the site of concrete casting. Once at the site, two of he stackable former portions are assembled together with respective concavities in each aligned mouth-to-mouth to form the chambers 20 and spacers therebetween.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the associated reinforcement matrix 40 on which the former 10 is positioned. Once the former 10 is in position in association with the reinforcement matrix 40, the concrete is cast around the matrix 40 and former 10, to form a concrete slab, incorporating the former 10.
A further embodiment of the present invention is shown in figure 7. In this embodiment, the rigid former 10 is provided with a plurality of tapered spacer studs 50 extending from the chambers 20 of the former 10. These spacer studs 50 are hollow and allow any condensation which forms in the chambers 20 and spacers 30 to drain from the cast concrete structure.
In an alternative embodiment, the spacer studs are not tapered, and are removably attached to the chambers of the former. This allows the removal of the spacer studs after the casting of the concrete structure. The resultant hole in the wall of the cast concrete structure may be left, or plugged, or may be filled with a suitable filler material.
The chambers 20 and spacers 30 of the former 10 can be accessed via the hollow spacer studs 50, or the resultant hole when the spacer studs 50 are removed. This allows subsequent incorporation of pipes, cables and ducts into the internal cavities of the concrete slab after the casting process is complete.
Further, figure 7 shows a rigid mould 60. During the concrete casting process, the former 10 and reinforcement matrix 40 (not shown) are placed inside the mould 60. The walls of the mould may be re-inforced by placing wooden supports against their exterior sides 80, before pouring the concrete mixture into the mould 60. The mould 60 can then be removed after the concrete has set. Alternatively, the mould 60 may be left in place, and the cast concrete structure used in combination with its surrounding polyolefin mould 60.

Claims

Claims
1. A former about which a body may be cast, the former comprising an array of multiple interconnected chambers.
2. A former according to claim 1, wherein the chambers are generally spherical and are positioned in a common plane.
3. A former according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the chambers are interconnected by spacers.
4. A former according to claim 3, wherein the spacers provide communication between the chambers.
5. A former according to any preceding claim, comprising two portions which may be assembled to form the chambers and spacers between them.
6. A former according to claim 5, wherein the portions comprise means for connecting the portions together.
7. A former according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the portions are configured such that they can be stacked closely.
8. A former according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising an inflatable structure.
9. A former according to any preceding claim, further comprising studs arranged to space, in use, the former from the exterior of a body being cast.
10. A former according to claim 9, wherein the studs are hollow.
11. A former according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the studs are tapered.
12. A former according to any preceding claim for use in casting a concrete body.
13. A method of creating a cast body comprising placing a former according to any preceding claim into a mould and casting the body around the former.
14. A method of creating a cast body comprising assembling a former according to any one of claims 5 to 7, placing the former into a mould, and then casting the body around the former.
15. A method of creating a cast body comprising placing a former according to claim 8 into a mould and casting the body around the former subsequent to inflating the former.
16. A method according to claim 15, comprising curing the former subsequent to inflation but prior to casting the body.
17. A method according to any one of claims 13 to 16, comprising placing a reinforcing matrix in the mould prior to casting the body.
18. A method according to any one of claims 13 to 17, comprising draining fluid from the former after casting.
19. A method according to any one of claims 13 to 18, comprising inserting conduits into the former.
PCT/GB2000/000461 1999-02-11 2000-02-11 Formers and methods of casting bodies, particularly concrete bodies, using the formers WO2000047381A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU24532/00A AU2453200A (en) 1999-02-11 2000-02-11 Formers and methods of casting bodies, particularly concrete bodies, using the formers

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9903045A GB9903045D0 (en) 1999-02-11 1999-02-11 Concrete slabs
GB9903045.4 1999-02-11

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2000047381A1 true WO2000047381A1 (en) 2000-08-17

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WO (1) WO2000047381A1 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1215346A1 (en) * 2000-12-15 2002-06-19 Usinor Floor for building construction consisting of U-shaped metal profiles
EP1738889A1 (en) * 2005-07-02 2007-01-03 Dieter Mankau Process for forming functional hollow portions in plastic or mineral materials
ES2293781A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2008-03-16 Jaime Enrique Jimenez Sanchez Inflatable pressurized thermoplastic top slab, has cylindrical chamber with internal and external envelope for forged or unidirectional reticular
CN106368379A (en) * 2016-11-08 2017-02-01 中民筑友科技投资有限公司 Air bag structure, lightweight wallboard, prefabricated part and manufacturing method of lightweight wallboard

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1213566A (en) * 1957-09-03 1960-04-01 cellular building blocks
FR76278E (en) * 1959-02-27 1961-09-29 Vacuum Concrete Soc Du Method and devices for vacuum treatment of fresh concrete
BE675337A (en) * 1965-03-05 1966-05-16
US3388509A (en) * 1965-03-09 1968-06-18 Raul L. Mora Inflatable construction panels and method of making same
FR2275289A1 (en) * 1974-06-18 1976-01-16 Chambourdon Roger Precast cellular plaster panel - inner voids formed by inflatable continuous core liquid filled during mortar setting
DE3006672A1 (en) * 1980-02-22 1981-09-10 Otto 6000 Frankfurt Ruppmann Light reinforced concrete hollowed ceiling slab - incorporates retained hollow units forming cavities during casting
US5457291A (en) * 1992-02-13 1995-10-10 Richardson; Brian E. Sound-attenuating panel

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1213566A (en) * 1957-09-03 1960-04-01 cellular building blocks
FR76278E (en) * 1959-02-27 1961-09-29 Vacuum Concrete Soc Du Method and devices for vacuum treatment of fresh concrete
BE675337A (en) * 1965-03-05 1966-05-16
US3388509A (en) * 1965-03-09 1968-06-18 Raul L. Mora Inflatable construction panels and method of making same
FR2275289A1 (en) * 1974-06-18 1976-01-16 Chambourdon Roger Precast cellular plaster panel - inner voids formed by inflatable continuous core liquid filled during mortar setting
DE3006672A1 (en) * 1980-02-22 1981-09-10 Otto 6000 Frankfurt Ruppmann Light reinforced concrete hollowed ceiling slab - incorporates retained hollow units forming cavities during casting
US5457291A (en) * 1992-02-13 1995-10-10 Richardson; Brian E. Sound-attenuating panel

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1215346A1 (en) * 2000-12-15 2002-06-19 Usinor Floor for building construction consisting of U-shaped metal profiles
FR2818301A1 (en) * 2000-12-15 2002-06-21 Usinor FLOOR USED FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION COMPOSED OF METAL U-SHAPED PROFILES
ES2293781A1 (en) * 2005-06-28 2008-03-16 Jaime Enrique Jimenez Sanchez Inflatable pressurized thermoplastic top slab, has cylindrical chamber with internal and external envelope for forged or unidirectional reticular
EP1738889A1 (en) * 2005-07-02 2007-01-03 Dieter Mankau Process for forming functional hollow portions in plastic or mineral materials
CN106368379A (en) * 2016-11-08 2017-02-01 中民筑友科技投资有限公司 Air bag structure, lightweight wallboard, prefabricated part and manufacturing method of lightweight wallboard

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2453200A (en) 2000-08-29
GB9903045D0 (en) 1999-03-31

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