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Definitions

• the present invention relates to macrocyclic molecules which inhibit metalloproteinases, including aggrecanase, and the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , pharmaceutical preparations containing them and to their use as pharmaceutical agents.
• metalloproteinases including aggrecanase
• TNF tumor necrosis factor
• the compounds are inhibitors of metalloproteinases involved in tissue degradation and inhibitors of the release of tumor necrosis factor.
• MP metalloproteinases
• connective tissue including proteoglycan and collagen
• proteoglycan and collagen leading to resorption of the extracellular matrix.
• pathological conditions such as rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, corneal, epidermal or gastric ulceration; tumor metastasis or invasion; periodontal disease and bone disease.
• these catabolic enzymes are tightly regulated at the level of their synthesis as well as at their level of extracellular activity through the action of specific inhibitors, such as alpha-2-macroglobulms and TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloprotemase) , which form inactive complexes with the MP's.
• Osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis are destructive diseases of articular cartilage characterized by localized erosion of the cartilage surface. Findings have shown that articular cartilage from the femoral heads of patients with OA, for example, had a reduced incorporation of radiolabeled sulfate over controls, suggesting that there must be an enhanced rate of cartilage degradation in OA (Mankin et al. J. Bone Joint Surg. 52A, 1970, 424-434) .
• aggrecanase (a newly identified metalloprotemase enzymatic activity) has been identified that provides the specific cleavage product of proteoglycan, found in RA and OA patients (Lohmander L.S. et al. Arthritis Rheum. 36, 1993, 1214-22) .
• MP metalloproteinases
• This invention describes macrocyclic molecules that inhibit aggrecanase and other metalloproteinases. These novel molecules are provided as cartilage protecting therapeutics. The mhibiton of aggrecanase and other metalloproteinases by these novel molecules prevent the degradation of cartilage by these enzymes, thereby alleviating the pathological conditions of osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Tumor necrosis factor is a cell associated cytokine that is processed from a 26kd precursor form to a 17kd active form.
• TNF has been shown to be a primary mediator in humans and in animals, of inflammation, fever, and acute phase responses, similar to those observed during acute infection and shock. Excess TNF has been shown to be lethal.
• autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (Feldman et al, Lancet, 1994, 344, 1105) and non- msulm dependent diabetes melitus. (Lohmander L.S. et al. Arthritis Rheum.
• TNF-C matrix metalloprotemase or family of metalloproteinases
• MP's are capable of cleaving TNF from its inactive to active form
• novel molecules provide a means of mechanism based therapeutic intervention for diseases including but not restricted to septic shock, haemodynamic shock, sepsis syndro , post ischaemic reperfusion injury, malaria, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, mycobacterial infection, meningitis, psoriasis, congestive heart failure, fibrotic diseases, cachexia, graft rejection, cancer, diseases involving angiogenesis, autoimmune diseases, skin inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, radiation damage, hyperoxic alveolar injury, HIV and non-insulin dependent diabetes melitus.
• diseases including but not restricted to septic shock, haemodynamic shock, sepsis syndro , post ischaemic reperfusion injury, malaria, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, mycobacterial infection, meningitis, psoriasis, congestive heart failure, fibrotic diseases, cachexia, graft rejection, cancer, diseases involving
• AA is an amino acid, as inhibitors of matrix metallproteinase mediated diseases.
• PCT International Publication No. WO 94/02446 discloses metalloproteinase inhibitors which are natural amino acid derivatives of general formula:
• WO95/09841 describes compounds that are hydroxamic acid derivatives and are inhibitors of cytokine production.
• GB 2 268 934 A and WO 94/24140 claim hydroxamate inhibitors of MMPs as inhibitors of TNF production.
• the compounds of the current invention act as inhibitors of MMPs, in particular aggrecanase and TNF-C, thereby preventing cartilage loss and destruction and inflammatory disorders involving TNF.
• MMPs in particular aggrecanase and TNF-C
• the hydroxamic and carboxylic acids and derivatives are cyclic, and thus non-peptide in nature, which offers a distinct advantage over existing inhibitors because they have superior pharmacokmetic parameters.
• a selection of these molecules are water soluble and are orally bioavailable.
• This invention provides novel hydroxamic acids and carboxylic acids (described below) which are useful as inhibitors of metalloproteinases, such as aggrecanase and TNF-C.
• the present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders as described previously, in a patient.
• kits comprising one or more containers containing pharmaceutical dosage units comprising a compound of the present invention (described below) for the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders as described previously.
• the present invention also includes methods of inhibiting metalloproteinases, such as aggrecanase and TNF-C, and for the treatment of arthritis by administering a compound of the present invention in combination with one or more second therapeutic agents selected from other inhibitors of metalloproteinases, such as aggrecanase and TNF-C and/or therapeutic agents for the treatment of arthritis and inflammation .
• This invention provides novel compounds which are useful as inhibitors of metalloproteinases, such as aggrecanase and TNF-C.
• the present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds for the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders as described previously, in a patient.
• kits comprising one or more containers containing pharmaceutical dosage units comprising a compound of the present invention, for the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders as described previously.
• the present invention also includes methods of inhibiting metalloproteinases, such as aggrecanase and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and for the treatment of arthritis by administering a compound of the present invention in combination with one or more second therapeutic agents selected from other inhibitors of metalloproteinases, such as aggrecanase and tumor necrosis factor alpha and/or therapeutic agents for the treatment of arthritis and inflammation.
• metalloproteinases such as aggrecanase and tumor necrosis factor alpha
• the compounds of the present invention include the following compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form thereof:
• the compounds above are useful as inhibitors of metalloproteinases, including aggrecanase and TNF-C, and are useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and related inflammatory disorders, as described previously. These compounds inhibit the production of TNF in animal models and are useful for the treatment of diseases mediated by TNF.
• the present invention also provides methods for the treatment of osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders as described previously, by administering to a host a pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective or acceptable amount of a compound of the present invention as described above.
• therapeutically effective amount it is meant an amount of a compound of the present invention effective to inhibit the target enzyme or to treat the symptoms of osteo- or rheumatoid arthritis or related disorder, in a host.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.
• Administration of the compounds of the present invention in combination with such additional therapeutic agent may afford an efficacy advantage over the compounds and agents alone, and may do so while permitting the use of lower doses of each.
• a lower dosage minimizes the potential of side effects, thereby providing an increased margin of safety.
• terapéuticaally effective amount it is meant an amount of a compound of the present invention that when administered alone or in combination with an additional therapeutic agent to a cell or mammal is effective to inhibit the target enzyme so as to prevent or ameliorate the inflamatory disease condition or the progression of the disease.
• administered in combination or “combination therapy” it is meant that a compound of the present invention and one or more additional therapeutic agents are administered concurrently to the mammal being treated.
• each component may be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time.
• each component may be administered separately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect.
• stable compound or “stable structure” is meant herein a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• substituent when a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of the present invention then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such substituent.
• substituent when the substituent is piperazmyl, pipe ⁇ dmyl, or tetrazolyl, unless specified otherwise, said piperazmyl, piperidinyl, tetrazolyl group may be bonded to the rest of the compound via any atom in such piperazinyl, piperidinyl, tetrazolyl group.
• stable compound or stable structure it is meant herein a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.
• substituted means that any one or more hydrogen on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
• alkoxy represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge
• cycloalkyl is intended to include saturated ring groups, including mono-,bi- or polycyclic ring systems, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and adamantyl
• bicycloalkyl is intended to include saturated bicyclic ring groups such as
• alkenyl is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration and one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethenyl, propenyl and the like; and "alkynyl” is intended to include hydrocarbon chains of either a straight or branched configuration and one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds which may occur in any stable point along the chain, such as ethynyl, propynyl and the like.
• Alkylcarbonyl is intended to include an alkyl group of an indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a carbonyl group to the residue of the compound at the designated location.
• Alkylcarbonylamino is intended to include an alkyl group of an indicated number of carbon atoms attached through a carbonyl group to an amino bridge, where the bridge is attached to the residue of the compound at the designated location.
• Alkylcarbonyloxy is intended to include an alkyl group of an indicated number of carbon atoms attached to a carbonyl group, where the carbonyl group is attached through an oxygen atom to the residue of the compound at the designated location.
• alkylene alkenylene, phenylene, and the like, refer to alkyl, alkenyl, and phenyl groups, respectively, which are connected by two bonds to the rest of the structure of the present invention-Ill.
• Such "alkylene”, “alkenylene”, “phenylene”, and the like, may alternatively and equivalently be denoted herein as “-(alkyl)-", “- (alkyenyl) -" and “-(phenyl)-", and the like.
• Halo or “halogen” as used herein refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo; and "counterion” is used to represent a small, negatively charged species such as chloride, bromide, hydroxide, acetate, sulfate and the like.
• Prodrugs are considered to be any covalently bonded carriers which release the active parent drug according to the present invention m vivo when such prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject. Prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds.
• Prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wnerem hydroxyl, ammo, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, ammo, sulfhydryl, or carboxyl group respectively.
• Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups in the compounds of the present invention, phosphate esters, dimethylglycme esters, aminoalkylbenzyl esters, am oalkyl esters and carboxyalkyl esters of alcohol and phenol functional groups in the compounds of the present invention and the like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound of of the present invention is modified by making acid or base salts of the compound of the present invention.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids and the like.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds of the present invention formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids.
• such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzo ⁇ c, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, lsethionic, and the like.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the compounds of the present invention which contain a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, the salts are prepared by reacting the free base or acid with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acid or base in a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the acids of list with an appropriate amount of a base, such as an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide e.g.
• an organic base such as an amine, e.g., dibenzylethylenediamine, trimethylamme, piperidme, pyrr ⁇ lidine, benzylamine and the like, or a quaternary ammonium hydroxide such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide and the like.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid, respectively, in water or an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 1985, p. 1418, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• the compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
• novel compounds of this invention may be prepared using the reactions and techniques described in this section.
• the reactions are performed in solvents appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and are suitable for the transformations being effected.
• all proposed reaction conditions including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, are chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, which should be readily recognized by one skilled in the art. It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed. Such restrictions to the substituents which are compatible with the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art and alternate methods must then be used.
• the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by the methods outlined in the Schemes below.
• a diprotected 2,3- diammopropionic acid, 2, 4-d ⁇ ammobutyr ⁇ c acid, ornithine or lysme (compound 1, Scheme 1) is converted to its corresponding amide 2 using a coupling agent such as BOP.
• Coupling of 1 with a diaminobenzene followed by reaction m acetic acid at 60_ C produces a benzimidazole analog 3.
• 1 can also be converted to an aldehyde 4 which is reacted with ammonia and glyoxal trimer to give an imidazole analog 5.
• Deprotection of the Na-Boc group of 2, 3 and 5 using an acid such as 4 N HC1 in dioxane gave compound 6. Removal of the side chain protecting group of 2, 3 and 5 using hydrogenation afforded compound 7.
• R 1 is isobutyl
• R 2 is defined in Table 32 below.
• R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number of ways well known to one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
• the compounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
• novel compounds of the present invention may be prepared using the reactions and techniques described in this section. Tne reactions are performed in solvents appropriate to the reagents and materials employed and are suitable for the transformations being effected. Also, in the description of the synthetic methods described below, it is to be understood that all proposed reaction conditions, including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, are chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, which should be readily recognized by one skilled in the art. It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed. Not all compounds of the present invention falling into a given class may be compatible with some of the reaction conditions required in some of the methods described. Such restrictions to the substituents which are compatible with the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art and alternate methods must then be used.
• the reaction was stirred 10 minutes at -78 °C, 15 minutes in a room temperature water bath, then for 15 minutes at -78°C again, followed by quench with the rapid addition of methanol.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated to -1/4 its origional volume under reduced pressure and the resulting material was dissolved in 200 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with a mixture of 70 mL of IN HC1 and 100 grams of ice.
• the aqueous was extracted 2 times with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic fractions were washed with a solution of 3.5 grams of KF dissolved in 100 mL of water and 15 mL of 1 N HC1 (pH 3-4).
• Example 869 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl- 7-methyl-2- (N-methylcarboxamido) -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide 869(a).
• N- methylmorpholine 4.4 mL, 40 mmol
• 869(c). 869(b) (10.0 g, 14.02 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL MeOH and the solution was hydrogenated for 1 hour under atmospheric pressure using 10% Pd-C (1.0 g) as catalyst. The catalyst was filtered off and the solution was concentrated to give an oily product (6.8 g, 100%).
• Example 2934 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (glycme-N-4- ethylpiperazmamide) carooxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hy ⁇ roxycarboxamide
• Example 2935 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (L-alanme-N- morpholmamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2936 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (L-valine-N- morpholmamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2937 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (L-tert-butylglycme-N- morpholmamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2938 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyI-2- [N- (b-alanme-N- morpholmamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxam de
• Example 2940 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2- [N- (2-hydroxy-2- phenylethyl) carboxamide] eyelopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2941 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (glycme-N-4- benzylpiperazmamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2942 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (glycme-N-4- phenylpiperazinam de) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2943 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2- [N- (glycme-N-4- (2- pyridyl) piperazinamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2945 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2- ⁇ N- [glycme-N-4- (1- piperidinyl) piperidmamide] carboxamide ⁇ cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2946 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (i-isopropyloxycarbonyl-N- morpholinamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2947 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- ( S-isopropyloxycarbonyl-N- morpholmamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2948 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (2-th ⁇ azole-4-acet ⁇ c acid) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxam ⁇ de
• Example 2950 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- ( ⁇ -cyclopropaneethyloxycarboxamide- ⁇ -alanme-N- morpholmamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2951 2S, 13S, 14R-1 , 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (2-th ⁇ azole-4-acetyl-N- morpholinamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2952 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (L-serine-N- morpholinamide) carboxamide] cycIopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2953 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (glyc ⁇ ne-N-p ⁇ per ⁇ dmam ⁇ de-3-carboxyl ⁇ c acid) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxam ⁇ de
• Example 2955 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2- [N- (glyc ⁇ ne-N-4- ethoxycarbonylpiperazinamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2956 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (glycme-N-4- ethoxycarbonyIpiperidinamide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxam de
• Example 2957 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- ⁇ N- [4- (1- morpholinyl) phenyl] carboxamide ⁇ cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2958 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- ⁇ N- [glycme-N- (4- ( 1- morpholmyl) anilide) carboxamide] cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2960 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-methylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2961 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [alanine-N-methylamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2962 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [methylcarboxy] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2963 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [glycine-N-methylamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2965 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [ 3-N-morpholmopropylcarboxamide] -eyelopentadecane- 13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2966 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [pheylalanine-N-methylamide] -eyelopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2968 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N-4-pyr ⁇ dylmethylcarboxam ⁇ de] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2969 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (R, S) -furfurylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2971 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [t-butylglycine-N-methylamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2972 2S, 13S, 14R-1 , 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-benzylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2973 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [3-N- (2-oxo-pyrrolidino) propylcarboxamide] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2974 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [2-N-ethylpyrrolidinocarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane- 13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2975 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-3-pyridylmethylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2976 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-2- (1,1, 1-trifluoroethyl) carboxamide] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2977 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-2- (2-pyridyl) ethylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane- 13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2978 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N- (R, S-l-methyl-3-pheylpropyl) carboxamide] - eyelopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2979 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [3-N-imidazoylpropylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13- N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2980 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [e-N-t-butyloxycarbonyllysine-N-methylamide] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2982 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N-2-pyridylmethylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2983 22S, 13S, 14R-1 , 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2- [N-N-morpholmocarboxyamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2984 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N- (R) -furfurylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2985 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N-2 (4- ⁇ m ⁇ dazoyl) ethylcarboxyamide] -cyclopentadecane- 13-N-hydroxycarboxam ⁇ de
• Example 2986 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8 , 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2- [N-R- (2-R-hydroxymdane) carboxamide] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• ESI-MS 555 (M+Na)
• Example 2987 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-S- (2-S-hydroxyindane) carboxamide] - eyelopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2988 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-4-aminobenzylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2990 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-4-methylpiperinocarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13- N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2991 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [ 3-N- (2-R, S-methyl-piperidino) propylcarboxamide] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2993 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [aspartate (O-t-butyl) -N-methylamide] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2994 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [aspartate-N-methylamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 2996 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8 , 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2- [N-benzhydrylcarboxamide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3000 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [1- (2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl) -2-glycine amidoethanol] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3001 25, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [glycine-t-butyl ester] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3002 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [L-glutamic acid-a, g -di-t-butyl ester] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3004 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [N-2-phenyl-l-butylam ⁇ de] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3005 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [2- (2-aminoethyl) -1-methylpyrrole] -cyclopentadecane- 13-N-hydroxycarboxam ⁇ de
• Example 3006 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [2- (2-ammoethyl) benzenesulfonamide] -cyclopentadecane- 13-N-hydroxycarboxam ⁇ de
• Example 3008 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [L-phenylalanme-p-fluoro-N-methylamide] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide Th--s compound was prepared using the procedures analogous to those above.
• ESI-MS 579.7
• Example 3009 2S, 13S, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2 [L-phenylalanine-p-methoxy-N- (5) -a-methylbenzylamide; eyelopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3010 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2 [N-cyclohehylmethyl amide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3011 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [N-3-phenyl-l-propyl amide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3012 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [N-3, 3-d ⁇ phenylpropyl amide] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxam de
• Example 3013 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [N- (2-am ⁇ noethylam ⁇ no) ethyl pyrrolidme] - cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3015 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [ethyl-4-amino-l-piperidine carboxylate] - eyelopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3016 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [5-methyl tryptamine] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3017 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [N-4-trifluoromethylbenzyl amide] -cyclopentadecane-13- N-hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3018 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [L-glutamic acid] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3019 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-diaza-8, 15-dioxo-9-oxa-14- isobutyl-2 [ 2- (diethylamino) ethyl-4-amino benzoate] - eyelopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxamide
• ESI-MS 733.8
• Example 3020 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-d aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [ 6-fluorotryptamine] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3021 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- sobutyl-2 [6-methoxy tryptamine] -cyclopentadecane-13-N- hydroxycarboxamide
• Example 3022 25, 135, 14R-1, 7-d ⁇ aza-8, 15-d ⁇ oxo-9-oxa-14- ⁇ sobutyl-2 [tryptamine] -cyclopentadecane-13-N-hydroxycarboxam ⁇ de
• the compounds of the present invention possess metalloprotemase and aggrecanase and TNF inhibitory activity.
• the MMP-3 inhibitory activity of the compounds of the present invention is demonstrated using assays of MMP-3 activity, for example, using the assay described below for assaying inhibitors of MMP-3 activity.
• the compounds of the present invention are bioavailable in vivo as demonstrated, for example, using the ex vivo assay described below.
• the compounds of the present invention have the ability to suppress/inhibit cartilage degradation in vivo, for example, as demonstrated using the animal model of acute cartilage degradation described below.
• the compounds provided by this invention are also useful as standards and reagents in determining the ability of a potential pharmaceutical to inhibit MPs . These would be provided in commercial kits comprising a compound of this invention.
• Metalloproteinases have also been implicated in the degradation of basement membrances to allow infiltration of cancer cells into the circulation and subsequent penetration into other tissues leading to tumor metastasis. (Stetler- Stevenson, Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 9, 289-303, 1990.)
• the compounds of the present invention should be useful for the prevention and treatment of invasive tumors by inhibition of this aspect of metastasis.
• the compounds of the present invention would also have utility for the prevention and treatment of osteopenia associated with matrixmetalloproteinase-mediated breakdown of cartilage and bone which occurs in osteoporosis patients.
• TNF and/or Aggrecanase and/or MP ' s are potentially useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of various inflammatory, infectious, immunological or malignant diseases.
• diseases include, but are not limited to inflammation, fever, cardiovascular effects, hemorrhage, coagulation and acute phase response, an acute infection, septic shock, haemodynamic shock and sepsis syndrome, post lschaemic reperfusion injury, malaria, Crohn's disease, mycobacterial infection, meningitis, psoriasis, periodontits, gingivitis, congestive heart failure, fibrotic disease, cachexia, and aneroxia, graft rejection, cancer, corneal ulceration or tumor invasion by secondary metastases, autoimmune ⁇ isease, skin inflammatory diseases, multiple osteo and rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, radiation damage, HIV, and hyperoxic alveolar injury.
• the compounds of the present invention have been shown to inhibit TNF production in lipopolysachamde stimulated mice, for example, using the assay for TNF Induction in Mice and in human whole blood asdesc ⁇ bed below.
• the compounds of the present invention have been shown to inhibit aggrecanase a key enzyme in cartilage breakdown as determined by the aggrecanase assay described below.
• ⁇ g denotes microgram
• mg denotes milligram
• g denotes gram
• ⁇ L denotes microliter
• mL denotes milliliter
• L denotes liter
• nM denotes nanomolar
• ⁇ M denotes micromolar
• mM denotes millimolar
• M denotes molar
• nm denotes nanometer.
• Sigma stands for the Sigma- Aldrich Corp. of St. Louis, MO.
• a compound is considered to be active if it has an IC50 or K__ value of less than about 1 mM for the inhibition of MMP-3.
• a novel enzymatic assay was developed to detect potential inhibitors of aggrecanase.
• the assay uses active aggrecanase accumulated in media from stimulated bovine nasal cartilage (BNC) or related cartilage sources and purified cartilage aggrecan monomer or a fragment thereof as a substrate.
• BNC bovine nasal cartilage
• purified cartilage aggrecan monomer or a fragment thereof as a substrate.
• Aggrecanase is generated by stimulation of cartilage slices with mterleukm-1 (IL-1) , tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF_) or other stimuli.
• IL-1 mterleukm-1
• TNF_ tumor necrosis factor alpha
• MMPs Matrix metalloproteinases
• cartilage is first ⁇ epleted of endogenous aggrecan by stimulation with 500 ng/ml human recombinant IL- ⁇ for 6 days with media changes every 2 days. Cartilage is then stimulated for an additional 8 days without media change to allow accumulation of soluble, active aggrecanase in the culture media.
• agents which inhibit MMP- 1, -2, -3, and -9 biosynthesis are included during stimulation. This BNC conditioned media, containing aggrecanase activity is then used as the source of aggrecanase for the assay.
• Aggrecanase enzymatic activity is detected by monitoring production of aggrecan fragments produced exclusively by cleavage at the Glu373-Ala374 bond within the aggrecan core protein by Western analysis using the monoclonal antibody, BC-3 (Hughes, CE, et al., Biochem J 306:799-804, 1995).
• This antibody recognizes aggrecan fragments with the N-termmus, 374ARGSVIL.. , generated upon cleavage by aggrecanase.
• the BC-3 antibody recognizes this neoepitope only when it is at the N- termmus and not when it is present internally within aggrecan fragments or withm the aggrecan protein core.
• compounds are prepared as 10 mM stocks in DMSO, water or other solvents and diluted to appropriate concentrations in water.
• Drug 50 ul is added to 50 ul of aggrecanase-containing media and 50 ul of 2 mg/ml aggrecan substrate and brought to a final volume of 200 ul in 0.2 M Tris, pH 7.6, containing 0.4 M NaCl and 40 mM CaC12.
• the assay is run for 4 hr at 37oC, quenched with 20 mM EDTA and analyzed for aggrecanase-generated products.
• a sample containing enzyme and substrate without drug is included as a positive control and enzyme incubated in the absence of substrate serves as a measure of background.
• proteoglycans and proteoglycan fragments are enzymatically deglycosylated with chondroitmase ABC (0.1 units/10 ug GAG) for 2 hr at 37oC and then with keratanase (0.1 units/10 ug GAG) and keratanase II (0.002 units/10 ug GAG) for 2 hr at 37oC n buffer containing 50 mM sodium acetate, 0.1 M T ⁇ s/HCl, pH 6.5.
• a high capacity enzymatic assay was developed to detect potential inhibitors of MMP-3.
• the assay uses a derivative of a peptide substrate, substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe- Gly-Leu-Met ) , which is cleaved by MMP-3 exclusively at the glutamme-phenylalanine bond.
• substance P Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe- Gly-Leu-Met
• fluorimetnc method of product detection The production of the hydrolysis product, substance P 7-11, is measured by reaction with fluorescamme, a fluorogenic compound which reacts with the primary amine of this fragment.
• the substance P substrate is bisacetylated to block the primary amines of the intact substrate.
• the resulting fluorescence represents generation of product (7-11 peptide) formed upon cleavage by MMP-3, and is quantitated using a standard curve prepared with known concentrations of 7-11 peptide.
• Selected compounds of the present invention were tested and shown to have activity in the above assay.
• This plasma was also used to prepare a spiked plasma curve of the compound of interest.
• Known concentrations of the compound were added to control plasma, the plasma was extracted by the same method, and then assayed in the MMP-3 enzymatic assay.
• a standard curve was prepared that related percent inhbition in the MMP-3 assay to the concentration of drug added in the spiked samples. Based on the percent inhibition in the presence of plasma from dosed rats, the concentration of compound was determined using the standard curve.
• a novel m vivo model of acute cartilage degradation in rats has been characterized as a method to determine the proteoglycan content m the synovial fluid after the induction of cartilage degradation.
• Experimental groups exhibit increased levels of proteoglycan content m their synovial fluid versus control rats.
• the criteria to demonstrate a compound's activity in this model is the ability to inhibit the demonstration of cartilage degradation, as measured by increased proteoglycan content m the synovial fluid of rats after compound administration.
• Indomethacm a non-steroidal anti-mflammatory drug is inactive in this model. Indomethacm administration does not inhibit the demonstration of cartilage degradation in experimental animals. In contrast, administration of a compound of this invention significantly inhibited the demonstration of cartilage degradation in this model.
• Blood is drawn from normal donors into tubes containing 143 USP units of heparm/lOml. 225ul of blood is plated directly into sterile polypropylene tubes. Compounds are diluted in DMSO/serum free media and added to the blood samples so the final concentration of compounds are 50, 10, 5, 1, .5, .1, and .OluM. The final concentration of DMSO does not exceed .5%. Compounds are premcubated for 15 minutes before the addition of lOOng/ml LPS. Plates are incubated for 5 hours in an atmosphere of 5% C02 in air. At the end of 5 hours, 750ul of serum free media is added to each tube and the samples are spun at 1200RPM for 10 minutes.
• Test compounds are administered to mice either I. P. or P.O. at time zero. Immediately following compound administration, mice receive an I. P. injection of 20 mg of D-galactosamme plus 10 ⁇ g of lipopolysaccharide . One hour later, animals are anesthetized and bled by cardiac puncture. Blood plasma is evaluated for TNF levels by an ELISA specific for mouse TNF. Administration of representative compounds of the present invention to mice results in a dose-dependent suppression of plasma TNF levels at one hour in the above assay.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered orally using any pharmaceutically acceptable dosage form known in the art for such administration.
• the active ingredient can be supplied in solid dosage forms such as dry powders, granules, tablets or capsules, or in liquid dosage forms, such as syrups or aqueous suspensions.
• the active ingredient can be administered alone, but is generally administered with a pharmaceutical carrier.
• a valuable treatise with respect to pharmaceutical dosage forms is Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations) , pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions. Likewise, they may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion) , intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using dosage forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. An effective but non-toxic amount of the compound desired can be employed as an antnnflammatory and antiarth ⁇ tic agent.
• the compounds of this invention can be administered by any means that produces contact of the active agent with the agent's site of action, MMP-3, in the body of a mammal. They can be administered by any conventional means available for use in con j unction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents.
• Thev can oe administered alone, but generally administered witn a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
• the dosage regimen for the compounds of the present invention will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the species, age, sex, health, medical condition, and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; the route of administration, the renal and hepatic function of the patient, and the effect desired.
• An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, or arrest the progress of the condition.
• the daily oral dosage of each active ingredient when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.001 to 1000 mg/kg of body weight, preferably between about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day, and most preferably between about 1.0 to 20 mg/kg/day. For a normal male adult human of approximately 70 kg of body weight, this translates into a dosage of 70 to 1400 mg/day.
• the most preferred doses will range from about 1 to about 10 mg/kg/mmute during a constant rate infusion.
• compounds of the present invention may be administered m a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three, or four times daily.
• the compounds for the present invention can be administered in mtranasal form via topical use of suitable mtranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches wall known to those of ordinary skill n that art.
• the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than mtermittant throughout the dosage regimen.
• the compounds herein described in detail can form the active ingredient, and are typically administered m admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients, or carriers (collectively referred to herein as carrier materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl callulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like.
• suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
• Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium algmate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like.
• Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamallar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles.
• Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phosphol pids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholmes .
• Compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
• soluble polymers can include polyvmylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxide- polylysme substituted with palmitoyl residues.
• the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacylates, and crosslmked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• a drug for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacylates, and crosslmked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• Dosage forms suitable for administration may contain from about 1 milligram to about 100 milligrams of active ingredient per dosage unit.
• the active ingredient will ordinarily be present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
• the active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups, and suspensions. It can also be administered parenterally, in sterile liquid dosage forms .
• Gelatin capsules may contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.
• powdered carriers such as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance.
• water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose) , and related sugar solutions and glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions.
• Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances.
• Antioxidizmg agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents.
• citric acid and its salts and sodium EDTA are also used.
• parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, methyl- or propyl-paraben, and chlorobutanol .
• Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described m Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, a standard reference text in this field.
• Useful pharmaceutical dosage-forms for administration of the compounds of this invention can be illustrated as follows:
• Capsules are prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 500 milligrams of active ingredient, 100 milligrams of cellulose and 10 milligrams of magnesium stearate.
• a large number of unit capsules may also prepared by filling standard two-piece hard gelatin capsules each with 100 milligrams of powdered active ingredient, 150 milligrams of lactose, 50 milligrams of cellulose, and 6 milligrams magnesium stearate .
• the final volume is brought up to 100% by the addition of distilled water.
• Keltrol ⁇ Food Grade Xanthan Gum
• Xanthan gum is slowly added into distilled water before adding the active ingredient and the rest of the formulation ingredients.
• the final suspension is passed through a homogenizer to assure the elegance of the final products.
• Sodium Carboxylmethylcellulose 0.3 Each ingredient is finely pulverized and then uniformly mixed together. Alternatively, the powder can be prepared as a suspension and then spray dried.
• Gelatin is prepared in hot water.
• the finely pulverized active ingredient is suspended in the gelatin solution and then the rest of the ingredients are mixed in.
• the suspension is filled into a suitable packaging container and cooled down to form the gel.
• Gelcarin® is dissolved in hot water (around 80°C) and then the fme-powder active ingredient is suspended in this solution.
• Sodium saccharin and the rest of the formulation ingredients are added to the suspension while it is still warm.
• the suspension is homogenized and then filled into suitable containers.
• a mixture of active ingredient in a digestable oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil is prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 100 milligrams of the active ingredient.
• the capsules are washed and dried.
• Tablets may be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 500 milligrams of active ingredient, 150 milligrams of lactose, 50 milligrams of cellulose and 10 milligrams of magnesium stearate.
• a large number of tablets may also be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit was 100 milligrams of active ingredient, 0.2 milligrams of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 milligrams of magnesium stearate, 275 milligrams of microcrystallme cellulose, 11 milligrams of starch and 98.8 milligrams of lactose.
• Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability or delay absorption.
• a parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection is prepared by stirring 1.5% by weight of active ingredient in 10% by volume propylene glycol and water. The solution is made isotonic with sodium chloride and sterilized.
• An aqueous suspension is prepared for oral administration so that each 5 mL contain 100 mg of finely divided active ingredient, 200 mg of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 mg of sodium benzoate, 1.0 g of sorbitol solution, U.S. P., and 0.025 mL of vanillin.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent, especially non- steroidal anti-mflammatory drugs (NSAID's).
• NSAID's non- steroidal anti-mflammatory drugs
• the compound of the present invention and such second therapeutic agent can be administered separately or as a physical combination in a single dosage unit, in any dosage form and by various routes of administration, as described above.
• the compound of the present invention may be formulated together with the second therapeutic agent m a single dosage unit (that is, combined together in one capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid, etc.) .
• the compound of the present invention and the second therapeutic agent may be administered essentially at the same time, or in any order; for example the compound of the present invention may be administered first, followed by administration of the second agent.
• the administration of the compound of the present invention and the second therapeutic agent occurs less than about one hour apart, more preferably less than about 5 to 30 minutes apart.
• the route of administration of the compound of the present invention is oral.
• the compound of the present invention and the second therapeutic agent are both administered by the same route (that is, for example, both orally) , if desired, they may each be administered by different routes and in different dosage forms (that is, for example, one component of the combination product may be administered orally, and another component may be administered intravenously) .
• the dosage of the compound of the present invention when administered alone or in combination with a second therapeutic agent may vary depending upon various factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration, the age, health and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms, the kind of concurrent treatment, the frequency of treatment, and the effect desired, as described above.
• the compound of the present invention and a second therapeutic agent are combined in a single dosage unit they are formulated such that although tne active ingredients are comoined in a single dosage unit, the physical contact between the active ingredients is minimized (that is, reduced).
• one active ingredient may oe enteric coated. By enteric coating one of the active ingredients, it is possible not only to minimize the contact between the combined active ingredients, but also, it is possible to control the release of one of these components in the gastrointestinal tract such that one of these components is not released in the stomach but rather is released in the intestines.
• One of the active ingredients may also be coated with a sustained-release material which effects a sustained- release throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also serves to minimize physical contact between the combined active ingredients.
• the sustained-released component can be additionally enteric coated such that the release of this component occurs only in the intestine.
• Still another approach would involve the formulation of a combination product in which the one component is coated with a sustained and/or enteric release polymer, and the other component is also coated with a polymer such as a lowviscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or other appropriate materials as known in the art, in order to further separate the active components.
• HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• the polymer coating serves to form an additional barrier to interaction with the other component.
• kits useful for example, m the treatment or prevention of osteoarthritis or rneumatoid arthritis, which comprise one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
• kits may further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
• Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, may also be included in the kit.

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• 1997
  • 1997-05-14 US US08/856,223 patent/US6281352B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1998
  • 1998-05-14 AU AU73853/98A patent/AU7385398A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-05-14 EP EP98921183A patent/EP0981521B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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  • 1998-05-14 CA CA002287923A patent/CA2287923A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1998-05-14 JP JP53993598A patent/JP2001524949A/ja active Pending
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