WO2000003004A2 - Presenilin 2 specific ribozyme - Google Patents
Presenilin 2 specific ribozyme Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000003004A2 WO2000003004A2 PCT/EP1999/004804 EP9904804W WO0003004A2 WO 2000003004 A2 WO2000003004 A2 WO 2000003004A2 EP 9904804 W EP9904804 W EP 9904804W WO 0003004 A2 WO0003004 A2 WO 0003004A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/11—Antisense
- C12N2310/111—Antisense spanning the whole gene, or a large part of it
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
- C12N2310/12—Type of nucleic acid catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes
- C12N2310/121—Hammerhead
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the field of presenilins and neurodegenerative diseases
- the invention relates to a substance capable of inhibiting presenilin 2 expression in neurodegenerative diseases and in Alzheimer's disease
- the invention is furthermore concerned with ribozymes capable of cleaving presenilin 2-specific RNA.
- the invention pertains to recombinant vectors comprising specified ribozyme sequences and microorganisms comprising such recombinant vectors
- Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal and synaptic cell loss Neuronal cell loss is caused at least in part by apoptotic cell death
- Neurodegenerative diseases include the chronic forms as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea and the acute form as stroke
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- FAD Alzheimer's disease
- a small percentage (approximately 10%) of cases belonging to the subgroup of familiar Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are earlier in onset and segregate strongly within families suggesting a genetic etiology
- AD is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the gradual formation of extracellular neuritic plaques in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus and the adjoining cortex
- a ⁇ amyloid A ⁇ amyloid
- the presenilins undergo regulated proteolytic cleavage into the normal N-terminal (NTF) and C- terminal fragments (CTF), 22-30 kDa and 18-26 kDa, respectively, in size (Thinakaran et al ,
- PS proteins constitute substrates of a member of the caspase 3 protease family (CPP32) after its activation late in the course of apoptosis and are cleaved into alternative fragments (Kim et al ,
- the problem underlying the present invention therefore is to provide agents to decrease neuronal cell death due to apoptosis which thus can be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD Summary of the invention
- these substances are in particular ribozymes capable of cleaving presenilin 2-specific RNA.
- said ribozymes are fusion ribozymes comprising a presenilin 2-specific ribozyme and an autocatalytical hammerhead ribozyme.
- this invention pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said substances or said ribozymes or said recombinant vector and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- said substances or said ribozymes or said recombinant vector can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and preferably for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Said treatments are also embraced by this invention.
- Figure 1 a) Sequence and structure of a general hammerhead ribozyme-target RNA complex.
- GUX trinucleotide
- RNAs (target sites) for in vitro cleavage studies we routinely used short synthetic, 5' [- ⁇ P] -labeled (indicated by asterisks), RNAs (shown as black
- PS2 mRNA Three synthetic ⁇ bozymes (rzl 173, rz232, rz308, nucleotide numbering according to EMBL Data Bank. Accession No L43964) were targeted to various regions in the PS2 mRNA.
- RNA substrates containing the specific target trinucleotide Each ribozyme was used with different lengths of the flanking substrate binding region (1 e rzl 173/13 3, 12, 9, etc ) For rzl 173 and rz232 so-called 'antisense ⁇ bozvmes', as- 12 and as- 15 1, respectively, were generated (desc ⁇ bed infra in Example 1) The nbozyme cleavage reaction was carried out under standard conditions and ribozyme target molar ratios were used as indicated As controls substrate RNAs were used without ⁇ bozvme treatment (lane"-") Reactions were stopped and loaded onto a 20 % SDS- polyacrvlamide 6 M urea gel, dried onto filter paper and exposed on X-Omat AR films (Kodak) b) Three different ribozymes, rzl 173,
- ribozyme cleavage reaction was carried out under standard conditions (described infra in Example 1) with ribozyme:target molar ratios as indicated As controls substrate RNAs were used without ribozyme treatment (lane "-"). Reactions were stopped and loaded onto a 20 % SDS-polyacrylamide/ 6 M urea gel, dried onto filter paper and exposed on X-Omat AR films (Kodak).
- FIG. 3 a In vitro efficiency of ribozyme rzl 173 with substrate binding domains varying in length at different ribozyme:target molar ratios. Ribozyme rzl 173 was used with flanking substrate binding domains in between 9-16 b in length (rzl 173/13.3, 12, 9) The corresponding synthetic RNA substrate was 5' [32p]-l a beled.
- the ribozyme cleavage reaction was carried out under standard conditions (described infra in Example 1) with ribozyme target molar ratios as indicated Reactions were stopped and loaded onto a 20 % SDS-polyacrylamide/ 6 M urea gel, dried onto filter paper and exposed on X-Omat AR films (Kodak). Cleavage efficiencies were calculated with the Phospor Imaging System (BioRad).
- the ribozyme cleavage reaction was carried out under standard conditions (described infra in Example 1) with a concentration of ribozyme:target RNA of 100 1 As RNA substrate a 5' [32p]-l a beled synthetic RNA was used containing the target trinucleotide GUCi 173 Aliquots were taken at the indicated time points and loaded onto a 20 % SDS-polyacrylamide/ 6 M urea gel. The cleavage kinetic of ribozyme rzl 173/13 3 is shown in the upper figure Ribozyme cleavage in percentage was calculated with the Phosphor Imaging System (BioRad) and is shown in the lower figure
- Figure 4 a Sequence and structure of the ribozyme rzll73/13.3auto - PS2 mRNA complex. The binding of hammerhead ribozyme rzl 173/13 3auto to a specific sequence of the PS2 mRNA is shown (nucleotide numbering according to EMBL Data Bank, Accession No L43964).
- the ribozyme rzl 173/13 3auto is an example for a fusion ribozyme comprising the PS2-specific ribozyme rzl 173/13 3 and the autocatalytical hammerhead- ribozyme directly fused with its 5' end to the 3' end ofthe PS2-specific ribozyme rzl 173/13 3 b) Vector constructs for in vitro and in vivo expression of rzl 173/13.3 and the corresponding substrates.
- the in vitro transcribed ribozyme rzl 173 was incubated in increasing amounts (0,1; 0,3, 0,5, 1, 3, 5 ⁇ l of the total in vitro transcription reaction) together with the 367 b long, 2p] beled PS2 transcript under standard conditions (described infra in Example 1)
- the first lane shows the substrate RNA without treatment
- In lane "-" substrate RNA was incubated under standard conditions without ribozyme Marker RNA of known size was loaded onto the polyacrylamide gel for comparison
- FIG. 6 a) PS2 mRNA levels of various cell clones inducibly expressing rzll73/13.3. 49 clones that were stably transfected with the construct pUHD 10-3/PS2-rzl 173 13 3auto were tested for PS2 expression after omission of doxycycline with the RNase protection assay (RPA)
- the first two lanes are control reactions, in which tRNA is used for hybridization with the [32p]-l beled antisense RNA probe of PS2
- These hybridization reactions were carried out in the absence (-) or presence (+) of RNases mRNA from the control cell line HtTA was used in the RPA as standard and indicated the endogenous PS2 mRNA level
- Cell line HtTA/PS2 rzl 173 40 was selected for further detailed analyses on the protein level
- Extracts were made from the PS2 'knock-down' cell line at different time points after omission of doxycycline
- extracts were prepared from cells growing in standard medium supplemented with doxycycline at day 0 and 14 Proteins were immunoprecipitated using antibody 3711, separated on SDS/ polyacrylamide gels, blotted onto PVDF membranes and hybridized with the monoclonal antibody BI.HF5C (1 2000 dilution) Both antibodies recognize the hydrophilic loop of PS2
- the PS2 'knock-down' HeLa cell line was less sensitive against an apoptotic stimulus as calculated by ethidiumbromide/ acridine orange staining.
- Three HeLa cell lines (the PS2 'knock-down' cells [PS2 k d ] and cell lines overexpressing wildtype [PS2 wt] or mutant PS2 [PS2 mut]) were used for determination of their apoptotic sensitivity to staurosporine (a) Overexpression of wildtype or mutant PS2 was demonstrated by immunofluorescence with antibody 2972 (1 300 dilution), that recognizes the N-terminus of PS2, in the presence (+Dox) or the absence (-Dox) of doxycycline (b) After treatment with staurosporine in concentrations as indicated for 18 h, the cells were fixed and incubated with ethidiumbromide and acridine orange as described infra in Example 1
- the PS2 'knock-down' caused an inhibition of apoptosis.
- the three transfected HeLa cell lines (the PS2 'knock-down' cells [PS2 k d ] and two cell lines overexpressing wildtype [PS2 wt] or mutant PS2 [PS2 mut]) as well as the original HeLa cell line were treated with indicated concentrations of staurosporine for 18 h under standard conditions (described infra in Example 1)
- As a control cells were not treated with staurosporine (lane "0")
- (a) Apoptosis sensitivity Analyses were carried out using a cell death detection ELISA (Boehringer Mannheim, described infra in Example 1) The degree of apoptosis was expressed directly as the absorbance at 405-490 nm
- Alamar Blue reduction assay Cell viability was measured using the Alamar Blue reduction (see Example 1) and given in percentage of the control (c) LDH release. LDH release was determined (Boehringer Mannheim, described infra in Example 1) and given as optical densities Figure 9
- the PS2 'knock-down' seemed to have no influence on the caspase 3 (CPP32) activation following an apoptotic stimulus.
- the three HeLa cell lines (the PS2 'knock-down' cells [PS2 k d ] and cell lines overexpressing wildtype [PS2 wt] or mutant PS2 [PS2 mut]) were treated with 1 ⁇ M staurosporine under standard conditions (described infra in Example 1).
- Extracts were made of cells not treated with staurosporine (lane "c")
- a Extracts were prepared at the indicated time points and identical protein amounts were loaded onto a 12 % SDS/ polyacrylamide gel After blotting onto PVDF membranes, hybridization with a CPP32-specific antibody (Transduction Laboratories, 1 500 dilution) was carried out This antibody recognizes the CPP32 holoenzyme and the 17 kDa active N-terminal fragment (shown in a as an example) that is generated upon proteolytic cleavage
- the CPP32 holoenzyme is indicated by an arrow
- Extracts were prepared at the indicated time points and identical protein amounts were used for immunoprecipitation with the polyclonal PS2/loop-specific antibody 3711 After 12 % SDS/ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotting onto PVDF membranes, hybridization with the monoclonal antibody BI.HF5C (1 :2000 dilution), that was also raised against the loop region, was carried out.
- the PS2 'knock-down' showed an inhibitory effect on apoptosis compared with the overexpression of wildtype or mutant PS2.
- the cells were analyzed for apoptosis using the cell death detection ELISA (Boehringer Mannheim). The degree of apoptosis was expressed directly as the absorbance at 405-490 nm.
- the invention pertains to a substance capable of inhibiting presenilin 2 expression in neurodegenerative diseases.
- Neurodegenerative diseases include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea and stroke.
- the gene encoding the transcript of presenilin 2 which maps to human chromosome 1 as well as the gene product presenilin 2 are known in the art.
- the term "presenilin 2 gene” or "PS2 gene” means the mammalian gene first disclosed and described in US 5840540 A, and later described in Rogaev et al. (1995) and Levy-Lahad et al.
- Presenilin-2 gene or "PS2 gene” primarily relates to a coding sequence, but can also include some or all of the flanking regulatory regions and/or introns.
- PS2 gene specifically includes artificial or recombinant genes created from cDNA or genomic DNA including recombinant genes based upon splice variants.
- the presenilin 2 gene has also been referred to as the E5-1 gene (e g US 5840540 A) or the STM2 gene (e.g , Levy-Lahad et al , 1995)
- the invention further comprises a substance capable of inhibiting presenilin 2 expression in Alzheimer's disease (AD)
- AD Alzheimer's disease
- the invention particularly comprises a substance capable of inhibiting presenilin 2 expression in familiar Alzheimer's disease
- AD refers to a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the gradual formation of extracellular neuritic plaques in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus and the adjoining cortex
- the majority of Alzheimer's disease cases are late in onset lacking an obvious genetic linkage and are characterized as sporadic
- the term "familiar Alzheimer's disease (FAD)” refers to a subgroup of AD comprising a small percentage (approximately 10%) of cases which are earlier in onset and segregate strongly within families suggesting a genetic etiology
- composition means a chemical, pharmaceutical or biotechnological compound, preferably a nucleic acid molecule
- the invention particularly relates to a substance consisting of an anti-sense oligonucleotide
- Anti-sense oligonucleotides are DNA or RNA molecules that are complementary to at least a portion of a specific mRNA molecule (Weintraub, 1990) In the cell, anti-sense nucleic acids hybridize to the corresponding mRNA, forming a double-stranded molecule The anti-sense nucleic acids interfere with the translation of the mRNA since the cell will not translate a mRNA that is double-stranded
- An anti- sense core nucleic acid may at least contain 10 nucleotides complementary to the target message
- Said anti-sense oligonucleotides also comprise peptide nucleic acids, phosphodiester anti-sense oligonucleotides and phosphorothi
- the anti-sense oligonucleotide of the present invention may be used to block the PS2 expression in neurodegenerative diseases or preferably in AD or FAD
- the present invention further provides a ribozyme capable of cleaving presenilin 2-specific mRNA
- ribozyme used in the present invention relates to an RNA capable of specifically interacting with a target RNA and of irreversibly cleaving it at a defined site
- the ribozyme has a central sequence not complementary to the target RNA that is responsible for its catalytic activity (catalytic domain or region (a)), and two flanking sequences essentially complementary to two neighboring sequences of the target RNA (substrate binding domain or hybridization region (b)) so as to allow binding ofthe ribozyme via base-pairing and thus selective cleavage ofthe target RNA
- said ribozyme preferably comprises a catalytic region (a) and at least one hybridization region (b), with the hybridization region (b) essentially being complementary to a region ofthe mRNA that is transcribed from the presenihn 2 gene
- the ribozyme according to the invention is preferably characterized in that the hybridization region (b) consists of two domains flanking the catalytic region (a) and being essentially complementary to the target nucleic acid region so as to be capable of selectively binding to all mRNAs that are transcribed by the preseni n 2 gene in order to selectively cleave these RNAs
- ribozymes are preferably completely complementary to the target nucleic acid region
- the selective inhibition of the gene expression in cells by the ⁇ bozyme according to the invention does therefore not mean that the target gene will be irreversibly damaged or eliminated Rather the use of the ⁇ boz ⁇ mes advantageously only leads to the selective inhibition of the translation of said gene
- the property of ⁇ bozymes to specifically bind target RNA and to inactivate them by cleavage has been successfully demonstrated several times for the case of specific inhibition of
- HIV-RNA (Lisziewicz et al , 1993, Yu et al 1993 Morgan and Anderson, 1993, Yamada et al
- sequence (a) can be replaced by a linker which is different from nucleic acid, e.g., a hydrocarbon chain (Thomson et al., 1993).
- the length of the hybridization region (b) depends on many factors and is selected such that a sufficient hybridization to the RNA to be cleaved is achieved under the selected conditions (such as temperature, ion environment) in order to allow efficient cleavage, but, if the difference between the target RNA and non-target RNA does not comprise the cleavage motif per se, there is no sufficient hybridization to the non-target RNA.
- the choice of the length ofthe hybridization region thus depends on, e.g., the GC content of the RNAs and the number of nucleotides differing between target RNA and non-target RNA.
- the lengths of the 5' hybridization region and the 3' hybridization region are equal, but they can be asymmetrical, e.g.. a combination of three and 20 nucleotides.
- the overall length of the hybridization region (b) is 12 to 30 nucleotides.
- the ribozyme contains the following nucleotide sequence (5 'to 3') in the catalytic domain:
- X is any nucleotide selected from A, G, C and U which is complementary to Z, so that G is paired with C and A is paired with U or C is paired with G and U is paired with A;
- Y is any nucleotide selected from A, G, C and U;
- Z is any nucleotide selected from A G, C and U which is complementary to X, so that G is paired with C and A is paired with U or C is paired with G and U is paired with A.
- the ribozyme according to the invention can be a hammerhead, hairpin or axehead ribozyme.
- the structure of hammerhead ribozyme in general is known to the person skilled in the art and is described in, e.g.. Symons (1992), and Rossi (1993). As outlined below, the skilled practitioner may modify the catalytic structure such that it yields optimum results for the projected use in terms of effectivity and substrate specificity
- Hairpin ribozymes were originally identified to be part of the minus strand of the TRSV (tobacco ringspot virus) satellite RNA In the meantime, it has been shown that these ribozymes can effectively cleave target RNAs in trans, the mechanism of action being similar to that of the hammerhead ribozymes The regions being responsible for substrate binding and catalytic effect were determined and the invariable structure or sequence motifs characterized The cleavage motif of the target RNA is N'GNPy (N is G, C, U or Py is C or U) (see, e g , Rossi, 1993, and Hampel et al , 1990) On the basis ofthe requirements with respect to the structure and sequence of the hairpin ribozyme necessary for an effective cleavage and with respect to the cleavage motif on the target RNA explained in the art, the skilled practitioner can construct a ribozyme using standard techniques that possesses the desired properties
- Axehead ribozymes were originally defined to be part of the genomic and antigenomic RNA of the hepatitis delta virus
- the ribozyme may be modified such that resistance to nucleases is achieved, increasing the retention time and thus the effectivity of the ribozyme at the target site, e g , in certain cells of a patient Furthermore, the amount of ribozyme to be applied and, if any, related side-effects can be reduced
- RNA modifications include conjugation of the RNA with poly-L-lysine, polyalkyl derivatives, cholesterol or PEG.
- the ribozymes according to the invention contain at least one of the above-described phosphate modifications and/or at least one of the above- described ribose modifications.
- the invention preferably comprises a ribozyme that cleaves downstream of the GUU232 site of presenilin 2-specific RNA.
- the invention also preferably comprises a ribozyme that cleaves downstream of the GUC308 site of presenilin 2-specific RNA.
- the invention also preferably comprises a ribozyme that cleaves downstream ofthe GUCi 173 site of presenilin 2-specific RNA.
- the numbering of the nucleotides of said GUU or GUC sites corresponds to the PS2 sequence in the EMBL Data Bank, Accession No. L43964.
- the invention more preferably pertains to a ribozyme which is a fusion-ribozyme comprising a presenilin 2-specific ribozyme and an autocatalytical hammerhead-ribozyme fused with its 5' end to the 3' end ofthe presenilin 2-specific ribozyme (see figure 4).
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof CUUUGGCUGAUGAGGCCGUGAGGCCGAAACACAG
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof UUGGCUGAUGAGGCCGUGAGGCCGAAACAC
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof CUUUGGCUGAUGAGGCCGUGAGGCCGAAACACAA
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof UGGUUUUUCUGAUGAGGCCGUUAGGCCGAAACACGUCG
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof GUUUUUCUGAUGAGGCCGUUAGGCCGAAACACGU Furthermore, the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein said ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof
- the invention preferably pertains to a ribozyme wherein the autocatalytical hammerhead-ribozyme comprises the following nucleotide sequence (5' to 3') or a bioequivalent thereof
- bioequivalent means, that a ribozyme with a nucleotide sequence different from the before-mentioned sequences carries out the same desired biological function
- a "bioequivalent" ribozyme may contain additional nucleotides at the
- additional nucleotides may be added during to the cloning process of the ribozyme Such additional nucleotides are exemplified in fig
- the present invention relates to a ribozyme having the sequence
- the invention additionally pertains to a recombinant DNA molecule coding for any one of the ribozymes according to the present invention.
- the invention further relates to a recombinant cDNA molecule coding for any one of the ribozymes according to the present invention.
- a recombinant vector comprising the cDNA corresponding to any one of the ribozymes is also included in the invention.
- a recombinant vector comprising the cDNA corresponding to any one of the ribozymes fused to the cDNA sequence corresponding to the autocatalytical hammerhead- ribozyme is included in the invention.
- Suitable vectors comprise plasmids, viruses (including phage) and integratable DNA fragments (i.e., integratable into the host genome by recombination).
- vector is generic to "plasmid”; but plasmids are the most commonly used form of vectors at present. However, all other forms of vectors which serve an equivalent function and which are, or become, known in the art are suitable for use herein.
- Suitable vectors will contain replicon and control sequences which are derived from species compatible with the intended expression host.
- the present invention additionally pertains to a host cell comprising the recombinant vector comprising the cDNA corresponding to any one ofthe ribozymes.
- Suitable host cells are any prokaryotes, yeasts or higher eukaryotic cells which have been transformed or transfected with the nucleic acids of the present invention so as to cause clonal propagation of those nucleic acids and/or expression of the proteins or peptides encoded thereby.
- Such cells or cell lines will have utility both in the propagation and production of the nucleic acids and proteins of the present invention but also, as further described herein, as model systems for diagnostic and therapeutic assays.
- the term "transformed cell” is intended to embrace any cell, or the descendant of any cell, into which has been introduced any of the nucleic acids of the invention, whether by transformation, transfection, infection, or other means. Methods of producing appropriate recombinant vectors, transforming cells with those recombinant vectors, and identifying transformants are well known in the art and are only briefly reviewed here (see, for example, Sambrook et al. 1989).
- Prokaryotic cells useful for producing the transformed cells of the invention include members of the bacterial genera Escherichia (e.g., E. coli), Pseudomonas (e.g., P. aeruginosa), and Bacillus (e.g., B. subtillus, B. stearothermophilus), as well as many others well known and frequently used in the art.
- Bacterial cells e.g., E. coli
- Bacterial cells may be used with a variety of expression vector systems including, for example, plasmids with the T7 RNA polymerase/promoter system, bacteriophage ⁇ regulatory sequences, or Ml 3 Phage mGPI-2.
- Bacterial hosts may also be transformed with fusion protein vectors which create, for example, lacZ, trpE, maltose-binding protein, poly-His tags, or glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins. All of these, as well as many other prokaryotic expression systems, are well known in the art and widely commercially available (e.g., pGEX-27 (Amrad, USA) for GST fusions).
- fusion protein vectors which create, for example, lacZ, trpE, maltose-binding protein, poly-His tags, or glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins. All of these, as well as many other prokaryotic expression systems, are well known in the art and widely commercially available (e.g., pGEX-27 (Amrad, USA) for GST fusions).
- Eukaryotic cells and cell lines useful for producing the transformed cells of the invention include mammalian cells and cell lines (e.g., PC12, COS, CHO, fibroblasts, myelomas, neuroblastomas, hybridomas, human embryonic kidney 293, oocytes, embryonic stem cells), insect cells lines (e.g., using baculovirus vectors such as pPbac or pMbac (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA)), yeast (e.g., using yeast expression vectors such as pYESHIS (Invitrogen, CA)), and fungi.
- mammalian cells and cell lines e.g., PC12, COS, CHO, fibroblasts, myelomas, neuroblastomas, hybridomas, human embryonic kidney 293, oocytes, embryonic stem cells
- insect cells lines e.g., using baculovirus vectors such as pPbac or pMbac (Stratagene, La Jolla,
- a wide variety of vectors have been developed and are commercially available which allow inducible (e.g., LacSwitch expression vectors, Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) or cognate (e.g., pcDNA3 vectors, Invitrogen, Chatsworth, CA) expression of presenilin nucleotide sequences under the regulation of an artificial promoter element.
- inducible e.g., LacSwitch expression vectors, Stratagene, La Jolla, CA
- cognate e.g., pcDNA3 vectors, Invitrogen, Chatsworth, CA
- promoter elements are often derived from CMV of SV40 viral genes, although other strong promoter elements which are active in eukaryotic cells can also be employed to induce transcription of presenilin nucleotide sequences.
- these vectors also contain an artificial polyadenylation sequence and 3' UTR which can also be derived from exogenous viral gene sequences or from other eukaryotic genes.
- artificial, non- coding, spliceable introns and exons are included in the vector to enhance expression of the nucleotide sequence of interest (in this case, PS2 sequences).
- PS2 sequences the nucleotide sequence of interest
- Recombinant vectors may be introduced into the recipient or "host" cells by various methods well known in the art including, but not limited to, calcium phosphate transfection, strontium phosphate transfection, DEAE dextran transfection, electroporation, Hpofection (e.g., Dosper Liposomal transfection reagent, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany), microinjection, ballistic insertion on micro-beads, protoplast fusion or, for viral or phage vectors, by infection with the recombinant virus or phage
- the invention also pertains to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substance or a ribozyme or a DNA molecule or a recombinant vector as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to conventional pharmaceutic excipients or additives used in the pharmaceutical manufacturing art
- Said pharmaceutical composition ofthe present invention may contain said recombinant vector to be used for gene therapy and may contain a colloidal dispersion system or liposomes for targeted delivery ofthe pharmaceutical composition.
- colloidal dispersion systems include macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes or liposome formulations.
- the preferred colloidal system of this invention is a liposome. Liposomes are artificial membrane vesicles which are useful as delivery verhicles in vitro and in vivo These formulations may have net cationic, anionic or neutral charge characteristics are useful characteristics with in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo delivery methods.
- RNA DNA and intact virions can be encapsulated within the aqueous interior and be delivered to cells in a biologically active form (Fraley, et al., 1981).
- liposomes In addition to mammalian cells, liposomes have been used for delivery of polynucleotides in plant, yeast and bacterial cells.
- a liposome In order for a liposome to be an efficient gene transfer vehicle, the following characteristics should be present (1) encapsulation of the genes of interest at high efficiency while not compromising their biological activity; (2) preferential and substantial binding to a target cell in comparison to non- target cells; (3) delivery of the aqueous contents of the vesicle to the target cell cytoplasm at high efficiency; and (4) accurate and effective expression of genetic information (Mannino et al , 1988)
- the composition of the liposome is usually a combination of phospholipids, particularly high- phase-transition-temperature phospholipids, usually in combination with steroids, especially cholesterol. Other phospholipids or other lipids may also be used.
- the physical characteristics of liposomes depend on pH, ionic strength, and the presence of divalent cations.
- the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain said recombinant vector as a naked "gene expression vector”.
- a naked expression vector This means that the construct is not associated with a delivery vehicle (e.g. liposomes, colloidal particles and the like).
- DNA vectors is the lack of a immune response stimulated by the vector itself.
- the present invention comprises the use of a substance or a ribozyme or a DNA molecule or a recombinant vector as described above in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
- the present invention more particularly comprises the use of a substance or a ribozyme or a DNA molecule or a recombinant vector as described above in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
- the present invention most particularly comprises the use of a substance or a ribozyme or a DNA molecule or a recombinant vector in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of familiar Alzheimer's disease.
- DNA molecule is expressed in a host.
- the invention more specifically pertains to a process for the production of a ribozyme, characterized that a DNA molecule is synthesized in an automatic synthesizer.
- Ribozyme sequences rz 1173/13.3 5'-UUCUUUGGCUGAUGAGGCCGUGAGGCCGAAACACAGCG-3', rz 1173/12 5'-CUUUGGCUGAUGAGGCCGUGAGGCCGAAACACAG-3', rz 1173/9 5'-UUGGCUGAUGAGGCCGUGAGGCCGAAACAC-3', rz 1173/11.12 5'-CUUUGGCUGAUGAGGCCGUGAGGCCGAAACACAA-3', as 1173/12 5'-CUUUGGCUGAUUCGGCCGUGAGGCCGAUACACA-3', rz 232/15.1 5'-UGGUUUUUCUGAUGAGGCCGUUAGGCCGAAACACGUCG-3', rz 232/12 5'-GUUUUUCUGAUGAGGCCGUUAGGCCGAAACACGU-3', rz 232/10 5'-UUUUCUGAUGAGGCCGUUAGGCCGAAACACGU-3',
- RNA substrate sequences 1173 5'-CGCUGUGUCCCAAAGAA-3', 232
- Ribozyme numbe ⁇ ng corresponds to the nucleotide position in the PS2 mRNA ofthe guanidine in the target GUX (indicated in the RNA substrate sequences in bold), after which the phosphodiester bond is cleaved
- the RNA substrates, which represent partial sequences of the PS2 mRNA are named accordingly The number of base pairs formed by hybridization of the substrate binding domain of the ribozyme to the target mRNA is indicated in numbers, wobble base pairs in numbers behind the point (i e rzl 173/13 3)
- Synthetic and in vitro transcribed ribozymes and RNA substrates were strictly handled under RNase free conditions DEPC (diethylpyrocarbonate) water or nuclease free water (Promega, Heidelberg) was used Oligoribonucleotide purification was done either
- the most probable secondary structure of the PS2 mRNA was determined by the method of Zuker et al (1989) by using the SQUIGGLES software included in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package (Genetic Computer Group Inc )
- RNA substrates for the in vitro cleavage reaction we used either short 16-17 base (b), 5'[32p]- labeled synthetic oligoribonucleotides or a 367 b long RNA substrate that was radioactively labeled upon in vitro transcription
- the phosphorylation reaction was carried out in a total of 20 ⁇ l containing 20 pmol synthetic substrate RNA 3 ⁇ l (lO ⁇ Ci ⁇ l) [ ⁇ - 32 P]-ATP, 2 ⁇ l lOx phosphorylation buffer, 13 ⁇ l H2O and 10 U polynucleotide kinase (Boehringer Mannheim) by incubation at 37°C for 1 hour
- the plasmid pBSK+/PS2 Ncol (Fig 4b) was linearized with Xhol, phenol/ chloroform-extracted, and ethanol-precipitated
- In vitro transcription was carried out in 20 ⁇ l of a mixture containing l ⁇ l 10 mM GTP
- [32p]-l a beled substrate RNA (20 OOOcpm/reaction) and ribozyme RNA were incubated in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7 5) and 10 mM MgCl 2 for 5 min at 95°C followed by a 60 min incubation at 37°C Reactions were stopped by addition of formamide gel-loading buffer (80 % formamide, 10 mM EDTA pH 8 0, 0,002 % bromphenol blue and xylene cyanol) Substrates and cleavage product(s) were separated by electrophoresis on a 20 % SDS-polyacrylamide/ 6 M urea denaturing gel and detected by autoradiography (X-OMAT AR films, Kodak)
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- the HtTa cell line stably stably transfected with the pUHD 15-1/neo DNA plasmid encoding the tetracycline-sensitive transactivator (tTA) of the "Tet-ofT' expression system (Gossen, M and Bujard, H 1992)
- the HtTa cell line was transfected with the plasmids pUHD10-3/PS2 wt (wildtype PS2), pUHD10-3/PS2 mut (mutant (N141V) PS2) or pUHDlO- 3/PS2-rzl l73 13 3auto (ribozyme rzl 173/13 3) to give rise to the double stable cell lines HtTA/PS2-wt 13, HtTA/PS2-mut 5, and HtTA/PS2-rzl l73 40, respectively DNA transfection Stable DNA transfections were performed by the calcium-phosphate precipitation method with 50 ⁇ g of purified DNA (Qiagen, Hilden) and 5
- Cells were grown in 6 cm2-dishes to confluence Cell lysis were carried out in a so buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7 6, 2 mM EDTA 0,2 % (v/v) NP40, 1 mM PMSF, and 5 ⁇ g/ml Leupeptine Triton X-100 and Nonidet P-40 were added to a final concentration of 1 % 30 ⁇ g of protein extract was loaded onto a 10-12 % SDS-PAGE and electrophoresed After blotting of proteins onto PVDF membranes for 1 h at 400 mA, filters were blocked with 5% low-fat milk powder in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 170 mM NaCl, pH 8 0 / 0 1 % Tween (TBST) at 4°C overnight After washing the filters with TBST, the membranes were probed with the primary antibodies in 5 % milk powder/ TBST at RT Following a washing step with TB
- RNA isolation was carried out as described by the manufacturer's instructions (Boehringer Mannheim) Cells were grown in 75 cm2-culture flasks and washed twice with ice cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (1,7 M KH 2 PO , 5 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 0,15 M NaCl, pH 7,4) Cells were trypsinized, pelleted by centrifugation, and lysed in 3 ml lysis buffer (0 1 M Tris-HCl, pH7 5, 0 3 M LiCl, 10 mM EDTA 1 % lithium dodecylsulfate, 5 mM DTT) The DNA was mechanically sheared by passing the extracts six times through a 21 gauge needle 1 5 ml of a biotin-labeled oligo (dT)20 probe was added and mixed with pre- washed 150 ⁇ l streptavidine magnetic particles After separating and washing of the generated biotin-strept
- Morphological changes of apoptotic cells were determined by labeling the cells with different dyes Cells were plated onto glass slides which were covered with poly-L-lysine (100 ⁇ g/ml, Sigma) and laminin (2 ⁇ l ml, Sigma).
- the hammerhead ribozymes consist of two domains, the substrate binding domain (i e the hybridization region (b)) and the catalytic domain or region (a) (Fig la) (Haseloff and Gerlach, 1988) They represent an advanced class of antisense oligonucleotides since they combine the substrate specificity of complementary nucleic acids with the potential not only to hybridize to but also to degrade susceptible substrate RNAs catalytically Due to their catalytic activity less ribozyme RNA molecules need to be present in the cell than antisense RNA molecules for an efficient 'knock-down' ofthe target mRNA
- the PS2 mRNA was searched for potential GUX consensus sites (Fig lb) Several factors were taken into consideration when designing the most suitable PS2-cleaving ribozymes (l) the accessibility of the mRNA target sites for the ribozyme, (ii) the strength of the ribozyme-target RNA binding, and (iii) the stability of the ribozyme (i)
- the most probable mRNA secondary structures were calculated using the "mfold" software (described supra in Example 1, Zuker et al , 1989) (Fig lb)
- three GUX triplets (GUU232, GUC308, and GUC1173, numbering of nucleotides according to EMBL Data Bank, Accession No L43964) were identified in open loop regions of the PS2 mRNA that should be accessible to ribozymes in v vo (Figs lb, lc)
- One of these ribozymes was targeted to the coding region
- Apoptosis sensitivity is decreased in PS2 'knock-down' cells and increased in cells overexpressing wildtype or mutant PS2
- the ELISA results reflected the marked resistance of PS2 k d cells to apoptosis stimulation by 1 pM - 1 nM staurosporine, compared to cells expressing normal levels of PS2 (Fig 8a) In this concentration range, staurosporine had no significant effect on cell viability (Fig 8b)
- the PS2 expression level does not affect the kinetics of caspase 3 activation and PARP cleavage
Abstract
Description
Claims
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AU50339/99A AU5033999A (en) | 1998-07-09 | 1999-07-08 | Presenilin 2 specific ribozyme |
EP99934633A EP1095138A2 (en) | 1998-07-09 | 1999-07-08 | Presenilin 2 specific ribozyme |
JP2000559226A JP2002520016A (en) | 1998-07-09 | 1999-07-08 | Presenilin 2-specific ribozymes |
CA002332497A CA2332497A1 (en) | 1998-07-09 | 1999-07-08 | Presenilin 2 specific ribozyme |
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JP (1) | JP2002520016A (en) |
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Cited By (6)
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WO2003002146A1 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2003-01-09 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Medicinal compositions |
US9637777B2 (en) | 2003-10-28 | 2017-05-02 | Bioarray Solutions, Ltd. | Optimization of gene expression analysis using immobilized capture probes |
US9709559B2 (en) | 2000-06-21 | 2017-07-18 | Bioarray Solutions, Ltd. | Multianalyte molecular analysis using application-specific random particle arrays |
US10107804B2 (en) | 2001-03-23 | 2018-10-23 | Trustees Of Tufts College | Methods for detecting target analytes and enzymatic reactions |
US10241026B2 (en) | 1997-03-14 | 2019-03-26 | Trustees Of Tufts College | Target analyte sensors utilizing microspheres |
US10415081B2 (en) | 2001-10-15 | 2019-09-17 | Bioarray Solutions Ltd. | Multiplexed analysis of polymorphic loci by concurrent interrogation and enzyme-mediated detection |
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ES2288760T3 (en) | 1996-04-25 | 2008-01-16 | Bioarray Solutions Ltd. | ELECTROCINETIC ASSEMBLY CONTROLLED BY LIGHT OF PARTICLES NEXT TO SURFACES. |
US7262063B2 (en) | 2001-06-21 | 2007-08-28 | Bio Array Solutions, Ltd. | Directed assembly of functional heterostructures |
US7526114B2 (en) | 2002-11-15 | 2009-04-28 | Bioarray Solutions Ltd. | Analysis, secure access to, and transmission of array images |
AU2004276761B2 (en) | 2003-09-22 | 2009-12-24 | Bioarray Solutions, Ltd. | Surface immobilized polyelectrolyte with multiple functional groups capable of covalently bonding to biomolecules |
US7848889B2 (en) | 2004-08-02 | 2010-12-07 | Bioarray Solutions, Ltd. | Automated analysis of multiplexed probe-target interaction patterns: pattern matching and allele identification |
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- 1999-07-07 AR ARP990103296A patent/AR020329A1/en active Pending
- 1999-07-08 CA CA002332497A patent/CA2332497A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-07-08 EP EP99934633A patent/EP1095138A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-07-08 WO PCT/EP1999/004804 patent/WO2000003004A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US10241026B2 (en) | 1997-03-14 | 2019-03-26 | Trustees Of Tufts College | Target analyte sensors utilizing microspheres |
US9709559B2 (en) | 2000-06-21 | 2017-07-18 | Bioarray Solutions, Ltd. | Multianalyte molecular analysis using application-specific random particle arrays |
US10107804B2 (en) | 2001-03-23 | 2018-10-23 | Trustees Of Tufts College | Methods for detecting target analytes and enzymatic reactions |
WO2003002146A1 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2003-01-09 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Medicinal compositions |
US10415081B2 (en) | 2001-10-15 | 2019-09-17 | Bioarray Solutions Ltd. | Multiplexed analysis of polymorphic loci by concurrent interrogation and enzyme-mediated detection |
US9637777B2 (en) | 2003-10-28 | 2017-05-02 | Bioarray Solutions, Ltd. | Optimization of gene expression analysis using immobilized capture probes |
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WO2000003004A3 (en) | 2000-04-20 |
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CA2332497A1 (en) | 2000-01-20 |
AU5033999A (en) | 2000-02-01 |
AR020329A1 (en) | 2002-05-08 |
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