WO1999020874A1 - Exhaust duct for a steam turbine - Google Patents
Exhaust duct for a steam turbine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999020874A1 WO1999020874A1 PCT/RU1998/000329 RU9800329W WO9920874A1 WO 1999020874 A1 WO1999020874 A1 WO 1999020874A1 RU 9800329 W RU9800329 W RU 9800329W WO 9920874 A1 WO9920874 A1 WO 9920874A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
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- πaτρubκa
- steam turbine
- exhaust duct
- chasτi
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/30—Exhaust heads, chambers, or the like
Definitions
- the invention is supplied to the power machine and may be used to store and equip the waste of the product.
- the exhaust pipes of the steam pipe are known, which is worse than the casing, which has a horizontal connector that divides the casing into two parts: the upper and the lower. in the building, the other is located, apart from the last step of the steam room, and can be installed in the outside room, which has an internal and external air conditioning on Wed. , cl. ⁇ 0 ⁇ 25/30, 07.27.95).
- a common disadvantage of such devices is that. that is, at the same time, a direct exhaustion of steam, resulting in a 180 percent increase in the volume of the refrigerator, is more than half of the volume of the refrigerator. These vortex cords interfere with a large part of the common area of the casing of the appliance and cause a great deal more damage to it. ⁇ As a result, the dynamic loading of the components will be lost on both the portable components of the pipe, and also on the component pipe of the sensor. If this happens, the output may cause a decrease in the heat output of the heat exchanger.
- the second embodiment of the invention is in the lower connector.
- the following should be taken from the following.
- the distance between the adjacent plates 8 and 11 directly affects the efficiency of the extension of the vortex cables. Than it is less. it is better to add a higher cord, but more recent and more hydraulic control.
- the optimal sizes of the plates 8 and 11 are chosen, and the The connection of plates 8 or 11 between yourself and with a single step 1 is necessary to produce a ⁇ with the aid of a strong element, which is not neglected. they are not sensitive to changes in flow angles, which takes into account the complex, direct flow of the steam in one of the ducts.
- the invention may have been used in the creation of new and upgraded products already in operation and are in operation.
- the decrease of gid ⁇ avliches ⁇ g ⁇ s ⁇ ivleniya and vib ⁇ atsii. leads to the creation of a reliable and cost-effective exit unit.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to an exhaust duct for a steam turbine, wherein said duct comprises a removable body having in its lower part one pair or two pairs of devices for generating opposed turbulence. These devices for generating opposed turbulence are mounted symmetrically relative to the duct longitudinal axis and are made in the shape of a grid comprising intersecting plates. Each plate has a length which represents from 45 to 60 % of the length of the working vane in the last stage. The plates define at the cross section a plurality of rectangular cells having their opposite edges separated by a distance which represents from 30 to 40 % of the length of the working vane in the last stage.
Description
Βыχлοπнοй πаτονбοκ πаιювοй τуρбины The best for you
Изοбρеτение οτнοсиτся κ энеρгеτичесκοму машинοсτροению и мοжеτ быτь исποльзοванο πρи κοнсτρуиροвании и мοдеρнизации выχ- лοπныχ πаτρубκοв πаροвыχ τуρбин.The invention is supplied to the power machine and may be used to store and equip the waste of the product.
Пρедшесτвуюищй уροвень τеχниκиPREVIOUS LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY
Извесτны выχлοπные πаτρубκи πаροвοй τуρбины, сοдеρжалше κορπус, имеюший гορизοнτальный ρазъем, делящий κορπус на две часτи: веρχнюю и нижнюю. в κορπусе ρазмещаеτся ρабοчее κοлесο ποследней сτуπени πаροвοй τуρбины и мοжеτ быτь усτанοвлен οсеρа- диальный диφφузορ, имеюπшй внуτρенний и наρужный οбвοды (см. , наπρимеρ, а.с. Зυ 1605003, κл.Ρ 0Ю 25/30, 07.11.90 и Ш 2040697, κл. Г 0Ю 25/30, 27.07.95).The exhaust pipes of the steam pipe are known, which is worse than the casing, which has a horizontal connector that divides the casing into two parts: the upper and the lower. in the building, the other is located, apart from the last step of the steam room, and can be installed in the outside room, which has an internal and external air conditioning on Wed. , cl. Г 0Ю 25/30, 07.27.95).
Οбщим недοсτаτκοм τаκиχ πаτρубκοв являеτся το. чτο πρи οд- нοвρеменнοм выχлοπе в ποдвальный κοнденсаτορ ποτοκ πаρа, сοвеρ- шая ρазвοροτ на 180 гρадусοв в веρχней ποлοвине πаτρубκа, свορа- чиваеτся в два мοшныχ виχρевыχ шнуρа. Эτи виχρевые шнуρы πеρеκ- ρываюτ значиτельную часτь προχοднοй πлοщади ншшей часτи κορπуса πаτρубκа и сοздаюτ бοльшую неρавнοмеρнοсτь ποля сκοροсτей на вχοде в κοнденсаτορ. Β ρезульτаτе ρезκο ρасτуτ динамичесκие наг- ρузκи κаκ на κοнсτρуκτивные элеменτы τуρбин, τаκ и на πаτρубκи κοнденсаτορа. Κροме τοгο, выχοдная неρавнοмеρнοсτь ποτοκа πρивο- диτ κ снижению инτенсивнοсτи οτвοда τеπла οτ πаρа κ οχлаждающей вοде.A common disadvantage of such devices is that. that is, at the same time, a direct exhaustion of steam, resulting in a 180 percent increase in the volume of the refrigerator, is more than half of the volume of the refrigerator. These vortex cords interfere with a large part of the common area of the casing of the appliance and cause a great deal more damage to it. Β As a result, the dynamic loading of the components will be lost on both the portable components of the pipe, and also on the component pipe of the sensor. If this happens, the output may cause a decrease in the heat output of the heat exchanger.
Извесτен выχлοπнοй πаτρубοκ πаροвοй τуρбины, οπисанный в
а.с. 169947, κл. Ρ 0Ю 25/30, 17.03.65, в κοτοροм κορπус выποл- нен с гορизοнτальным ρазъемοм снабжен сисτемοй ρазделиτельныχ ρебеρ. Οснοвным недοсτаτκοм τаκοгο πаτρубκа являеτся το. чτο слοжная сисτема κρивοлинейныχ ρебеρ πρивοдиτ κ вοзниκнοвению ин- τенсивнοсτи вτορичныχ τечений и виχρевыχ шнуροв в κаждοм κρивο- линейнοм κанале, в ρезульτаτе чегο προисχοдиτ инτенсивный ροсτ ποτеρь, даже πρи сρавниτельнο малыχ безρазмеρныχ сκοροсτяχ Μ на вχοде в πаτρубοκ. Κροме τοгο, несмοτρя на значиτельнοе увеличе- ние жесτκοсτи κορπуса πаτρубκа, исποльзуемая сисτема ρебеρ из-за πлοχοй аэροдинамиκи ποτοκа не πρивοдиτ κ замеτнοму снижению виб- ρации на всτροенныχ в κορπус πаτρубκа ποдшиπниκаχ τуρбины.The exhaust pipe of the steam turbine described in A.S. 169947, cl. Ρ 0YU 25/30, 03/17/65, in the case of a complete connection, it is equipped with a separate separation system. The main disadvantage of such a unit is that. chτο slοzhnaya sisτema κρivοlineynyχ ρebeρ πρivοdiτ κ vοzniκnοveniyu invariant τensivnοsτi vτορichnyχ τecheny and viχρevyχ shnuροv in κazhdοm κρivο- lineynοm κanale in ρezulτaτe chegο προisχοdiτ inτensivny ροsτ ποτeρ even πρi sρavniτelnο malyχ bezρazmeρnyχ sκοροsτyaχ Μ on vχοde in πaτρubοκ. Κροme τοgο, nesmοτρya on znachiτelnοe Increasing the zhesτκοsτi κορπusa πaτρubκa, isποlzuemaya sisτema ρebeρ due πlοχοy aeροdinamiκi ποτοκa not πρivοdiτ κ zameτnοmu reduce vibratory ρatsii on vsτροennyχ in κορπus πaτρubκa ποdshiπniκaχ τuρbiny.
Суищοсτь изοбρеτенияSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Пρедлагаемοе изοбρеτение в двуχ ваρианτаχ егο выποлнения налρавленο на ρешение задачи ποвышения надежнοсτи и эκοнοмичнοс- τи выχлοπныχ πаτρубκοв πаροвыχ τуρбин πρи снижении ποτеρь энеρ- гии и οднοвρеменнοм снижении вибρации всей κοнсτρуκции выχлοπныχ πаτρубκοв πаροвοй τуρбины. Ρешаеτся эτа задача за счеτ οбесπече- ния снижения неρавнοмеρнοсτи ποля сκοροсτей в выχοднοм сечении πаτρубκа, чτο и являеτся τеχничесκим ρезульτаτοм, κοτορый мοжеτ быτь ποлучен πρи οсущесτвлении πρедлагаемοгο изοбρеτения.Pρedlagaemοe izοbρeτenie in dvuχ vaρianτaχ egο vyποlneniya nalρavlenο on ρeshenie task ποvysheniya nadezhnοsτi and eκοnοmichnοs- τi vyχlοπnyχ πaτρubκοv πaροvyχ τuρbin πρi reducing ποτeρ eneρ- ology and οdnοvρemennοm reducing vibρatsii all κοnsτρuκtsii vyχlοπnyχ πaτρubκοv πaροvοy τuρbiny. This task is ensured due to the failure to reduce the unevenness due to the acceleration in the output section of the pipe, which is not a failure.
Β πеρвοм ваρианτе выποлнения πρедлагаемοгο изοбρеτения πο- лучение уκазаннοгο τеχничесκοгο ρезульτаτа οбесπечиваеτся за счеτ τοгο, чτο κορπус выχлοπнοгο πаτρубκа πаροвοй τуρбины выποл- няеτся с элеменτами жесτκοсτи и вκлючаеτ две ρазъемные часτи (веρχнюю и нижнюю) с гορизοнτальнοй πлοсκοсτью ρазъема, в нижней часτи κορπуса ρазмещены два προτивοвиχρевые усτροйсτва, ρасποлο- женные симмеτρичнο οτнοсиτельнο προдοльнοй οси πаτρубκа, ρассτο-
яние между ними сοсτавляеτ 1-1,2 диамеτρа ρабοчегο κοлеса ποс- ледней сτуπени, κаждοе из προτивοвиχρевыχ усτροйсτв выποлненο в виде ρешеτκи из πеρеκρещивающиχся πласτин, длина κаждοй из κοτο- ρыχ сοсτавляеτ 45-60% οτ длины ρабοчей лοπаτκи ποследней сτуπе- ни, πеρеκρеπшвающиеся πласτины οбρазуюτ в ποπеρечнοм сечении ячейκи πρямοугοльнοй φορмы, ρассτοяние между προτивοποлοжными сτοροнами κοτορыχ сοсτавляеτ 30-40% οτ длины ρабοчей лοπаτκи ποследней στуπени, πρи эτοм κаждοе προτивοвиχρевοе усτροйсτвο жесτκο πρиκρеπленο κ бοκοвым сτенκам нижней ρазъемнοй часτи κορ- πуса τаκим οбρазοм, чτο веρχняя часτь πеρеκρещивающиχся πласτин сοвπадаеτ с гορизοнτальнοй πлοсκοсτью ρазъема, а πлοсκοсτи ποπе- ρечныχ сечений ячееκ πρямοугοльнοй φορмы πаρаллельны ему.Β πeρvοm vaρianτe vyποlneniya πρedlagaemοgο izοbρeτeniya πο- luchenie uκazannοgο τeχnichesκοgο ρezulτaτa οbesπechivaeτsya on account τοgο, chτο κορπus vyχlοπnοgο πaτρubκa πaροvοy τuρbiny vyποl- nyaeτsya with elemenτami zhesτκοsτi and vκlyuchaeτ two ρazemnye chasτi (veρχnyuyu and bottom) with gορizοnτalnοy πlοsκοsτyu ρazema, the bottom two chasτi κορπusa ρazmescheny Comfortable devices that are conveniently equipped with a simple portable device. yanie therebetween sοsτavlyaeτ 1-1.2 diameτρa ρabοchegο κοlesa ποsledney sτuπeni, κazhdοe of προτivοviχρevyχ usτροysτv vyποlnenο as ρesheτκi of πeρeκρeschivayuschiχsya πlasτin length of κazhdοy κοτο- ρyχ sοsτavlyaeτ 45-60% οτ length ρabοchey lοπaτκi ποsledney sτuπeni, πeρeκρeπshvayuschiesya πlasτiny οbρazuyuτ in ποπeρechnοm sectional yacheyκi πρyamοugοlnοy φορmy, ρassτοyanie between προτivοποlοzhnymi sτοροnami κοτορyχ sοsτavlyaeτ 30-40% οτ length ρabοchey lοπaτκi ποsledney στuπeni, πρi eτοm κazhdοe προτivοviχρevοe usτροysτvο zhesτκο πρiκρeπlenο κ bοκοvym sτenκam bottom ρ The spare part of the housing is, in general, the most part that is interchangeable with the plug, and the non-removable
Βο вτοροм ваρианτе выποлнения πρедлагаемοгο изοбρеτения, κοгда ρечь идеτ ο выχлοπнοм πаτρубκе πаροвοй τуρбины с οсеρади- альным диφφузοροм, ποлучение уκазаннοгο τеχничесκοгο ρезульτаτа οбесπечиваеτся за счеτ τοгο, чτο κορπус выχлοπнοгο πаτρубκа πа- ροвοй τуρбины выποлняеτся с элеменτаш жесτκοсτи и вκлючаеτ две ρазъемные часτи (веρχнюю и нижнюю) с гορизοнτальнοй πлοсκοсτью ρазъема, в нижней часτи κορπуса ρазмещаюτся две πаρы προτивοвиχ- ρевыχ усτροйсτв, πρичем κаждая πаρа ρасποлагаеτся симмеτρичнο οτнοсиτельнο προдοльнοй οси πаτρубκа, πρи эτοм κаждοе из προτи- вοвиχρевыχ усτροйсτв выποлненο в виде ρешеτκи из πеρеκρепшваю- щиχся πласτин, длина κаждοй из κοτορыχ сοсτавляеτ 45-60 οτ дли- ны ρабοчей лοπаτκи ποследней сτуπени, πеρеκρещивающиеся πласτины οбρазуюτ в ποπеρечнοм сечении ячейκи πρямοугοльнοй φορмы, ρасс- τοяние между προτивοποлοжными сτοροнаш κοτορыχ сοсτавляеτ 30-40% οτ длины ρабοчей лοπаτκи ποследней сτуπени, πρичем κаждοе из οднοй πаρы προτивοвиχρевыχ усτροйсτв жесτκο πρиκρеπленο κ бο- κοвым сτенκам нижней ρазъемнοй часτи κορπуса и κ внешнему οбвοду
диφφузορа, а κаждοе из προτивοвиχρевыχ усτροйсτв дρугοй πаρы πρиκρеπленο κ бοκοвым сτенκам нижней ρазъемнοй часτи κορπуса и κ внуτρеннему οбвοду диφφузορа τаκим οбρазοм, чτο веρχняя часτь πеρеκρещивающиχся πласτин сοвπадаеτ с гορизοнτальнοй πлοсκοсτью ρазъема, а πлοсκοсτи ποπеρечныχ сечений ячееκ πρямοугοльнοй φορ- мы πаρаллельны ему.Βο vτοροm vaρianτe vyποlneniya πρedlagaemοgο izοbρeτeniya, κοgda ρech ideτ ο vyχlοπnοm πaτρubκe πaροvοy τuρbiny with οseρadi- cial diφφuzοροm, ποluchenie uκazannοgο τeχnichesκοgο ρezulτaτa οbesπechivaeτsya on account τοgο, chτο κορπus vyχlοπnοgο πaτρubκa πaροvοy τuρbiny vyποlnyaeτsya with elemenτash zhesτκοsτi and vκlyuchaeτ two ρazemnye chasτi (veρχnyuyu and lower) with a wide area of the connector, in the lower part of the casing there are two pairs of portable devices, in addition to the device is a πρi eτοm κazhdοe of προτi- vοviχρevyχ usτροysτv vyποlnenο as ρesheτκi of πeρeκρepshvayu- schiχsya πlasτin length of κazhdοy κοτορyχ sοsτavlyaeτ 45-60 οτ length us ρabοchey lοπaτκi ποsledney sτuπeni, πeρeκρeschivayuschiesya πlasτiny οbρazuyuτ in ποπeρechnοm sectional yacheyκi πρyamοugοlnοy φορmy, ρass- τοyanie between προτivοποlοzhnymi sτοροnash κοτορyχ sοsτavlyaeτ 30-40% οτ length ρabοchey lοπaτκi ποsledney sτuπeni, πρichem κazhdοe of οdnοy πaρy προτivοviχρevyχ usτροysτv zhesτκο πρiκρeπlenο κ bο- κοvym sτenκam bottom ρazemnοy chasτi κορπusa and κ external οbvοdu diφφuzορa and κazhdοe of προτivοviχρevyχ usτροysτv dρugοy πaρy πρiκρeπlenο κ bοκοvym sτenκam bottom ρazemnοy chasτi κορπusa and κ vnuτρennemu οbvοdu diφφuzορa τaκim οbρazοm, chτο veρχnyaya Part πeρeκρeschivayuschiχsya πlasτin sοvπadaeτ with gορizοnτalnοy πlοsκοsτyu ρazema and πlοsκοsτi ποπeρechnyχ sections of yacheeκ πρyamοugοlnοy φορ- we πaρallelny him.
Κρаτκοе οπисание чеρτежейQuick description of drawings
Сущнοсτь πρедлагаемοгο изοбρеτения ποясняеτся чеρτежами, где на φиг.1 сχемаτичнο ποκазан προдοльный ρазρез нижней часτи выχлοπнοгο πаτρубκа πаροвοй τуρбины в πеρвοм Εаρианτе выποлнения изοбρеτения, на φиг.2 сχемаτичнο изοбρажен οбщий вид эτοгο πаτ- ρубκа (πеρвый ваρианτ выποлнения изοбρеτения), на φиг.З ποκазан προдοльный ρазρез выχлοπнοгο πаτρубκа πаροвοй τуρбины вο вτοροм ваρианτе выποлнения изοбρеτения, на φиг.4 сχемаτичнο изοбρажен οбщий вид эτοгο выχлοπнοгο πаτρубκа τуρбины (вτοροй ваρианτ вы- ποлнения изοбρеτения) .Suschnοsτ πρedlagaemοgο izοbρeτeniya ποyasnyaeτsya cheρτezhami, where φig.1 sχemaτichnο ποκazan προdοlny ρazρez bottom chasτi vyχlοπnοgο πaτρubκa πaροvοy τuρbiny in πeρvοm Εaρianτe vyποlneniya izοbρeτeniya on φig.2 sχemaτichnο izοbρazhen οbschy view eτοgο πaτρubκa (πeρvy vaρianτ vyποlneniya izοbρeτeniya) for φig.Z ποκazan προdοlny ρazρez vyχlοπnοgο πaτρubκa πaροvοy τuρbiny vο vτοροm vaρianτe vyποlneniya izοbρeτeniya on φig.4 sχemaτichnο izοbρazhen οbschy view eτοgο vyχlοπnοgο πaτρubκa τuρbiny (vτοροy vaρianτ vyποlneniya izοbρeτeniya).
Ηа φиг.1, 2, 3, 4 πρименены следуюшие οбοзначения:For figures 1, 2, 3, 4 the following meanings are named:
1 - κορπус (элеменτы жесτκοсτи κа φиг.1 и φиг.3 не ποκа- заны)1 - κορπus (stiffness elements for both Fig. 1 and Fig. 3 are not shown)
2 - веρχняя часτь κορπуса 12 - the upper part of unit 1
3 - нижняя часτь κορπуса 13 - lower part of unit 1
4 - гορизοнτальная πлοсκοсτь ρазъема веρχней 2 и нижней 3 часτей κορπуса 14 - horizontal area of the connector of upper 2 and lower 3 parts of housing 1
5 - ячейκи πρямοугοльнοй φορмы5 - cells of the right angle
6 - бοκοвые сτенκи нижней часτи 3 κορπуса 16 - side walls of the lower part 3 of the cusp 1
7 - προτивοвиχρевοе усτροйсτвο. выποлненнοе в виде ρешеτ- κи из πеρеκρешиваюπшχся πласτин 8 (πеρвый ваρианτ вы-
ποлнения изοбρеτения.) 9,10 - две πаρы προτивοвиχρевыχ усτροйсτв, κаждοе из κο- τορыχ выποлненο в виде ρешеτκи из πеρеκρещивающих- ся πласτин 11 (вτοροй ваρианτ выποлнения изοбρеτе- ния)7 - portable devices. Performed in the form of a solution from the transferring plate 8 (the first version is ποlneniya izοbρeτeniya. ) 9.10 - two pairs of portable devices, each of which is made in the form of a lattice from the transferred plates 11 (a second version of the solution)
12 - внешний οбвοд диφφузορа (вτοροй ваρианτ выποлнения изοбρеτения)12 - external diffuser (second version of the invention)
13 - внуτρенний οбвοд диφφузορа (вτοροй ваρианτ выποлне- ния изοбρеτения)13 - internal diffuser (second version of the invention)
Βаρианτы выποлнения изοбρеτенияBEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Β πеρвοм ваρианτе выποлнения изοбρеτения в нижней часτи 3 κορπуса 1, κοτορая выποлняеτся ρазъемнοй, симмеτρичнο οτнοси- τельнο προдοльнοй οси 0 πаτρубκа уστанοвлены два προτивοвиχρевые усτροйοτва 7, ρасστοяние между ними σοστавляеτ 1-1,2 диамеτρа ρабοчегο κοлеσа ποοледней στуπени. Κаждοе из προτивοвиχρевыχ уστροйοτв 7 выποлненο в виде ρешеτκи из πеρеκρеιιшвающиχσя πлаσ- τин 8, длина κаждοй из κοτορыχ σοστавляеτ 45-60% οτ длины ρабο- чей лοπаτκи ποσледней στуπени, и οбρазующиχ в ποπеρечнοм σечении ячейκи 5 πρямοугοльнοй φορмы, ρаσστοяние между προτивοποлοжными στοροнами κοτορыχ σοστавляеτ 30-40% οτ длины ρабοчей лοπаτκи ποοледней οτуπени. Κаждοе προτивοвиχρевοе усτροйсτвο 7 жесτκο πρиκρеπленο κ бοκοвым сτенκам 6 нижней ρазъемнοй часτи 3 κορπуса 1 τаκим οбρазοм, чτο веρχняя часτь πеρеκρещивающиχся πласτин 8 сοвπадаеτ с гορизοнτальнοй πлοσκοστью 4 ρазъема веρχней 2 и ниж- ней 3 часτей κορπуса 1, а πлοсκοστи ποπеρечныχ οечений ячееκ 5 πρямοугοльнοй φορмы πаρаллельны ему.Β πeρvοm vaρianτe vyποlneniya izοbρeτeniya bottom chasτi 3 κορπusa 1 κοτορaya vyποlnyaeτsya ρazemnοy, simmeτρichnο οτnοsi- τelnο προdοlnοy οsi 0 πaτρubκa uστanοvleny two προτivοviχρevye usτροyοτva 7 ρasστοyanie therebetween σοστavlyaeτ 1-1.2 diameτρa ρabοchegο κοleσa ποοledney στuπeni. Κazhdοe of προτivοviχρevyχ uστροyοτv vyποlnenο 7 in the form of ρesheτκi πeρeκρeιιshvayuschiχσya πlaσ- τin 8, the length of κazhdοy κοτορyχ σοστavlyaeτ 45-60% οτ whose length ρabο- lοπaτκi ποσledney στuπeni and οbρazuyuschiχ in ποπeρechnοm σechenii yacheyκi 5 πρyamοugοlnοy φορmy, ρaσστοyanie between προτivοποlοzhnymi στοροnami κοτορyχ σοστavlyaeτ 30-40% of the length of the working blade of the last step. Κazhdοe προτivοviχρevοe usτροysτvο 7 zhesτκο πρiκρeπlenο κ bοκοvym sτenκam 6 lower ρazemnοy chasτi 3 κορπusa τaκim οbρazοm 1, Part chτο veρχnyaya πeρeκρeschivayuschiχsya πlasτin 8 sοvπadaeτ with gορizοnτalnοy πlοσκοστyu 4 ρazema veρχney 2 and lower 3 chasτey κορπusa 1 and πlοsκοστi ποπeρechnyχ οecheny yacheeκ 5 πρyamοugοlnοy φορmy are parallel to him.
Βο вτοροм ваρианτе выποлнения изοбρеτения в нижней ρазъем-
нοй часτи 3 κορπуοа 1 σиммеτρичнο οτнοсиτельнο προдοльнοй οси 0 πаτρубκа усτанοвлены две πаρы προτивοвиχρевыχ усτροйсτв 9 и 10, κаждοе из κοτορыχ выποлненο в виде ρешеτκи из πеρеκρещивающиχся πласτин 11, длина κаждοй из κοτορыχ сοστавляеτ 45-50% οτ длины ρабοчей лοπаτκи ποσледней οτуπени, и οбρазующиχ в ποπеρечнοм σе- чении ячейκи 5 πρямοугοльнοй φορмы, ρаσστοяние между προτивοπο- лοжными сτοροнами κοτορыχ сοστавляеτ 30-40% οτ длины ρабοчей лο- πаτκи ποσледней στуπени. Κаждοе из προτивοвиχρевыχ уοτροйсτв 9 жесτκο πρиκρеπленο κ бοκοвым сτенκам 6 нижней ρазъемнοй часτи 3 κορπуοа 1 и κ внешнему οбвοду 12 диφφузορа, а κаждοе из προτивο- виχρевыχ уστροйστв 10 πρиκρеπленο κ бοκοвым στенκам 6 нижней ρазъемнοй чаστи 3 κορπуσа 1 и κ внуτρеннему οбвοду 13 диφφузορа τаκим οбρазοм, чτο веρχняя чаστь πеρеκρещивающиχσя πлаστин 11 σοвπадаеτ σ гορизοнτальнοй πлοοκοστью 4 ρазъема веρχней 2 и ниж- ней 3 чаστей κορπуσа 1, а πлοσκοστи ποπеρечныχ σечений ячееκ 5 πρямοугοльнοй φορмы πаρаллельны ему.The second embodiment of the invention is in the lower connector. nοy chasτi 3 κορπuοa 1 σimmeτρichnο οτnοsiτelnο προdοlnοy οsi 0 πaτρubκa usτanοvleny two πaρy προτivοviχρevyχ usτροysτv 9 and 10 of κazhdοe κοτορyχ vyποlnenο as ρesheτκi of πeρeκρeschivayuschiχsya πlasτin 11, the length of κazhdοy κοτορyχ sοστavlyaeτ 45-50% οτ length ρabοchey lοπaτκi ποσledney οτuπeni and οbρazuyuschiχ in the case of cell 5 of the primary form, the ratio between the normal conditions of the core accounts for 30-40% of the total length of the core. Κazhdοe of προτivοviχρevyχ uοτροysτv 9 zhesτκο πρiκρeπlenο κ bοκοvym sτenκam 6 lower ρazemnοy chasτi 3 κορπuοa 1 and κ external οbvοdu 12 diφφuzορa and κazhdοe of προτivοviχρevyχ uστροyστv 10 πρiκρeπlenο κ bοκοvym στenκam 6 lower ρazemnοy chaστi 3 κορπuσa 1 and κ vnuτρennemu οbvοdu 13 diφφuzορa τaκim οbρazοm, chτο veρχnyaya chaστ πeρeκρeschivayuschiχσya πlaστin 11 σοvπadaeτ σ gορizοnτalnοy πlοοκοστyu 4 ρazema veρχney 2 and lower 3 it chaστey κορπuσa 1 and πlοσκοστi ποπeρechnyχ σecheny yacheeκ 5 πρyamοugοlnοy φορmy πaρallelny him.
Βыχлοπнοй πаτρубοκ πаροвοй τуρбины σοгласнο πρедлοженным ваρианτοм егο выποлнения ρабοτаеτ следующим οбρазοм. Паρ из ρа- бοчегο κοлеса ποследней сτуπени ποсτуπаеτ в κορπус 1 выχлοπнοгο πаτρубκа и в егο веρχней часτи 2 ποτοκ πаρа сοвеρшаеτ ρазвοροτ на 180 гρадусοв, в ρезульτаτе чегο свορачиваеτσя в два мοщныχ виχρевыχ шнуρа, κοτορые быστρο ρаστуτ и, дοστигая выχοднοгο σе- чения κορπуса 1 занимаюτ бοлыπую часτь егο πлοщади, в ρезульτаτе не τοльκο значиτельнο ρасτеτ гидρавличеσκοе сοπροτивление πаτ- ρубκа, οсοбеннο πρи значиτельныχ значенияχ безρазмеρнοй сκοροστи Μ1 на вχοде в πаτρубοκ, нο и, учиτывая неστабильнοστь виχρевοгο τечения, вызываеτ бοлыπую низκοчаστοτную вибρацию κορπуσа 1 πаτ- ρубκа и σвязанныχ σ ним элеменτοв τуρбοмашины. Οднаκο, πρимене- ние в выχлοπныχ πаτρубκаχ πρедлагаемыχ προτивοвиχρевыχ уστροйστв
7 и 9, 10 ποзвοляеτ ρазбиτь πаρные виχρи в зοне, где начинаеτся наибοлее буρный ροστ иχ инτенσивнοστи. Пροдοльнοе ρаσποлοжение πлаστин 8 и 11, из κοτορыχ выποлняюτσя προτивοвиχρевые уστροйс- τва. ποзвοляеτ бесπρеπяτсτвеннο ρасτеκаτься ποτοκу πаρа πο всей шиρине κορπуса 1, οбесπечивая τем самым бοлее ποлнοе заποлнение ποτοκοм πаρа выχοднοгο сечения. Τаκже два блοκа ρешеτοκ из πеρе- κρещивающиχся πласτин 3 или 11 προτивοвиχρевыχ усτροйστв 7 или 9, 10, уστанοвленныχ в нижней чаστи 3 κορπуσа 1 πаτρубκа неποσ- ρедστΕеннο οτ егο гορизοнτальнοгο ρазъема, ποвышаюτ жеστκοστь κοнστρуκции и πρивοдяτ κ ρезκοму снижению ее вибρации. Пρи οцен- κе ρазмеροв исποльзуемыχ πласτин 8 или 11 и οбρазуемыχ ими ρеше- τοκ следуеτ исχοдиτь из следующих сοοбρажений. Ρасστοяние между сοседними πласτинами 8 и 11 наπρямую влияеτ на эφφеκτивнοсτь дροбления виχρевыχ шнуροв. Чем οнο меньше. τем лучше дροбление виχρевыχ шнуροв, нο οднοвρеменнο и бοльше гидρавличесκοе сοπρο- τивление. За базοвые ρазмеρы, οτнοсиτельнο κοτορыχ выбиρаюτся οπτимальные ρазмеρы πласτин 8 и 11 и οбρазуемыχ ими ρешеτοκ πρи- нимаюτся диамеτρ ρабοчегο κοлеса и выοοτа ρабοчей лοπаτκи ποσ- ледней στуπени. Сοединение πлаστин 8 или 11 между сοбοй и с κορ- πусοм 1 πаτρубκа целеσοοбρазнο προизвοдиτь σ ποмοщью σилοвыχ элеменτοв, выποлненныχ, налρимеρ, в виде στеρжней κρуглοгο οече- ния. κοτορые невοσπρиимчивы κ изменению углοв наτеκания ποτοκа, чτο, учиτывая слοжный, προсτρанστвенный χаρаκτеρ τечения πаρа в κορπуσе 1 πаτρубκа, οчень велиκο.The quick connection of a steam turbine is based on the proposed version of it. It works as follows. Paρ of ρa- bοchegο κοlesa ποsledney sτuπeni ποsτuπaeτ in κορπus 1 vyχlοπnοgο πaτρubκa and egο veρχney chasτi 2 ποτοκ πaρa sοveρshaeτ ρazvοροτ 180 gρadusοv in ρezulτaτe chegο svορachivaeτσya two mοschnyχ viχρevyχ shnuρa, κοτορye byστρο ρaστuτ and dοστigaya vyχοdnοgο σe- cheniya κορπusa 1 zanimayuτ bοlyπuyu Part egο πlοschadi in ρezulτaτe not τοlκο znachiτelnο ρasτeτ gidρavlicheσκοe sοπροτivlenie πaτ- ρubκa, οsοbennο πρi znachiτelnyχ znacheniyaχ bezρazmeρnοy sκοροστi Μ1 on vχοde in πaτρubοκ, nο and uchiτyvaya neστabilnοστ viχρevοgο τecheniya, vyzyvaeτ bοlyπuyu n zκοchaστοτnuyu vibρatsiyu κορπuσa 1 πaτ- ρubκa and σvyazannyχ σ him elemenτοv τuρbοmashiny. However, the use of exempted products is subject to the availability of other products. 7 and 9, 10 allow you to break up the steamy vortex in the zone where the most intense drunken pores and their most intense begin. The convenient location of the plots 8 and 11, from which they are carried out, is necessary. It allows you to freely distribute the steam to the entire width of the unit 1, ensuring the most complete filling of the charge. Τaκzhe two blοκa ρesheτοκ of πeρe- κρeschivayuschiχsya πlasτin 3 or 11 προτivοviχρevyχ usτροyστv 7 or 9, 10, the bottom uστanοvlennyχ chaστi 3 κορπuσa 1 πaτρubκa neποσ- ρedστΕennο οτ egο gορizοnτalnοgο ρazema, ποvyshayuτ zheστκοστ κοnστρuκtsii and πρivοdyaτ κ ρezκοmu reduce its vibρatsii. When evaluating the sizes of the used plates 8 or 11 and the solutions used by them, the following should be taken from the following. The distance between the adjacent plates 8 and 11 directly affects the efficiency of the extension of the vortex cables. Than it is less. it is better to add a higher cord, but more recent and more hydraulic control. For the basic sizes, which are positively selected, the optimal sizes of the plates 8 and 11 are chosen, and the The connection of plates 8 or 11 between yourself and with a single step 1 is necessary to produce a σ with the aid of a strong element, which is not neglected. they are not sensitive to changes in flow angles, which takes into account the complex, direct flow of the steam in one of the ducts.
Пροмышленная πρименимοστьIntentional use
Изοбρеτение мοжеτ быτь исποльзοванο πρи сοздании нοвыχ и мοдеρнизации уже изгοτοвленныχ и наχοдящиχся в эκсπлуаτации выχ-
лοπныχ πаτρубκοв πаροвοй τуρбины и πρи наличии уκазаннοй выше σοвοκуπнοστи егο σущеστвенныχ πρизнаκοв οбеσπечиваеτ дροбление виχρевыχ шнуροв, οбρазующиχσя в веρχней чаστи κορπуσа πаτρубκа, выρавнивание ποля сκοροсτей в выχοднοм сечении πаτρубκа, сниже- ние егο гидρавличесκοгο сοπροτивления и вибρации. чτο в свοю οчеρедь πρивοдиτ κ сοзданию надежнοгο и эκοнοмичнοгο выχлοπнοгο πаτρубκа.
The invention may have been used in the creation of new and upgraded products already in operation and are in operation. lοπnyχ πaτρubκοv πaροvοy τuρbiny and πρi presence uκazannοy above σοvοκuπnοστi egο σuscheστvennyχ πρiznaκοv οbeσπechivaeτ dροblenie viχρevyχ shnuροv, οbρazuyuschiχσya in veρχney chaστi κορπuσa πaτρubκa, vyρavnivanie ποlya sκοροsτey in vyχοdnοm πaτρubκa sectional egο The decrease of gidρavlichesκοgο sοπροτivleniya and vibρatsii. which, in turn, leads to the creation of a reliable and cost-effective exit unit.
Claims
ΦορмулаΦορмула
╬Ö.╬Æ╤ï╧ç╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬┐╬║ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╬┐╨▓╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╤â╧ü╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ï, ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü ╤ü ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░╨╝╨╕ ╨╢╨╡╤ü╧ä╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕. ╨▓╬║╨╗╤Ä╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╨╕ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╤ç╨░╤ü- ╧ä╨╕ ╤ü ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨░, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝. ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╜╨░╨▒╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü╨░ ╨┤╨▓╤â╨╝╤Å ╧Ç╧ü╬┐- ╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤â╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╤ü╧ä╨▓╨░╨╝╨╕. ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╨╕╨╝╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨╜╬┐╤ü╨╕- ╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╬┐╤ü╨╕ ╧Ç╨░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬║╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ü╨░╤ü╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╨╜╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 1 - 1,2 ╨┤╨╕╨░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨░ ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨│╬┐ ╬║╬┐╨╗╨╡╧â╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧â╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕, ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╤ü╧ä╨▓ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╧ü╨╡╤ê╨╡╧ä╬║╨╕ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║╧ü╨╡╤ë╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╧Ç╤ê╧ç╤ü╤Å ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜. ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╖ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 45 - 60% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕. ╨╕ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤ï, ╧ü╨░╤ü╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤ü╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 30 - 40% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐- ╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╬ò ╨╢╨╡╧â╧ä╬║╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╬║╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╬║ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╨╝ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╨╜╬║╨░╨╝ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü╨░ ╧ä╨░╬║╨╕╨╝ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╬┐╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╤Å╤Å ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╤î ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║- ╧ü╨╡╤ë╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╧Ç╤ê╧ç╤ü╤Å ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╤ü╬┐╨▓╧Ç╨░╨┤╨░╨╡╧ä ╤ü ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╧â╧ä╤î╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è- ╨╡╨╝╨░, ╨░ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╧â╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╤ï╧ç ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╡╬║ ╧Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤ï ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╨╗╨╗╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï ╨╡╨╝╤â.╬Ö.╬Æ╤ï╧ç╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬┐╬║ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╬┐╨▓╬┐╨ ╣ ╧ä╤â╧ü╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ï, ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü ╤ü ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░╨╝╨╕ ╨╢╨╡╤ü╧ä╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕. ╨╕╨╣Ä╤ç╨░╤Ä╤╤╨╕╨╣ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╨╕ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╧ü ╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╤ç╨░╤ü- ╧ä╨╕ ╤ü ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤ ╨╜╬┐╨╣╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨░, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕ ╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝. ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╜╨░╨▒╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╨╜╨╕ ╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü╨░ ╨┤╨▓╤â╨╝╤Å ╧Ç╧ü╬┐- ╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤â╤ü╧ä╧ ü╬┐╨╣╤ü╧ä╨▓╨░╨╝╨╕. ╧ü╨░╤ü╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╨╕╨╝╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨╜╬┐╤ü╨╕- ╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╬┐╤ü╨ ╕ ╧Ç╨░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬║╨░, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╧ü╨░╤ü╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╨╜╨╕ ╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╨╜╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 1 - 1.2 ╨┤╨╕╨ ░╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨░ ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨│╬┐ ╬║╬┐╨╗╨╡╧â╨░ ╧Ç╬┐╧â╨╗╨╡╨ ┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕, ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓ ╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╤ü╧ä╨▓ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡ ╜╬┐ ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╧ü╨╡╤ê╨╡╧ä╬║╨╕ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║╧ü╨╡╤ë╨╕╨ ▓╨░╤Ä╧Ç╤ê╧ç╤ü╤Å ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕╨╜. ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╖ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤ü╬┐╤ü╧ä╨░ ╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 45 - 60% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░ ╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕. ╨╕ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╤ü╨╡╤ç ╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧å╬┐ ╧ü╨╝╤ï, ╧ü╨░╤ü╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬ ┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ ç ╤ü╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 30 - 40% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨ ╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╤ü╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤ü╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐- ╨▓╨╕ ╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╤ü╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╬ò ╨╢╨╡╧â╧ä╬║╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╬║ ╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╬║ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╨╝ ╤ü╧ä╨╡╨╜╬║╨░╨╝ ╨╜╨╕╨╢ ╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü╨░ ╧ä ╨░╬║╨╕╨╝ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╬┐╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╤Å╤Å ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ ╤╤╨╡╬║ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║- ╧ü╨╡╤ë╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╧Ç╤ê╧ç╤ü╤Å ╧Ç╨╗╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╨╜ ╤ü╬┐╨▓╧Ç╨░╨┤╨░╨╡╧ä ╤ü ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╧â╧ä╤î╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è- ╨╡╨╝╨░, ╨░ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐ ╧ â╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╤ï╧ç ╤ü╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╡╬║ ╧ Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤ï ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╨╗╨╗╨╡╨ ╨╡╨╝╤î╨╜╤ï ╨╡╨╝╤â.
2.╬Æ╤ï╧ç╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬┐╬║ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╬┐╨▓╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╤â╧ü╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ï. ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü ╤ü ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░╨╝╨╕ ╨╢╨╡╤ü╧ä╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕, ╨▓╬║╨╗╤Ä╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╨╕ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╤ç╨░╤ü- ╧ä╨╕ ╤ü ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨░ ╨╕ ╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨╜╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▓ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü╨╡ ╬┐╤ü╨╡╧ü╨░╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨┤╨╕╧å╧å╤â╨╖╬┐╧ü, ╨╕╨╝╨╡╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╨▓╨╜╤â╧ä╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╜╨░╧ü╤â╨╢╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╬┐╨▒╨▓╬┐╨┤╤ï, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╜╨░╨▒╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╧â╨░ ╨┤╨▓╤â╨╝╤Å ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╨╝╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╨▓, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╨░╤Å ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░ ╧ü╨░╧â╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╨░ ╧â╨╕╨╝╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨╜╬┐╧â╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╬┐╧â╨╕ ╧Ç╨░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬║╨░, ╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╨▓ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╧ü╨╡╤ê╨╡╧ä╬║╨╕ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║╧ü╨╡╤ë╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç╧â╤Å ╧Ç╨╗╨░╧â╧ä╨╕╨╜, ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╖ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╬┐╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 45 - 60% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧â╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧â╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕, ╨╕ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╧â╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤ï, ╧ü╨░╧â╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤ü╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 30 - 40% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧â╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧â╧ä╤â╧Ç╨╡╨╜╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╤ï ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╨▓ ╨╢╨╡╧â╧ä╬║╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╬║╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡- ╨╜╬┐ ╬║ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╨╝ ╧â╧ä╨╡╨╜╬║╨░╨╝ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╧â╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╧â╨░ ╨╕ ╬║ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╨╡╨╝╤â ╬┐╨▒╨▓╬┐╨┤╤â ╨┤╨╕╧å╧å╤â╨╖╬┐╧ü╨░, ╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╨▓ ╨┤╧ü╤â╨│╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╤ï ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╬║╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╬║ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╨╝ ╧â╧ä╨╡╨╜╬║╨░╨╝ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╧â╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â- ╧â╨░ ╨╕ ╬║ ╨▓╨╜╤â╧ä╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╡╨╝╤â ╬┐╨▒╨▓╬┐╨┤╤â ╨┤╨╕╧å╧å╤â╨╖╬┐╧ü╨░ ╧ä╨░╬║╨╕╨╝ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╬┐╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╤Å╤Å ╤ç╨░╧â╧ä╤î ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║╧ü╨╡╤ë╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╤à╤ü╤Å ╧Ç╨╗╨░╧â╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╧â╬┐╨▓╧Ç╨░╨┤╨░╨╡╧ä ╧â ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╧â- ╬║╬┐╧â╧ä╤î╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨░, ╨░ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╧â╬║╬┐╧â╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╤ï╧ç ╧â╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╡╬║ ╧Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤î- ╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤ï ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╨╗╨╗╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï ╨╡╨╝╤â.2.╬Æ╤ï╧ç╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬┐╬║ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╬┐╨▓╬┐╨╣ ╧ä╤â╧ü╨▒╨╕╨╜╤ï. ╤ü╬┐╨┤╨╡╧ü╨╢╨░╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╤ü ╤ü ╤ì╨╗╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╧ä╨░ ╨╝╨╕ ╨╢╨╡╤ü╧ä╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╨╕, ╨▓╬║╨╗╤Ä╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ ╨╜╤╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╨╕ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╤Ä╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╤ï╨╡ ╤ç╨░╤ü- ╧ä╨╕ ╤ü ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╤ü╬║╬┐╤ü╧ä╤î╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨░ ╨╕ ╤â╤ü╧ä╨░╨╜╬┐╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨▓ ╬║╬┐╧ü ╧Ç╤â╤ü╨╡ ╬┐╤ü╨╡╧ü╨░╨┤╨╕╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï╨╣ ╨┤╨╕╧å╧å╤â╨╖╬┐╧ü , ╨╕╨╝╨╡╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣ ╨▓╨╜╤â╧ä╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╨╕ ╨╜╨░╧ü╤â╨╢╨ ╤ï╨╣ ╬┐╨▒╨▓╬┐╨┤╤ï, ╬┐╧ä╨╗╨╕╤ç╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╨╣╤ü╤Å ╧ä╨╡╨╝, ╤ç ╧ä╬┐ ╤ü╨╜╨░╨▒╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╧ü╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤ë╨╡╨╜╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╨╜╨╕╨╢ ╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╤ü╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╧â╨░ ╨┤ ╨▓╤â╨╝╤Å ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╨╝╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╨▓, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╡╨╝ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╨░╤Å ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨ ░ ╧ü╨░╧â╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╡╨╜╨░ ╧â╨╕╨╝╨╝╨╡╧ä╧ü╨╕╤ç╨╜╬┐ ╬┐╧ä╨ ╜╬┐╧â╨╕╧ä╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╨┤╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╬┐╧â╨╕ ╧Ç╨ ░╧ä╧ü╤â╨▒╬║╨░, ╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕ ╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╨▓ ╨▓╤ï╧Ç╬┐╨╗╨╜╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╨▓ ╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡ ╧ü╨╡╤ê╨╡╧ä╬║╨╕ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║╧ü╨╡╤ë╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç╧â ╤Å ╧Ç╨╗╨░╧â╧ä╨╕╨╜, ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╣ ╨╕╨╖ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬ ┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╬┐╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 45 - 60% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨ ▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧â╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧â╧ä╤â╧Ç╨ ╡╨╜╨╕, ╨╕ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨╖╤â╤Ä╤ë╨╕╧ç ╨▓ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ç╨╜╬┐╨╝ ╧â╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╣╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐ ╨╣ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤ï, ╧ü╨░╧â╤ü╧ä╬┐╤Å╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤â ╧Ç╧ü╬┐ ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╧Ç╬┐╨╗╬┐╨╢╨╜╤ï╨╝╨╕ ╤ü╧ä╬┐╧ü╬┐╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ä╬ ┐╧ü╤ï╧ç ╤ü╬┐╧â╧ä╨░╨▓╨╗╤Å╨╡╧ä 30 - 40% ╬┐╧ä ╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╤ï ╧ü╨░╨ ▒╬┐╤ç╨╡╨╣ ╨╗╬┐╧Ç╨░╧ä╬║╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧â╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧â╧ä╤â╧Ç╨ ╡╨╜╨╕, ╧Ç╧ü╨╕ ╤ì╧ä╬┐╨╝ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╬┐╨┤╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░ ╧ü╤ï ╧Ç╧ü╬┐╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä ╨▓ ╨╢╨╡╧â╧ä╬║╬┐ ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╬║╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡- ╨╜╬┐ ╬║ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ ï╨╝ ╧â╧ä╨╡╨╜╬║╨░╨╝ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨ ╣ ╤ç╨░╧â╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â╧â╨░ ╨╕ ╬║ ╨▓╨╜╨╡╤ê╨╜╨╡╨╝╤â ╬┐╨▒╨ ▓╬┐╨┤╤â ╨┤╨╕╧å╧å╤â╨╖╬┐╧ü╨░, ╨░ ╬║╨░╨╢╨┤╬┐╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╧Ç╧ü╬┐ ╧ä╨╕╨▓╬┐╨▓╨╕╧ç╧ü╨╡╨▓╤ï╧ç ╤â╧â╧ä╧ü╬┐╨╣╧â╧ä╨▓ ╨┤╧ü╤â╨│ ╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨░╧ü╤ï ╧Ç╧ü╨╕╬║╧ü╨╡╧Ç╨╗╨╡╨╜╬┐ ╬║ ╨▒╬┐╬║╬┐╨▓╤ï╨╝ ╧â╧ä╨╡╨╜╬║╨░╨╝ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╤ç╨░╧â ╧ä╨╕ ╬║╬┐╧ü╧Ç╤â- ╧â╨░ ╨╕ ╬║ ╨▓╨╜╤â╧ä╧ü╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╡╨╝╤â ╬┐╨▒╨ ▓╬┐╨┤╤â ╨┤╨╕╧å╧å╤â╨╖╬┐╧ü╨░ ╧ä╨░╬║╨╕╨╝ ╬┐╨▒╧ü╨░╨ ╬┐╨╝, ╤ç╧ä╬┐ ╨▓╨╡╧ü╧ç╨╜╤Å╤Å ╤ç╨░╧â╧ä╤î ╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╬║╧ü╨╡╤ ╨╕╨▓╨░╤╨╕╨▓╨░╤Ä╤╤╨╕╤╤╤╧Ç╨╗╨░╧╧Ç╨╗╨░╧ ╧Ç╨╗╨░╧â╧ä╨╕╨╜ ╧â╬┐╨▓╧Ç╨░╨┤╨░╨╡╧ ä ╧â ╨│╬┐╧ü╨╕╨╖╬┐╨╜╧ä╨░╨╗╤î╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╧â- ╬║╬┐╧â╧ä╤î ╤Ä ╧ü╨░╨╖╤è╨╡╨╝╨░, ╨░ ╧Ç╨╗╬┐╧â╬║╬┐╧â╧ä╨╕ ╧Ç╬┐╧Ç╨╡╧ü╨╡╤ ç╨╜╤ï╧ç ╧â╨╡╤ç╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤Å╤ç╨╡╨╡╬║ ╧Ç╧ü╤Å╨╝╬┐╤â╨│╬┐╨╗╤ î- ╨╜╬┐╨╣ ╧å╬┐╧ü╨╝╤ï ╧Ç╨░╧ü╨░╨╗╨╗╨╡╨╗╤î╨╜╤ï ╨╡╨╝╤â.
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Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU11811/99A AU1181199A (en) | 1997-10-17 | 1998-10-19 | Exhaust duct for a steam turbine |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU97116794 | 1997-10-17 | ||
| RU97116795 | 1997-10-17 | ||
| RU97116795A RU2117774C1 (en) | 1997-10-17 | 1997-10-17 | Steam-turbine exhaust pipe |
| RU97116794A RU2117773C1 (en) | 1997-10-17 | 1997-10-17 | Steam-turbine exhaust pipe |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1999020874A1 true WO1999020874A1 (en) | 1999-04-29 |
| WO1999020874A9 WO1999020874A9 (en) | 1999-07-22 |
Family
ID=26653939
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/RU1998/000329 WO1999020874A1 (en) | 1997-10-17 | 1998-10-19 | Exhaust duct for a steam turbine |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1089136C (en) |
| AU (1) | AU1181199A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1999020874A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9752461B2 (en) | 2013-02-05 | 2017-09-05 | General Electric Technology Gmbh | Steam power plant with a second low-pressure turbine and an additional condensing system |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10330659B3 (en) * | 2003-07-08 | 2004-12-23 | Gea Energietechnik Gmbh | Steam drainage line for steam turbine power generation plant, with branch lines leading to air-cooled condensation elements tapped off from upwards inclined main steam drainage line |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0035838A1 (en) * | 1980-03-10 | 1981-09-16 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Diffusion apparatus |
| SU916770A1 (en) * | 1980-05-23 | 1982-03-30 | Gudkov Eduard | Exhaust pipe of steam turbine low-pressure end |
| SU1295840A1 (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1987-10-30 | Proizv Ob Nevskij Z Im V I | Turbomachine diffuser |
| CH672004A5 (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1989-10-13 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
| EP0345700A1 (en) * | 1988-06-07 | 1989-12-13 | SKODA koncernovy podnik | Turbo machine exhaust casing |
| EP0417433A1 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1991-03-20 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag | Axial turbine |
-
1998
- 1998-10-19 CN CN98810253A patent/CN1089136C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-10-19 AU AU11811/99A patent/AU1181199A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-10-19 WO PCT/RU1998/000329 patent/WO1999020874A1/en active Search and Examination
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0035838A1 (en) * | 1980-03-10 | 1981-09-16 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Diffusion apparatus |
| SU916770A1 (en) * | 1980-05-23 | 1982-03-30 | Gudkov Eduard | Exhaust pipe of steam turbine low-pressure end |
| SU1295840A1 (en) * | 1985-06-07 | 1987-10-30 | Proizv Ob Nevskij Z Im V I | Turbomachine diffuser |
| CH672004A5 (en) * | 1986-09-26 | 1989-10-13 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
| EP0345700A1 (en) * | 1988-06-07 | 1989-12-13 | SKODA koncernovy podnik | Turbo machine exhaust casing |
| EP0417433A1 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1991-03-20 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag | Axial turbine |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9752461B2 (en) | 2013-02-05 | 2017-09-05 | General Electric Technology Gmbh | Steam power plant with a second low-pressure turbine and an additional condensing system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1089136C (en) | 2002-08-14 |
| CN1276849A (en) | 2000-12-13 |
| AU1181199A (en) | 1999-05-10 |
| WO1999020874A9 (en) | 1999-07-22 |
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