WO1999003868A1

WO1999003868A1 - Photosensitizers

Info

Publication number: WO1999003868A1
Application number: PCT/GB1998/001872
Authority: WO
Inventors: Barry Anthony Murrer; Michael Graetzel; Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
Original assignee: Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company; Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne
Priority date: 1997-07-16
Filing date: 1998-07-14
Publication date: 1999-01-28
Also published as: GB9714905D0; AU734412B2; EP0998481A1; ZA986323B; AU8224298A; JP2001510199A

Abstract

Novel transition metal phthalocyanine-type compounds having an axial ligand which is capable of binding onto a semiconductor such as TiO2, and having at least one peripheral substituent, are active photosensitizers for dye solar cells. Preferred compounds offer absorbance of solar radiation in the near infra-red and may be used in electricity-generating windows.

Description

PHOTOSENSITIZERS

This invention concerns photosensitizers, more particularly it concerns novel transition metal photosensitizers.

Various metallated phthalocyanine derivatives have been suggested as potential photodynamic therapy agents, ie as photosensitizers in the treatment of tumours, see for example Rosenthal, Photochem Photobiol, 5 (6), 859-870 (1991) and our published International Application WO 93/09124. An interesting new photosensitizing field, is the use of optical brighteners and phthalocyanines as photosensitizers in photovoltaic cells (see WO 91/16719 (Graetzel) and WO 94/05025 (Sandoz)) based on TiO₂. We understand that a number of companies are developing photovoltaic cells based on this technology. The currently recommended dye-type sensitizer is cis-di(thiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'- dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II), (I) known as "RuN3 dye". RuN3 dye has an excellent photon to electron conversion, and very high stability. Certain metallated phthalocyanines have been tested, but their electrical output is not nearly as high as the RuN3 dye. Despite the high efficiency and output of photovoltaic devices based on the RuN3 dye, and their particularly useful property of continuing to have high output under cloudy conditions (unlike silicon-based photocells), they do have a purple colour. There remains the need for alternative photosensitizers for use with TiO₂-based photovoltaic devices, especially those which absorb at longer wavelengths than RuN3. Such sensitizers may absorb in the near infra-red region and may possibly be used to make optically transparent photovoltaic devices useful for example in windows or other glazed areas. When combined with a conventional, visible spectrum, photosensitizer such as RuN3, then solar energy from a wider spectrum may be converted to electricity, giving an increased efficiency for the device.

The present invention provides novel transition metal phthalocyanine-type derivatives of formula I,

wherein M is Ru, Rh, Os, Ir or Pt each X is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylthio, ether, thioether, amino or mono- or di-substituted amino or adjacent X's may together form -C₄H₄(Y)_n - or

where Y is alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylthio, ether, thioether, amino or mono- or di-substituted amino and n has a value from 0-4,

each of R and R' is independently either a first bonding ligand incorporating a functional group which permits bonding to TiO₂ or other semiconductor to be sensitized and which ligand can conduct an electron from an excited state of the phthalocyanine structure to the conduction band of TiO₂ or other semiconductor when bonded thereto, or a second ligand which does not labilise the bond between M and the first bonding ligand, providing at least one of R and R' is said first bonding ligand, and Q is nitrogen or -CZ- where Z is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylthio, ether, thioether, amino or mono- or di-substituted amino,

providing that one at least of X, Y and Z is other than hydrogen.

Preferably, M is Ru.

Suitable first bonding ligands R or R' incorporate phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or possibly sulphonate groups. When R or R' incorporates an amine, it may be a straight or branched chain amine, or a cyclic or an aromatic amine such as pyridine, imidazole or triazole. The ligands may be mono- or poly-substituted with the afore-mentioned groups. Suitable ligands include 4-pyridine ethane-sulphonate, 3-pyridine sulphonate, pyridine-3- phosphonic acid, imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, l,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 4-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid, tris(4-carboxyphenylphosphine), 4-isocyanobenzoate, nicotinic acid, and especially preferred are pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylate and pyridine-4- phosphonic acid. Additionally, the TiO₂ bonding group may be separated from the metal binding site by a suitable linking group, eg

It is believed to be particularly desirable that ligand R or R', when bonded to TiO₂, provides a π bonding system.

In the event that R or R' is a said second ligand, it may be CO or, preferably, a nitrogen donor such as an aliphatic, especially branched chain aliphatic, amine or a cyclic amine especially an aromatic amine. Such second ligands may carry substituents. When X, Y or Z is alkyl or alkoxy, preferably each alkyl or alkoxy group has up to 8 carbon atoms, and may be branched chain.

The compound may be in salt form, in which case the counterions are desirably K⁺, Na⁺ or quaternary ammonium.

The compounds of formula I are novel, and may be prepared by a process comprising reacting a metal phthalocyanine compound of formula II,

wherein M, Q and X are as defined above, and A is an amine, preferably a pyridine group, CO (carbon monoxide) or a co-ordinating solvent, for example benzonitrile, with a salt of the ligand R, and isolating the product compound of foπnula I.

The reactants of formula II, and the salts of ligand R, are known from the literature or may be prepared by methods analogous to those known per se.

Suitably, the starting metal phthalocyanine or naphthalocyanine is mixed in an organic solvent, such as toluene, ethanol or 2-methoxy ethanol or a mixture of a water- miscible organic solvent and water, such as an aqueous tetrahydrofuran, or immiscible solvent mixtures such as chloroform and water, with an excess, for example 2-10 fold stoichiometric, of the axial ligand, under an inert atmosphere, such as argon. The reaction is carried out desirably by heating, for example at reflux for about two days. The product may be isolated by the addition of a co-solvent to the reaction mixture. If required, the solubility of the product may be enhanced by exchanging the counterions, in generally known manner.

Where the axial ligands R in the compounds of the invention are not identical, it may be appropriate to prepare them by starting from a compound of formula II in which A is an amine suitable to act as the second ligand R. One of the ligands A may then be displaced with a salt of first ligand R in analogous manner to that described above. Alternatively, a compound of formula I in which both ligands R are identical aromatic amines may be prepared and one ligand R may be displaced using one equivalent of a non-aromatic amine.

It is believed that the present invention, by incorporating a bonding axial ligand, instead of the conventional substitution at the periphery of the Pc (see Sandoz WO 94/05025), has advantages and facilitates the synthesis of isomerically pure compounds. Experience with the RuN3 dye indicates that purity of the dye is both important and difficult to obtain. For optimum sensitizer efficiency, the redox potential of the ground and excited states need to be carefully optimised, as does the λ_max of absorption. We believe that the present invention permits improved selection and "fine tuning" of properties for optimum photosensitization by substitution at the periphery of the phthalocyanine structure. Incorporation of a substrate-binding group at the periphery of the ring is thought to interfere with the optimisation of properties and hence design and preparation of the most efficient photosensitizers becomes even more difficult. The novel compounds have been found to be active in photosensitizing activity for TiO₂-based photovoltaic devices as described hereafter. Moreover, some at least of the compounds possess a pleasing green colour, which increases the opportunity for commercial use of the compounds as photosensitizers. The novel compounds of the invention may be used in photovoltaic devices in generally known manner. The compounds show significantly improved performance over the previously specifically described phthalocyanines in the Sandoz WO 94/05025 and in our WO 93/09124, as will be shown hereafter.

Accordingly, the invention further provides a photovoltaic device based upon a film of TiO₂, wherein the TiO₂ has deposited thereon a compound according to general formula I.

The invention will now be illustrated by the following Examples, which particularly describe aspects of the invention but in no way limit its scope.

EXAMPLE 1

COOH y OOH α,α'-Me₈PcRu( [l )₂ " (Compound A)

^*N'

RuCl₃.xH₂O (43.37% Rh, 2.64g, 0.113mmol) was boiled in 1-pentanol (20ml) until a deep blue solution was obtained. This was added to a refluxing solution of 3,6-dimethylphthalonitrile (8.85g, 0.0566mol) and hydroquinone (0.62g, 0.0056mol) in 1-pentanol (60ml) under nitrogen. Ammonia gas was passed through the reaction flask and refluxing continued for 3 days. The cooled suspension was filtered, and the purple solid washed with pentanol (2x50ml) and then with methanol (3x25ml) and dried to give α,α'-Me₈PcRu(NH₃)₂ (4.81g) which was used without further purification.

α,α'-Me₈PcRu(NH₃)₂ (4.8 lg) in benzonitrile (50ml) was refluxed under nitrogen for 24 hours. The purple solid was filtered off, washed into methanol (4x25ml)and dried to give α,α-Me₈PcRu(PhCN)₂ (3.80g).

Found: C 69.47%, H 4.58%, N 15.10%, C₅₄H₄₂N_I0Ru requires C 69.6%, H 4.54%, N 15.0%.

α,oc'-Me₈PcRu(PhCN)₂ (0.58g, O.όmmol) and pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid (0.45g,

2.7mmol) were refluxed under nitrogen and in the absence of light in 1 :1 tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water (190ml) for 80 hours. During this time additional THF was added as necessary to maintain the volume. The THF was then removed using a nitrogen stream and the product was collected by filtration. It was washed thoroughly with water and dried in vacuo to give purple crystals of ,α'-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid)₂. Yield: 0.4 lg (IR C=O stretch 1734, 1708cm^"1; HPLC analysis using reverse phase chromatography, 95% purity).

EXAMPLE 2

α,α'-(n-Octyl)₈PcRu(pyridine-3,4-dicarboxyIic acid)₂

α,α'-(n-Octyl)₈PcRu(PhCN)₂ was reacted with excess pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid in 1 : 1 THF/water. The mixture was heated to reflux overnight. The solvent was removed by evaporation and the residue was taken up in THF/petrol and filtered through silica. The silica was then extraced with THF and the product recovered as purple crystals by evaporation of the extract. (IR C=O stretch 1720 cm^"1).

The compound a, '-(n-decyl)₈PcRu(pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid)₂ is prepared in a similar manner.

EXAMPLE 3

α, '-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid)₂

α,α'-Me₈PcRu(PhCN)₂ (0.2g, 0.2mmol) and pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid (0.14g,

0.8mmol) were refluxed under nitrogen and in the absence of light in 1 : 1 THF/water (190ml) for 80 hours. The THF was allowed to boil off to give a sticky blue/green residue in water. The solid was collected by filtration and then placed in a Soxhlet apparatus and the excess ligand was extracted with water overnight. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and washed with water (4> 20ml) and then with diethyl ether (3 ^χ5ml) to give purple crystals of α, '-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid)₂. Yield: 0.21g. (IR C=O stretch 1724cm^-1) EXAMPLE 4

α,α'-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-4-hydroxamic acid)₂

α,α'-Me₈PcRu(PhCN)₂ (0.2g, 0.2mmol) and pyridine-4-hydroxamic acid (0.5g,

3.7mmol, 17eqs) were refluxed under nitrogen and in the absence of light in 1 :1 ethanol/toluene (60ml) for 48 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and then the blue/green residue was stirred with water (20ml) for an hour to remove the excess ligand. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and washed with water (4^χ20ml) and then hexane (2 ^χ20ml) and dried to give α,α'-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-4-hydroxamic acid)₂ Yield: 0.19g. I.R. 1741, 1702, 1606 cm^"1; HPLC analysis using reverse phase chromatography, 92% purity)

EXAMPLE 5

α,α'-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-3-phosphonic acid)₂

Pyridine-3-phosphonic acid (0.4g, 2.1mmol) and tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (3.7ml, 5.5mmol, 1.48M, 2eq) were refluxed in ethanol (25ml) for 30 minutes. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give pyridine-3-tetra-n- butylammonium phosphonate.

α,cc'-Me₈PcRu(PhCN)₂ (0.2g, 0.2mmol) and pyridine-3-tetra-n-butylammonium phosphonate (0.34g, 0.8mmol, in 3.1ml ethanol) were refluxed under nitrogen and in the absence of light in 1 : 1 ethanol/toluene (30ml) for 48 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the blue/green residue was washed with 10ml 0.2M HCl. The solid was filtered off and washed with 0.2M HCl (10ml) and 80-100 petroleum ether (2 x 10ml) and dried to give α,α'-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-3-phosphonic acid)₂. Yield: 0.19g EXAMPLE 6

α,α'-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-3-diethyI phosphonic ester)₂

α, '-Me₈PcRu(PhCN)₂ (0.2g, 0.2mmol) and pyridine-3-diethyl phosphonic ester

(0.2g, 0.8mmol in 16ml 1 :1 toluene/ethanol) were refluxed under nitrogen and in the absence of light in 1:1 ethanol toluene (40ml) for 60 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give a blue/green residue. The solid was dissolved in chloroform (50ml) and shaken with 0.1M HCl (2^χ50ml) and then hexane (250ml) was added to the blue/green chloroform solution to precipitate a puφle crystalline solid. The solid was filtered off and washed with hexane (2^χ20ml) and dried to give α, '-Me₈PcRu(pyridine-3 -diethyl phosphonic ester)₂. Yield 0.21g. IR. 1730 cm^"1

EXAMPLE 7

α,α'-(octyl)₈PcRu(CO)(pyridine-3,4-dicarboxyIic acid)

α, '-(octyl)₈PcH₂ (0.6g, 0.39mmol) and Ru₃(CO)₁₂ (0.32g, (0.5mmol) were refluxed together in benzonitrile (15ml) for 3 hours. Methanol was added and the mixture was filtered using silica gel. The gel was washed with methanol and the product was eluted using petroleum ether b.pt. 40-60°C/THF (4:1). This is a mixture of α,α'-(octyl)₈Pc-

Ru(CO)(PhCN) and α, '-(octyl)₈PcRu(PhCN)₂

The eluent was evaporated and the solid redissolved in petroleum ether b.pt. 40-60 C. The solution was heated to reflux and CO bubbled through until the reaction was complete as indicated by tic (1 hour). The solution was then evaporated to dryness to give ,α'-(octyl)₈PcRu(CO)(PhCN).

α,α'-(octyl)₈PcRu(CO)(PhCN) was heated to reflux with excess 3,4-pyridine- dicarboxylic acid, with small additions of aliquat and potasium carbonate, in 1 :1 THF/water.

After 3 days the solvent was evaporated and the mixture filtered through silica, eluting with petroleum ether b.pt.40-60 C/THF. This eluted unreacted starting material. The silica was extracted with THF using a Soxhlet apparatus. The resulting solution was evaporated to yield the product α,α'-(octyl)₈PcRu(CO)(pyridine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid). ¹ H NMR (C₆D₆) 6 3.56 (s), 6.02(d) pyridine dicarboxylate ligand δ 4.65(m), 5.04 (m) PC-CH₂-C₇H_{! 5}

(Other resonances for the pyridine dicarboxylate and the phthalocyanine ligand were not assigned due to the complexity of the spectrum).

Complexes PcRu(CO)(R) containing other phthalocyanines and R ligands may be obtained in an analogous manner.

Complexes containing a different ligand R' (e.g. where R' is a pyridine ligand different from R) may be obtained by displacement of the carbonyl ligand by photolysis in the presence of excess ligand R' according to known methods [D Dolphin, B R James, A J Murray and J R Thornback, Can J Chem (1980), 58, 1125].

The following compounds were prepared in an analogous manner to Example 1 :

The practical performance of the new compounds was tested as described below. An alcoholic solution of compound A was prepared. The absoφtion band in the visible has a maximum at 650nm (e49'000 M^cm^"1) and that of the phosphorescence is located at 895nm the triplet state lifetime being 474ns under anaerobic conditions. The emission is entirely quenched when compound A is adsorbed onto a nanocrystalline TiO₂ film. The compound was deposited by dipping a mesoscopic anatase film (thickness ca 10μ, coated onto conducting glass, LOF TEC 10, fluorine-doped SnO₂ sheet resistance 10 ohm/square) as previously described in J Am Chem Soc, 1993, 115, 6382) for several hours in a 3xl0^"4 M solution in ethanol containing 50mM 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholic acid (Cheno) and 2.5% DMSO. The presence of Cheno is necessary to avoid surface aggregation of the sensitiser. The visible band in the absoφtion spectrum of compound A is red shifted by lOnm upon adsoφtion.

Very efficient quenching of the emission of compound A was found to be due to electron injection from the excited triplet state of phthalocyanine into the conduction band of the TiO₂. The photocurrent action spectrum is shown in Figure 1 where the incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) is plotted as a function of wavelength. The feature is extending well into the near IR region displaying a maximum around 660nm where the IPCE exceeds 50%. It may be that the pyridyl orbitals do not participate in the π,π*-excitation which is responsible for the 650nm absoφtion band of compound A, but electronic coupling of its excited state to the Ti (3d) conduction band manifold is strong enough through this mode of attachment to render charge injection very efficient. The occurrence of electron transfer was further confirmed by time resolved nanosecond Nd-YAG laser experiments shown in the inset of Figure 1. The end of pulse transient spectrum indicates bleaching of the ground state absoφtion of compound A and the appearance of new features in the wavelength range of 700 to 800nm and the 480 to 580nm. These bands are attributed to the formation of the cation radical of the phthalocyanine. The recovery of the ground state spectrum due to charge recombination occurs on a time scale of several hundred microseconds indicating that re-capture of the conduction band electron by the oxidised dye is a relatively slow process.

Our results establish a new pathway for grafting phthalocyanines to oxide surfaces through axially attached ligands. Using such a film in a sandwich type cell configuration as described in the J Am Chem Soc paper in conjunction with a 1 M LiI/0.05 M Lil₃ redox electrolyte, photocurrents over to 10 mA/cm² were readily obtained under simulated AM 1.5 solar radiation. These are by far the highest conversion efficiencies ever observed with phthalocyanine-type sensitisers.

Standard literature tests were performed on compound A and compounds B to E identified above, and are tabulated below.

Claims

Transition metal phthalocyanine-type derivatives of formula I,

wherein M is Ru, Rh, Os, Ir or Pt

each X is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylthio, ether,

thioether, amino or mono- or di-substituted amino or adjacent X's may together form

-C₄H₄(Y)_n - or

where Y is alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylthio, ether, thioether,

amino or mono- or di-substituted amino and n has a value from 0-4, R and R' are independently either a first bonding ligand inco╧åorating a functional

group which permits bonding to TiO or other semiconductor to be sensitized and

which ligand can conduct an electron from an excited state of the phthalocyanine

structure to the conduction band of TiO₂ or other semiconductor when bonded thereto, or a second ligand which does not labilise the bond between M and the first

bonding ligand, providing at least one of R and R' is said first bonding ligand, and

Q is nitrogen or -CZ- where Z is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, substituted aryl, alkylthio, ether, thioether, amino or mono- or di-substituted

amino, providing that one at least of X, Y and Z is other than hydrogen.

2. Derivatives according to claim 1 , wherein M is Ru.

3. Derivatives according to claim 1 or 2, wherein when R or R' is a bonding ligand, it

inco╧åorates one or more phosphonic acid, carboxylic acid or sulphonate functional groups.

4. Derivatives according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein R or R' inco╧åorates a

straight or branched chain amine or a cyclic or aromatic amine.

5. Derivatives according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein R or R' is selected from

4-pyridine ethane sulfonate, 3-pyridine sulfonate, pyridine-3 -phosphonic acid, imidazole- 4,5-dicarboxylic acid, l,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 4-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid, tris(4-carboxyphenylphosphine), 4-isocyanobenzoate, nicotinic acid, pyridine-3,4-

dicarboxylate and pyridine-4-phosphoric acid.

6. Derivatives according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein one of R and R' is CO.

7. Derivatives according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein one or more of X, Y or

Z is alkyl or alkoxy of up to 8 carbon atoms, in which the alkyl groups are straight or

branched chains.

8. A process for the production of a derivative according to claim 1, in which R=R' comprising reacting a metal phthalocyanine compound of formula II,

wherein M, Q and X are as defined in claim 1, and A is an amine, with a salt of the ligand R as defined in claim 1, and isolating the product derivative of formula I.

9. A process according to claim 8, carried out in an organic solvent, a mixture of a

water-miscible organic solvent and water or a mixture of an immiscible organic solvent and

water in the presence of a stoichiometric excess of the salt of the ligand R, under an inert

atmosphere.

10. A process for the production of a derivative of formula I as defined in claim 1 and in which R is not the same as R', comprising the reaction of the corresponding non- metallated phthalocyanine with Ru₃(CO)₁₂ and a bonding ligand, to form the derivative of formula I in which R or R' is CO and the other of R and R' is the bonding ligand, and where

desired, displacing the carbonyl ligand with another ligand.

11. The use of derivatives according to any of claims 1 to 7 as sensitizers for

semiconductors in a dye solar cell.

12. The use of a derivative according to any of claims 1 to 7 in combination with RuN3

as a sensitizer for semiconductors in a dye solar cell.

13. An optically transparent device inco╧åorating a dye solar cell in which the dye

comprises a derivative according to any of claims 1 to 7.

14. A dye solar cell in which the dye comprises a derivative according to any of

claims 1 to 7.

15. A window for a building comprising a dye solar cell according to claim 14.

16. A method of generating electricity from sunlight comprising the use as a sensitizer

for a semiconductor in a dye solar cell, of a derivative according to any of claims 1 to 7.