WO1999058546A1 - Tumor associated antigen encoded by the reverse strand of a new ubiquitously expressed gene - Google Patents
Tumor associated antigen encoded by the reverse strand of a new ubiquitously expressed gene Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999058546A1 WO1999058546A1 PCT/US1999/010424 US9910424W WO9958546A1 WO 1999058546 A1 WO1999058546 A1 WO 1999058546A1 US 9910424 W US9910424 W US 9910424W WO 9958546 A1 WO9958546 A1 WO 9958546A1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
- C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
- C07K14/4748—Tumour specific antigens; Tumour rejection antigen precursors [TRAP], e.g. MAGE
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
- A61K39/461—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
- A61K39/4611—T-cells, e.g. tumor infiltrating lymphocytes [TIL], lymphokine-activated killer cells [LAK] or regulatory T cells [Treg]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
- A61K39/464—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the antigen targeted or presented
- A61K39/4643—Vertebrate antigens
- A61K39/4644—Cancer antigens
- A61K39/464499—Undefined tumor antigens, e.g. tumor lysate or antigens targeted by cells isolated from tumor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2239/00—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K39/46
- A61K2239/46—Indexing codes associated with cellular immunotherapy of group A61K39/46 characterised by the cancer treated
- A61K2239/56—Kidney
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
Definitions
- This invention relates to nucleic acid molecules and encoded polypeptides which are expressed preferentially in tumors.
- the nucleic acid molecules and encoded polypeptides are useful in, inter alia, diagnostic and therapeutic contexts.
- tumor associated genes are markers for the tumor phenotype.
- the expression of tumor associated genes can also be an essential event in the process of tumorigenesis.
- the host recognizes as foreign the tumor associated genes which are not expressed in normal non-tumorigenic cells.
- the expression of tumor associated genes can provoke an immune response against the tumor cells by the host.
- Tumor associated genes can also be expressed in normal cells within certain tissues without provoking an immune response.
- immunologically privileged tissues include brain, retina and testis.
- tumor associated expression of a nucleic acid or polypeptide provides a means of identifying a cell as a tumor cell. Diagnostic compounds can be based on the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide, and used to determine the presence and location of tumor cells. Further, when the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide is essential for an aspect of the tumor phenotype (e.g., unregulated growth or metastasis), the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide can be used to provide therapeutics such as antisense nucleic acids which can reduce or substantially eliminate expression of that nucleic acid or polypeptide, thereby reducing or substantially eliminating the phenotypic aspect which depends on the expression of the particular tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide.
- diagnostic compounds can be based on the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide, and used to determine the presence and location of tumor cells. Further, when the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide is essential for an aspect of the tumor phenotype (e.g., unregulated growth or metastasis),
- the polypeptide products of tumor associated genes can be the targets for host immune surveillance and provoke selection and expansion of one or more clones of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the tumor associated gene product.
- this phenomenon include proteins and fragments thereof encoded by the MAGE family of genes, the tyrosinase gene, the Melan-A gene, the BAGE gene, the GAGE gene, the RAGE family of genes, the PRAME gene and the brain glycogen phosphorylase gene, as are detailed below.
- tumor associated expression of nucleic acids or polypeptides suggests that such nucleic acids or polypeptides can encode proteins or peptides which will be recognized by the immune system as foreign and thus provide a target for tumor rejection.
- Such nucleic acids encode "tumor rejection antigen precursors", or TRAPs, which may be used to generate therapeutics for enhancement of the immune system response to tumors expressing such genes and proteins.
- the process by which the mammalian immune system recognizes and reacts to foreign or alien materials is a complex one.
- An important facet of the system is the T cell response. This response requires that T cells recognize and interact with complexes of cell surface molecules, referred to as human leukocyte antigens ("HLA”), or major histocompatibility complexes ("MHCs”), and peptides.
- HLA human leukocyte antigens
- MHCs major histocompatibility complexes
- peptides are derived from larger molecules which are processed by the cells which also present the HLA/MHC molecule. See in this regard Male et al., Advanced Immunology (J.P. Lipincott Company, 1987), especially chapters 6-10.
- T cells and complexes of HL A/peptide are restricted, requiring a T cell specific for a particular combination of an HLA molecule and a peptide. If a specific T cell is not present, there is no T cell response even if its partner complex is present. Similarly, there is no response if the specific complex is absent, but the T cell is present.
- the mechanism is involved in the immune system's response to foreign materials, in autoimmune pathologies, and in responses to cellular abnormalities. Much work has focused on the mechanisms by which proteins are processed into the HLA binding peptides.
- T cells recognize cellular abnormalities has also been implicated in cancer.
- PCT/US92/04354 filed May 22, 1992, published on November 26, 1992, and incorporated by reference, a family of genes is disclosed, which are processed into peptides which, in turn, are expressed on cell surfaces, which can lead to lysis of the tumor cells by specific CTLs.
- the genes are said to code for "tumor rejection antigen precursors” or "TRAP” molecules, and the peptides derived therefrom are referred to as "tumor rejection antigens" or "TRAs”. See Traversari et al., J. Exp. Med.
- tyrosinase is described as a tumor rejection antigen precursor.
- This reference discloses that a molecule which is produced by some normal cells (e.g., melanocytes), is processed in tumor cells to yield a tumor rejection antigen that is presented by HLA-A2 molecules.
- a second normal cell e.g., melanocytes
- TRA not derived from tyrosinase is taught to be presented by HLA-A2 molecules.
- the TRA is derived from a TRAP, but is coded for by a known MAGE gene. This disclosure shows that a particular HLA molecule may present TRAs derived from different sources.
- TRAs are derived from the TRAP and also are described. They form complexes with MHC molecule HLA-C-Clone 10, renamed later as HLA- Cw*1601.
- GAGE tumor rejection antigen precursor
- the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules derived from the forward and reverse strands of the gene, some of which encode tumor associated polypeptides.
- the invention also provides expression vectors containing those molecules and host cells transfected with those molecules, as well as isolated polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules (including tumor rejection antigen precursors and fragments of the isolated polypeptides).
- isolated nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides can be used in the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment of conditions characterized by the expression of a tumor associated gene.
- an isolated nucleic acid molecule is provided.
- the isolated nucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a molecule having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the isolated nucleic acid molecule codes for a RUR-1 sense-encoded or a RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide, nucleic acid molecules that differ from the nucleic acid molecules of the foregoing nucleic acid molecules in codon sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, and complements of any of the foregoing nucleic acid molecules.
- the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: l, the coding region of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l, the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, or the coding region of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. In preferred embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecule consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
- an isolated nucleic acid molecule which is a unique fragment of nucleotides 1-1382 of SEQ ID NO: l between 12 and 1381 contiguous nucleotides in length, a unique fragment of nucleotides 1-2167 of SEQ ID NO:4 between 12 and 2166 contiguous nucleotides in length, or a complement of the foregoing unique fragments.
- the unique fragment excludes nucleic acid molecules which consist only of a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO:l 1.
- the unique fragment is a nucleic acid molecule having at least 14 contiguous nucleotides, 15 contiguous nucleotides, 16 contiguous nucleotides, 18 contiguous nucleotides, 20 contiguous nucleotides, 22 contiguous nucleotides, 25 contiguous nucleotides or more of the aforementioned nucleic acid molecules.
- Each and every fragment of the nucleic acid molecules of 12 or greater nucleotides up to the entire length of the nucleic acid molecules is embraced by the invention.
- the unique fragment is a nucleic acid molecule having between 12 and 32 contiguous nucleotides of the foregoing nucleic acid molecules.
- the isolated nucleic acid molecule includes at least 5 contiguous nucleotides not present in SEQ ID NO : 10 or SEQ ID NO : 11.
- expression vectors which include the isolated nucleic acid molecule of any of the foregoing nucleic acids, operably linked to a promoter.
- Host cells transformed or transfected with the expression vectors also are provided.
- the host cell expresses an HLA molecule.
- an isolated polypeptide is provided.
- the isolate polypeptide is encoded by any of the foregoing isolated nucleic acid molecules. Functional variants of the isolated polypeptides also are provided. In certain embodiments, the isolated polypeptide has an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5. In another aspect of the invention, an isolated polypeptide is provided which includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.
- an isolated polypeptide which is a unique fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 between 9 and 83 amino acids in length, or a unique fragment of SEQ ID NO: 5 between 9 and 475 amino acids in length.
- the unique fragment binds to a polypeptide-binding agent, preferably an antibody or a cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
- an isolated polypeptide is provided which selectively binds a polypeptide encoded by the foregoing isolated nucleic acid molecules.
- the isolated polypeptide is an Fab or F(ab) 2 fragment of an antibody, a fragment of an antibody which includes a CDR3 region selective for the polypeptide, or a monoclonal antibody.
- the invention in another aspect provides a kit for detecting the presence of the expression of a nucleic acid which encodes a tumor associated polypeptide precursor.
- the kit includes a pair of isolated nucleic acid molecules each of which consists of a molecule selected from the group consisting of a 12-32 nucleotide contiguous segment of nucleotides 1- 1382 of SEQ ID NO:l, and complements thereof, wherein the contiguous segments are nonoverlapping.
- the pair of isolated nucleic acid molecules is constructed and arranged to selectively amplify an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the pair of isolated nucleic acid molecules is SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO:9.
- the pair of isolated nucleic acid molecules is PCR primers, wherein one of the primers is a unique fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1.
- methods for diagnosing a disorder characterized by expression of a RUR-1 antisense cDNA nucleic acid molecule or an expression product thereof include contacting a biological sample isolated from a subject with an agent that selectively binds the isolated RUR-1 antisense cDNA nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 or an expression product thereof, and determining the interaction between the agent and the nucleic acid molecule or the expression product as a determination of the disorder.
- the agent is a nucleic acid molecule comprising SEQ ID NO:l or a unique fragment thereof, a cytolytic T lymphocyte, or an antibody or antibody fragment.
- the interaction is determined by amplifying at least a portion of the nucleic acid molecule.
- the biological sample is isolated from a tissue selected from the group consisting of non-liver tissue, non-kidney tissue, non-bladder tissue, and non-testis tissue.
- the methods include administering to the subject an amount of an agent which enriches selectively in the subject the presence of complexes of a HLA molecule and a tumor rejection antigen derived from a RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide, sufficient to ameliorate the disorder.
- the agent is an isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, an immunogenic fragment thereof, or a functional variant thereof.
- the disorder is cancer, excluding liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and testicular cancer. According to another aspect of the invention, methods for treating a subject having a disorder characterized by expression of a RUR-1 antisense cDNA nucleic acid molecule or an expression product thereof are provided.
- the methods include administering to the subject an amount of autologous cytotoxic T cells sufficient to ameliorate the disorder.
- the cytotoxic T cells are specific for complexes of an HLA molecule and a RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide, an immunogenic fragment thereof, or a functional variant thereof.
- the RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.
- the disorder is cancer, preferably excluding liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and testicular cancer.
- the invention also provides, in another aspect, methods for treating a subject with a disorder characterized by expression of a RUR-1 antisense cDNA nucleic acid molecule or an expression product thereof.
- the methods include administering to the subject an amount of a RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide, or an immunogenic fragment thereof, or a functional variant thereof, sufficient to ameliorate the disorder.
- the RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 in certain embodiments.
- the disorder is cancer, preferably excluding liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and testicular cancer.
- the methods include contacting an isolated population of T cells with an agent presenting a complex of a RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide, an immunogenic fragment thereof or a functional variant thereof, and a HLA presenting molecule in an amount sufficient to selectively enrich the isolated population of T cells with the cytotoxic T cells.
- the RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.
- the agent is a cell which expresses a RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide and a HLA molecule.
- the amount administered is an effective amount.
- vaccine compositions include nucleic acids encoding a RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof, polypeptides or fragments encoded by the foregoing nucleic acids, or cells which expresses the foregoing nucleic acids, polypeptides, or immunogenic fragments thereof.
- the RUR-1 antisense cDNA- encoded tumor associated polypeptide or immunogenic fragment thereof includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.
- the vaccine compositions in certain embodiments further include a nucleic acid encoding a second tumor associated polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof which is a non-RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
- the vaccine compositions include a second tumor associated polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof which is a non-RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
- any of the foregoing vaccine compositions also include an adjuvant and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- an isolated nucleic acid molecule which includes a nucleotide sequence which encodes a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
- the nucleic acid molecule also includes a nucleotide sequence encoding a second tumor associated polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof which is a non- RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor associated polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
- compositions which include an isolated RUR-1 sense or RUR-1 antisense nucleic acid, or a polypeptide encoded by those nucleic acids and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the invention provides in another aspect methods for determining the prognosis of a disorder characterized by expression of a RUR-1 antisense nucleic acid molecule or an expression product thereof.
- the methods include the steps of (a) contacting a biological sample isolated from a subject at a first time with an agent that selectively binds the isolated RUR-1 antisense nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 or an expression product thereof, (b) determining the interaction between the agent and the nucleic acid molecule or the expression product as a determination of the state of the disorder at the first time, (c) contacting a second biological sample isolated from the subject at a second time with the agent, (d) determining the interaction between the agent and the nucleic acid molecule or the expression product in the second biological sample as a determination of the state of the disorder at the second time, and (e) comparing the state of the disorder at the first time and the second time as a determination of the prognosis.
- the agent is a nucleic acid molecule including the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:l, or a unique fragment thereof, or a cytolytic T lymphocyte, or an antibody or antibody fragment.
- the interactions are determined by amplifying at least a portion of the nucleic acid molecule.
- the biological samples are isolated from a tissue selected from the group consisting of non-liver tissue, non-kidney tissue, non-bladder tissue, and non-testis tissue.
- compositions in the preparation of medicaments are also provided.
- compositions in the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer are provided.
- Figure 1 shows specific lysis of autologous tumor cells LE9211-RCC by CTL clone 361A/21.
- Figure 2 depicts the isolation of a cDNA clone encoding the HLA-B7-restricted antigen recognized by CTL clone 361 A/21.
- Figure 3 shows lysis by CTL 361 A/21 of HLA-B7-positive LB23-SAR sarcoma cells after stable transfection with an expression plasmid containing cDNA 4.1 (RUR-1 antisense cDNA).
- Figure 4 shows lysis by CTL 361 A/21 of autologous EBV-transformed B cells incubated with peptide LPRWPPPQL (SEQ ID NO:3).
- Figure 5 depicts the sequence of RUR-1 antisense cDNA and of the protein predicted by the open reading frame.
- the antigenic peptide recognized by CTL 361 A/21 is underlined.
- the vertical arrows indicate the limits of the fragment that is identical to the reverse strand of the first exon of the RUR-1 gene.
- the horizontal arrows indicate the primers used for testing the expression of RUR-1 antisense cDNA by RT-PCR.
- Figure 6 shows the sequence of cDNA 1.1 (RUR-1 sense cDNA) and of the protein predicted by the open reading frame.
- the vertical arrow indicates the limit between exons 1 and 2.
- the horizontal arrows indicate the primers used for testing the expression of RUR-1 sense cDNA by RT-PCR.
- Figure 7 depicts the partial structure of the RUR-1 gene showing the sense (1.1) and the antisense (4.1) transcripts.
- Figure 8. Correlation between expression of RUR-1 antisense transcript and recognition by CTL 361 A/21.
- A Lysis by CTL 361 A/21 of two HLA-B7-positive renal cell carcinoma (RCC) lines expressing the RUR-1 antisense transcript (4.1).
- B Stimulation of CTL 361A/21 TNF release by melanoma cell lines derived from 4 different HLA-B7 patients.
- SEQ ID NO:l is the nucleotide sequence of the RUR-1 antisense (4.1) cDNA clone.
- SEQ ID NO:2 is the amino acid of the polypeptide encoded by the RUR-1 antisense cDNA.
- SEQ ID NO: 3 is the amino acid of the tumor rejection antigen derived from the RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide.
- SEQ ID NO:4 is the nucleotide sequence of the RUR-1 sense (1.1) cDNA clone.
- SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid of the polypeptide encoded by the RUR-1 cDNA.
- SEQ ID NO:6 is the nucleotide sequence of the VDE87 primer.
- SEQ ID NO: 7 is the nucleotide sequence of the VDE93 primer.
- SEQ ID NO: 8 is the nucleotide sequence of the VDE119 primer.
- SEQ ID NO: 9 is the nucleotide sequence of the VDE120 primer.
- SEQ ID NO: 10 is the nucleotide sequence of the EST AA863443.
- SEQ ID NO:l 1 is the nucleotide sequence of the EST AA004587.
- nucleic acid molecules which code for polypeptides and are expressed preferentially in tumor samples and tumor-derived cell lines. These isolated nucleic acid molecules, however, are not homologous with any of the previously disclosed coding sequences described in the references set forth supra.
- one aspect of the invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule which includes all or a unique portion of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:l, referred to herein as "cDNA 4.1", "RUR-1 antisense” or “RUR-1 antiparallel” cDNA or nucleic acids, "RUR-1 reverse strand” and the like.
- nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:l represents, quite unexpectedly, the antiparallel or reverse strand of a ubiquitously expressed gene.
- the nucleotide of this ubiquitously expressed gene referred to herein as "cDNA 1.1", “RUR-1 sense cDNA”, “RUR-1” and the like, is provided as SEQ ID NO:4. Therefore, also provided herein are nucleic acids which include all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4.
- the invention thus involves RUR-1 sense and antisense nucleic acids, polypeptides encoded by those nucleic acids, functional homologs, modifications and variants of the foregoing, useful fragments of the foregoing, as well as therapeutics and diagnostics related thereto.
- nucleic acid sequences which also code for a RUR-1 -encoded polypeptide or a RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide and which hybridize to a nucleic acid molecule consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1
- Such nucleic acids which are tumor associated polypeptide precursors in the case of RUR-1 antisense cDNA, and may be DNA, RNA, or composed of mixed deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides.
- the nucleic acids can also incorporate synthetic non-natural nucleotides.
- a tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide is a nucleic acid or polypeptide expressed preferentially in tumor cells.
- tumor associated polypeptides include proteins, protein fragments, and peptides.
- tumor associated polypeptides include TRAPs and TRAs.
- stringent conditions refers to parameters with which the art is familiar. More specifically, stringent conditions, as used herein, refers to hybridization at 65 °C in hybridization buffer (3.5 x SSC, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 0.02% Bovine Serum Albumin, 25mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH 7), 0.5% SDS, 2mM EDTA).
- SSC 0.15M sodium chloride/0.015M sodium citrate, pH 7; SDS is sodium dodecyl sulphate; and EDTA is ethylenediaminetetracetic acid.
- the membrane upon which the nucleic acid is transferred is washed at 2 x SSC at room temperature and then at 0.1 x SSC/0.1 x SDS at 65°C.
- homologs and alleles are those which have at least about 75% identity, preferably at least about 90% identity, more preferably at least about 95% identity, and most preferably at least about 99% identity with the RUR-1 sense and antisense nucleic acid molecules.
- the nucleic acids disclosed herein are useful for determining the expression of RUR-1 antisense or sense nucleic acids according to standard hybridization procedures.
- the nucleic acids also can be used to express RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides in vitro or in vivo.
- the nucleic acids also can be used to prepare fragments of RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides useful for e.g., preparation of antibodies. Many other uses will be apparent to the skilled artisan.
- a Southern blot may be performed using the foregoing conditions, together with a radioactive probe.
- hybridizations are performed using probes comprising the coding regions of RUR-1 antisense cDNA or RUR-1 sense cDNA, or portions thereof. After washing the membrane to which the nucleic acid is finally transferred, the membrane can be placed against x-ray film to detect the radioactive signal.
- the invention also includes degenerate nucleic acids which include alternative codons to those present in the native materials.
- serine residues are encoded by the codons TCA, AGT, TCC, TCG, TCT and AGC.
- Each of the six codons is equivalent for the purposes of encoding a serine residue.
- any of the serine-encoding nucleotide triplets may be employed to direct the protein synthesis apparatus, in vitro or in vivo, to incorporate a serine residue.
- nucleotide sequence triplets which encode other amino acid residues include, but are not limited to: CCA, CCC, CCG and CCT (proline codons); CGA, CGC, CGG, CGT, AGA and AGG (arginine codons); AC A, ACC, ACG and ACT (threonine codons); AAC and AAT
- the invention embraces degenerate nucleic acids that differ from the biologically isolated nucleic acids in codon sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
- the invention also provides isolated unique fragments of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:
- a unique fragment is one that is a 'signature' for the larger nucleic acid. It, for example, is long enough to assure that its precise sequence is not found in molecules outside of the RUR-1 gene family, i.e. those molecules which hybridize to RUR-1 cDNA and/or RUR-1 antisense cDNA and encode related proteins. Unique fragments can be used as probes in Southern blot assays to identify family members or can be used in amplification assays such as those employing PCR.
- unique fragments also can be used to produce fusion proteins for generating antibodies or peptides, or for generating immunoassay components. Unique fragments further can be used as antisense molecules to inhibit the expression of the RUR-1 sense-encoded and/or RUR-1 antisense-encoded proteins of the invention, particularly for therapeutic purposes as described in greater detail below.
- the size of the unique fragment will depend upon its conservancy in the genetic code. Thus, some regions of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:4, and their complements, will require longer segments to be unique while others will require only short segments, typically between 12 and 32 nucleotides (e.g. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32 nucleotides long). Virtually any segment of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:4, or their complements, that is 18 or more nucleotides in length will be unique.
- Unique fragments of RUR-1 antisense exclude fragments completely composed of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 (an EST having GenBank accession number AA863443) which overlaps SEQ ID NO: 1.
- Unique fragments of RUR-1 sense exclude fragments completely composed of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11 (an EST having GenBank accession number AA004587) which overlaps SEQ ID NO:4.
- a fragment which is completely composed of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO:l 1 is one which does not include any of the nucleotides unique to RUR-1 antisense or RUR-1 sense nucleic acids, respectively.
- unique fragments of RUR-1 antisense or RUR-1 sense nucleic acids include at least 5 contiguous nucleotides which are not present in SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO:l 1 (e.g. which are present in SEQ ID NO:l or SEQ ID NO:4); preferred unique fragments are those which have 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, or more nucleotides which are not present in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:l 1.
- Those skilled in the art are well versed in methods for selecting such sequences, typically on the basis of the ability of the unique fragment to selectively distinguish the sequence of interest from non-family members.
- a comparison of the sequence of the RUR-1 antisense or RUR-1 sense nucleic acids fragment to other sequences deposited in known databases typically is all that is necessary, although in vitro confirmatory hybridization and sequencing analysis may be performed.
- isolated nucleic acid molecules include primers useful for nucleic acid amplification assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- a RUR-1 antisense cDNA specific primer may be used for any pair of PCR primers constructed and arranged to selectively amplify, for example, a RUR-1 antisense cDNA nucleic acid.
- a primer is a contiguous stretch of RUR-1 antisense cDNA which hybridizes selectively to RUR-1 antisense cDNA and not other nucleic acids.
- Such a specific primer would fully hybridize to a contiguous stretch of nucleotides only in RUR-1 antisense cDNA, but would hybridize at most only in part to genes that do not share the nucleotides to which the RUR-1 antisense cDNA specific primer binds.
- a RUR-1 antisense cDNA specific primer should be constructed and arranged so it does not hybridize efficiently at its 3' end to genes other than RUR-1 antisense cDNA. The kinetics of hybridization then will strongly favor hybridization at the 5' end. In this instance, 3' initiated PCR extension will occur only when both the 5' and 3' ends hybridize to the nucleic acid.
- Primers specific for RUR-1 sense cDNA similarly can be selected.
- the area of non-identity is at least one to four nucleotides in length and forms the 3' end of the RUR-1 antisense cDNA or RUR-1 sense cDNA specific primer.
- Such a primer would be perfectly complementary and contiguous with its complement in one of the RUR-1 antisense cDNA or the RUR-1 sense cDNA nucleic acids.
- the mismatch generated at the 3' end of the primer when hybridized to genes other than RUR-1 (sense or antisense) would preclude efficient amplification of those genes.
- Exemplary primers include those described in the Sequence Listing and the Examples below.
- primers can be prepared by one of skill in the art by comparison of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:4 with each other and with known sequences deposited in databases.
- Other exemplary primers can differ from the above by addition or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more nucleotides from the 5' end of the primer.
- the primers chosen to amplify the RUR-1 antisense cDNA or RUR-1 sense cDNA nucleic acid molecules provide amplified products which are readily distinguishable by molecular size. This size difference may be distinguished readily using standard methods in the art including agarose and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Additional methods which can distinguish nucleotide sequences of substantial homology, such as ligase chain reaction ("LCR”) and other methods, will be apparent to skilled artisans.
- LCR ligase chain reaction
- isolated means: (i) amplified in vitro by, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR); (ii) recombinantly produced by cloning; (iii) purified, as by cleavage and gel separation; or (iv) synthesized by, for example, chemical synthesis.
- An isolated nucleic acid is one which is readily manipulable by recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- An isolated nucleic acid may be substantially purified, but need not be.
- a nucleic acid that is isolated within a cloning or expression vector is not pure in that it may comprise only a tiny percentage of the material in the cell in which it resides.
- Such a nucleic acid is isolated, however, as the term is used herein because it is readily manipulable by standard techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- An isolated nucleic acid molecule as used herein is not a naturally occurring chromosome.
- the invention also provides isolated polypeptides, including unique fragments, encoded by RUR-1 antisense nucleic acids or RUR-1 sense nucleic acids, such as SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:5.
- RUR-1 antisense nucleic acids or RUR-1 sense nucleic acids such as SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:5.
- Such polypeptides are useful, for example, alone or as fusion proteins to generate antibodies, as TRA peptides (e.g. SEQ ID NO:3), as a components of an immunoassay, or for determining the RUR-1 or RUR-1 antisense protein binding specificity of HLA molecules and/or CTL clones.
- isolated means a polypeptide encoded by an isolated nucleic acid sequence, as well as polypeptides synthesized by, for example, chemical synthetic methods, and polypeptides separated from biological materials, and then purified using conventional protein analytical or preparatory procedures. Nucleic acids which encode the foregoing polypeptides also are embraced by the invention.
- a RUR-1 or RUR-1 antisense-encoded protein is at least 90%, more preferably 95%, and most preferably 99% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in either SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:5.
- a unique fragment of a RUR-1 or RUR-1 antisense-encoded protein in general, has the features and characteristics of unique fragments as discussed above in connection with nucleic acids.
- the size of the unique fragment will depend upon factors such as whether the fragment constitutes a portion of a conserved protein domain. Thus, some regions of SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO: 5 will require longer segments to be unique while others will require only short segments, typically between 5 and 12 amino acids (e.g. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 amino acids long). Virtually any segment of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:5 that is 10 or more amino acids in length will be unique.
- Unique fragments of a polypeptide preferably are those fragments which retain a distinct functional capability of the polypeptide.
- Functional capabilities which can be retained in a unique fragment of a polypeptide include presentation by HLA molecules, interaction with antibodies, interaction with other polypeptides or fragments thereof, selective binding of nucleic acids, and enzymatic activity.
- a tumor rejection antigen is an example of a unique fragment of a tumor associated polypeptide which retains the functional capability of HLA binding and interaction with cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
- Tumor rejection antigens presented by HLA class I molecules typically are 9 amino acids in length, although peptides of 8, 9 and 10 and more amino acids also retain the capability to interact with HLA and cytotoxic T lymphocyte to an extent effective to provoke a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (see, e.g., Van den Eynde & Brichard, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7:674-681 , 1995; Coulie et al., Stem Cells 13:393-403, 1995).
- tumor rejection antigens e.g., 10 - 20 amino acids in length
- HLA class II molecules e.g., 10 - 20 amino acids in length
- T helper lymphocytes e.g., Van den Eynde & van der Bruggen, Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9:684-693, 1997; Topalian et al., J. Exp. Med. 183: 1965-1971, 1996.
- an HLA-peptide binding algorithm (available on the National Institutes of Health website [http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov]; Parker et al., J. Immunol. 152: 163, 1994) can be used to predict the HLA binding properties of peptides derived from the protein encoded by RUR-1 antisense cDNA.
- the HLA-B7 binding score (half time of dissociation) of the RUR-1 antisense cDNA- encoded peptide (SEQ ID NO:3) is predicted to be 1200, which indicates a very stable interaction of the peptide with the HLA molecule.
- RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptides may be made in RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptides to provide functional homologs or variants of the foregoing polypeptides, i.e, the homologs or variants retain one or more of the functional capabilities of the RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptides.
- a "conservative amino acid substitution” refers to an amino acid substitution which does not alter the relative charge or size characteristics of the protein in which the amino acid substitution is made.
- amino acids include substitutions made amongst amino acids within the following groups: (a) M, I, L, V; (b) F, Y, W; (c) K, R, H; (d) A, G; (e) S, T; (f) Q, N; and (g) E, D.
- RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA- encoded polypeptides can be prepared according to methods for altering polypeptide sequence known to one of ordinary skill in the art such as are found in references which compile such methods, e.g. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989, or Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F.M. Ausubel, et al, eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
- Exemplary functional variants of the RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptides include conservative amino acid substitutions of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 5.
- Conservative amino acid substitutions in the amino acid sequence of RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptides to produce functional variants of such polypeptides typically are made by alteration of the nucleic acid encoding such polypeptides (SEQ ID NO:l, SEQ ID NO:4). Such substitutions can be made by a variety of methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- amino acid substitutions may be made by PCR-directed mutation, site-directed mutagenesis according to the method of Kunkel (Kunkel, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82: 488-492, 1985), or by chemical synthesis of a RUR-1 sense or antisense nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide.
- Kunkel Kunkel, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82: 488-492, 1985
- amino acid substitutions are made to a small unique fragment of a RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptide, such as a 9 amino acid peptide
- the substitutions can be made by directly synthesizing the peptide.
- the activity of functional homologs or variants (including unique fragments) of RUR-1 sense cDNA or RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptides can be tested by cloning the gene encoding the altered polypeptide into a bacterial or mammalian expression vector, introducing the vector into an appropriate host cell, expressing the altered polypeptide, and testing for a functional capability of the polypeptides as disclosed herein.
- the aforementioned computer algorithms can be used to predict amino acid substitutions which can be made to polypeptide sequences to prepare functional variants or homologs which retain HLA binding. For example, substitution of the W at position 4 of SEQ ID NO:3 with either a F or a Y residue (which are conservative amino acid substitutions) is predicted to have no effect on the binding of the TRA peptide to HLA-B7. In contrast, substitution of an H or K residue for the R residue at position 3 of SEQ ID NO: 3 is predicted to reduce HLA binding (increase dissociation) by 10-fold. Such variant TRA peptides then can be tested for biological activity as described in the Examples below.
- the invention embraces antisense oligonucleotides that selectively bind to a RUR-1 sense or RUR-1 antisense nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein, to decrease transcription and/or translation of RUR-1 sense or RUR-1 antisense nucleic acids.
- This is desirable in virtually any medical condition wherein a reduction in RUR-1 sense or RUR-1 antisense gene product expression is desirable, including to reduce any aspect of a tumor cell phenotype attributable to RUR-1 sense or RUR-1 antisense gene expression.
- Antisense molecules in this manner, can be used to slow down or arrest such aspects of a tumor cell phenotype.
- antisense oligonucleotide or “antisense” describes an oligonucleotide that is an oligoribonucleotide, oligodeoxyribonucleotide, modified oligoribonucleotide, or modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide which hybridizes under physiological conditions to DNA comprising a particular gene or to an mRNA transcript of that gene and, thereby, inhibits the transcription of that gene and/or the translation of that mRNA.
- the antisense molecules are designed so as to interfere with transcription or translation of a target gene upon hybridization with the target gene.
- the exact length of the antisense oligonucleotide and its degree of complementarity with its target will depend upon the specific target selected, including the sequence of the target and the particular bases which comprise that sequence. It is preferred that the antisense oligonucleotide be constructed and arranged so as to bind selectively with the target under physiological conditions, i.e., to hybridize substantially more to the target sequence than to any other sequence in the target cell under physiological conditions. Based upon SEQ ID NO:l and/or SEQ ID NO:4, or upon allelic or homologous genomic and/or DNA sequences, one of skill in the art can easily choose and synthesize any of a number of appropriate antisense molecules for use in accordance with the present invention.
- antisense oligonucleotides should comprise at least 7 (Wagner et al., Nature Biotechnology 14:840-844, 1996) and, more preferably, at least 15 consecutive bases which are complementary to the target. Most preferably, the antisense oligonucleotides comprise a complementary sequence of 20-30 bases. Although oligonucleotides may be chosen which are antisense to any region of the gene or mRNA transcripts, in preferred embodiments the antisense oligonucleotides correspond to N-terminal or 5' upstream sites such as translation initiation, transcription initiation or promoter sites. In addition, 3 '-untranslated regions may be targeted.
- Targeting to mRNA splicing sites has also been used in the art but may be less preferred if alternative mRNA splicing occurs.
- the antisense is targeted, preferably, to sites in which mRNA secondary structure is not expected (see, e.g., Sainio et al., Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 14(5):439-457, 1994) and at which proteins are not expected to bind.
- SEQ ID NO: l and SEQ ID NO:4 disclose cDNA sequences, one of ordinary skill in the art may easily derive the genomic DNA corresponding to these cDNAs, as is described in the Examples.
- the present invention also provides for antisense oligonucleotides which are complementary to the genomic DNA corresponding to SEQ ID NO: l and SEQ ID NO:4. Similarly, antisense to allelic or homologous DNAs and genomic DNAs are enabled without undue experimentation.
- the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention may be composed of "natural" deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or any combination thereof. That is, the 5' end of one native nucleotide and the 3' end of another native nucleotide may be covalently linked, as in natural systems, via a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.
- These oligonucleotides may be prepared by art recognized methods which may be carried out manually or by an automated synthesizer. They also may be produced recombinantly by vectors.
- the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention also may include "modified" oligonucleotides. That is, the oligonucleotides may be modified in a number of ways which do not prevent them from hybridizing to their target but which enhance their stability or targeting or which otherwise enhance their therapeutic effectiveness.
- modified oligonucleotide as used herein describes an oligonucleotide in which (1) at least two of its nucleotides are covalently linked via a synthetic internucleoside linkage (i.e., a linkage other than a phosphodiester linkage between the 5' end of one nucleotide and the 3' end of another nucleotide) and/or (2) a chemical group not normally associated with nucleic acids has been covalently attached to the oligonucleotide.
- a synthetic internucleoside linkage i.e., a linkage other than a phosphodiester linkage between the 5' end of one nucleotide and the 3' end of another nucleotide
- Preferred synthetic internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphorodithioates, phosphate esters, alkylphosphonothioates, phosphoramidates, carbamates, carbonates, phosphate triesters, acetamidates, peptides, and carboxymethyl esters.
- modified oligonucleotide also encompasses oligonucleotides with a covalently modified base and/or sugar.
- modified oligonucleotides include oligonucleotides having backbone sugars which are covalently attached to low molecular weight organic groups other than a hydroxyl group at the 3' position and other than a phosphate group at the 5' position.
- modified oligonucleotides may include a
- modified oligonucleotides may include sugars such as arabinose instead of ribose.
- Modified oligonucleotides also can include base analogs such as C-5 propyne modified bases (Wagner et al., Nature Biotechnology 14:840- 844, 1996).
- the present invention contemplates pharmaceutical preparations containing modified antisense molecules that are complementary to and hybridizable with, under physiological conditions, RUR-1 sense or RUR-1 antisense nucleic acids encoding polypeptides, together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
- Antisense oligonucleotides may be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
- a pharmaceutical composition may include the antisense oligonucleotides in combination with any standard pharmaceutically acceptable carriers which are known in the art.
- the compositions should be sterile and contain a therapeutically effective amount of the antisense oligonucleotides in a unit of weight or volume suitable for administration to a patient.
- pharmaceutically acceptable means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients. The characteristics of the carrier will depend on the route of administration.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials which are well known in the art.
- the invention embraces the use of the RUR-1 sense and/or RUR-1 antisense sequences in expression vectors, as well as to transfect host cells and cell lines, be these prokaryotic (e.g., E coli), or eukaryotic (e.g., CHO cells, COS cells, yeast expression systems and recombinant baculovirus expression in insect cells).
- prokaryotic e.g., E coli
- eukaryotic e.g., CHO cells, COS cells, yeast expression systems and recombinant baculovirus expression in insect cells.
- mammalian cells such as mouse, hamster, pig, goat, primate, etc. They may be of a wide variety of tissue types, including mast cells, fibroblasts, oocytes and lymphocytes, and they may be primary cells or cell lines.
- the expression vectors require that the pertinent sequence, i.e., those nucleic acids described supra, be operably linked to a promoter.
- a human HLA class I molecule presents a tumor rejection antigen encoded by the RUR-1 antisense nucleic acid molecule (i.e., SEQ ID NO:3)
- the expression vector may also include a nucleic acid sequence coding for the HLA molecule that presents any particular tumor rejection antigen derived from these genes and polypeptides (HLA-B7 for the SEQ ID NO:3 TRA).
- the nucleic acid sequence coding for such a HLA molecule can be contained within a separate expression vector.
- the single vector can be used to transfect a cell which does not normally express either one.
- the expression vectors can be cotransfected.
- the tumor rejection antigen precursor coding sequence may be used alone, when, e.g. the host cell already expresses a HLA molecule which presents a RUR-1 antisense encoded TRA. Of course, there is no limit on the particular host cell which can be used.
- vectors which contain the two coding sequences may be used in any antigen-presenting cells if desired, and the gene for tumor rejection antigen precursor can be used in host cells which do not express a HLA molecule which presents a RUR-1 antisense encoded TRA. Further, cell-free transcription systems may be used in lieu of cells.
- HLA molecule binds to tumor rejection antigens derived from tumor rejection antigen precursors by, e.g., experiments utilizing antibodies to block specifically individual HLA class I molecules.
- antibodies which bind selectively to HLA-B7 prevented efficient presentation of the TRA set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
- the binding specificity of additional TRAs derived from the RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptide can be determined by similar experiments using widely available anti-HLA antibodies.
- a "vector" may be any of a number of nucleic acids into which a desired sequence may be inserted by restriction and ligation for transport between different genetic environments or for expression in a host cell.
- Vectors are typically composed of DNA although RNA vectors are also available.
- Vectors include, but are not limited to, plasmids and phagemids.
- a cloning vector is one which is able to replicate in a host cell, and which is further characterized by one or more endonuclease restriction sites at which the vector may be cut in a determinable fashion and into which a desired DNA sequence may be ligated such that the new recombinant vector retains its ability to replicate in the host cell.
- replication of the desired sequence may occur many times as the plasmid increases in copy number within the host bacterium or just a single time per host before the host reproduces by mitosis. In the case of phage, replication may occur actively during a lytic phase or passively during a lysogenic phase.
- An expression vector is one into which a desired DNA sequence may be inserted by restriction and ligation such that it is operably joined to regulatory sequences and may be expressed as an RNA transcript. Vectors may further contain one or more marker sequences suitable for use in the identification of cells which have or have not been transformed or transfected with the vector.
- Markers include, for example, genes encoding proteins which increase or decrease either resistance or sensitivity to antibiotics or other compounds, genes which encode enzymes whose activities are detectable by standard assays known in the art (e.g. ⁇ -galactosidase or alkaline phosphatase), and genes which visibly affect the phenotype of transformed or transfected cells, hosts, colonies or plaques (e.g. green fluorescent protein).
- Preferred vectors are those capable of autonomous replication and expression of the structural gene products present in the DNA segments to which they are operably joined.
- a coding sequence and regulatory sequences are said to be "operably” joined when they are covalently linked in such a way as to place the expression or transcription of the coding sequence under the influence or control of the regulatory sequences. If it is desired that the coding sequences be translated into a functional protein, two DNA sequences are said to be operably joined if induction of a promoter in the 5' regulatory sequences results in the transcription of the coding sequence and if the nature of the linkage between the two DNA sequences does not (1) result in the introduction of a frame- shift mutation, (2) interfere with the ability of the promoter region to direct the transcription of the coding sequences, or (3) interfere with the ability of the corresponding RNA transcript to be translated into a protein.
- a promoter region would be operably joined to a coding sequence if the promoter region were capable of effecting transcription of that DNA sequence such that the resulting transcript might be translated into the desired protein or polypeptide.
- the precise nature of the regulatory sequences needed for gene expression may vary between species or cell types, but shall in general include, as necessary, 5' non-transcribing and 5' non-translating sequences involved with the initiation of transcription and translation respectively, such as a TATA box, capping sequence, CAAT sequence, and the like.
- such 5' non-transcribing regulatory sequences will include a promoter region which includes a promoter sequence for transcriptional control of the operably joined gene. Regulatory sequences may also include enhancer sequences or upstream activator sequences as desired.
- the vectors of the invention may optionally include 5' leader or signal sequences, 5' or 3'. The choice and design of an appropriate vector is within the ability and discretion of one of ordinary skill in the art. Expression vectors containing all the necessary elements for expression are commercially available and known to those skilled in the art. See Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, et al., eds., Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989.
- RNA heterologous DNA
- That heterologous DNA (RNA) is placed under operable control of transcriptional elements to permit the expression of the heterologous DNA in the host cell.
- Preferred systems for mRNA expression in mammalian cells are those such as pRc/CMV (available from Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) that contain a selectable marker such as a gene that confers G418 resistance (which facilitates the selection of stably transfected cell lines) and the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer-promoter sequences.
- pRc/CMV available from Invitrogen, San Diego, CA
- CMV human cytomegalovirus
- suitable for expression in primate or canine cell lines is the pCEP4 vector (Invitrogen), which contains an Epstein Barr virus (EBV) origin of replication, facilitating the maintenance of plasmid as a multicopy extrachromosomal element.
- EBV Epstein Barr virus
- Another expression vector is the pEF- BOS plasmid containing the promoter of polypeptide Elongation Factor l ⁇ , which stimulates efficiently transcription in vitro.
- the plasmid is described by Mishizuma and Nagata (Nuc. Acids Res. 18:5322, 1990), and its use in transfection experiments is disclosed by, for example, Demoulin (Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4710-4716, 1996).
- Still another preferred expression vector is an adeno virus, described by Stratford-Perricaudet, which is defective for El and E3 proteins (J Clin. Invest. 90:626-630, 1992).
- adenovirus as an Adeno.Pl A recombinant is disclosed by Warnier et al., in intradermal injection in mice for immunization against P1A (Int. J. Cancer, 67:303-310, 1996).
- the invention also embraces so-called expression kits, which allow the artisan to prepare a desired expression vector or vectors.
- Such expression kits include at least separate portions of each of the previously discussed coding sequences. Other components may be added, as desired, as long as the previously mentioned sequences, which are required, are included.
- the invention also involves agents which bind to RUR-1 sense-encoded and/or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides and in certain embodiments preferably to unique fragments of those polypeptides. Such binding partners can be used in screening assays to detect the presence or absence of the RUR-1 sense-encoded and/or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide and in purification protocols to isolate such polypeptides.
- binding partners can be used to selectively target drugs, toxins or other molecules to tumor cells which present RUR-1 antisense-encoded tumor associated polypeptides.
- tumor cells which express RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides can be treated with cytotoxic compounds.
- the invention involves antibodies or fragments of antibodies having the ability to selectively bind to RUR-1 sense-encoded and/or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides, and preferably to unique fragments thereof.
- Antibodies include polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, prepared according to conventional methodology.
- an antibody from which the pFc' region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the pFc' region designated an F(ab'), fragment, retains both of the antigen binding sites of an intact antibody.
- an antibody from which the Fc region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the Fc region designated an Fab fragment, retains one of the antigen binding sites of an intact antibody molecule.
- Fab fragments consist of a covalently bound antibody light chain and a portion of the antibody heavy chain denoted Fd.
- the Fd fragments are the major determinant of antibody specificity (a single Fd fragment may be associated with up to ten different light chains without altering antibody specificity) and Fd fragments retain epitope-binding ability in isolation.
- CDRs complementarity determining regions
- FRs framework regions
- CDRl through CDR3 complementarity determining regions
- non-CDR regions of a mammalian antibody may be replaced with similar regions of conspecific or heterospecific antibodies while retaining the epitopic specificity of the original antibody.
- This is most clearly manifested in the development and use of "humanized" antibodies in which non-human CDRs are covalently joined to human FR and/or Fc/pFc' regions to produce a functional antibody. See. e.g., U.S. patents 4,816,567, 5,225,539, 5,585,089, 5,693,762 and 5,859,205.
- PCT International Publication Number WO 92/04381 teaches the production and use of humanized murine RSV antibodies in which at least a portion of the murine FR regions have been replaced by FR regions of human origin.
- Such antibodies including fragments of intact antibodies with antigen-binding ability, are often referred to as "chimeric" antibodies.
- the present invention also provides for F(ab') 2 , Fab, Fv and Fd fragments; chimeric antibodies in which the Fc and/or FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences; chimeric F(ab') 2 fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences; chimeric Fab fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 and/or light chain CDR3 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences; and chimeric Fd fragment antibodies in which the FR and/or CDRl and/or CDR2 regions have been replaced by homologous human or non-human sequences.
- the present invention also includes so-called single chain antibodies.
- polypeptides of numerous size and type that bind specifically to RUR-1 sense-encoded and/or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides.
- These polypeptides may be derived also from sources other than antibody technology.
- polypeptide binding agents can be provided by degenerate peptide libraries which can be readily prepared in solution, in immobilized form or as phage display libraries.
- Combinatorial libraries also can be synthesized of peptides containing one or more amino acids. Libraries further can be synthesized of peptoids and non-peptide synthetic moieties.
- Phage display can be particularly effective in identifying binding peptides useful according to the invention. Briefly, one prepares a phage library (using e.g.
- inserts from 4 to about 80 amino acid residues using conventional procedures.
- the inserts may represent a completely degenerate or biased array.
- One then can select phage-bearing inserts which bind to a RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense- encoded polypeptide. This process can be repeated through several cycles of reselection of phage that bind to the RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide. Repeated rounds lead to enrichment of phage bearing particular sequences.
- DNA sequence analysis can be conducted to identify the sequences of the expressed polypeptides.
- the minimal linear portion of the sequence that binds to the RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide can be determined.
- the RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides of the invention can be used to screen peptide libraries, including phage display libraries, to identify and select peptide binding partners of the RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides of the invention.
- Such molecules can be used, as described, for screening assays, for diagnostic assays, for purification protocols or for targeting drugs, toxins and/or labeling agents (e.g. radioisotopes, fluorescent molecules, etc.) to cells which present RUR-1 antisense-encoded peptides on the cell surface.
- Such binding agent molecules can also be prepared to bind complexes of a RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide and an HLA molecule by selecting the binding agent using such complexes.
- Drug molecules that would disable or destroy tumor cells which express such complexes or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides are known to those skilled in the art and are commercially available.
- the immunotoxin art provides examples of toxins which are effective when delivered to a cell by an antibody or fragment thereof.
- examples of toxins include ribosome-damaging toxins derived from plants or bacterial such as ricin, abrin, saporin, Pseudomonas endotoxin, diphtheria toxin, A chain toxins, blocked ricin, etc.
- the invention as described herein has a number of uses, some of which are described herein.
- the invention permits the artisan to diagnose a disorder characterized by expression of the TRAP. These methods involve determining expression of the TRAP gene, and/or TRAs derived therefrom. In the former situation, such determinations can be carried out via any standard nucleic acid determination assay, including the polymerase chain reaction as exemplified in the examples below, or assaying with labeled hybridization probes.
- methods for diagnosing a disorder that is characterized by expression of a tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide involve contacting a biological sample isolated from a subject with an agent specific for the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide to detect the presence of the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide in the biological sample.
- agent specific for the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide to detect the presence of the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide in the biological sample.
- contacting means placing the biological sample in sufficient proximity to the agent and under the appropriate conditions of, e.g., concentration, temperature, time, ionic strength, to allow the specific interaction between the agent and tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide that are present in the biological sample.
- the conditions for contacting the agent with the biological sample are conditions known by those of ordinary skill in the art to facilitate a specific interaction between a molecule and its cognate (e.g., a protein and its receptor cognate, an antibody and its protein antigen cognate, a nucleic acid and its complementary sequence cognate) in a biological sample.
- a molecule and its cognate e.g., a protein and its receptor cognate, an antibody and its protein antigen cognate, a nucleic acid and its complementary sequence cognate
- Exemplary conditions for facilitating a specific interaction between a molecule and its cognate are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,108,921, issued to Low et al.
- the biological sample can be located in vivo or in vitro.
- the biological sample can be a tissue in vivo and the agent specific for the tumor associated nucleic acid or polypeptide can be used to detect the presence of such molecules in the tissue (e.g., for imaging portions of the tissue that express the tumor associated gene products).
- the biological sample can be located in vitro (e.g., a blood sample, tumor biopsy, tissue extract).
- the biological sample can be a cell-containing sample, more preferably a sample containing tumor cells.
- the biological samples are not derived from liver, kidney, bladder or testis.
- methods of diagnosis can be used in the determination of the subject's prognosis, e.g., the progression or regression of a condition characterized by RUR-1 antisense cDNA expression.
- the diagnostic methods described herein provide a means to follow the effect of treatments (e.g. vaccines, CTLs) on a tumor or other RUR-1 related condition.
- Methods of treatment of disorders characterized by expression of a tumor associated nucleic acid molecule or expression product thereof also are provided.
- methods of treatment include administering to the subject an amount of an agent which enriches selectively in the subject the presence of complexes of a HLA molecule and a tumor rejection antigen derived from a RUR-1 antisense-encoded tumor associated polypeptide.
- Agents for treatment of disorders characterized by expression of RUR-1 antisense nucleic acids or encoded polypeptides include polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, and immunogenic fragments thereof, as well as autologous cytotoxic T cells specific for complexes of an HLA molecule and the foregoing tumor associated polypeptides and/or fragments or cells which express the foregoing tumor associated polypeptides and/or fragments and a HLA molecule.
- the isolation of these genes also makes it possible to isolate the encoded polypeptide molecules, such as SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:5.
- a variety of methodologies well-known to the skilled practitioner can be utilized to obtain isolated polypeptide molecules.
- the protein may be purified from cells which naturally produce the protein.
- an expression vector may be introduced into cells to cause production of the protein.
- mRNA transcripts may be microinjected or otherwise introduced into cells to cause production of the encoded protein.
- Translation of mRNA in cell-free extracts such as the reticulocyte lysate system also may be used to produce protein.
- Those skilled in the art also can readily follow known methods for isolating proteins in order to obtain isolated RUR-1 sense-encoded or RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptides. These include, but are not limited to, immunochromotography, HPLC, size-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and immune-affinity chromatography.
- TRA e.g., SEQ ID NO:3
- HLA HLA-B7
- materials such as adjuvants to produce vaccines useful in treating disorders characterized by expression of the TRAP molecule.
- nucleic acids which encode peptide epitopes can be used to prepare vaccines. Preparation of nucleic acids and/or peptides for use in vaccines is well known in the art.
- disorder refers to any pathological condition where the tumor rejection antigen precursor is expressed.
- An example of such a disorder is cancer, including renal cell carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, leukemia, etc..
- vaccines can be prepared from cells which present the TRA/HLA complexes on their surface, such as non-proliferative cancer cells, non-proliferative transfectants, etcetera.
- these can be cells transfected with coding sequences for one or both of the components necessary to provoke a CTL response, or be cells which already express both molecules without the need for transfection.
- Therapeutic approaches based upon the disclosure are premised on a response by a subject's immune system, leading to lysis of TRA presenting cells, such as HLA-B7 cells.
- One such approach is the administration of autologous CTLs specific to the complex to a subject with abnormal cells of the phenotype at issue.
- CTLs in vitro.
- a sample of cells taken from a subject are contacted with a cell presenting the complex and capable of provoking CTLs to proliferate.
- the target cell can be a transfectant, such as a COS cell of the type described herein. These transfectants present the desired complex of their surface and, when combined with a CTL of interest, stimulate its proliferation.
- COS cells such as those used herein are widely available, as are other suitable host cells. Specific production of a CTL is well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- the clonally expanded autologous CTLs then are administered to the subject.
- Other CTLs specific to RUR-1 antisense-encoded TRAs may be isolated and administered by similar methods.
- Tetramers are formed by mixing the biotinylated peptide-MHC complex with labeled avidin (e.g. phycoerythrin) at a molar ratio of 4: 1. Tetramers are then contacted with a source of CTLs such as peripheral blood or lymph node. The tetramers bind CTLs which recognize the peptide antigen MHC class I complex. Cells bound by the tetramers can be sorted by fluorescence activated cell sorting to isolate the reactive CTLs. The isolated CTLs then can be expanded in vitro for use as described herein. To detail a therapeutic methodology, referred to as adoptive transfer (Greenberg, J.
- cells presenting the relevant complex can be combined with a sample from a patient, where the sample contains CTLs. If the complex presenting cells are lysed by the mixed CTL sample, then it can be assumed that a RUR-1 antisense-encoded TRA is being presented, and the subject is an appropriate candidate for the therapeutic approaches set forth supra.
- Adoptive transfer is not the only form of therapy that is available in accordance with the invention.
- CTLs can also be provoked in vivo, using a number of approaches.
- One approach is the use of non-proliferative cells expressing the complex.
- the cells used in this approach may be those that normally express the complex, such as irradiated tumor cells or cells transfected with one or both of the genes necessary for presentation of the complex. Chen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Set USA 88: 110-114 (1991) exemplifies this approach, showing the use of transfected cells expressing HPV E7 peptides in a therapeutic regime.
- Various cell types may be used.
- vectors carrying one or both of the genes of interest may be used.
- nucleic acids which encode SEQ ID NO: 3 may be operably linked to promoter and enhancer sequences which direct expression of the TRA in certain tissues or cell types.
- the nucleic acid may be incorporated into an expression vector.
- Expression vectors may be unmodified extrachromosomal nucleic acids, plasmids or viral genomes constructed or modified to enable insertion of exogenous nucleic acids, such as those encoding SEQ ID NO:3.
- Nucleic acids encoding a RUR-1 antisense-encoded TRA also may be inserted into a retroviral genome, thereby facilitating integration of the nucleic acid into the genome of the target tissue or cell type.
- the gene of interest is carried by a microorganism, e.g., a Vaccinia virus, retrovirus or the bacteria BCG, and the materials de facto "infect" host cells.
- a microorganism e.g., a Vaccinia virus, retrovirus or the bacteria BCG
- the cells which result present the complex of interest, and are recognized by autologous CTLs, which then proliferate.
- a similar effect can be achieved by combining a TRAP or a stimulatory fragment thereof with an adjuvant to facilitate incorporation into HLA presenting cells in vivo.
- the TRAP is processed to yield the peptide partner of the HLA molecule while the TRA is presented without the need for further processing.
- subjects can receive an intradermal injection of an effective amount of TRAP, and/or TRAs derived therefrom. Initial doses can be followed by booster doses, following immunization protocols standard in the art.
- polytopes in the form of a nucleic acid encoding a series of epitopes, known as "polytopes".
- the epitopes can be arranged in sequential or overlapping fashion (see, e.g., Thomson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5845-5849, 1995; Gilbert et al., Nature Biotechnol. 15:1280-1284, 1997), with or without the natural flanking sequences, and can be separated by unrelated linker sequences if desired.
- the polytope is processed to generated individual epitopes which are recognized by the immune system for generation of immune responses.
- peptides derived from the polypeptide having an amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 1 and which are presented by MHC molecules and recognized by CTL or T helper lymphocytes can be combined with peptides from other tumor rejection antigens (e.g. by preparation of hybrid nucleic acids or polypeptides) to form polytopes.
- Exemplary tumor associated peptide antigens (which are presented by MHC class I or II) that can be administered to induce or enhance an immune response are derived from tumor associated genes and encoded proteins including MAGE-1, MAGE-2, MAGE-3, MAGE-4, MAGE-5, MAGE-6, MAGE-7, MAGE-8, MAGE-9, MAGE- 10, MAGE-11, MAGE- 12, MAGE-13, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, GAGE-3, GAGE-4, GAGE-5, GAGE-6, GAGE-7, GAGE-8, BAGE-1, RAGE-1, LB33/MUM-1, PRAME, NAG, MAGE- B2, MAGE-B3, MAGE-B4, tyrosinase, brain glycogen phosphorylase, Melan-A, MAGE-C1, MAGE-C2, NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1, SSX-1, SSX-2 (HOM-MEL-40), SSX-4, SSX-5, SCP-1 and CT-7.
- MAGE-1 MAGE-2, MAGE-3
- polypeptides comprising one or more RUR-1 antisense- encoded peptides and one or more of the foregoing tumor rejection antigen peptides, or nucleic acids encoding such polypeptides, according to standard procedures of molecular biology.
- polytopes are groups of two or more potentially immunogenic or immune response stimulating peptides which can be joined together in various arrangements (e.g. concatenated, overlapping).
- the polytope (or nucleic acid encoding the polytope) can be administered in a standard immunization protocol, e.g. to animals, to test the effectiveness of the polytope in stimulating, enhancing and/or provoking an immune response.
- the peptides can be joined together directly or via the use of flanking sequences to form polytopes, and the use of polytopes as vaccines is well known in the art (see, e.g., Thomson et al, Proc. Acad. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 92(13):5845-5849, 1995; Gilbert et al., Nature Biotechnol. 15(12):1280-1284, 1997; Thomson et al., J. Immunol. 157(2):822-826, 1996; Tam et al., J. Exp. Med. 171(l):299-306, 1990).
- Tarn showed that polytopes consisting of both MHC class I and class II binding epitopes successfully generated antibody and protective immunity in a mouse model. Tam also demonstrated that polytopes comprising "strings" of epitopes are processed to yield individual epitopes which are presented by MHC molecules and recognized by CTLs. Thus polytopes containing various numbers and combinations of epitopes can be prepared and tested for recognition by CTLs and for efficacy in increasing an immune response.
- tumors express a set of tumor antigens, of which only certain subsets may be expressed in the tumor of any given patient.
- Polytopes can be prepared which correspond to the different combination of epitopes representing the subset of tumor rejection antigens expressed in a particular patient. Polytopes also can be prepared to reflect a broader spectrum of tumor rejection antigens known to be expressed by a tumor type. Polytopes can be introduced to a patient in need of such treatment as polypeptide structures, or via the use of nucleic acid delivery systems known in the art (see, e.g., Allsopp et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 26(8): 1951 -1959, 1996).
- Adenovirus, pox virus, Ty-virus like particles, adeno-associated virus, plasmids, bacteria, etc. can be used in such delivery.
- one or more tumor antigens or stimulatory fragments thereof are administered with one or more adjuvants to induce an immune response or to increase an immune response.
- An adjuvant is a substance incorporated into or administered with antigen which potentiates the immune response.
- Adjuvants may enhance the immunological response by providing a reservoir of antigen (extracellularly or within macrophages), activating macrophages and stimulating specific sets of lymphocytes.
- Adjuvants of many kinds are well known in the art. Specific examples of adjuvants include monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL, SmithKline Beecham), a congener obtained after purification and acid hydrolysis of Salmonella minnesota Re 595 lipopolysaccharide; saponins including QS21 (SmithKline Beecham), a pure QA-21 saponin purified from Quillja saponaria extract; DQS21, described in PCT application WO96/33739 (SmithKline Beecham); QS-7, QS-17, QS-18, and QS-L1 (So et al., Mol.
- MPL monophosphoryl lipid A
- S21 SmithKline Beecham
- DQS21 described in PCT application WO96/33739 (SmithKline Beecham)
- QS-7, QS-17, QS-18, and QS-L1 So et al., Mol.
- the peptides are administered mixed with a combination of DQS21/MPL.
- the ratio of DQS21 to MPL typically will be about 1 :10 to 10:1, preferably about 1 :5 to 5:1 and more preferably about 1 :1.
- DQS21 and MPL will be present in a vaccine formulation in the range of about 1 ⁇ g to about 100 ⁇ g.
- adjuvants are known in the art and can be used in the invention (see, e.g. Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed., 1986). Methods for the preparation of mixtures or emulsions of peptide and adjuvant are well known to those of skill in the art of vaccination.
- cytokines are also useful in vaccination protocols as a result of their lymphocyte regulatory properties.
- cytokines useful for such purposes will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including interleukin-12 (IL-12) which has been shown to enhance the protective effects of vaccines (see, e.g., Science 268: 1432-1434, 1995), GM-CSF and IL-18.
- IL-12 interleukin-12
- GM-CSF GM-CSF
- IL-18 interleukin-18
- costimulatory molecules provided in either protein or nucleic acid form.
- costimulatory molecules include the B7-1 and B7-2 (CD80 and CD86 respectively) molecules which are expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and interact with the CD28 molecule expressed on the T cell.
- DC dendritic cells
- This interaction provides costimulation (signal 2) to an antigen/MHC/TCR stimulated (signal 1) T cell, increasing T cell proliferation and effector function.
- B7 also interacts with CTLA4 (CD 152) on T cells and studies involving CTLA4 and B7 ligands indicate that the B7-CTLA4 interaction can enhance antitumor immunity and CTL proliferation (Zheng P., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (11):6284-6289 (1998)).
- B7 typically is not expressed on tumor cells so they are not efficient antigen presenting cells (APCs) for T cells. Induction of B7 expression would enable the tumor cells to stimulate more efficiently CTL proliferation and effector function.
- a combination of B7/IL-6/IL-12 costimulation has been shown to induce IFN-gamma and a Thl cytokine profile in the T cell population leading to further enhanced T cell activity (Gajewski et al., J. Immunol, 154:5637- 5648 (1995)).
- Tumor cell transfection with B7 has ben discussed in relation to in vitro CTL expansion for adoptive transfer immunotherapy by Wang et al, (J. Immunol, 19:1-8 (1986)).
- B7 molecule delivery mechanisms for the B7 molecule would include nucleic acid (naked DNA) immunization (Kim J., et al. Nat BiotechnoL, 15:7:641-646 (1997)) and recombinant viruses such as adeno and pox (Wendtner et al., Gene Ther., 4:7:726-735 (1997)).
- nucleic acid naked DNA
- recombinant viruses such as adeno and pox
- adeno and pox Wang et al., Gene Ther., 4:7:726-735 (1997).
- These systems are all amenable to the construction and use of expression cassettes for the coexpression of B7 with other molecules of choice such as the antigens or fragment(s) of antigens discussed herein (including polytopes) or cytokines.
- These delivery systems can be used for induction of the appropriate molecules in vitro and for in vivo vaccination situations.
- anti- CD28 antibodies to directly stimulate T cells in vitro and in vivo could also be considered.
- the inducible co-stimulatory molecule ICOS which induces T cell responses to foreign antigen could be modulated, for example, by use of anti-ICOS antibodies (Hutloff et al.. Nature 397:263-266, 1999).
- Lymphocyte function associated antigen-3 (LFA-3) is expressed on APCs and some tumor cells and interacts with CD2 expressed on T cells. This interaction induces T cell IL-2 and IFN-gamma production and can thus complement but not substitute, the B7/CD28 costimulatory interaction (Parra et al., J. Immunol, 158:637-642 (1997), Fenton et al., J. Immunother., 21 :2:95-108 (1998)).
- Lymphocyte function associated antigen- 1 (LFA-1) is expressed on leukocytes and interacts with ICAM-1 expressed on APCs and some tumor cells. This interaction induces T cell IL-2 and IFN-gamma production and can thus complement but not substitute, the B7/CD28 costimulatory interaction (Fenton et al., J. Immunother., 21 :2:95-108 (1998)).
- LFA- 1 is thus a further example of a costimulatory molecule that could be provided in a vaccination protocol in the various ways discussed above for B7.
- Th cell help through the interaction between the Th cell CD40L (CD40 ligand) molecule and the CD40 molecule expressed by DCs (Ridge et al., Nature, 393:474 (1998), Bennett et al., Nature, 393:478 (1998), Schoenberger et al., Nature, 393:480 (1998)).
- This mechanism of this costimulatory signal is likely to involve upregulation of B7 and associated IL-6/IL-12 production by the DC (APC).
- the CD40-CD40L interaction thus complements the signal 1 (antigen/MHC-TCR) and signal 2 (B7-CD28) interactions.
- anti-CD40 antibodies to stimulate DC cells directly would be expected to enhance a response to tumor antigens which are normally encountered outside of a inflammatory context or are presented by non-professional APCs (tumor cells). In these situations Th help and B7 costimulation signals are not provided. This mechanism might be used in the context of antigen pulsed DC based therapies or in situations where Th epitopes have not been defined within known TRA precursors.
- Other methods for inducing maturation of dendritic cells e.g., by increasing CD40-CD40L interaction, or by contacting DCs with CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides or stimulatory sugar moieties from extracellular matrix, are known in the art.
- compositions of the present invention are administered in pharmaceutically acceptable preparations.
- Such preparations may routinely contain pharmaceutically acceptable concentrations of salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, supplementary immune potentiating agents such as adjuvants and cytokines and optionally other therapeutic agents.
- the therapeutics of the invention can be administered by any conventional route, including injection or by gradual infusion over time.
- the administration may, for example, be oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intracavity, subcutaneous, or transdermal.
- a preferred route of administration is by pulmonary aerosol.
- Techniques for preparing aerosol delivery systems containing antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art. Generally, such systems should utilize components which will not significantly impair the biological properties of the antibodies, such as the paratope binding capacity (see, for example, Sciarra and Cutie, "Aerosols," in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 18th edition, 1990, pp 1694-1712).
- Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
- non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
- Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
- Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils.
- Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like.
- the invention also contemplates delivery of nucleic acids, polypeptides or peptides for vaccination. Delivery of polypeptides and peptides can be accomplished according to standard vaccination protocols which are well known in the art. In another embodiment, the delivery of nucleic acid is accomplished by ex vivo methods, i.e. by removing a cell from a subject, genetically engineering the cell to include a tumor antigen, and reintroducing the engineered cell into the subject.
- ex vivo methods i.e. by removing a cell from a subject, genetically engineering the cell to include a tumor antigen, and reintroducing the engineered cell into the subject.
- U.S. Patent 5,399,346 One example of such a procedure is outlined in U.S. Patent 5,399,346 and in exhibits submitted in the file history of that patent, all of which are publicly available documents.
- the preparations of the invention are administered in effective amounts.
- An effective amount is that amount of a pharmaceutical preparation that alone, or together with further doses, stimulates the desired response.
- the desired response is inhibiting the progression of the cancer. This may involve only slowing the progression of the disease temporarily, although more preferably, it involves halting the progression of the disease permanently. This can be monitored by routine methods or can be monitored according to diagnostic methods of the invention discussed herein.
- the desired response to treatment of the disease or condition also can be delaying the onset or even preventing the onset of the disease or condition.
- Such amounts will depend, of course, on the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size and weight, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific route of administration and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the health practioner. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is generally preferred that a maximum dose of the individual components or combinations thereof be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that a patient may insist upon a lower dose or tolerable dose for medical reasons, psychological reasons or for virtually any other reasons.
- this may involve the stimulation of a humoral antibody response resulting in an increase in antibody titer in serum, a clonal expansion of cytotoxic lymphocytes, or some other desirable immunologic response. It is believed that doses of immunogens ranging from one nanogram/kilogram to 100 milligrams/kilogram, depending upon the mode of administration, would be effective. The preferred range is believed to be between 500 nanograms and 500 micrograms per kilogram. The absolute amount will depend upon a variety of factors, including the material selected for administration, whether the administration is in single or multiple doses, and individual patient parameters including those described above.
- antigenic peptides are used for vaccination
- modes of administration which effectively deliver the tumor antigen and adjuvant, such that an immune response to the antigen is increased, can be used.
- preferred methods include intradermal, intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration. Although these are preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited by the particular modes of administration disclosed herein. Standard references in the art (e.g.,
- Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, 1990) provide modes of administration and formulations for delivery of immunogens with adjuvant or in a non-adjuvant carrier.
- the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention are applied in pharmaceutically-acceptable amounts and in pharmaceutically-acceptable compositions.
- pharmaceutically acceptable means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredients.
- Such preparations may routinely contain salts, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic agents.
- the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention.
- Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, citric, formic, malonic, succinic, and the like.
- pharmaceutically-acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts.
- a tumor antigen composition may be combined, if desired, with a pharmaceutically- acceptable carrier.
- pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier means one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers, diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration into a human.
- carrier denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application.
- the components of the pharmaceutical compositions also are capable of being co-mingled with the molecules of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy.
- the pharmaceutical compositions may contain suitable buffering agents, including: acetic acid in a salt; citric acid in a salt; boric acid in a salt; and phosphoric acid in a salt.
- suitable buffering agents including: acetic acid in a salt; citric acid in a salt; boric acid in a salt; and phosphoric acid in a salt.
- suitable preservatives such as: benzalkonium chloride; chlorobutanol; parabens and thimerosal.
- compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active agent into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
- Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units, such as capsules, tablets, lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound.
- Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquids or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, elixir or an emulsion.
- compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous preparation of tumor antigen polypeptides or nucleic acids, which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
- This preparation may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
- the sterile injectable preparation also may be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1.3 -butane diol.
- acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
- sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
- any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono-or di-glycerides.
- fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the preparation of injectables.
- Carrier formulation suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. administrations can be found in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA.
- Example 1 Isolation of a sequence specifically expressed by renal cell carcinoma line
- Renal cell carcinoma line LE9211-RCC expresses several antigens recognized by autologous CTL (Brouwenstijn et al., Int. J. Cancer 68:177-182, 1996). It was previously found that one of the antigens was encoded by the RAGE gene (Gaugler et al., Immunogenetics 44:323-330, 1996). Another antigen has now been characterized which is recognized by a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone, CTL 361 A/21.
- peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patient LE9211 were contacted with the LE9211-RCC cells. After 14 days, the mixture was observed for lysis of the carcinoma cells, which indicated that CTLs specific for a complex of peptide and HLA molecule presented by the carcinoma cells were present in the sample.
- the lysis assay employed was a chromium release assay (Herin et al., Int. J. Cancer 39:390-396, 1987).
- Figure 1 shows that CTL 361A/21 lysed autologous tumor cell line LE9211-RCC, but not control LE9211-EBV cells (an autologous EBV-transformed B cell line) or NK-target K562 cells. Chromium release was measured after 4 hours. NK - target K562 cells are available from the ATCC, Rockville, Maryland.
- an HLA-B7-positive sarcoma line (LB23-SAR) was transfected with an expression plasmid containing cDNA 4.1, and a stable transfectant was obtained.
- This transfectant, LB23-SAR+4.1 was recognized by CTL 361 A/21 (Fig. 3). Chromium release was measured after 4 hours.
- LPRWPPPQL SEQ ID NO:3
- CTL 361 A/21 Chromium-labeled LE9211-EBV cells were incubated for 30 min at 37°C with the indicated concentrations of peptide.
- CTL 361A/21 was added at an effector to target ratio of 10, and chromium release was measured after 4 hours.
- RNA from LE9211-RCC tumor cells was hybridized with a probe corresponding to cDNA 4.1.
- PCR amplification of the cDNA was performed using a primer corresponding to the 4.1 sequence and a 5' anchor primer, according to the 5 '-RACE protocol (Gibco/BRL, Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD). This yielded a sequence fragment which allowed extension of the 4.1 sequence by 458 nucleotides at the 5' end, without modifying the open reading frame (Fig. 5).
- the cDNA library was screened by hybridization using cDNA 4.1 as a probe to isolate longer cDNA clones.
- One positive clone of 0.6 kb was obtained and 3 identical positive clones of 2.2 kb were obtained, of which clone I.l is representative.
- the sequence of the small clone matched that of the 3' end of cDNA 4.1, but the sequence of clone I.l surprisingly did not correspond to that of the positive strand of cDNA 4.1.
- the sequence of clone I.l was new and contained an open reading frame coding for a putative protein of 476 amino acids (Fig. 6). This protein sequence does not contain antigenic peptide LPRWPPPQL. Accordingly, COS cells transfected with cDNA 1.1 and with the HLA-B7 cDNA were not recognized by CTL 361 A/21.
- cDNA I.l specifically hybridized with cDNA 4.1, the two sequences were compared in more detail, and it was found that the first 595 nucleotides of cDNA I.l were identical to part of the antisense strand of 4.1. The remaining sequence was not related to cDNA 4.1. To further define the relationship between the two cDNAs, the corresponding genomic sequence was obtained. cDNA 4.1 was used as a probe to screen a phage library constructed with genomic DNA from LE9211-RCC cells. A positive phage was isolated which contained a 14kb insert, which was sequenced in the relevant part.
- cDNA I.l corresponded to the fully spliced transcript of the gene
- cDNA 4.1 corresponded to an aberrant message that starts on the antisense strand of the first intron, is transcribed backwards on the antiparallel strand of exon 1 of cDNA I.l, and ends with a polyadenylation site that is located on the reverse strand of the promoter (Fig. 7).
- This gene is therefore transcribed in both directions.
- the gene is referred to as RUR-1, which stands for renal tumor ubiquitous gene encoding a peptide on the reverse strand.
- the 2.2 kb transcript of RUR-1 corresponding to cDNA I.l is presumably the normal message of this gene, whereas the RUR-1 message corresponding to cDNA 4.1 appears to result from antisense transcription of the same gene.
- PCR conditions were: 5 min at 94°C followed by 35 cycles consisting of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 54°C for primers VDE87/VDE93 or at 62°C for primers VDEl 19 VDE 120, and 1 min at 72°C. A final elongation step was performed for 15 min at 72°C. PCR products were then visualized on agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide.
- primers VDEl 19 and VDEl 20 also amplified genomic DNA that may be present in the RNA sample. Therefore, samples positive for RUR-1 antisense were retested after DNase treatment of the RNA, and only those that remained positive were considered to express the RUR-1 antisense message. Actin primers were always used to check RNA integrity. It was found that the sense transcript of RUR-1 was expressed in all tissues tested, whereas the antisense transcript of RUR-1 was only present in kidney, liver and testis (Table 1).
- the antisense transcript was detected in all renal cell carcinoma samples, in a high proportion of colorectal carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma and leukemia samples, and in small fractions of other tumors (Table 1).
- RUR-1 sense transcript was tested by RT-PCR with primers VDE87 and VDE93; expression of RUR-1 antisense transcript was tested by RT-PCR with primers VDEl 19 and VDEl 20 (see Fig. 7).
- Fig. 8A shows the lysis by CTL 361A/21 of two HLA-B7-positive renal cell carcinoma (RCC) lines expressing the RUR-1 antisense transcript.
- RCC renal cell carcinoma
- MZ1257-RCC and MZ1851-RCC are two RCC lines derived from different HLA-B7 patients. Chromium release was measured after 4 hours.
- Fig. 8B shows that TNF release by CTL 361 A/21 was stimulated specifically by HLA-B7-positive tumor cells which express RUR-1 antisense cDNA.
- LY4-MEL, LB265-MEL, LB168-MEL and LB30-MEL are melanoma cell lines derived from four different HLA-B7-positive patients.
- the expression of the RUR-1 antisense transcript in the same cell lines was measured by RT-PCR using primers VDEl 19 and VDE 120.
- Example 2 Identification of the alternative tumor rejection antigens encoded by RUR-1 antisense transcript.
- RUR-1 antisense cDNA can encode additional antigenic peptides presented by various HLA molecules.
- additional tumor rejection antigens e.g., other than SEQ ID NO:3
- CTL clones are generated by stimulating the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of a patient with autologous normal cells transfected with RUR-1 antisense cDNA or with irradiated PBLs loaded with synthetic peptides corresponding to the putative proteins and matching the consensus for the appropriate HLA class I molecule to localize antigenic peptides within the RUR-1 antisense-encoded polypeptide (see, e.g., van der Bruggen et al., Eur. J. Immunol.24 3038-3043, 1994; MAGE3 peptides presented by HLA.A2; Herman et al., Immunogenetics 43:377-383, 1996). This is the method described above.
- PBLs peripheral blood lymphocytes
- HLA peptide binding predictions can conveniently be made using an algorithm available via the Internet on the National Institutes of Health World Wide Web site at URL http://bimas.dcrt.nih.gov.
- CTL clones obtained by stimulation of lymphocytes with autologous tumor cells which express RUR-1 antisense cDNA are screened for specificity against COS cells transfected with RUR-1 antisense cDNA and autologous HLA alleles as described by Brichard et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 26:224-230, 1996).
- CTL recognition of RUR-1 antisense cDNA encoded peptides is determined by measuring release of TNF from the cytolytic T lymphocyte or by 51 Cr release assay (Herin et al, Int. J. Cancer 39:390-396, 1987) as described above. If a CTL clone specifically recognizes a transfected COS cell, shorter fragments of the coding sequences are tested to identify the region of the gene that encodes the peptide. Fragments of a RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded polypeptide are prepared by exonuclease III digestion or other standard molecular biology methods. Synthetic peptides are prepared to confirm the exact sequence of the antigen.
- shorter fragments of RUR-1 antisense cDNA are generated by PCR. Shorter fragments are used to provoke TNF release or 51 Cr release as above.
- Synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of the shortest fragment of a RUR-1 antisense cDNA clone which provokes TNF release are prepared. Progressively shorter peptides are synthesized to determine the optimal RUR-1 antisense cDNA-encoded tumor rejection antigen peptides for a given HLA molecule.
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JP2000548350A JP2002514400A (ja) | 1998-05-13 | 1999-05-13 | 遍在的に発現される新規な遺伝子のリバースストランドによってコードされている腫瘍関連抗原 |
EP99921914A EP1077989A4 (en) | 1998-05-13 | 1999-05-13 | ANTIGEN WITH TUMOR ASSOCIATION ENCODED BY THE ANTISENSE STRAND OF A NEW GENE WITH UBIQUISTIC EXPRESSION |
CA002328405A CA2328405A1 (en) | 1998-05-13 | 1999-05-13 | Tumor associated antigen encoded by the reverse strand of a new ubiquitously expressed gene |
AU39003/99A AU3900399A (en) | 1998-05-13 | 1999-05-13 | Tumor associated antigen encoded by the reverse strand of a new ubiquitously expressed gene |
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WO2007147265A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
US8937163B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2015-01-20 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof |
US9855291B2 (en) | 2008-11-03 | 2018-01-02 | Adc Therapeutics Sa | Anti-kidney associated antigen 1 (KAAG1) antibodies |
US11084872B2 (en) | 2012-01-09 | 2021-08-10 | Adc Therapeutics Sa | Method for treating breast cancer |
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US5830753A (en) * | 1994-09-30 | 1998-11-03 | Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research | Isolated nucleic acid molecules coding for tumor rejection antigen precursor dage and uses thereof. |
CA2211448A1 (en) * | 1995-03-21 | 1996-09-26 | Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research | Rage tumor rejection antigens |
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Title |
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DATABASE MPSRCH GENBANK 1 January 1900 (1900-01-01), "NCI-CGAP, National Cancer Institute, Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), Tumor Gene Index", XP002949316, Database accession no. AA863443 * |
DATABASE MPSRCH GENBANK 1 January 1900 (1900-01-01), HILLIER L: "Generation and Analysis of 280,000 Human Expressed Sequence Tags", XP002949315, Database accession no. AA004587 * |
See also references of EP1077989A4 * |
Cited By (15)
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AU2007262635B2 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2014-09-11 | Adc Therapeutics Sa | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
US20160039930A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2016-02-11 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
EP2032701A4 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2009-12-09 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc | POLYNUCLEOTIDE AND POLYPEPTIDE SEQUENCES INVOLVED IN CANCER |
US20100086537A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2010-04-08 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
US8216582B2 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2012-07-10 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
EP2502628A3 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2012-11-07 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
EP2032701A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2009-03-11 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
EP3231442A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2017-10-18 | ADC Therapeutics SA | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
WO2007147265A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Polynucleotides and polypeptide sequences involved in cancer |
US9855291B2 (en) | 2008-11-03 | 2018-01-02 | Adc Therapeutics Sa | Anti-kidney associated antigen 1 (KAAG1) antibodies |
US9393302B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2016-07-19 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof |
US8937163B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2015-01-20 | Alethia Biotherapeutics Inc. | Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof |
US9828426B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2017-11-28 | Adc Therapeutics Sa | Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof |
US10597450B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2020-03-24 | Adc Therapeutics Sa | Antibodies against kidney associated antigen 1 and antigen binding fragments thereof |
US11084872B2 (en) | 2012-01-09 | 2021-08-10 | Adc Therapeutics Sa | Method for treating breast cancer |
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AU3900399A (en) | 1999-11-29 |
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CA2328405A1 (en) | 1999-11-18 |
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