WO1999028415A2 - Additif a base d'eau et de carburant limitant les depots de carbone dans des moteurs a combustion - Google Patents

Additif a base d'eau et de carburant limitant les depots de carbone dans des moteurs a combustion Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999028415A2
WO1999028415A2 PCT/US1998/025859 US9825859W WO9928415A2 WO 1999028415 A2 WO1999028415 A2 WO 1999028415A2 US 9825859 W US9825859 W US 9825859W WO 9928415 A2 WO9928415 A2 WO 9928415A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
water
fuel
engine
based additive
mixture
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1998/025859
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO1999028415A3 (fr
Inventor
Shui Yin Lo
Original Assignee
American Technologies Group, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by American Technologies Group, Inc. filed Critical American Technologies Group, Inc.
Priority to AU23060/99A priority Critical patent/AU2306099A/en
Publication of WO1999028415A2 publication Critical patent/WO1999028415A2/fr
Publication of WO1999028415A3 publication Critical patent/WO1999028415A3/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
    • C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
    • F02B77/04—Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of reducing carbon deposition in internal combustion engines by adding a water-based additive to a fuel.
  • the invention also relates to a fuel-water additive mixture.
  • the present invention achieves the above-stated needs by providing a method for reducing carbon deposited in a combustion engine from the burning of hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the method comprises the steps of forming a fuel- water-based additive mixture, and introducing the fuel-water additive mixture to the engine during engine operation such that carbon deposited on the engine from combustion of the fuel- water additive mixture is less than carbon deposited from the combustion of the fuel without the additive.
  • the water-based additive is a structured liquid comprising I E crystal structured liquid.
  • the invention in another aspect, provides a fuel-water additive mixture which comprises a fuel and a water-based additive.
  • objects of the method of the invention and of the fuel- water additive mixture of the invention involve reduction of carbon buildup in an engine which allows use of lower octane fuel.
  • Another object of the invention is the avoidance of problems associated with pre-ignition caused by carbon buildup inside the cylinders.
  • Another object of the invention is the improvement in performance of an engine by the reduction in carbon erosion of valve seats and other control surfaces.
  • Another object of the invention is the reduction in emissions caused by such carbon erosion which allows incomplete combustion products to escape into the exhaust thus raising emissions.
  • Another object of the invention is the maintenance of combustion efficiency for a longer period of the life of the engine thus saving fuel and reducing maintenance costs.
  • FIGURES Figure 1 is a diagram of the apparatus and equipment set-up to determine the effects of the additive of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows engine exhaust total hydrocarbon (THC) emission in the absence of the water-based additive.
  • Figure 3 shows engine exhaust carbon monoxide (CO) emission in the absence of the water-based additive.
  • Figure 4 shows engine exhaust nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emission in the absence of the water-based additive.
  • Figure 5 shows that the amount of carbon deposited on the piston head in 30 minutes over a range of engine speeds with and without the water-based additive.
  • Figure 6 shows a reverse osmosis membrane set-up used for concentrating I E crystal structure solutions for making the water based additive.
  • the present invention provides a method for reducing carbon deposited in a combustion engine from the burning of hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the method comprises the steps of forming a fuel-water based additive mixture by adding a sufficient amount of a water-based additive to a fuel to form the fuel- water based additive mixture.
  • the fuel- water based additive mixture is introduced to the engine during engine operation such that carbon deposited on the engine from combustion of the fuel- water based additive mixture is less than carbon deposited from the combustion of the fuel without the additive.
  • the invention in another aspect, provides a fuel-water based additive mixture which comprises a fuel and the water based additive.
  • the method and mixture of the invention reduced carbon buildup in an engine.
  • the invention also provides methods for achieving use of lower octane fuel, avoidance of problems associated with pre-ignition caused by carbon buildup inside the cylinders, reduction in fuel costs of an engine by allowing use of lower octane fuel, improvement in performance of an engine by the reduction in carbon erosion of valve seats and other control surfaces, and reduction in emissions caused by such carbon erosion which allows incomplete combustion products to escape into the exhaust thus raising emissions, and maintenance of higher combustion efficiency for a longer period of the life of the engine thus saving fuel and reducing maintenance costs.
  • the water-based additive comprises a small amount of crystalline structured water with crystals, referred to herein as I E crystals, in the micron or submicron size range. Growth and formation of these I E crystalline water structures and preparation of the water-based additive are described below.
  • Pending U.S. Patent Applications 08/558,330 and 08/799,645, which are incorporated by reference, also disclose I E crystalline water structures, solutions thereof, methods for making the I E crystals, and methods for making concentrated solutions of the I E water crystals.
  • the type of microscopic crystalline structure, referred to therein is also referred to herein as I E crystal structured water. Accordingly, the water-based additive of the present invention is an I E crystal based additive.
  • I E crystal structured water is a structured liquid in which the I E crystal structures are induced in the liquid by strong electric fields from the electric field of an ion or from the dipole moment of molecules. While structured liquids can be formed from a variety of polar solvents, I E -structured water is a specific case of the general class of structured liquids that is formed from water molecules.
  • I E structured water is illustrated as follows: When salt (e.g. NaCl) is dissolved in water, the sodium and the chlorine become ions in the water because of the strong dipole moment of water molecules. Very dilute solutions are considered in which positively or negatively charged ions attract water molecules which have electric dipole moments. However, under these very dilute conditions, one finds that the water molecules surrounding an ion turn into a form of ice, not the ordinary ice where the unit cell has translational invariance, but one in which the crystalline structure of water surrounding the ion has a special symmetry due to the spherical nature of the coulombic force between the ion and the water molecule.
  • salt e.g. NaCl
  • Very dilute solutions are considered in which positively or negatively charged ions attract water molecules which have electric dipole moments.
  • the water molecules surrounding an ion turn into a form of ice, not the ordinary ice where the unit cell has translational invariance, but one in which the crystalline structure of water surrounding the ion has
  • the spherical symmetric icy structure surrounding ions is called I E structure indicating it is an icy structure formed under the effect of an electric field.
  • the I E structures were observed and recorded under electron microscopy, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 08/799,645, and as disclosed in Lo, Shui-Yin (1996) "Anomalous State of Ice,” Modern Physics Letters B, 10:909-919; and (1996) "Physical Properties of Water with I E Structures," Modern Physics Letters B, 10:921-930.
  • the method involves forming a first structured liquid comprising the I E structures and/or fragments of I E structures.
  • This structured liquid comprises a liquid having a dielectric constant greater than 1 and a material having an uneven distribution in charge on the surface of the material. An example of such material is NaCl.
  • the first structured liquid is sufficiently diluted by repetitive dilution to form a second structured liquid. From the second structured liquid, the I E structures are concentrated to form a concentrated crystal solution.
  • a concentrated I E solution has been achieved using a reverse osmosis membrane.
  • the exact size and type of filter depended on the dipole liquid selected to start with in creating the crystal structure solution.
  • the reverse osmosis membrane pore size selection and concentration of the structured liquid is achieved according to the physical size of the crystal structures involved.
  • a quantity of a dilute or weak I E crystal structure solution is passed through a reverse osmosis unit which contains a membrane with a pore size of about 1.8 nanometers. This size filter is small enough and intended to allow only the passage of single molecules of water at one time through the pore.
  • the reverse osmosis unit is typical of those commercially available in various sizes and flow capacities and consists of an outside housing, a membrane and sealed end caps with holes for tubing to be connected.
  • a carbonator type vane pump with an electric motor is attached by tubing to the reverse osmosis unit inlet side and when the motor is turned on, the pump maintains a pressure on the membrane by means of the tubing, kept in the range of 100-200 psi by adjusting a valve on the outlet side of the reverse osmosis unit.
  • a key strategy for varying the concentration of the very dilute I E crystal solution is the use of the reverse osmosis machine in reverse from its intended method by disposing of the output water and recycling the water that will not pass through the filter pore size selected.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a reverse osmosis system 10 for concentrating crystal structured water.
  • the weak solution 102 is added to tank 100 then said weak solution is drawn up through pipe 108 by means of pump 118 then pressurized into tube 112 which goes through pressure gage 116 and on through tube 114 into the entry side of the reverse osmosis unit 120.
  • the weak solution then flows through the membrane assembly 122 wherein the single water molecules are driven through said membrane 122 by the pressure created by pump 118 acting against valve 126 and exit through port 128 and are collected through tube 130 into tank 104 as a weaker solution 106.
  • the crystal structure water being composed of groups of water molecules, does not go through the membrane 122 and so it flows out of the reverse osmosis unit 120 through port 124.
  • the now more concentrated crystal structure water then flows through adjustable valve 126 which is adjusted to create the membrane back pressure as shown at the valve 116.
  • the crystal structure water then returns through tube 110 to the original tank 100 where it mixes with the weak solution 102 remaining in tank 100.
  • the water-based additive of the invention used in the example disclosed herein was prepared by a doping method.
  • water was used as a dipole liquid.
  • 0.05 moles of platinum chloride was mixed with 100 ml of pure 18 Meg source water, which is a highly pure water. Removal of impurities from the dipole liquid was extremely important.
  • the resulting mixture was called DO.
  • DO was then serially diluted to produce progressively more dilute solutions which were designated, respectively, Dl through D9. For example, Dl was produced by mixing 10 ml of DO with 90 ml of pure 18 Meg source water.
  • D2, D3, D4 and so on up to D9 were produced in the same manner as Dl, that is by adding 10 ml of each dilution to 90 ml of 18 Meg pure source water. Equal volumes of D9 solution and PVC beads (i.e. 50% v/v) were mixed. The PVC beads were 65 durometer, food grade PVC pellets.
  • the D9-PVC solution was allowed to stand for about two hours, at which time the UV absorbance (wavelength 195 nm) of the solution was, in the various solutions prepared by this method, from about 0.5 to about 2.0. In order to concentrate the I E structures, this solution was then processed through a reverse osmosis filter and the volume reduced to 1/1 Oth to l/40th of the original volume.
  • This reduced volume had a UV absorbance at 195 nm of about 1.5 to about 3.0 in the various reduced volume solutions prepared by this method.
  • percent by weight of I E structures in this dipole liquid i.e. water
  • This I E structured liquid is considered the water-based additive of the invention.
  • a percent I E solution means
  • the water based additive had a UV absorbance at 195 nm of 2.5.
  • the water -based additive was mixed with 95% 2-propanol in a ratio of one part water-based additive to 20 parts 2-propanol, a ratio of 1 :20.
  • the water-based additive- isopropanol mixture was mixed with the fuel in a ratio of two parts of water-based additive- isopropanol mixture to 98 parts fuel, such that the water based additive (I E structured liquid) was 0.1% or lOOOppm in the fuel, forming a fuel-water based additive mixture.
  • the concentration of I E structures in the water- based additive i.e. the percentage I E solution
  • a preferred range of concentrations is from about 0.5% to about 10%.
  • the water based additive of the invention was first mixed in a 1 :20 ratio with 95% 2-propanol.
  • the water based additive-isopropanol mix was added to the fuel to form a 0.1% (v/v) fuel-water additive mixture, i.e 1000 ppm..
  • the fuel- water additive mixture reduced carbon deposited when the mixture was introduced to the engine and underwent combustion.
  • the loading levels of water-based additive to fuel that find use in the invention range from about 0.02%) (v/v) to about 5.0% (v/v), a preferred range being from about 0.03% (v/v) to about 3.0% (v/v).
  • the hydrocarbon fuel which comprised the fuel- water based additive of the invention was 87 RON (research octane number) Chevron regular gasoline that was commercially available.
  • hydrocarbon fuels which finds utility in the invention include, but are not restricted to, the group consisting of gasoline, diesel fuel, methane, propane, heating oils, bunker oils, naptha, and methanol, which hydrocarbon fuels are used in internal combustion engines, including spark-ignited engines, diesel engines, gas turbines, and in boilers and heaters.
  • the dynamometer was used to start and load the engine. It was also possible to monitor engine speed, torque, cylinder pressure, manifold pressure, cooling air pressure, and power output of the engine by the dynamometer.
  • the cylinder or combustion chamber in the engine is made of a special heat resistant glass. This enabled one to monitor carbon deposition during engine operation.
  • High accuracy rotometers were used to measure both the flow rates of fuel and air.
  • An electronic fuel pump and surge-tank were used to establish reliable fuel and air delivery, respectively.
  • the engine system had two carburetor controls. A needle valve controlled the amount of fuel that flowed through the lines, and a throttle valve controlled the amount of air in the airfuel mixture to establish the equivalence ratio( ⁇ , defined as the actual airfuel ratio to the stoichiometric airfuel ratio).
  • ⁇ defined as the actual airfuel ratio to the stoichiometric airfuel ratio
  • a commercially available gasoline with 87 RON was used as the fuel. In order to avoid fuel composition changes, the same batch of gasoline was used for all of the studies described herein.
  • the water-based fuel additive used an I E crystal solution having a concentration of about 2% I E . crystals.
  • the water based additive was prepared as described above.
  • a fuel-water based additive mixture was formed by adding a water-based additive (which, as described above, is a 1 :20 mixture of the I E solution and 2-propanol)to the fuel and homogeneously dispersing it into the fuel.
  • a water-based additive which, as described above, is a 1 :20 mixture of the I E solution and 2-propanol
  • the fuel-water based additive mixture was introduced to the engine during engine operation.
  • Engine-out emissions for NO x , total hydrocarbons (THC) and CO were measured by an on-line digital gas analyzer (OTC RG240 Digital Gas Analyzer, Owatonna, MN) connected to the exhaust pipe by a sample line.
  • Carbon deposits in the engine were measured gravimetrically as follows.
  • the engine was operated under sufficiently fuel-rich conditions that led to measurable amounts of carbon deposits on the piston head in a 30-minute run.
  • the engine was completely dismantled, and the carbon deposited on the piston head was carefully scraped off, and weighed using a sensitive analytical balance.
  • the engine was then reassembled to undertake the next study. In the first set of studies, procedures were carried out in the absence of the water based additive to establish the baseline conditions.
  • NO x emissions from combustion sources lies in its contribution to the formation of secondary atmospheric pollutants.
  • NO x emissions increased with increasing equivalence ratio within the range investigated as expected from flame temperature considerations.
  • NO x concentration showed maxima around equivalence ratio of 1.05, as expected
  • the steps of the invention which involved forming the fuel- water based additive mixture and introducing the mixture to the engine during engine operation comprise the following methods which the invention also provides: method for using lower octane fuel; method for increasing efficiency of engine performance by reducing the rate of pre-ignition caused by carbon build-up in the cylinders); method for reducing fuel costs of an engine by allowing use of lower octane fuel; method for increasing engine performance by reducing carbon erosion of valve seats and other control surfaces; method for reducing emissions caused by such carbon erosion which allows incomplete combustion products to escape into the exhaust thus raising emissions; method for maintaining combustion efficiency for a longer period of the life of the engine thus saving fuel and reducing maintenance costs.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé servant à limiter les dépôts de carbone dans un moteur à combustion et consistant à préparer un mélange d'additif à base d'eau et de carburant et à introduire ce mélange dans le moteur pendant le fonctionnement de ce dernier, de sorte que les dépôts de carbone sur le moteur provenant de la combustion de ce mélange sont moins importants que ceux provenant de la combustion du carburant sans additif. Cet additif est un liquide structuré contenant une structure cristalline IE. Mélange d'additif à base d'eau et de carburant contenant un additif à base de carburant et d'eau.
PCT/US1998/025859 1997-12-04 1998-12-04 Additif a base d'eau et de carburant limitant les depots de carbone dans des moteurs a combustion WO1999028415A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU23060/99A AU2306099A (en) 1997-12-04 1998-12-04 Water-based fuel additive that reduces carbon deposition in combustion engines

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US98514497A 1997-12-04 1997-12-04
US08/985,144 1997-12-04

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999028415A2 true WO1999028415A2 (fr) 1999-06-10
WO1999028415A3 WO1999028415A3 (fr) 2000-03-30

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2851294A1 (fr) * 2003-02-18 2004-08-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert Procede d'adjonction d'un additif au carburant d'un moteur a combustion interne

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2934415A (en) * 1956-09-17 1960-04-26 Shell Oil Co Hydrocarbon compositions
US4140090A (en) * 1975-10-17 1979-02-20 Owen, Wickersham & Erickson Precombustion chamber, stratified charge internal combustion engine system using a highly combustible gas in the precombustion chamber
US4167607A (en) * 1977-12-19 1979-09-11 Diamond Shamrock Technologies S.A. Halogen electrodes and storage batteries
US4368696A (en) * 1980-07-29 1983-01-18 Reinhardt Weldon E Electrolytic supplemental fuel generation for motor vehicles
US5231954A (en) * 1992-08-05 1993-08-03 J. C. Conner Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2934415A (en) * 1956-09-17 1960-04-26 Shell Oil Co Hydrocarbon compositions
US4140090A (en) * 1975-10-17 1979-02-20 Owen, Wickersham & Erickson Precombustion chamber, stratified charge internal combustion engine system using a highly combustible gas in the precombustion chamber
US4167607A (en) * 1977-12-19 1979-09-11 Diamond Shamrock Technologies S.A. Halogen electrodes and storage batteries
US4368696A (en) * 1980-07-29 1983-01-18 Reinhardt Weldon E Electrolytic supplemental fuel generation for motor vehicles
US5231954A (en) * 1992-08-05 1993-08-03 J. C. Conner Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2851294A1 (fr) * 2003-02-18 2004-08-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert Procede d'adjonction d'un additif au carburant d'un moteur a combustion interne

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1999028415A3 (fr) 2000-03-30
AU2306099A (en) 1999-06-16

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