WO1999045514A1 - Compositions de marquage pouvant etre identifiees et procedes - Google Patents

Compositions de marquage pouvant etre identifiees et procedes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999045514A1
WO1999045514A1 PCT/US1999/003214 US9903214W WO9945514A1 WO 1999045514 A1 WO1999045514 A1 WO 1999045514A1 US 9903214 W US9903214 W US 9903214W WO 9945514 A1 WO9945514 A1 WO 9945514A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substance
substance according
taggant
acetate
source
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1999/003214
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Daniel Robert Hunt
Paul Grosso
Original Assignee
Tracking Technologies, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tracking Technologies, Inc. filed Critical Tracking Technologies, Inc.
Priority to AU29706/99A priority Critical patent/AU2970699A/en
Priority to IL13817899A priority patent/IL138178A0/xx
Priority to EP99910954A priority patent/EP1058919A1/fr
Priority to BR9908442-2A priority patent/BR9908442A/pt
Priority to CA002322625A priority patent/CA2322625A1/fr
Publication of WO1999045514A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999045514A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B15/00—Identifying, scaring or incapacitating burglars, thieves or intruders, e.g. by explosives
    • G08B15/02—Identifying, scaring or incapacitating burglars, thieves or intruders, e.g. by explosives with smoke, gas, or coloured or odorous powder or liquid

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to compositions and methods for identifiably marking an object. Specifically, the invention provides for marking an object with a marking composition containing a taggant which can be correlated with a particular source of the marking substance. In one embodiment, a marking substance of the invention can be sprayed on a person at the scene of a crime and permit subsequent identification and verification that the person was at the scene of the crime.
  • Personal defense compositions for repelling an assailant are known. Such products can also be used by police, military or other authorities for controlling unruly crowds or disruptive persons. Some well known products for this use include tear gas or CHEMICAL MACE®. When sprayed on a human or animal, these products may cause pain and discomfort to the attacker, however, they may not effectively disable the attacker.
  • a more potent composition that has become popular in recent years and adopted by many law enforcement personnel and the public in general is pepper spray including capsicum and its chemical equivalents, such as capsaicin. See e *. U.S. Patent No. 5,217,708. While often effective in disabling an attacker, one of the problems with pepper spray is that it can also be lethal. In fact, reports have been filed documenting the death of persons following being sprayed with pepper spray. Small canisters of pepper spray are available to certain members of the general public which may be carried in a pocket, purse, or held in the hand, so that it may be used as a deterrent to a crime against the person or against one's property.
  • pepper spray Unfortunately, one of the disadvantages of pepper spray is that it is so potent, that even an unintentional or accidental release can produce catastrophic results. It is because of this potential for catastrophic results that airline passengers are required to reveal the possession of canisters of pepper spray, and airline personnel routinely confiscate canisters of pepper spray from passengers if it becomes known that a canister is being carried.
  • the assailant if his/her face or some other characteristic of the assailant was not noticed by the victim during the criminal act.
  • DNA analysis and correlation with the DNA of a suspected assailant is DNA analysis and correlation with the DNA of a suspected assailant.
  • DNA technology requires access and possession of some physical part of a suspect believed to be the perpetrator of a crime. If available, analysis of the DNA present in skin, hair, body fluids, etc., collected at the scene of a crime, has been used to identify a suspected assailant. Unfortunately, it can often be difficult for law enforcement personnel to secure the possession of such samples to enable analysis and comparison with the DNA of a suspect.
  • DNA may be useful for identification of a suspect in some situations, external visualization of the suspect, even immediately after commission of a crime, does not reveal that the suspect has been involved in a crime, thus increasing the likelihood that the suspect can flee and potentially avoid prosecution.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,474,937 discloses adding a chemical element or organic compound labeled with a non-radioactive isotope to a bulk supply of a chemical substance, such as petroleum, for later identification of the source of the chemical substance.
  • a chemical substance such as petroleum
  • the patent discloses methods for bulk products, it lacks guidance for identifying the source of a substance originating from a particular unit of a personal use type product.
  • the chemical substance may be marked, the mark used is generally invisible to the naked eye.
  • 1,787,995 discloses a method for identification of lubricating oil type liquids by including in the liquid small markers, such as letters or symbols, having the same specific gravity as the lubricating oil. In addition to other deficiencies, this disclosure is also directed to bulk materials.
  • the present invention is directed to compositions and methods for marking an object for later correlation with the source of the composition.
  • the compositions and methods disclosed herein are particularly advantageous for identifying a discreet unit source of the identifying composition.
  • the disclosed composition can be included in personal defense type products for humane, and in some cases, conspicuous marking of the perpetrator of a crime.
  • the composition and methods of the invention can also be used with presently available personal defense type products to facilitate identification and apprehension of an assailant.
  • the invention provides a taggant which can be included with a composition for identifying a particular source of the composition or taggant.
  • a taggant of the invention includes one or more indicators constituting an identifiable chemical "signature" that is unique for each particular unit container of the taggant or composition.
  • the taggant composition can be correlated with a particular source and a source identification code for the particular composition recorded for later correlation with a particular unit or canister of the chemically coded composition.
  • the invention provides a marking substance which can be selectively expelled from a unit container source.
  • a marking substance in addition to a taggant, can also include a carrier such as a polymer resin matrix and a visibly detectable label such as a colored pigment, dye, or fluorescent compound.
  • the marking substance of the invention can be included in a single unit canister for selective dispensing of the marking substance in the form of a spray or stream that may be propelled a considerable distance from the canister.
  • Known propell-ants can be included in the marking substance for propelling the marking substance from the canister.
  • other materials such as drying agents and fillers can be used in a composition of the invention.
  • a composition containing a taggant of the invention can be used to mark many different types of objects.
  • the invention provides for innocuous marking of a human. Such an application provides law enforcement officials with efficient means for subsequent identification and apprehension of a perpetrator of a crime.
  • the conspicuous nature of a marking substance of the invention can also act as a deterrent to criminal activity. 4
  • the present invention is directed to marking an object with a composition that can later be used to identify the source of the composition.
  • the identifiable composition includes a taggant that can be correlated with a discrete unit source of the composition.
  • One source of the composition can be a personal use size container from which the composition may be expelled as a spray or stream.
  • a composition of the invention is a marking substance which includes a carrier for tenaciously adhering the substance to a surface and a label that renders the marking substance visibly detectable.
  • a marking substance of the invention can be carried by, for example, law enforcement officials for humanely marking the hair, skin, clothing, etc. of a large number of people for later identification and verification that an individual was at the location where marking occurred.
  • a herein disclosed marking substance can be carried as a substitute for repellent type personal defense products, allowing a victim to atraumatically mark an assailant for later identification.
  • a taggant of the invention can be included with capsasicum or other repellent type personal defense product for repelling an assailant as well as for facilitating subsequent identification and apprehension of the assailant.
  • an "identifiable composition” is a composition which permits retrospective correlation of the composition with a particular source of the composition.
  • An identifiable composition of the invention can be applied to many objects for marking.
  • the term "object” includes animate objects such as humans, plants and animals as well as inanimate objects such as construction materials, shipping crates, weapons, drugs, money, automobiles, etc.
  • a composition of the invention is typically applied to the surface of an object. Examples of surfaces which can be marked on a human include, hair, skin, clothing, etc.
  • a composition of the invention includes a "taggant” which provides for retrospective correlation of the composition with the source of the taggant or composition.
  • a taggant can include a "chemical code” comprising one or more "indicators.”
  • the indicators of a particular taggant represent a subset of indicators selected from a larger predetermined set of indicators. The presence and/or absence of each of the predetermined indicators in a subset of indicators is a unique combination of indicators thus providing a unique chemical code for each 5
  • the chemical code of a taggant is not duplicated. That is, each unit source of a composition including a taggant of the invention has a unique chemical code.
  • a record of the unique chemical code of each taggant can be maintained by a manufacturer and assigned a "source identification code" identifying the particular chemical code of a particular taggant.
  • the chemical code can be represented in the source identification code using any suitable system including, without limitation, numeric or alphanumeric symbols such as a serial number, acronyms, bar code labels, etc.
  • the source identification code can be associated with a unit source of the taggant by marking the source, marking the package of the source, including a registration card with the source that recites the source identification code, etc.
  • a composition of the invention can also be part of a kit including, for example, a registration card reciting the source identification code and/or a retroreflective sticker for application to home, auto or other location to announce use of a taggant product.
  • an “indicator” may be any chemical or biological material which can be identified when a composition containing the indicator is analyzed to determine the indicator's presence. Known methods of analysis can be used to identify the presence of the indicator including, for example, separation, extraction, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromotography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, etc. It will be appreciated that the term “indicator” includes an "integrity indicator” as discussed below.
  • an indicator of the invention can be non-reactive.
  • non-reactive means that the indicator does not participate in any chemical reaction that may occur in the composition and it does not undergo chemical change or transformation which would preclude subsequent identification of the indicator's presence in the composition.
  • the indicator will not cause substantial irritation or injury to the surface on which it may be applied.
  • An indicator of the invention can be selected from various families of innocuous compounds including, for example, esters, amides, alcohols, etc.
  • Suitable indicators which are relatively innocuous when applied to an animate object such as a human can, for example, be selected from flavorant and/or fragrance compounds including acetates such as: benzyl; phenethyl; anisyl; geranyl; a-methyl bensyl; p-tolyl; vanillan; amyl; 2-methyl butyl; isoamyl; hexyl; nonyl; decyl; heptyl; octyl; lauryl; cyclohexyl; dimethyl; prenyl; trans-2-hexenyl; linalyl; neryl; and tetrahydrofurfuryl.
  • Compounds not contained in the acetate family may also be utilized. 6
  • an isotopically enriched indicator can serve to authenticate that the indicator is from a particular source. For example, if there is a possibility that a composition including the indicator may be comingled with another source of the compound(s) selected as an indicator, such as a natural source, using an isotopically enriched indicator will permit confirmation that the taggant indicator is from the identifiable composition.
  • suitable stable istopes include hydrogen-2, carbon- 13, oxygen-17, fluorine- 19, nitrogen- 15 and oxygen- 18.
  • an "integrity indicator” is an indicator included in a chemical code that has increased vulnerability to loss, damage or other failure of detection under the conditions in which the taggant may be used.
  • Factors which can affect a failure of detection of an integrity indicator under particular conditions include, for example, molecular size, molecular weight, chemical structure, electrical charge, volatility, etc.
  • an indicator having a volatility greater than other indicators of the taggant can be added to the taggant. The presence of the added volatile indicator in subsequent analysis can confirm that the remaining indicators of the taggant have not been compromised by volatilization.
  • a herein described taggant can be admixed with other components to increase the duration of detectability of the taggant, render a tagged composition visible, increase adhesiveness, increase the surface area that can be coated by the tagged composition, etc.
  • the taggant is selected for ability to disperse homogeneously throughout the composition.
  • Homogeneous dispersion ensures that analysis of any portion of a composition, before or after application, will reveal the entire chemical code correlated with a specific container.
  • an identifiable composition can maintain a homogenous dispersion for at least 6 months to 2 years without the need for shaking or other mixing to redisperse the taggant.
  • a marking substance of the invention can also include a "carrier.”
  • a carrier is a polymer resin matrix, such as an adhesive or coating resin.
  • the carrier can function to facilitate adherence of the taggant to a surface on which the composition is applied and/or preserve or "encapsulate” the taggant in a robust environment. That is, the carrier can preferably withstand a significant amount of abuse and contamination without loss of chemical code information or degradation of the taggant constituents after the carrier has "set-up.” In the present context, "set-up" includes curing or drying. As used herein the term “cure” means 7
  • the carrier has completed reactions that render the carrier infusible or chemically inert, such as completion of cross-linking reactions.
  • dry means that solvents used to keep the resin carrier in a dispensable state, such as a liquid, are no longer present (e.g., evaporated).
  • the marking substance can transfer before drying or after drying but before curing.
  • the marking substance can transfer by exfoliating from, for example, a human assailant, over a period of several days, after curing.
  • the dry time of the carrier can be varied.
  • dry time can be measured in days. In some embodiments, a dry time of between about 1 to 600 seconds, preferably about 30 to 240 seconds is selected as it is fairly quick yet will remain in an undried state long enough to create additional "tell-tale" evidence such as permanent fingerprints, similar to fingerprints left on a paint brush handle when painting.
  • the carrier can also be selected to preserve the taggant, perhaps for many years, thus increasing longevity and the amount of evidence available in, for example, a criminal investigation.
  • the carrier has a viscosity range of about 50 to 1000, preferably about 100 to 200 centipoise at ambient temperatures.
  • the carrier can be chosen for its ability to adhere to human hair, skin, clothing, and most other similar surfaces that it may come into contact with while curing.
  • suitable carriers include alkyds, acrylates, styrenes, etc.
  • One preferred carrier is a polymer resin matrix, such as a phenolic modified alkyd, available as product number 057-5703 from McWhorter Technologies, Minneapolis, MN.
  • a marking substance can also include additives.
  • additives include a solvent for adjusting the viscosity of the carrier. Examples of suitable solvents include acetone, xylene, perchloroethylene, etc. Filler materials such as fumed silica, diatomaceous earth, titanium dioxide, etc., can also be added. One filler material, titanium dioxide, can be added to enhance visibility of a resin carrier.
  • Other additives include one or more drying agents such as cobalt, zirconium and/or other metallic driers which function to enhance cure time of the composition when sprayed onto an object, such as a person or clothing, or when exposed to the atmosphere.
  • a marking substance of the invention can also include a label. As used herein, a "label" refers to a compound that renders the substance visibly detectable. This includes, for example, colored pigments, dyes, fluorescent compounds visible with or without ultraviolet light rays, etc. In an embodiment 8
  • the label will adhere to, and visibly mark human skin, hair, fingernails, etc., for a period of several days despite the exfoliation of the resin matrix that may occur during this interval.
  • the label is not easy to remove by the use of commonly known aqueous or organic solvents such as soap and water, rubbing alcohol, minerals spirits, etc.
  • a suitable label are dyes sold under the trademark DayGlo®, available from DayGlo Corporation, Cleveland, OH.
  • Other suitably aggressive colorants can be used in a dye/resin combination of a marking substance such as Hansa yellow pigment, or iron oxide yellow pigments, etc.
  • a label that is a bright colorant can advantageously provide visual identification of a criminal assailant. This is particularly true if the colorant is conspicuous such as a bright yellow or glowing fluorescent color. Since many police apprehensions of criminals are carried out with the assistance of the general public, a visible colorant can act to alert the public that a marked individual has probably been involved in a crime, thus facilitating the apprehension process. For example, in one embodiment, the inventors foresee a common color scheme for use on packaging, advertising, and included with an identifiable composition to create public familiarity, thus increasing the efficacy of a marking substance product as a deterrent to criminal activity. By combining a label with a resin matrix, the visual identification aspect of the label can be prolonged.
  • a taggant composition of the invention can be supplied in a personal use container.
  • a "personal use container” refers to a container that can be carried by a person, for example, in a purse, on a belt, in a coat pocket, etc.
  • the container is hand operated for selective release of the composition from the container using an actuator button.
  • Suitable actuator buttons are known and include nozzles such as safety nozzle systems presently in use. Examples of suitable actuator buttons include No. 8-PA available from Omega USA.
  • a larger "personal use container” for use by, for example, law enforcement officials, can include a larger hand operated device about the size of a fire extinguisher.
  • a marking substance of the invention can be in a container located for public access such as presently available fire extinguishers for emergency use.
  • the container can also include an aerosol propellant such as propane, isobutane, dimethylether, compressed nitrogen, compressed carbon dioxide, or other similar propellants or mixtures thereof, at appropriate pressures for dispensing the product from the container.
  • a hand-held container can be sized for holding a total volume of non-propellant ingredients of approximately 1 to 3 fluid ounces. 9
  • Containers utilizing greater volume may of course be utilized.
  • a high flow-rate valve such as manufactured by Precision Valve Co. can be used to expel the majority of the contents within a short period of time, for example, 1 to 10 seconds.
  • an identifiable composition of the invention can be packaged in a small aerosol container and used as a hand-held unit for personal security.
  • the actuator button is preferably of such design that it can spray the material from the container to a target object in a splattering, "shotgun" type pattern, or a concentrated stream with a range of about 5-20 feet, preferably at least about 8 feet.
  • the design of the activator button preferably minimizes the possibility of accidental discharge while maintaining convenience and ease of use.
  • Several good safety nozzle designs are currently in use on available consumer and law enforcement products, and could be used for the substance described herein.
  • a suitable personal use container is an aluminum tube-type, such as model number 40-2, available from Peerless Tube Co.
  • the canister is equipped with a locking nozzle and collar, such as model numbers 8- PA and 18-NAS, respectively available from Omega USA, and a valve assembly such as model #A -74 available from Seaquist.
  • This type of canister, or a similar canister can be adapted for use with any one of a number of different aerosol propellants, such as listed above, or other similar propellants or mixtures thereof, which may be used at various appropriate pressures or selected special pressures to fulfill a specific need.
  • the invention comprises individually formulated chemical lots of pressure-sprayable compounds contained in individual canisters.
  • the pressurized container includes a carrier, such as a polymer resin matrix; a visible label; and a taggant. Additional constituents may include solvents, fillers, drying agents, etc.
  • a herein described taggant may also be included in known personal defense spray products. These products, such as pepper spray or compounds including a tear gas such as ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile or chloroacetophenone (e.g., MACE®), can be disabling to the person sprayed to provide an opportunity for the victim to escape or secure help in further subduing an assailant.
  • a taggant with or without other components disclosed herein, can further provide for identification of the assailant. 10
  • a substance or composition bearing a taggant unique to each individual unit container serves to add a conclusive link between a specific container and surfaces that the taggant-containing material from that container adheres to, such as skin, hair, clothing, carpet, wood, concrete, automobile paint, glass, plaster walls, etc.
  • a three fluid ounce aerosol canister was filled with two fluid ounces of McWhorter 57-5703 alkyd resin matrix material diluted to 50% solids in acetone.
  • a unique chemical code consisting of ester flavorants was formulated directly into the canister. The esters were added to effect a detectable concentration in the resin matrix. This enables definitive retrospective analysis by gas chromatograph and/or mass spectrometry.
  • the indicator esters are diluted 1 :10 in xylol as a solvent.
  • the carboxylic esters are chosen from the group including geranyl acetate, nonyl acetate, decyl acetate, linalyl acetate, di-methyl acetate, cyclohexaneethyl acetate, lauryl acetate, citronellyl acetate, vanillin acetate and cyclohexyl acetate.
  • Each indicator represents the binary numerical places 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively.
  • a unique decimal serial number, say 276, is printed on the canister.
  • the binary equivalent of the decimal numeral 276 is
  • the binary numerical places 3, 5 and 9, counting from right to left, have ones (1), and the other places 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8, have zeroes (0).
  • the indicators that represent the numerical places 3, 5 and 9, are decyl acetate, di-methyl acetate and vanillin acetate, respectively. These constituents are added to the canister.
  • Each canister is assigned its own unique serial number, and thus, its own chemical code corresponding to that serial number. This ensures that the content of each canister is unique and traceable to that canister alone. 11
  • an integrity indicator such as heptyl acetate can be added to the composition in all canisters to later confirm the presence of all taggants originally formulated into each unique chemical code.
  • heptyl acetate was chosen because it has been shown to be lost from the resin matrix before other indicators . The higher volatility will cause the concentration of the heptyl acetate to decrease faster than the concentration of any of the other individual carboxylic esters listed above.
  • detection of the presence of the integrity indicator confirms the presence of all other individual taggant constituents formulated into that given chemical code.
  • Example 1 In a real life scenario, consider that the canister of Example 1 is in the possession of an individual, to be used for the marking and identification of a prospective criminal-attacker, should the occasion arise. The individual is subsequently attacked and the individual discharges the contents of the canister onto the hair, skin and clothing of the attacker. Before the resin matrix has dried, the attacker handles objects such as a doorknob and a steering wheel leaving fingerprints visually enhanced by the fluorescent resin matrix. While the resin is in the uncured state, it also collects hairs and fibers from the scene of the crime, adhering them to the attacker.
  • the marked attacker is later visually identified by the fluorescent dye.
  • a ten-milligram sample of the resin matrix is collected from the attacker and analyzed to reveal the unique chemical code.
  • a match between the chemical code formed by the indicators on the suspected attacker and the chemical code derived from the indicators in the victim's canister conclusively places the suspect at the scene of the crime.
  • This chemical code also matches the serial number printed on the canister. Further investigation shows that the fingerprints left at the scene and in the suspects car are those of the suspect. Hair and fibers from the crime scene are also found on the suspect.
  • the visibility of the resin matrix on the marked attacker has aided in the identification and apprehension of the suspect.
  • the adhesive properties of the resin matrix and the individual unique chemical code of the taggant in the canister have provided evidence that can be used for conviction of this attacker.
  • a canister such as that of Example 1 is carried by a woman while jogging in a secluded area of a public park. The woman is attacked. During the struggle she discharges the contents of the canister onto the attacker, however, about 12
  • a resin matrix sample including a chemical code taggant is collected from the cuticles of a crime suspect's fingers. Chemical analysis reveals the presence of the heptyl acetate integrity indicator, along with the presence of three other esters forming the chemical code of this sample. If the integrity indicator has not evaporated or been washed away by solvents, the other individual esters in the particular formulation are also present. Thus, the presence of the integrity indicator can confirm that the three esters are the only taggant constituents used in this chemical formulation, thus matching the sample taken from the suspect's cuticles, and identifying him (or her) as having been at the scene of the crime.
  • esters representing binary number places 1 , 3 and 8 were the only esters used to formulate the chemical code in question, indicating that the true binary numerical analog is 10000101. This corresponds to the decimal serial number 133 printed on the canister from which the resin matrix sample emanated.
  • a canister such as described in Example 1 is purchased and given to an eight year old child.
  • the serial number on the canister is recorded by the parent and a registration card is filed with a law enforcement agency.
  • the registration card can recite the child's name and address along with a source identification code such as a serial number and canister manufacturer. Six months later the child disappears from its neighborhood.
  • criminal investigators interview known pedophiles in the area. During an interview, investigators recognize a fluorescent paint-like substance on the hands of the person being interviewed. A search warrant is obtained, leading to the discovery of more evidence. Chemical analysis of the resin found on the suspect and in his car reveal the chemical code registered to the missing child. The suspect is arraigned on charges of child abduction.
  • the man sprays the mugger with a substance from a canister such as the one described in Example 1. Knowing he has been tagged with a visible, unique chemical code, the mugger flees.
  • a police report is filed, recording the source identification code, e.g., a serial number, of the canister from which the substance was sprayed.
  • One week later the mugger is arrested in connection with a different crime.
  • the arresting officer recognizes small but visible traces of the marking substance under the mugger's fingernails.
  • a warrant is obtained to search the mugger's home.
  • More of the fluorescent resin material is found in the drain of the mugger's shower.
  • the resin material is collected and analyzed, revealing a chemical code profile.
  • Investigators contact the manufacturer of the substance to obtain the serial number that coincides with the chemical code.
  • the serial number given by the manufacturer corresponds with the serial number on the previous police report, thus connecting the mugger to
  • a field of fifteen "indicators” can be chosen from FDA approved carboxylic esters. Many of these esters can be found in commercially available consumer products and thus presence of the indicators associated with the presence of a particular identifiable composition may be argued to be a contaminant. To belay any doubt at a later time of the origin of the esters, the esters can each be partially enriched with a stable isotope, for example, C-13. According to this example, assume that the natural concentration of C-13 in carboxylic esters is less than 1 %. Hence, the fifteen taggant esters are enriched to have a level of C- 13 greater that 1%, for example, of 2% or higher to distinguish them as products from the specific source of manufacture.
  • the selected esters are chemically constructed using C-13 as the labeling isotope, and mixed with the same non-labeled esters to a concentration of 5% or more of each ester.
  • the resulting esters, with a C-13 enrichment greater than natural levels, are then used as individual indicators in the formulation of the final chemical codes.
  • Another method for authenticating the source of the indicators of a taggant is to chemically modify the indicators in a manner that creates an atypical or unique structure of the indicator.
  • the esters can be halogenated using known esterification methods. Such methods include, for example, use of a halogenated acetic acid such as chloroacetic acid.
  • the halogenated form of the ester can be readily differentiated from the common esters using, for example, a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector.
  • the present example illustrates the use of an isotopically labeled indicator for authenticating the source of an indicator in a taggant.
  • an accused suspect is on trial and a marking substance such as that described in Example 2 was collected from the suspect's hair.
  • the defense argues that the chemical code contained in the marking substance is inconclusive because the evidence may have been contaminated.
  • the prosecution has the evidence examined by mass spectral analysis. Analysis shows that the indicators of the chemical code are isotopically enriched to a concentration greater 15
  • the invention also contemplates a registration system for source identification codes.
  • each unit container of a marking substance is preferably imprinted with an individual source identification code that may be cross-referenced to the chemical code defined by the indicators or taggant in that particular container.
  • the registration system can then provide the identification of the buyer of the canister containing the taggant of the substance when analyzed.
  • Registration cards can be supplied with the product to facilitate this process, or the source identification code may be included as part of the information contained in an appropriate bar code imprinted on each container or on a label thereon.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
  • Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne le marquage d'un objet à l'aide d'une composition qui peut être ultérieurement utilisée pour identifier la source de la composition. Selon un mode de réalisation, la composition est une substance qui peut être observée visuellement et qui comprend un traceur avec un code chimique permettant de lier la substance à une source discrète. Une source de cette substance peut être un conteneur réservé à l'usage personnel, à partir duquel la substance peut être expulsée sous forme d'une pulvérisation ou d'un courant propulsé par un agent propulseur approprié également placé dans ce conteneur.
PCT/US1999/003214 1998-03-03 1999-02-16 Compositions de marquage pouvant etre identifiees et procedes WO1999045514A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU29706/99A AU2970699A (en) 1998-03-03 1999-02-16 Identifiable marking compositions and methods
IL13817899A IL138178A0 (en) 1998-03-03 1999-02-16 Identifiable marking compositions and methods
EP99910954A EP1058919A1 (fr) 1998-03-03 1999-02-16 Compositions de marquage pouvant etre identifiees et procedes
BR9908442-2A BR9908442A (pt) 1998-03-03 1999-02-16 Composições marcadoras identificáveis e métodos
CA002322625A CA2322625A1 (fr) 1998-03-03 1999-02-16 Compositions de marquage pouvant etre identifiees et procedes

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US3357698A 1998-03-03 1998-03-03
US09/033,576 1998-03-03

Publications (1)

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WO1999045514A1 true WO1999045514A1 (fr) 1999-09-10

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PCT/US1999/003214 WO1999045514A1 (fr) 1998-03-03 1999-02-16 Compositions de marquage pouvant etre identifiees et procedes

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EP (1) EP1058919A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1297557A (fr)
AU (1) AU2970699A (fr)
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CA (1) CA2322625A1 (fr)
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DE29917533U1 (de) * 1999-10-05 2000-06-08 Bst Schutztechnik Gmbh Reizstoff- und Markiermitteldispenser
EP1216758A1 (fr) * 2000-11-17 2002-06-26 McLaws, Brent D. Dispositif d'application de marques d'identification
US6647649B2 (en) 1998-12-04 2003-11-18 Tracking Technologies, Inc. Microparticle taggant systems
GB2395045A (en) * 2002-10-02 2004-05-12 Russell Hanabusa Attack deterrent
GB2402790A (en) * 2003-06-03 2004-12-15 Cher Martine Holden Method of marking
WO2006043167A1 (fr) * 2004-10-22 2006-04-27 Douglas Stanley Lightening Procede et composition d'identification
US7055691B2 (en) 2004-02-27 2006-06-06 Owens-Illinois Healthcare Packaging Inc. Plastic packaging having embedded micro-particle taggants
WO2006091561A1 (fr) * 2005-02-22 2006-08-31 Mace Security International, Inc. Compositions de gel sans composé irritant
WO2008007060A1 (fr) * 2006-07-08 2008-01-17 Redweb Security (Uk) Limited Matériau de marquage
US7565273B2 (en) * 2003-01-28 2009-07-21 Accenture Global Services Gmbh Determination of the age, identification and sealing of a product containing volatile components
WO2011038455A1 (fr) * 2009-10-02 2011-04-07 Agtechnix Pty Limited Procédé et système de protection de produit en vrac
US7994400B2 (en) 2002-08-16 2011-08-09 Royster-Clark Resources, Llc Plant seed mixtures
EP2466561A1 (fr) * 2010-12-16 2012-06-20 G4S Cash Solutions (UK) Limited Kit de coloration pour colorer des objets de valeur, appareil et procédé
US9226874B2 (en) 2002-10-31 2016-01-05 Purdue Pharma L.P. Pharmaceutical identification
US9904734B2 (en) 2013-10-07 2018-02-27 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Multimode image and spectral reader
US9963740B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2018-05-08 APDN (B.V.I.), Inc. Method and device for marking articles
US10047282B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2018-08-14 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Encrypted optical markers for security applications
US10519605B2 (en) 2016-04-11 2019-12-31 APDN (B.V.I.), Inc. Method of marking cellulosic products
US10741034B2 (en) 2006-05-19 2020-08-11 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Security system and method of marking an inventory item and/or person in the vicinity
US10745825B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2020-08-18 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Encrypted optical markers for security applications
US10920274B2 (en) 2017-02-21 2021-02-16 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Nucleic acid coated submicron particles for authentication
US10995371B2 (en) 2016-10-13 2021-05-04 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Composition and method of DNA marking elastomeric material

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CN108384349A (zh) * 2018-03-16 2018-08-10 郑智勇 荧光图文喷雾剂及其制作方法

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GB2057003A (en) * 1979-06-27 1981-03-25 Smith K Dye for assisting detection of assailants, thieves and other miscreants, and apparatus for applying the dye
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GB2319337A (en) * 1996-11-12 1998-05-20 Probe Fx Patents Limited Composition for applying to goods as tracer or identifier

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DE1584255B1 (de) * 1966-11-24 1970-06-04 Milton Frank Allen Publication Mittel zum Kennzeichnen eines Diebes von Geldscheinen,Wertpapieren od. dgl.
GB2057003A (en) * 1979-06-27 1981-03-25 Smith K Dye for assisting detection of assailants, thieves and other miscreants, and apparatus for applying the dye
US5474937A (en) * 1993-01-25 1995-12-12 Isotag, L.L.C. Method of identifying chemicals by use of non-radioactive isotopes
WO1995002702A1 (fr) * 1993-07-12 1995-01-26 James Howard Slater Dispositif de securite utilisant une microtrace ultra-sensible pour proteger des matieres, des articles et des produits
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Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6647649B2 (en) 1998-12-04 2003-11-18 Tracking Technologies, Inc. Microparticle taggant systems
DE29917533U1 (de) * 1999-10-05 2000-06-08 Bst Schutztechnik Gmbh Reizstoff- und Markiermitteldispenser
EP1216758A1 (fr) * 2000-11-17 2002-06-26 McLaws, Brent D. Dispositif d'application de marques d'identification
US7994400B2 (en) 2002-08-16 2011-08-09 Royster-Clark Resources, Llc Plant seed mixtures
US8575429B2 (en) 2002-08-16 2013-11-05 Crop Protection Services, Inc. Plant seed mixtures
GB2395045A (en) * 2002-10-02 2004-05-12 Russell Hanabusa Attack deterrent
US9233049B2 (en) 2002-10-31 2016-01-12 Purdue Pharma L.P. Pharmaceutical identification
US9226874B2 (en) 2002-10-31 2016-01-05 Purdue Pharma L.P. Pharmaceutical identification
US7565273B2 (en) * 2003-01-28 2009-07-21 Accenture Global Services Gmbh Determination of the age, identification and sealing of a product containing volatile components
GB2402790A (en) * 2003-06-03 2004-12-15 Cher Martine Holden Method of marking
GB2402790B (en) * 2003-06-03 2005-11-23 Cher Martine Holden Identification device
US7055691B2 (en) 2004-02-27 2006-06-06 Owens-Illinois Healthcare Packaging Inc. Plastic packaging having embedded micro-particle taggants
WO2006043167A1 (fr) * 2004-10-22 2006-04-27 Douglas Stanley Lightening Procede et composition d'identification
WO2006091561A1 (fr) * 2005-02-22 2006-08-31 Mace Security International, Inc. Compositions de gel sans composé irritant
US10741034B2 (en) 2006-05-19 2020-08-11 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Security system and method of marking an inventory item and/or person in the vicinity
US9171443B2 (en) 2006-07-08 2015-10-27 Applied Dna Sciences, Inc. Marking material
WO2008007060A1 (fr) * 2006-07-08 2008-01-17 Redweb Security (Uk) Limited Matériau de marquage
WO2011038455A1 (fr) * 2009-10-02 2011-04-07 Agtechnix Pty Limited Procédé et système de protection de produit en vrac
EP2466561A1 (fr) * 2010-12-16 2012-06-20 G4S Cash Solutions (UK) Limited Kit de coloration pour colorer des objets de valeur, appareil et procédé
US9963740B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2018-05-08 APDN (B.V.I.), Inc. Method and device for marking articles
US10282480B2 (en) 2013-10-07 2019-05-07 Apdn (B.V.I) Multimode image and spectral reader
US9904734B2 (en) 2013-10-07 2018-02-27 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Multimode image and spectral reader
US10047282B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2018-08-14 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Encrypted optical markers for security applications
US10745825B2 (en) 2014-03-18 2020-08-18 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Encrypted optical markers for security applications
US10519605B2 (en) 2016-04-11 2019-12-31 APDN (B.V.I.), Inc. Method of marking cellulosic products
US10995371B2 (en) 2016-10-13 2021-05-04 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Composition and method of DNA marking elastomeric material
US10920274B2 (en) 2017-02-21 2021-02-16 Apdn (B.V.I.) Inc. Nucleic acid coated submicron particles for authentication

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CA2322625A1 (fr) 1999-09-10
EP1058919A1 (fr) 2000-12-13
CN1297557A (zh) 2001-05-30
AU2970699A (en) 1999-09-20
IL138178A0 (en) 2001-10-31
BR9908442A (pt) 2002-01-02

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