WO1999063026A1 - Compositions de carburant a haute stabilite - Google Patents

Compositions de carburant a haute stabilite Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999063026A1
WO1999063026A1 PCT/US1999/012259 US9912259W WO9963026A1 WO 1999063026 A1 WO1999063026 A1 WO 1999063026A1 US 9912259 W US9912259 W US 9912259W WO 9963026 A1 WO9963026 A1 WO 9963026A1
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Prior art keywords
emulsion composition
fuel
fuel emulsion
weight
acid
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Application number
PCT/US1999/012259
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English (en)
Inventor
Gerald N. Coleman
Dennis L. Endicott
Edward A. Jakush
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Clean Fuels Technology, Inc.
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Clean Fuels Technology, Inc. filed Critical Clean Fuels Technology, Inc.
Priority to AU43289/99A priority Critical patent/AU4328999A/en
Publication of WO1999063026A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999063026A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
    • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to reduced nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission fuel compositions, more particularly, to high stability fuel compositions for use in internal combustion engines.
  • Nitrogen oxides comprise a major irritant in smog and are believed to contribute to tropospheric ozone which is a known threat to health.
  • Environmental considerations and government regulations have increased the need to reduce NOx production.
  • One problem with using diesel-fueled engines is that the relatively high flame temperatures reached during combustion increase the tendency for the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx ) . These are formed from both the combination of nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion chamber and from the oxidation of organic nitrogen species in the fuel.
  • Various methods for reducing NOx production include the use of catalytic converters, engine timing changes, exhaust recirculation, and the burning of " clean" fuels.
  • the rates at which NOx are formed is related to the flame temperature. It has been shown that a small reduction in flame temperature can result in a large reduction in the production of nitrogen oxides .
  • One approach to lowering the flame temperature is to inject water in the combustion zone, however; this requires costly and complicated changes in engine design.
  • An alternate method of using water to reduce flame temperature is the use of aqueous fuels incorporating both water and fuel into an emulsion. Gravitational phase separation (during storage) and high temperature high pressure/shear flow rate phase separation (in a working engine) of these emulsions present the major hurdle preventing their commercial use.
  • aqueous fuels Additional problems that may occur from long-term use of aqueous fuels include engine corrosion, engine wear, or precipitate deposition which may lead to engine problems and ultimately to engine inoperability.
  • Problematic precipitate depositions include coalescing ionic species resulting in filter plugging and inorganic post combustion deposits resulting in turbo fouling.
  • Another problem related to aqueous fuel compositions is that they often require substantial engine modifications, such as the addition of in-line homogenizers, thereby limiting their commercial utility.
  • the present invention addresses the problems associated with the use of aqueous fuel compositions by providing a stabile, inexpensive fuel emulsion with reduced NOx and particulate emissions.
  • the invention features a substantially ashless fuel composition that comprises hydrocarbon petroleum distillate, purified water, and an additive composition.
  • the fuel composition preferably is in the form of an emulsion which is stable at storage temperatures, as well as, at temperatures and pressures encountered during use, such as, during recirculation in a compression ignited engine .
  • the amount of the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate preferably is between about 43 weight percent and about 70 weight percent of the fuel composition, more preferably between about 63 weight percent and about 68 weight percent of the fuel composition.
  • the amount of purified water preferably is between about 28 weight percent and about 55 weight percent of the fuel composition, more preferably between about 30 weight percent and about 35 weight percent of the fuel composition.
  • the purified water preferably contains no greater than about 50 parts per million calcium and magnesium ions, and no greater than about 20 parts per million silicon. More preferably, the purified water has a total hardness of less than 10 parts per million and contains no greater than about 2 parts per million calcium and magnesium ions, and no greater than about 1 part per million silicon.
  • the additive composition preferably includes a surfactant and may also include one or more additives such as lubricants, corrosion inhibitors, antifreezes, ignition delay modifiers, cetane improvers, stabilizers, rheology modifiers, and the like. Individual additive ingredients may perform one or more of the aforementioned functions.
  • the preferred emulsion has an average droplet diameter of less than about 10 microns.
  • Preferred fuel compositions include hydrocarbon petroleum distillates and water in the form of an emulsion.
  • the preferred emulsion is a stable system with as little surfactant as possible.
  • a stable emulsion is desirable because a separate water and fuel phases will lead to combustion problems. Stability means no substantial phase separation in long term storage under typical storage conditions, for example, up to about three months.
  • the fuel emulsions have the high temperature and high pressure stability required to maintain the emulsion under operating conditions.
  • the fuel composition is preferably ashless.
  • ashless means that, once the fuel components are combined, the level of particulates and coalescing ionic species is sufficiently low to allow long-term operation of the internal combustion engine (for example, substantially continuous operation for three months) without significant particulate and coalescing ionic species deposition on engine parts, including valve seats and stems, injectors and plug filters, and post-combustion engine parts such as the exhaust trains and turbo recovery units.
  • the level of ash is determined by monitoring water purity, exhaust emissions, and by engine autopsy. Engine autopsy, including dismantlement and metallurgical analysis, is also used to analyze corrosion and wear.
  • compositions include about 43% to about 70% by weight hydrocarbon petroleum distillate, more preferably about 63% to about 68% hydrocarbon petroleum distillate.
  • the amount and type of hydrocarbon petroleum distillate is selected so that the kilowattage per gallon provided by combusting the fuel composition is sufficiently high so that the engine need not be derated.
  • suitable hydrocarbon petroleum distillates include kerosene, diesel, naphtha, and aliphatics and paraffinics, used alone or in combination with each other, with diesel being preferred, for example, EPA Emissions
  • Suitable hydrocarbon petroleum distillates include high paraffinic, low aromatic hydrocarbon petroleum distillates having an aromatic content of less than about 10%, preferably less than about 3%.
  • the water component of the fuel composition functions to reduce NOx and particulate emissions.
  • the current upper limit of water is about 55%, above which the burning characteristics of the fuel make it's use impractical under normal conditions, i.e., with an acceptable amount of additives and relatively inexpensive hydrocarbon petroleum distillate.
  • the preferred amount of purified water is between about 28 weight percent and about 55 weight percent of the fuel composition, more preferably between about 30 weight percent and about 35 weight percent of the fuel composition.
  • the water is preferably purified such that it contains very low concentrations of ions and other impurities, particularly calcium ions, magnesium ions, and silicon. This is desirable because impure water contributes to ashing and engine deposit problems after long-term use, which can lead to wear, corrosion, and engine failure.
  • the purified water preferably contains no greater than about 50 parts per million calcium and magnesium ions, and no greater than about 20 parts per million silicon. More preferably, the purified water has a total hardness of less than 10 parts per million and contains no greater than about 2 parts per million calcium and magnesium ions, and no greater than about 1 part per million silicon.
  • Suitable purification techniques are well- known and include distillation, ion exchange treatment, and reverse osmosis, with reverse osmosis being preferred having a lower cost and ease of operation.
  • the fuel composition preferably includes one or more additives, for example, surfactants, lubricants, corrosion inhibitors, antifreezes, ignition delay modifiers, cetane improvers, stabilizers, rheology modifiers, and the like.
  • the amount of additive selected is preferably sufficiently high to perform its intended function and, preferably sufficiently low to control the fuel composition cost.
  • the additives are preferably selected so that the fuel composition is ashless.
  • the water functions as the continuous phase of an emulsion, acting as an extender and carrier of the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate. As the continuous phase, the lower useable limit of water is theoretically about 26%, below which point the physics of the system inhibits maintaining water as the continuous phase.
  • the preferred composition includes surfactant which facilitates the formation of a stable emulsion of the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate within the continuous water phase.
  • a preferred surfactant is a surfactant package comprised of one or more surfactants in combination with one or more surfactant stabilizers.
  • Preferred surfactants are ashless and do not chemically react with other components in the fuel composition. Examples of suitable surfactants include nonionic, anionic and amphoteric surfactants.
  • Preferred fuel compositions include about 0.3% to about 1.0% by weight, preferably about 0.4% to about 0.6% total surfactant.
  • suitable components for the surfactant package include alkylphenolethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, and alkyl amine ethoxylates. Of these, the alkylphenolethoxylates and alcohol ethoxylates are preferred. Of the alkylphenolethoxylates, polyethoxylated nonylphenols having between 8 and 12 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of nonylphenol are preferred. An example nonylphenol, 2 , 6 , 8-Trimethyl- 4-nonyloxypolyethyleneoxyethanol is commercially available, e.g., from Union Carbide under the trade designation "TERGITOL TMN-10".
  • Nonylphenol ethoxylate NP-9 available from Shell under the trade designation " NP-9EO” , added at 1000-3000 ppm.
  • a preferred alcohol ethoxylate is a C X1 alcohol ethoxylate with 5 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol commercially available from Shell as " Neodol Nl-5 Surfactant” .
  • Additional preferred surfactant components include, for example, Pluronic 17R-2 [octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol] (a block copolymer produced by BASF) added at 100 - 300 ppm; CA-720 an octylphenol aromatic ethoxylate available from Rhone- Poulenc as " Igepal CA-720" added at 1000-3000 ppm; and X-102 an ethoxylated alkyl phenol available from Union Carbide as " TRITON X-102" added at 1000 - 2000 ppm.
  • Pluronic 17R-2 octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol
  • the fuel composition preferably includes one or more lubricants to improve the slip of the water phase and for continued smooth operation of the fuel delivery system.
  • the amount of lubricant generally ranges from about 0.04% to 0.1% by weight, more preferably from 0.04% to 0.05% by weight.
  • Suitable lubricants include a combination of mono-, di-, and tri-acids of the phosphoric or carboxylic types, adducted to an organic backbone.
  • the organic backbone preferably contains about 12 to 22 carbons. Examples include mixed esters of alkoxylated surfactants in the phosphate form, and di- and tri-acids of the Diels- Alder adducts of unsaturated fatty acids.
  • the carboxylic types are more preferred because of their ashless character.
  • Diacid 1550TM (Atrachem Latol 1550 or estvaco Chemicals Diacid 1550) , which is preferred due to its high functionality at low concentrations.
  • the Diacid 1550 also has nonionic surfactant properties.
  • Neutralization of the phosphoric and carboxylic acids, preferably with an alkanolamine reduces possible corrosion problems caused as a result of the addition of the acid.
  • Suitable alkanolamine neutralizers include amino methyl propanol, triethanolamine, and diethanolamine, with amino methyl propanol (available from Angus Chemical under the trade designation " AMP- 95" ) being preferred.
  • Preferred compositions include about 0.05 to 0.4% by weight neutralizer, more preferably about 0.06%.
  • the fuel composition may also include one or more corrosion inhibitors, preferably one that does not contribute a significant level of inorganic ash to the composition.
  • Aminoalkanoic acids are preferred.
  • An example of a suitable corrosion inhibitor is available from the Keil Chemical Division of Ferro Corporation under the trade designation "Synkad 828".
  • Preferred compositions include about 0.05% by weight corrosion inhibitor.
  • the fuel composition may also include one or more ignition delay modifiers, preferably a cetane improver, to improve fuel detonation characteristics, particularly where the fuel composition is used in compression ignited engines.
  • ignition delay modifiers preferably a cetane improver
  • Examples include nitrates, nitrites, and peroxides.
  • a preferred ignition delay modifier is 2-ethylhexylnitrate (2- EHN) , available from Ethyl Corporation under the trade designation "HiTec 4103".
  • Ammonium nitrate can also be used as a cetane improver with the additional benefit of possessing emulsion stabilization properties.
  • Preferred compositions include about 0.1% to 0.4% by weight ignition delay modifier.
  • An antifreeze may also be included in the fuel composition.
  • Organic alcohols are preferred. Specific examples include methanol , ethanol , isopropanol, and glycols, with methanol being preferred.
  • the amount of antifreeze preferably ranges from about 2% to
  • Biocides known to those skilled in the art may also be added, provided they are ashless.
  • Antifoam agents known to those skilled in the art may be added as well, provided they are ashless.
  • the amount of antifoam agent preferably is not more than .0005% by weight.
  • the fuel composition may also include one or more coupling agents (hydrotropes) to maintain phase stability at high temperatures and shear pressures.
  • High temperature and shear pressure stability is required, for example, in compression ignited (diesel) engines because all the fuel delivered to the injectors may not be burned to obtain the required power load in a given cycle. Thus, some fuel may be recirculated back to the fuel tank The relatively high temperature of the recirculated fuel, coupled with the shear pressures encountered during recirculation, tends to cause phase separation in the absence of the coupling agent.
  • preferred coupling agents include di-and tri-acids of the Diels- Alder adducts of unsaturated fatty acids.
  • a specific example of a suitable coupling agent is Diacid 1550, neutralized with an alkanolamine to form a water soluble salt.
  • Suitable alkanolamine neutralizers include amino methyl propanol triethanolamine, and diethanolamine, with amino methyl propanol preferred.
  • the amount of the coupling agent typically ranges from about 0.04% to 0.1 % by weight, more preferably 0.04 to 0.05%.
  • the fuel composition additives may perform multiple functions.
  • Diacid 1550 acts as a surfactant, lubricant, and coupling agent.
  • AMP-95 acts as a neutralizer and helps maintain the pH of the fuel composition and ammonium nitrate acts as a known cetane improver.
  • a preferred fuel composition has the following composition: 67% by weight diesel, 30% by weight water, 2% by weight methanol, 0.16% by weight X-102; 0.08% by weight Nl-5; 0.08% by weight TMN-10, 0.04% Diacid 1550, 0.06% AMP-95, 0.05% Synkad 828, and 0.37% 2-ethylhexylnitrate.
  • the preferred fuel emulsion compositions may be manufactured using any batch or continuous process capable of providing the shear rates necessary to form the desired droplet size of a stable emulsion.
  • the oil phase ingredients e.g., the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate and any other oil-soluble ingredients
  • the aqueous phase ingredients e.g., water and any other water-soluble additives
  • phase inversion occurs, resulting in water being the continuous phase.
  • the resulting emulsion is aged and then transferred from the reactor into a storage tank using a shear pump.
  • the resulting product is a stable, homogeneous, milky emulsion having an average droplet diameter less than about 10 microns, preferably ranging from about 4 to about 6 microns.
  • the ingredients (with the exception of the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate and the water) are combined in the form of a stream, and then fed to a first in-line blending station where they are combined with a hydrocarbon petroleum distillate stream.
  • the resulting product is then combined with water in a second in-line blending station to form the fuel composition, which is then aged and pumped using a shear pump to a storage tank.
  • the product is in the form of a stable, homogeneous, milky emulsion having an average droplet diameter of less than 10 microns, preferably ranging from about 4 to about 6 microns.
  • shear pumps capable of the necessary shear rates are the Ross X Series mixer and the Kady mill.
  • a Kady Mill is preferred for manufacturing water continuous emulsions, running at between 20 Hz to about 60 Hz, preferably about 40 Hz.
  • the fuel compositions according to the invention can be used in internal combustion engines without substantially modifying the engine design.
  • the fuel compositions can be used without re-designing the engine to include in-line homogenizers .
  • in-line homogenizers For example, the fuel compositions can be used without re-designing the engine to include in-line homogenizers .
  • several readily implemented changes are preferably incorporated in the engine structure .
  • the capacity of the engine fuel system may be increased to use the fuel compositions in diesel engines.
  • the increased capacity is a function of the percentage of water in the fuel .
  • the engine fuel system capacity is typically scaled by the following ratio:
  • the engine fuel system capacity can be increased sufficiently by increasing the injector orifice size.
  • Other engines may require an increase in the capacity of the injection pump.
  • an increase in the capacity of the fuel transfer pump may be required.
  • Some modifications to the engine may be required to compensate for fuel compositions with cetane quality lower than diesel fuel . This may include advancing the fuel injection timing to improve operation at light load, during starting, and under warm up conditions.
  • a jacket water aftercooler may be required to warm the intake air under light load conditions.
  • the use of a block heater or an inlet air heater may be required to improve cold starting capability.
  • the fuel composition was prepared by first mixing the Diacid 1550, AMP-95, Synkad 828, X-102, Nl-5, and TMN-10 with the methanol. The mixture was agitated.
  • the mixture was charged into a vessel with the reverse osmosis purified water and agitated for about 1-5 minutes. Then the Diesel Fuel and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate were charged into the vessel, and the composition was agitated for 15-30 minutes.
  • the mixing vessel was a Lightnin Blender, and all mixing was carried out under ambient conditions.
  • the fuel composition was then pumped through a Kady Mill shear pump at a rate of 40 Hz resulting in a homogeneous, milky emulsion having an average droplet diameter of about 4 to about 6 microns.
  • the fuel composition was stored at ambient temperatures.
  • a fuel composition was prepared by the method of Example 1, having the formula:
  • a fuel composition was prepared by the method of Example 1, having the formula:
  • a fuel composition was prepared by the method of Example 1, having the formula:
  • Examples 1 - 4 the diesel fuel was EPA Emissions Certification Diesel Fuel ; the water was purified by reverse osmosis; X-102 is Union Carbide Triton X-102; TMN-10 is Union Carbide Tergitol TMN-10 surfactant; Nl-5 is Shell Neodol Nl-5 surfactant; DA- 1550 is Atrachem Latol 1550 (or Westavco Chemicals Diacid 1550); AMP-95 is 2 -amino-2 -methyl -1-propanol ; Synkad 828 is Ferro Synkad 828; 2-EHN is Ethyl Corp.
  • CA-720 is Rhone-Poulenc " Igepal CA-720"
  • NP 9 is Shell “ NP-9EO”
  • 17R2 is BASF “ Pluronic 17R-2” .
  • the fuel compositions prepared according to Examples 1, 2, 3, and 4 were run in a diesel engine to monitor NOx and particulate emissions.
  • the engine used was a Caterpillar 12 liter compression-ignited truck engine (four stroke, fully electronic, direct injected engine with electronic unit injectors, a turbocharger, and a four valve quiescent head)
  • the Caterpillar C-12 truck engine was rated at 410 hp at 1800 rpm with a peak torque of 2200 N-m at 1200 rpm and was modified to run a fuel-in-water emulsion.
  • a simulated air-to-air aftercooler 43°C inlet manifold temperature
  • the electronic unit injectors were changed to increase the quantity of fuel injected into the cylinder.
  • the electronic unit injector Caterpillar Part Number 116-8800 replaced the standard injector Caterpillar Part Number 116-8888.
  • the electronic control strategy was optimized with respect to emissions, fuel consumption, and cold starting.
  • Tests were performed on standard diesel fuels and on fuel emulsions of Example 1 and fuel emulsions prepared as in Example 1 in which the diesel fuel was Carb Diesel; RME (Rapeseed Methyl Ester); and Fischer Tropsch diesel. The tests were performed at 1800 rpm and 228 kW, 122 rpm and 197 kW, and 1800 rpm and 152 kW. Particulate emissions and NOx+HC emissions for standard diesel fuels and for fuel emulsions are shown in the following table:
  • EXAMPLE 6 The Ball on Three Disks (BOTD) lubricity test was utilized to assess the lubricity of the fuel compositions. This test was developed by Falex Corporation to assess the lubricity of various diesel fuels and their additives. The average wear scar diameter is used to assess fuel composition lubricity; a smaller scar diameter implies a higher fuel composition lubricity. Typical diesel fuel will have a scar diameter of 0.45mm to 0.55mm. Fuel emulsions of Example 1 and fuel emulsions prepared as in Example 1 in which the diesel fuel was Carb Diesel; RME (Rapeseed Methyl Ester); and Fischer Tropsch diesel, ranged from about 0.547 to about 0.738.
  • BOTD Ball on Three Disks

Abstract

L'invention concerne une formulation très stable pour compositions à émulsion de carburant de type aqueux, avec phase aqueuse continue, produisant des émissions de NOx réduites. Ladite formulation comprend un carburant diesel, de l'eau purifiée, et un ensemble additif composé d'un ou plusieurs tensioactifs, d'un additif lubrifiant, d'un agent d'amélioration du cétane, d'un additif anticorrosif, et d'un alcool ou autre antigel approprié, l'émulsion ayant des gouttelettes dont la taille est inférieure à 10 microns.
PCT/US1999/012259 1998-06-05 1999-06-02 Compositions de carburant a haute stabilite WO1999063026A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU43289/99A AU4328999A (en) 1998-06-05 1999-06-02 High stability fuel compositions

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US8806698P 1998-06-05 1998-06-05
US60/088,066 1998-06-05

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002092731A1 (fr) * 2001-05-16 2002-11-21 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Compositions pour combustibles non-polluants, procedes de preparation correspondants et utilisation de ces compositions
WO2011120542A1 (fr) * 2010-04-01 2011-10-06 Caterpillar Motoren Gmbh & Co. Kg Carburant contenant de l'huile de pyrolys, procédé de préparation du carburant et utilisation associée dans un moteur à combustion interne
CN102373109A (zh) * 2010-08-12 2012-03-14 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种生物柴油的脱氮方法
WO2015110982A1 (fr) 2014-01-22 2015-07-30 Nest S.R.L. Mélange émulsifiant et son utilisation

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993007238A1 (fr) * 1991-10-01 1993-04-15 Nalco Fuel Tech Systeme d'emulsification pour emulsions legeres de fuel-oil
WO1995027021A1 (fr) * 1994-04-04 1995-10-12 Gunnerman Rudolf W Carburant aqueux pour moteurs a combustion interne et son procede d'obtention
US5584894A (en) * 1992-07-22 1996-12-17 Platinum Plus, Inc. Reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions from vehicular diesel engines
WO1997008276A1 (fr) * 1995-08-30 1997-03-06 Quadrise Limited Combustibles emulsionnes et leur utilisation dans les turbines a gaz
WO1998012285A1 (fr) * 1996-09-23 1998-03-26 Bertha Andras Composition de combustible pour moteurs a combustion interne hybrides, procede de production et d'utilisation
US5873916A (en) * 1998-02-17 1999-02-23 Caterpillar Inc. Fuel emulsion blending system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993007238A1 (fr) * 1991-10-01 1993-04-15 Nalco Fuel Tech Systeme d'emulsification pour emulsions legeres de fuel-oil
US5584894A (en) * 1992-07-22 1996-12-17 Platinum Plus, Inc. Reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions from vehicular diesel engines
WO1995027021A1 (fr) * 1994-04-04 1995-10-12 Gunnerman Rudolf W Carburant aqueux pour moteurs a combustion interne et son procede d'obtention
WO1997008276A1 (fr) * 1995-08-30 1997-03-06 Quadrise Limited Combustibles emulsionnes et leur utilisation dans les turbines a gaz
WO1998012285A1 (fr) * 1996-09-23 1998-03-26 Bertha Andras Composition de combustible pour moteurs a combustion interne hybrides, procede de production et d'utilisation
US5873916A (en) * 1998-02-17 1999-02-23 Caterpillar Inc. Fuel emulsion blending system

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002092731A1 (fr) * 2001-05-16 2002-11-21 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Compositions pour combustibles non-polluants, procedes de preparation correspondants et utilisation de ces compositions
WO2011120542A1 (fr) * 2010-04-01 2011-10-06 Caterpillar Motoren Gmbh & Co. Kg Carburant contenant de l'huile de pyrolys, procédé de préparation du carburant et utilisation associée dans un moteur à combustion interne
CN102373109A (zh) * 2010-08-12 2012-03-14 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种生物柴油的脱氮方法
CN102373109B (zh) * 2010-08-12 2013-09-04 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种生物柴油的脱氮方法
WO2015110982A1 (fr) 2014-01-22 2015-07-30 Nest S.R.L. Mélange émulsifiant et son utilisation

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