WO2000031872A1 - Generateur pulse a recuperation et regulation d'energie - Google Patents

Generateur pulse a recuperation et regulation d'energie Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000031872A1
WO2000031872A1 PCT/IL1999/000635 IL9900635W WO0031872A1 WO 2000031872 A1 WO2000031872 A1 WO 2000031872A1 IL 9900635 W IL9900635 W IL 9900635W WO 0031872 A1 WO0031872 A1 WO 0031872A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
storage capacitor
energy
transformer
charging
power supply
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IL1999/000635
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Israel Smilanski
Original Assignee
Rotem Industries Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rotem Industries Ltd. filed Critical Rotem Industries Ltd.
Priority to AU14062/00A priority Critical patent/AU1406200A/en
Publication of WO2000031872A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000031872A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
    • H03K3/53—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback
    • H03K3/57—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback the switching device being a semiconductor device
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
    • H03K3/53—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback
    • H03K3/55—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback the switching device being a gas-filled tube having a control electrode

Definitions

  • the invention relates to pulsed power circuits. More particularly, the invention relates to means for regulating energy, recovering energy, increasing efficiency, and improving the reliability of pulsed power circuits.
  • Pulsed power is widely used in the art when it is needed to provide to a load pulses of high power. Pulsed power is used, for example, for exciting lasers, for activating magnetrons or klystrons in radar systems, or in other applications in which a supply of high-power pulses is required. In order to provide high energy and short-duration pulses, i.e., high power pulses, it is common to use a circuit comprising a storage capacitor to charge the same with an electric charge from a charging circuit, and to rapidly discharge the capacitor into the load.
  • the storage capacitor is replaced by a Pulse Forming Network (P.F.N), which is a network comprising a plurality of capacitors (hereinafter, when the term “storage capacitor” is used, it should be noted that it may also refer to the use of a P.F.N).
  • P.F.N Pulse Forming Network
  • the charging circuit There are several types of circuits for charging the storage capacitor of a pulsed power (hereinafter “the charging circuit”).
  • a pulsed power is required to provide high power pulses in a relatively low frequency, e.g., in the range of about 1-100 Hz, it is common to use a Capacitor Charging Power Supply (CCPS), which generates and supplies to the storage capacitor a plurality of low power charging pulses for each single high-power pulse at the output of the pulsed power generator.
  • CCPS Capacitor Charging Power Supply
  • a higher pulse rate is desired at the output of the pulsed power generator, e.g., in the range of several kiloHertz, it is preferable to use a resonance charging circuit.
  • the charging circuit comprises a DC source, in series with an inductive component and a first switching component.
  • the components of the charging circuit form a serial resonant circuit with the storage capacitor.
  • the inductive component in the charging circuit enables the establishing of a high Q in the circuit, and the said first switching component controls the times in which charge is supplied to the storage capacitor.
  • the resonance charging circuit provides a uni-polar charge to the storage capacitor during a period designated for charging, hereinafter referred to as "the charging period".
  • a second switching element in the pulsed power generator such as an SCR, Thyratron, Spark gape, etc.
  • switching component switching component
  • SCR switching component
  • the operation of the resonance charging circuit is deactivated.
  • a control signal can now be provided to the second switching element, thereby to turn it ON and cause the capacitor to rapidly discharge its accumulated charge into the load.
  • Said capacitor discharge takes place during a period hereinafter referred to as "the discharging period", a period which is much shorter than the above-mentioned charging period. Therefore, the pulsed power circuit actually provides a power gain of the ratio ⁇ / ⁇ 2 , wherein ⁇ i is the charging period, and ⁇ 2 is the discharging period.
  • the load to which the power pulses are supplied is not purely resistive, but has a complex nature.
  • the load may further be contributed parasitic inductivity of the circuit conductors, the inductivity of magnetic compression elements, if existing, or any complex contribution from other possible elements in the circuit.
  • This complex nature if mismatched with the previous circuit, allows only a portion of the energy to dissipate on the load, and causes the rest of the energy to be reflected back from it in the form of some damped oscillations. These oscillations, above and below the zero potential level, tend to cause the storage capacitor to alternatively charge and discharge in alternating directions. These oscillations may continue as long as the second switching element is ON, and stop only when it switches to OFF.
  • the switching OFF of the second switching element occurs only after a characteristic recovery period of the second switching element lapses, in which the current through it is below some current level I n .
  • the said oscillations involve in some cases energy reflection from the load of as high as 20% of the total storage capacitor discharge energy, and are harmfull to the circuit components and tend to disturb its proper operation. Special means are required in order to remove this reflected energy from the circuit.
  • One such means for solving the problem of the energy reflected from the load, when using a resonant charging circuit for charging the storage capacitor, is called "a snubber".
  • the snubber generally comprises a diode for directing the reflected energy into a serial resistive element in which the reflected energy is dissipated.
  • the resistive element should therefore be capable of maintaining the significant amount of power resulting from the reflected energy.
  • This resistive element therefore generally has a high volume, requires special means for cooling it, and is expensive.
  • the use of a snubber for dissipating the reflected energy significantly reduces the efficiency of the whole circuit, as a high amount of the total energy is wasted by dissipation into that resistive element..
  • the snubber solution to this problem, and all other solutions which have been suggested up to now for the removal of the reflected energy in cases of using a resonant charging circuit are located in the pulsed power generator, and away from the resonant charging circuit which charges the storage capacitor.
  • energy regulation Another problem, which is characteristic of resonant charging circuits, is the problem of energy regulation.
  • some electromagnetic energy remains occluded in the inductive component of the resonance charging circuit. This energy, if not suitably treated, is lost energy that reduces the efficiency of the whole apparatus, and moreover, causes a significant, high-power voltage spark that may damage the circuitry.
  • One common way to solve the problem is to return the remaining energy back to the DC power supply, and to resupply it to the storage capacitor in the next charging period.
  • Resonant charging circuits which comprise means for returning the said energy to the DC power supply (hereinafter: "energy regulation”) are also known.
  • V C 2V CC - V C (0 ⁇ )
  • V c denotes the target voltage to which the storage capacitor charges
  • V cc is the voltage of the DC power supply
  • V c (0 ⁇ ) is the voltage of the storage capacitor at the beginning of each charging period.
  • V c (0 ⁇ ) depends also on the energy reflected from the load in the previous discharging period. A situation in which V c (0 ⁇ ) is not zero should not be allowed, as it may cause the storage capacitor to charge each period to a higher voltage than in a former period, up to a voltage that the circuit cannot sustain, that may result in failure of one or more components of the circuit. Therefore, it is highly desirable to provide means for assuring output pulses of the same power from the pulsed power generator, no matter how much energy is reflected from the load, and is stored in the storage capacitor prior to the charging period. This task is also accomplished by the invention.
  • the invention relates to a method for recovering the energy that is reflected from a load, upon providing a pulse of power to it in a pulsed power generator, the said pulsed power generator having a storage capacitor, which is charged from a resonant charging circuit in forward polarity, the method being characterized by using a voltage regulator in said charging circuit for effecting a current flow carrying the charge accumulated in the said storage capacitor in reversed polarity due to said energy reflection, said current flowing through a DC power supply feeding said resonant charging circuit back to said storage capacitor for charging it in forward polarity.
  • the said voltage regulator is also used for carrying out energy regulation, by returning the energy remaining in the inductive element at the output of said charging circuit back to the DC power supply, after termination of the charging current to the said storage capacitor.
  • the energy recovery according to the method of the invention takes place after providing a pulse of power by said pulsed power generator to the load, during subsequent charging of the storage capacitor of said pulsed power generator.
  • the voltage regulator comprises at least one transformer having primary and secondary windings, and at least one switching component.
  • the said switching component may be, for example, an SCR.
  • the resonant charging circuit preferably comprises, in addition to said voltage regulator, a DC power supply for providing energy, and a second switching component for initiating and terminating charging of the storage capacitor of the pulsed power circuit. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for resonantly charging a storage capacitor of a pulsed power, which comprises: a. Providing a DC power supply; b. Providing a transformer having primary and secondary windings, the primary winding of the transformer being connected to the DC power supply and forming a series resonant circuit with the said storage capacitor of the pulsed power; c. Providing a first switching component in series to the primary winding of the transformer; d. Providing a second switching component in series to the secondary winding of the transformer; e.
  • Said method is characterized in that it provides both recovery of the energy reflected from the load in the pulsed power to which it is connected, and regulation of the energy remaining in the primary winding upon termination of the charging current.
  • the said first and second switching components are SCRs.
  • the first and second switching components can be Thyratrons.
  • the transformer is a step -up transformer, wherein the secondary winding has 7 ⁇ times windings in comparison to the number of windings in the primary winding, and m is an integer greater than 1.
  • the invention also relates to a circuit for resonantly charging the storage capacitor of a pulsed power, which comprises:
  • a DC power supply b.
  • a first transformer having primary and secondary windings, a first end of the primary winding and a first end of the secondary winding being connected to the positive pole of the DC power supply;
  • a first controlled switch connected between the second end of the primary winding and the storage capacitor, for enabling current flow from the DC power supply through the primary winding to the storage capacitor, or preventing the same;
  • a second controlled switch connected between the second end of the secondary winding of the transformer and the negative pole of the DC power supply, for allowing or terminating current flow in the secondary winding of the transformer;
  • a control unit for activating the first switch, for sensing the voltage of the storage capacitor, and for activating the second switch when the voltage on the storage capacitor is above a predefined threshold level.
  • the said resonant charging circuit is characterized in that, when it is connected to a pulsed power, it effects recovery of the energy reflected from the load, and regulates the energy remaining in its inductive component upon termination of its charging operation.
  • the first and second controlled switches of the circuit for resonantly charging the storage capacitor of a pulsed power are SCRs.
  • the winding ratio between the secondary winding and the primary winding of the first transformer is ni'.l, being an integer larger than 1.
  • the circuit for resonantly charging the storage capacitor of a pulsed power further comprises a diode, and a second transformer having a primary and secondary windings, a first end of the primary winding of the second transformer is connected to the first end of the secondary winding of the first transformer, and the second end of the second transformer is connected to the second switch, the first end of the secondary winding of the second transformer is connected to the negative pole of the DC power supply, the diode is connected to the positive pole of the DC power supply and to the second end of the secondary winding of the second transformer, thereby to allow current to flow in the direction from the secondary winding towards the positive pole of the DC power supply.
  • the winding ratio between the primary and secondary windings of the first transformer is l:n_?
  • between the primary and secondary windings of the second transformer is ns.-l, n ⁇ and ns being integers larger than 1.
  • the invention relates to an apparatus for generating a high power pulse into a load, which comprises:
  • resonant charging unit which comprises a voltage regulator, for providing energy to said pulsed power generator
  • the apparatus is characterized in that the pulsed power generator does not have means for dissipating or absorbing energy that is reflected from the load, but instead, said voltage regulator in the resonant charging unit maneuvers said reflected energy into a DC power supply feeding the apparatus, or back to the pulsed power generator, the proportions are determined by the voltage regulator.
  • the means for maneuvering the reflected energy into the resonant charging unit, and back to the pulsed power generator is a voltage regulator located in the resonant charging unit.
  • - Fig. 1 shows the basic structure of an exemplary apparatus which comprises a pulsed power generator fed by a resonant charging circuit
  • - Fig. 2 shows a pulsed power generator circuit fed by a resonant charging circuit according to one embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 3a illustrates the voltage across the storage capacitor of the pulsed power circuit
  • FIG. 3b illustrates the current through the SCR at the secondary winding of the transformer shown in figure 2;
  • FIG. 3c illustrates the current through SCR 6 of figure 2;
  • FIG. 3d illustrates the current through SCR 9 of figure 2;
  • Fig. 3e illustrates the voltage on the cathode of SCR 37 at the secondary winding of the transformer
  • FIG. 4 shows a pulsed power generator fed by a resonant charging circuit, with energy recovery and energy regulation, according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows a basic structure of an apparatus which comprises a pulsed power fed by a resonance charging circuit.
  • the resonance charging circuit 4 comprises a DC power supply 2, an inductor 5, and first switch 6.
  • the switch 6, for example, an SCR, controls the charging of the storage capacitor 7 of the pulsed power generator 1.
  • a charging current flows from the DC power supply, through inductor 5 and the first switch 6, to charge the storage capacitor 7.
  • the switch 9 is OFF.
  • switch 6 is forced to turn OFF in order to stop the charging of storage capacitor 7.
  • the pulse compression means 24 may comprise one or more stages of a storage capacitor 19 and saturable-core inductor 20, as is known in the art. When the saturable-core inductor saturates, the second storage capacitor 19 discharges into the load 21, causing a high power pulse.
  • switch 14 If switch 14 is turned OFF while the current through it is not zero, there may be some energy remaining occluded in the inductor 5. In this structure this energy, if not properly treated, can cause a significant spark that may endanger some of the circuit components.
  • the reflected energy from the load accumulates in a form of a charge in the storage capacitor 7, generally in a reversed polarity than that required. More particularly, the charge in the storage capacitor 7 accumulates so that the potential of its plate 7b is more positive than that of its plate 7a.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a pulsed power generator circuit fed by a resonant charging circuit according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • the apparatus comprises a transformer 55 replacing the inductor 5 of the apparatus of Fig. 1, an additional third switching component, SCR 37, and a control circuit comprising the two resistors 57 and 58, and comparator 56.
  • Figs. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, and 3e are timing diagrams illustrating the current and voltage signals in different parts of the circuit.
  • Fig. 3a illustrates the voltage over the storage capacitor 7, Fig. 3b the current through SCR 37, Fig. 3c the current through SCR 6, Fig. 3d the current through SCR 9, and Fig. 3e the voltage on the cathode of SCR 37.
  • the transformer 55 can be considered as an inductor, as only its primary inductor 55a is connected, and the loop of the secondary winding 55b is open. Current starts to flow through the primary inductor 55a, and through SCR 6 to charge the first storage capacitor 7
  • the voltage Vc over the first storage capacitor can be expressed by the following formula:
  • Vc(t) Vcc [l-Cos( ⁇ t)] + V c (0)Cos( ⁇ t)
  • Vcc is the voltage of the power supply 2
  • Vc(0) is the voltage of storage capacitor 7 when the charging starts
  • ⁇ is the resonance frequency of the resonant circuit comprising the primary winding 55a of the transformer 55, and the storage capacitor 7.
  • V 8 (t) cc [l+mCos( ⁇ t)] - m V c (0-)Cos( ⁇ t)
  • Fig. 3e describes the voltage Vs(t). It can be seen that the voltage Vs is positive at the beginning of the charging period Ti, and becomes negative later, e.g., at T3. More particularly, from the following formula
  • Comparator 56 samples the potential on the first storage capacitor 7 by receiving at its positive input the potential of point 61 between resistors 57 and 58, a potential which directly relates to the potential of plate 7a.
  • the comparator 56 which compares the voltage of point 61 to a reference voltage Vre f , provides a command signal through transformer 17 to the control 40 of SCR 37 to turn it ON.
  • Transformer 17 provides a buffer between comparator 56 and the high voltage of SCR 37, and protects it from that high voltage.
  • SCR 37 at T 4 produces a current flow through SCR 37 and the secondary winding in a counterclockwise direction 66 to the power supply 2, a current which empties the transformer 55 from its energy, and transfers the energy back to the power supply for use in the next charging period.
  • the apparatus of Fig. 2 assures uniform pulses of the same energy into the load, no matter how much energy was returned from the load in the previous discharging period.
  • the energy of the pulses to the load can be accurately adjusted by defining the level of ref.
  • the voltage Vref is provided to the comparator 56 as a reference. A higher Vref, enables a longer charging period and accumulation of more energy in the storage capacitor 7, and therefore pulses of higher energy to the load.
  • the reflected energy while being conserved, is removed from the pulsed power generator section to which it is harmful.
  • Fig. 4 shows a pulsed power circuit with energy recovery and energy regulation according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • This circuit is similar in its structure to the circuit of Fig. 2, and its operation is similar. However, it has the advantage that SCR 137 in Fig. 2 has to sustain a much lower voltage than SCR 37 of Fig. 2.
  • the transformer 155 is a nr.l step-down transformer, while the transformer 55 of Fig. 2 is an l.tti step-up transformer. Furthermore, while in transformer 55 of the circuit of Fig. 2, the winding direction of the primary winding is opposite with respect to the winding direction of the secondary winding, in the circuit of Fig. 4 both windings of transformer 155 are to the same direction.
  • the second transformer, 199 is a 1:M3 step-down transformer in which the winding direction of the primary winding is opposite with respect to the direction of the secondary winding.
  • the SCR 37 has to be a high voltage SCR, as it must sustain the voltage of the primary winding of the transformer 55, stepping up by a factor of m. This may be a relatively expensive SCR.
  • the transformer 155 is a stepping down transformer having a winding ratio of ⁇ -?:l. Therefore SCR 137 can be an SCR of a lower voltage.
  • the circuit of Fig. 4 requires an additional, stepping up transformer 199 having a winding ratio of l: , and an additional diode 100. In this case the diode has to sustain a high voltage, however the cost of a high voltage diode is often less than the cost of a high voltage SCR.
  • the triggering of the SCR 137 by the comparator 156 through transformer 117 takes place essentially within the same timing as it takes place in the circuit of Fig. 2.
  • Transformer 117 provides a buffer between comparator 156 and the high voltage of SCR 137, and protects it from that high voltage. When this triggering takes place, SCR 137 is forwardly biased, and therefore it turns ON.
  • SCR 137 causes a current to flow through the secondary winding in the the direction as shown by arrow 166, causing a voltage to spread over the secondary winding 155b, which in turn induces to the primary winding 155a in a direction to cause the voltage on the anode of SCR 106 to drop, thereby turning SCR 106 OFF, and terminating the charging current to the storage capacitor 107.
  • the regulation of the energy remaining in the primary winding of transformer 155 is carried out by the current I22 flowing through the secondary winding of this transformer, in the direction of arrow 166.
  • Current I22 is n.3 times amplified by the transformer 199, and therefore the current In in the secondary winding 199b of transformer 199 flows in the direction of arrow 177, as shown.
  • Diode 100 enables the current to flow only in this direction.
  • the invention shows that when a voltage regulator is used in the resonant charging circuit, it can provide not only energy regulation, but also recovery of the energy that is reflected from the load in the pulsed power generator of a type that is fed by said resonant charging circuit. Therefore, there is no need at all for any additional means for dealing with this reflected energy, such means being not only expensive and of large volume, but also significantly reducing the efficiency of the whole system.
  • the circuits of Figs. 2 and 4 provide recovery of the energy that is reflected from the load, and regulation of the energy that remains occluded in the primary of the transformer (37 in Fig. 2, and 137 in Fig. 4). Moreover, these circuits enable accurate adjustment of the amount of power in the output pulses to the load, and assure that they all have the same energy, no matter how much energy was returned from the load in a previous period. All these targets are achieved by the compact circuits of the invention.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur un procédé de récupération de l'énergie renvoyée par une charge en lui fournissant une impulsion de courant provenant d'un générateur pulsé muni d'un condensateur se chargeant à l'aide d'un circuit de charge résonant en polarisation directe. Le procédé se caractérise par l'utilisation dans ledit circuit de charge d'un régulateur de tension produisant un courant porteur de la charge accumulée dans ledit condensateur en polarisation inverse et dû à ladite réflexion d'énergie. Ledit courant traverse l'alimentation en c.c. du circuit de charge résonant et revient sur le condensateur pour le charger en polarisation directe.
PCT/IL1999/000635 1998-11-26 1999-11-25 Generateur pulse a recuperation et regulation d'energie WO2000031872A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU14062/00A AU1406200A (en) 1998-11-26 1999-11-25 Pulsed power generator with energy recovery and energy regulation

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IL12730298A IL127302A0 (en) 1998-11-26 1998-11-26 Pulsed power generator with energy recovery and energy regulation
IL127302 1998-11-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2000031872A1 true WO2000031872A1 (fr) 2000-06-02

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PCT/IL1999/000635 WO2000031872A1 (fr) 1998-11-26 1999-11-25 Generateur pulse a recuperation et regulation d'energie

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AU (1) AU1406200A (fr)
IL (1) IL127302A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000031872A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012079596A1 (fr) * 2010-12-14 2012-06-21 Harzim Gmbh Dissociation et séparation de molécules d'eau dans un champ électrique
CN107547002A (zh) * 2017-10-19 2018-01-05 山东镭之源激光科技股份有限公司 一种瞬时大功率电能量转移脉冲装置
CN108684128A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-10-19 浙江大维高新技术股份有限公司 一种脉冲电晕放电等离子体电源无功电能回收电路

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4055791A (en) * 1975-09-08 1977-10-25 Hewlett-Packard Company Self commutated SCR power supply
US5357419A (en) * 1992-04-06 1994-10-18 D.C. Transformation Inc. Compact and efficient transformerless power conversion system
US5729562A (en) * 1995-02-17 1998-03-17 Cymer, Inc. Pulse power generating circuit with energy recovery
US5815388A (en) * 1996-06-21 1998-09-29 Sierra Applied Sciences, Inc. Polarity reversing circuit having energy compensation

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4055791A (en) * 1975-09-08 1977-10-25 Hewlett-Packard Company Self commutated SCR power supply
US5357419A (en) * 1992-04-06 1994-10-18 D.C. Transformation Inc. Compact and efficient transformerless power conversion system
US5561597A (en) * 1992-04-06 1996-10-01 D.C. Transformation, Inc. Compact and efficient transformerless power conversion system
US5729562A (en) * 1995-02-17 1998-03-17 Cymer, Inc. Pulse power generating circuit with energy recovery
US5815388A (en) * 1996-06-21 1998-09-29 Sierra Applied Sciences, Inc. Polarity reversing circuit having energy compensation

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012079596A1 (fr) * 2010-12-14 2012-06-21 Harzim Gmbh Dissociation et séparation de molécules d'eau dans un champ électrique
CN107547002A (zh) * 2017-10-19 2018-01-05 山东镭之源激光科技股份有限公司 一种瞬时大功率电能量转移脉冲装置
CN108684128A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-10-19 浙江大维高新技术股份有限公司 一种脉冲电晕放电等离子体电源无功电能回收电路

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Publication number Publication date
AU1406200A (en) 2000-06-13
IL127302A0 (en) 1999-09-22

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