WO1998028010A2 - Use of moieties for binding to hyaluronan and icam-1 - Google Patents

Use of moieties for binding to hyaluronan and icam-1 Download PDF

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WO1998028010A2
WO1998028010A2 PCT/CA1997/001002 CA9701002W WO9828010A2 WO 1998028010 A2 WO1998028010 A2 WO 1998028010A2 CA 9701002 W CA9701002 W CA 9701002W WO 9828010 A2 WO9828010 A2 WO 9828010A2
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Prior art keywords
sepharose
hyaluronan
compound
icam
dah
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PCT/CA1997/001002
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French (fr)
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WO1998028010A3 (en
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Samuel Simon Asculai
Eva Anne Turley
Peter Mccourt
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Hyal Pharmaceutical Corporation
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Priority claimed from CA002193941A external-priority patent/CA2193941A1/en
Priority claimed from CA002195386A external-priority patent/CA2195386A1/en
Application filed by Hyal Pharmaceutical Corporation filed Critical Hyal Pharmaceutical Corporation
Priority to AU54742/98A priority Critical patent/AU5474298A/en
Publication of WO1998028010A2 publication Critical patent/WO1998028010A2/en
Publication of WO1998028010A3 publication Critical patent/WO1998028010A3/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/61—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule the organic macromolecular compound being a polysaccharide or a derivative thereof

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the use of moieties for binding to hyaluronan and ICAM-1.
  • these moieties contain diaminohexane (such as 1,6-hexanediamine) and hexamethylene bis- acetamide.
  • ICAM-1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
  • ICAM-1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
  • the elimination of the action of ICAM-1 from the inflammatory process is therefore desirable.
  • ICAM-1 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
  • the leukocytes stick to the arterial walls causing further damage.
  • One method is to inhibit/block the action of ICAM-1.
  • this invention provides a method, and compounds containing molecules which may be used in such methods to separate the hyaluronan. This involves the combination of a compound containing moiety which reacts with hyaluronan which then enables the separation of the combined compound containing the moiety component and hyaluronan from other components.
  • the moiety in the compound may also be used to inhibit/block the action of ICAM-1 and hyaluronan in the body by administering a dosage amount of a compound containing a moiety which in the body combines with the ICAM-1 and /or hyaluronan, inhibiting its further action in the body.
  • the moiety thereby inactivates ICAM-1 and hyaluronan in the body. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide compounds containing moieties which accomplishes the above which includes diamino hexane or hexamethylene bis-acetamide in the moiety (in effective dosage amounts) which is specific for hyaluronan and ICAM-1.
  • the moiety may also be used to bind hyaluronan to drugs for more effective administration of the drugs.
  • R-N(CH 2 )mNR 2 compound containing a moiety or the formula can be administered to a mammal (e.g. human) in an effective non-toxic therapeutic amount to block the action of hyaluronan and ICAM-1 in the mammal by, for example, reacting with the compound or compounds
  • R, Ri, R2 and R3 may be hydrogen or 3 1 or
  • R, Ri , R2 or R3 may be a drug combined with the moiety
  • m may be between 1 and 12, preferably between 3-10 and most preferably between 5-10, such as 6.
  • R and R2 may or
  • toxic compound may have the formula where
  • R 5 ⁇ n ⁇ 10 and R4 or R5 are each H or 6 where R6 is Cn'H2n'+l where l ⁇ n' ⁇ 5.
  • R3 is a drug it may be selected from the following although the list is not exhaustive.
  • R NSAIDS such as acetic acid types and propionic acid types (especially ibuprofen) anti-inflammatory gold compounds such as auranofin (Merck
  • 4-aminoquinoline type drugs such as chloroquine
  • Vinca alkaloids such as:
  • Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9784) Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9788) Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9789)
  • Histamine Hl-antagonist drugs of the general structure are histamine Hl-antagonist drugs of the general structure:
  • Anabolic steroids such as nandrolone (Merck Index 10th Ed. no.
  • Oestrogen type drugs such as stilboestrol
  • Anti-androgen drugs such as cyproterone Contraceptive drugs
  • Muscarinic antagonists such as atropine, homoatropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide
  • Adrenoreceptor antagonists such as propranolol, ergotamine, alprenotol, practolol, metoprolol.
  • the compound or compound containing the moiety or combined drug and moiety can be administered to a mammal (e.g. human) in a suitable effective non-toxic therapeutic amount to inhibit the effect of ICAM-1 to inhibit the action (effect) of ICAM-1 in the inflammatory process in the mammal.
  • a mammal e.g. human
  • a suitable effective non-toxic therapeutic amount to inhibit the effect of ICAM-1 to inhibit the action (effect) of ICAM-1 in the inflammatory process in the mammal.
  • the compound or compound with moiety may be used to purify hyaluronan by combining the compound or compound with the moiety with a solution comprising hyaluronan to permit its binding with the hyaluronan, thereafter recovering the bound combination of the moiety and hyaluronan and thereafter releasing the compound with moiety or compound from the hyaluronan and recovering the pure hyaluronan.
  • the releasing of the hyaluronan from the compound or compound containing the moiety may be accomplished by dialysis as we have found that hyaluronic acid teaches very slowly from columns where it is non-covalently bound.
  • dialysis through a low molecular weight cut-off membrane should be a good way of separating 1,6-diaminohexane or hexamethylene bis- acetamide from HA.
  • Column chromatography, electroelution and electrodialysis as known methods could also be similarly used.
  • the non-toxic effective amount of the compound or compound containing the moiety may be administered by any suitable manner such as intravenously in saline and therefore may be solubilized in any suitable amount.
  • a suitable effective non-toxic amount of the compound or compound containing moiety for administration to a mammal is between about 1 to 10,000 ⁇ g/70kg person preferably between about 1000 to 6000 ⁇ g (1 to 6mg)/70kg person.
  • the dosage amount will be varied directly with the weight of the patient. Thus, a 105kg person will be given 1.5 times the dosage amount a 70kg person will be given.
  • the calculation of the amount does not include the amount of any compounds, such as drugs, with which it is combined.
  • HMBA hexamethylene-bisacetamide
  • HMBA Hexamethylenebisacetamide
  • HMBA HMBA was removed from the plasma with a half time of 2.2 +/- 0.5h, and 65+/- 8% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine during the first 24h after dosing.
  • plasma concentrations of 4mM were easily maintained with no apparent adverse effects.
  • Drug was uniformly distributed, with highest concentrations found in thymus, kidney, liver, and lymph node throughout the first 24h after a single iv bolus dose. In vivo metabolism was very small, and the presence of the apparent metabolites was undetectable until 48h after iv administration. Oral bioavailability was good (32%), with peak plasma concentrations of 2mM achieved one hour after oral administration. After oral dosing urinary excretion and plasma decay were comparable to similar data obtained after iv dosing.”
  • the separation of the moiety or compound from hyaluronic acid can be accompanied by the use of dialysis through a low molecular weight cut-off membrane or electroelution and electrodialysis in known methods.
  • Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is a glycoprotein predominantly expressed on vascular endothelium, and mediates neutrophil and macrophage extravasation in inflammatory states.
  • ICAM-1 is a cell surface receptor for the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) (McCourt et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30081-4). This finding was based on studies using HA oligosaccharides to elute ICAM-1 from columns of HA attached to Sepharose 4B via a 1,6-diamino-hexane (DAH) based linker.
  • DAIH 1,6-diamino-hexane
  • HA hyaluronan
  • ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1
  • EDC l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- carbodiimide
  • EDA ethylenediamine
  • DAH 1,6-diaminohexane
  • control- EDA- and control-DAH-Sepharose l-amino-2-acetoamidoethane- and 1- amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B
  • HA-EDA- and HA-DAH- Sepharose HA-ethylenediamine- and HA-l,6-diaminohexane-Sepharose 4B
  • P-HA-DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose Pharmacia-HA- and -control-DAH Sepharose
  • Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54) is a glycoprotein expressed predominantly on vascular endothelium [1]. It is upregulated in inflammatory states [2, 3] and mediates cell-cell adhesion and neutrophil/macrophage extravasation as a counter-receptor for lymphocyte function associated -1(LFA-1)(4,5) and the macrophage- associated Mac-1 [6].
  • Hyaluronan hyaluronic acid; HA
  • HA is a polysaccharide found predominantly in soft connective tissue and has a wide range of functions including space filling, lubrication and providing a hydrated matrix through which cells can migrate [7-9].
  • HA enters the blood via the lymph and is rapidly taken up by liver endothelial cells (LEC) via high affinity receptors that also recognize chondroitin sulphate [10].
  • LEC liver endothelial cells
  • ICAM-1 and HA play pivotal roles in cell adhesion and migration.
  • anti-HARLEC anti-HA receptor on liver endothelial cells
  • Hyaluronan is a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that occurs in connective tissue and has a wide range of mechanical and cell biological functions.
  • the purpose of this study was to test the ability of various column chromatography resins to bind both hyaluronan and proteins from liver, the major organ of hyaluronan clearance from the blood.
  • the methods used include chromatography of hyaluronan and rat liver endothelial cell extracts on columns of substituted Sepharose matrices, and a simple tube binding assay to test the affinity of detergent-solubilized rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 for these same resins.
  • hyaluronan binds to a hexamethylene chain with either a terminal primary amine or a terminal acetoamido group. This interaction is not simply of a hydrophobic nature, as hyaluronan does not bind the hydrophobic resins hexyl- or octyl- Sepharose.
  • intercellular adhesion molecule-1 binds best to resins containing a hexamethylene chain.
  • resins substituted with hyaluronan linked via an ethylene chain can be used to specifically purify hyaluronan binding proteins from rat liver endothelial cells.
  • Figure 2 relates to chromatography of HA on control-DAH, P-HA- DAH-, control-EDAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose.
  • Figure 3 relates to binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B, and other Sepharose resins.
  • Figure 4 relates to binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to various hydrophobic resins.
  • Figure 5 relates to inhibition of binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B with various agents.
  • Figure 6 relates to binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B and its displacement by hyaluronan.
  • Figure 7 relates to the binding of liver endothelial cell surface proteins to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B, and other Sepharose resins and their elution with HA.
  • HA typically considered a hydrophilic molecule
  • IAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1
  • Collagenase (Grade V), hyaluronidase (bovine testes type I), leupeptin, pepstatin A, PMSF, benzamidine, N,N'-hexamethylene bis- acetamide (HMBA), poly-L-glutamic acid, ethylene diamine and Triton X- 100 (molecular biology grade) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, USA. Aprotinin was obtained from Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany. 1251 was obtained from Nordion Inc., Canada. Broad-range pre-stained molecular weight standards were obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA.
  • l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide was obtained from Fluka Chemika-BioChemika, Buchs, Switzerland.
  • Cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B, EAH Sepharose 4B and phenyl Sepharose were obtained from Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • AH Sepharose 4B was a gift of Professor Jan-Christer Jansson, Pharmacia BioProcess Technology, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • HA-DAH-Sepharose produced using Pharmacia's AH Sepharose 4B as starting material for the coupling of HA (Tengblad, 1979) was a gift of the late Dr.
  • HA was prepared as described previously (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991). Briefly, HA was digested with bovine testes hyaluronidase and the resulting oligosaccharides chromatographed on a calibrated S-300 size exclusion column. HA fractions corresponding to 25-40 kDa were pooled and dialyzed against ammonium bicarbonate before being lyophilized to dryness.
  • the resulting lyophilisate was dissolved either in water for coupling to aminoethyl-oraminohexyl-Sepharose or in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) (137mM NaCl, 2.7mM KC1, 6.5mM Na 2 HP0 4 and 1.5 mM KH 2 P0 4 ) for elution studies.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • HA-ethylenediamine Sepharose 4B and l-amino-2- acetoamidoethane Sepharose 4B.
  • HA-ethylenediamine (HA-EDA) Sepharose 4B ( Figure lb) was prepared as follows. Aminoethyl (AE) Sepharose ( Figure la) was prepared according to Cuatrecasas and Anfinsen (Cuatrecasas and Anfinsen, 1971). Washed cyanogen bromide activated-Sepharose 4B was suspended in an equal volume of water containing 2 mmoles ethylene diamine (pH 10) per ml of Sepharose.
  • the gel slurry was mixed end-over-end at 4°C for 16 hours and then washed on a sintered glass funnel with two cycles each of 1M NaCl, lOOmM NaHCQ 3 , pH 10.0 followed by 1M NaCl, pH 4.5 (70ml buffer per ml Sepharose).
  • EDC was then added to a final concentration of 2.3 mM (corresponding to a HA disaccharide:EDC ratio of 10:1) and the slurry mixed end-over-end at room temperature for 24 hours.
  • the pH was maintained at 4.5-5.8 during this time by the addition of 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
  • the resin was washed as before and then mixed with an equal volume of 3.9M NaCH 3 COO, pH 4.5 before the addition of EDC to a final concentration of lOOmM, and the slurry mixed end-over- end at room temperature for 24 hours in order to block the remaining unsubstituted amino groups on the gel.
  • control-EDA control resin l-amino-2-acetoamidoethane
  • Sepharose 4B ( Figure lc) was prepared in parallel, but with the elimination of the HA oligosaccharide/2.3mM EDC coupling step.
  • HA-1,6 diaminohexane (HA-DAH) Sepharose 4B ( Figure Id) and 1- amino-6-acetoamidohexane (control-DAH) Sepharose 4B ( Figure le) were prepared in parallel with the previous two resins, but with the substitution of the longer linker 1,6-diaminohexane for ethylene diamine in the first step.
  • Two further l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B resins were prepared using either AH Sepharose 4B, a resin produced by Pharmacia BioProcess Technology from the coupling of 1,6- diaminohexane to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, or EAH Sepharose 4B ( Figure If), a resin produced by Pharmacia Biotech from the attachment of the same linker to Sepharose 4B via an epoxy coupling method.
  • control resins were prepared as was the control-DAH-Sepharose with the elimination of the 1,6-diaminohexane coupling step and are referred to in the text as P-control-DAH-Sepharose and control-EDAH-Sepharose ( Figure lg), respectively. Preparation of hydrophobic resins of various chain length.
  • the HA-EDA- and the HA-DAH- Sepharose used in this report were substituted with 0.22 and O.llmg HA/ml wet gel, respectively.
  • Rat liver ICAM-1 was isolated as previously described (McCourt et al., 1994). Briefly, Triton X-100 solubilized protein from (routinely) 20 homogenized rat livers was sequentially chromatographed on wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose, Reactive Yellow 86-agarose, Reactive Blue 4- agarose, Concanavalin A-Sepharose, HA-1,6 aminohexane-Sepharose and finally again on Concanavalin A-Sepharose as a concentration step. Isolation of rat liver endothelial cells.
  • rat liver endothelial cells Overnight cultures of approximately 10 x 106 LEC on 60cm2 plates were surface labeled with 1251 using the lactoperoxidase method (Hubbard and Cohn, 1972) as previously described (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991). The cells were washed six times with PBS and then solubilized in PBX/1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (1ml) containing protease inhibitors (lOmM benzamidine, 50 KIE/ml Aprotinin, 0.2mM PMSF, l ⁇ g/ml leupeptin and l ⁇ g/ml pepstatin A) with or without 0.5mM EDTA.
  • PBX/1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (1ml) containing protease inhibitors (lOmM benzamidine, 50 KIE/ml Aprotinin, 0.2mM PMSF, l ⁇ g/ml leupeptin and l
  • HA heparin
  • poly-L-glutamic acid 5mg/ml
  • HMBA 25mg/ml
  • NaCl 0.75 and 1.5M
  • EDTA 0.5 and 5mM
  • the material that bound to the resins was released by mixing the resins with SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing 4% (w/v) SDS, 29% (w/v) sucrose, 0.008% (w/v) bromophenol blue and 0.08M Tris/HCl, pH 8.8 (20 ⁇ l) and boiling the mixture for 3 minutes. Bound and non-bound material was then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting (Bjerrum and Schafer- Nielsen, 1986) with rabbit anti-HARLEC polyclonal antiserum (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991) that recognizes rat ICAM-1 (McCourt et al., 1994) diluted 1:2000.
  • Triton X-100 extract (corresponding to approximately 3 x 10" cultured LEC) of 125 I-surface labeled LEC were diluted to 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 with PBS (containing the above protease inhibitors with or without 0.5mM EDTA) (3.0ml) and applied to the columns at 0.6ml every 5 minutes. The columns were washed with equilibration buffer (15ml) and then a 500 ⁇ l aliquot of lOmg/ml HA oligosaccharides was applied. The columns were washed thereafter with equilibration buffer (500 ⁇ l every 10 minutes) and fractions collected. All chromatographic steps were performed at 6°C. Fractions containing most radioactivity were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography or immunoblotting with the rabbit anti-HARLEC polyclonal antibody. RESULTS
  • HA oligosaccharides were chromatographed on various resins, in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.
  • HA applied (0.95mg) to the resins, 100% was recovered from the hexyl- and octyl-Sepharose and from HA- and control- EDA-Sepharose (after elution with 4 column volumes of buffer), 61% was recovered from AE-Sepharose while only 23%, 22%, 16% and 7% of that applied was recovered from the control-DAH-, P-HA-DAH-, control- EDAH and P-control-DAH-Sepharose, respectively.
  • ICAM-1 Binding of ICAM-1 to HA-DAH-, Control-DAH-, HA-EDA- and Control- EDA-Sepharose.
  • HA-DAH-, Control-DAH-, HA-EDA- and Control- EDA-Sepharose To determine the affinity of ICAM-1 for various resins, a simple tube/resin assay was developed. Both ICAM-1 (purified from whole liver) and LEC extracts were used as starting material for binding assays.
  • FIG. 3(a) shows that the most ICAM-1 remains in the supernatants of control-EDA- Sepharose (lane 7) and HA-EDA-Sepharose (lane 8), less remains (in descending order) in those of HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 9), control-DAH- Sepharose (lane 10) and P-HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 11), and virtually none remains in that of P-control-Sepharose (lane 12).
  • lane 13 represents the amount of ICAM-1 applied to the resins in this experiment.
  • the effect of EDTA on the binding of whole liver ICAM-1 to P-control-DAH Sepharose was also tested.
  • Figure 3(b) shows that the amount of ICAM-1 binding in the presence of 5mM EDTA (lane 2) is reduced relative to that in the absence of EDTA (lane 1).
  • LEC extracts it was found that similar amounts of LEC ICAM-1 bound to both HA-DAH- and control-DAH-Sepharose but to neither HA- EDA- nor control-EDA-Sepharose (results not shown; see also Figure 6).
  • ICAM-1 purified from whole rat liver was incubated with ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl-, hexyl-, octyl-, decyl- and dodecyl-Sepharose, as well as control-DAH-Sepharose, and bound protein eluted with SDS and analyzed with immunoblotting as before.
  • the band in Figure 4 (lane 11) represents the amount of ICAM-1 applied to the resins.
  • Non-substituted cross-linked Sepharose 4B and Tris-blocked cyanogen bromide Sepharose did not bind ICAM-1 (data not shown).
  • HA at a concentration of 5mg/ml significantly inhibits the binding of ICAM-1 from whole liver ( Figure 5a, lane 2) to P-control-DAH- Sepharose.
  • Heparin (5mg/ml) apparently had no effect on the binding of whole liver ICAM-1 to P-control-DAH-Sepharose, though two extra immunoreactive bands at approximately 60 kDa were also evident ( Figure 5a, lane 3).
  • the same concentration of heparin actually caused significantly greater amounts of immunoreactive material from LEC extracts to bind control-DAH-Sepharose ( Figure 5b, lane 2), than that which bound to the same resin in the absence of heparin ( Figure 5b, lane 1).
  • HMBA even at a concentration of 25mg/ml, had no effect on the binding of ICAM-1 from whole liver to P-control-DAH-Sepharose ( Figure 5a, lane 5).
  • NaCl at concentrations of 0.75 and 1.5M Figure 5a, lanes 6 and 7, respectively
  • the bands in Figure 5(a) lane 8 and Figure 5(b) lane 3 represent the amount of ICAM-1 applied in the respective experiments. Elution of ICAM-1 and other proteins from control-DAH-Sepharose and other resins.
  • Immunoblotting revealed that HA elutes comparable amounts of ICAM-1 from HA-DAH and control- DAH-Sepharose in the absence of EDTA ( Figure 6, lanes 3 and 4, respectively) but autoradiography of the same material revealed that many other protein bands, besides those in the 80-90 kDa region, were eluted also from the same resins ( Figure 7a, lanes 3 and 4, respectively). Similarly, in the presence of EDTA several bands were eluted from both HA-DAH and control-DAH-Sepharose ( Figure 7b, lanes 3 and 4, respectively).
  • HA a polyanionic polysaccharide
  • hydrophilic molecule a polyanionic polysaccharide
  • another feature of HA is the existence of large hydrophobic patches (of eight abutting CH groups) extending over three disaccharide units, repeated on alternate sides of the molecule throughout its length (Scott, 1989).
  • H2O bridges In aqueous solution there is also extensive H-bonding within the HA molecule, via H2O bridges, between the acetoamido groups on N-acetylglucosamine residues and the carboxyl groups on glucuronic acid residues.
  • HA has some affinity for resins containing a hexamethylene chain with a terminal amine ( Figure If) or a terminal acetoamido group (Figure le and g), less affinity for a resin containing an ethylene chain with a terminal amine ( Figure la), and no affinity at all for a resin with an ethylene chain and a terminal acetoamido group ( Figure lc). This showed that there was a requirement for a chain longer than two methyl groups for HA binding to the acetoamido resins, suggesting a hydrophobic interaction.
  • the isourea substituent which results from the reaction of the cyanate ester on CNBr activated-Sepharose with amino compounds, is positively charged at neutral pH and may further act to stabilize the binding of the negatively charged HA to control-DAH-Sepharose ( Figure le) though this is not an essential requirement for HA binding.
  • glycosaminoglycans can be chromatographed on hydrophobic resins such as phenyl- and octyl- Sepharose in the presence of 0.01M hydrochloric acid and high concentrations (4.0 - 2.0M) of ammonium sulphate (Nagasawa and Ogama, 1983; Uchiyama et al., 1985). These high salt concentrations were necessary for the binding of polysaccharides to the resins, which were then eluted by decreasing salt gradients. As the behaviour resembled a hydrophobic interaction between polysaccharides and resins the process was originally considered to be hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Nagasawa and Ogama, 1983).
  • solubilized ICAM-1 does not bind HA-EDA-Sepharose does not exclude the possibility that ICAM-1, under physiological conditions, has some affinity for HA. It has been shown that solubilization with detergent can change the affinity and specificity of a HA-cell membrane receptor (Underhill et al., 1983). We have now identified two new bands of (approximately) 400 and 200 kDa that specifically bind to and elute with HA from HA-EDA-Sepharose (Figure 7).
  • This ligand should also exist on the P-HA- and HA-DAH-Sepharose as a result of the blocking of unsubstituted amino groups on the resin with acetate. It is interesting that of three polyanions, namely HA, heparin and poly-L- glutamic acid, only HA could inhibit ICAM-1 binding to P-control- Sepharose ( Figure 5) suggesting that neither heparin nor poly-L-glutamic acid has as much affinity for this resin as does HA. It would be of interest to investigate whether other polysaccharides, such as dermatan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate or keratin sulphate, have any affinity for this resin. In this study we have attempted to identify the moiety to which
  • ICAM-1 binds on control-DAH-Sepharose (l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B).
  • control-DAH-Sepharose l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B.
  • P-control-DAH-Sepharose made using Pharmacia's AH-Sepharose 4B binds the most ICAM-1 of all resins tested. That the control-DAH-Sepharose, made with 1,6-diaminohexane and CNBr-activated-Sepharose, did not bind ICAM-1 as effectively is probably due to that we did not have optimal conditions for the coupling of the linker that the manufacturer would have been likely to use.
  • hexane attached by the cyanogen bromide linkage to Sepharose via a secondary amine may represent a new ligand for rat ICAM-1 and may provide a novel means of purifying ICAM-1.
  • Heparin appeared to enhance the binding of immunoreactive material from LEC to P-control-DAH-Sepharose, resulting in a broad distorted band of a lower average M r than that of ICAM-1 ( Figure 5b).
  • Some immunoreactive material of lower M r was also eluted from the same resin after incubation with whole liver ICAM-1 and heparin ( Figure 5a).
  • HA-DAH- Sepharose used in that and later studies (Gustafson and Forsberg, 1991: McCourt et al., 1994) was coupled according to the Tengblad method (Tengblad, 1979) where the HA disaccharide:EDC molar ratio was 1:5, while in the present study a ratio of 10:1 was used, which would result in lower substitution of the polysaccharide chain.
  • the large excess of EDC used in the Tengblad method did not cause significant chemical modification of the coupled HA on P-HA-DAH Sepharose as it specifically binds HA binding proteins (Tengblad, 1979) and is sensitive to hyaluronidase digestion.
  • HA-Sepharose to purify HA binding proteins with similar molecular weights as ICAM-1 (Mason et al., 1989; Sattar et al., 1992), though they have not specified which linker was used to couple HA to the resin.
  • LeBaron et al. (1992) compared the coupling of HA to both aminoethyl-Sepharose and EAH-Sepharose (a 10 atom hydrophilic spacer arm formed by the covalent linkage of 1,6 diaminohexane to Sepharose 4B by an epoxy coupling method) and found no difference in the coupling efficiency.
  • HA-DAH- Sepharose chromatography achieved no purification of CD44, a cell surface receptor for hyaluronan expressed on a number of cells of the immune system as well as erythrocytes and fibroblasts (Underhill, 1992), may have been due to the non-specific binding of other proteins to the long DAH linker.
  • Yannariello-Brown et al. (1992) have identified two large polypeptides (166 and 175 kDa) on the surface of rat LEC, with an affinity to HA coupled to a photoaffinity cross linking reagent. They also occasionally detected species of 86, 66 and 55 kDa, though these bands, when evident, varied in intensity relative to the 166/175 kDa doublet. The authors suggested that these proteins were degradation products of the larger polypeptides, or HA binding proteins on LEC unrelated to the endocytotic receptor.
  • This linker has some similarities to the 1- amino-6-acetoamidohexane moiety on control-DAH-Sepharose ( Figure le), namely its chain length and the two amido groups encompassing the linker region. That the presence of a 100- fold excess of hyaluronan could prevent the photoaffinity labeling of the 86 and 55 kDa proteins would be consistent with our findings that free HA can displace ICAM-1, and other proteins, from control-DAH-Sepharose by competing for the linker. The use of the photoaffinity labeling reagent without substituted HA would perhaps establish the specificity, if any, of the labeling of the surface proteins on LEC.
  • the two large polypeptides may exist as a heterodimer of approximately 340 kDa (Yannariello-Brown et al., 1992) and have also found 125 I-HA binding activity at 400 kDa in detergent solubilized LEC membranes fractionated with gel filtration (Yannariello-Brown and Weigel, 1992).
  • This pattern namely a large polypeptide of 340-400 kDa and two smaller polypeptides close in size (166 and 175 kDa), has some similarities to the two protein species of (approximately) 400 and 200 kDa isolated from HA-EDA-Sepharose in this study. Work is now underway to isolate sufficient amounts of these proteins for sequencing and antibody production.
  • Adhesion Molecule-1 Is a Cell Surface Receptor for Hyaluronan. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30081-30084.
  • CD44 The hyaluronan receptor. J. Cell Sci. 103,
  • FIGURES Figure 1 Diagrammatic representation of the various Sepharose resins, HA-ASD and HMBA.
  • AE-Sepharose (a), HA-EDA-Sepharose (b), control-EDA- Sepharose (c), HA-DAH-Sepharose (d), control-DAH-Sepharose (e), EAH- Sepharose (f), control-EDAH-Sepharose (g), 2(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl- l,3'-dithiopropionate-HA (HA-ASD) [34] (h) and HMBA (i).
  • HA (0.95 mg) in H2O (100 ⁇ l) was applied to 4ml columns of control-EDA-, AE-, P-HA-DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose. Fractions (approximately 0.5 ml) were collected and analyzed for the presence of HA. Closed squares ( ⁇ ), open squares ( ⁇ ), closed circles (•) and open circles (o) indicate HA ( ⁇ g/fraction) eluted with PBS/0.1% Triton X-100 from control-EDA-, AE-, P-HA-DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose, respectively.
  • Figure 3 Immunoblots of whole liver ICAM-1 eluted from various resins with SDS, probed with the anti-HARLEC antibody.
  • the band in lane 11 represents the material applied to the resins in this experiment.
  • the band in lane 8 represents the material applied to the resins. Shown in (b) is material bound to control-DAH-Sepharose when incubated with LEC extract in the absence (lane 1) or presence (lane 2) of 5mg/ml heparin.
  • the band in lane 3 represents the material applied to the resins.
  • Figure 6 Immunoblots of material eluted from various resins with HA.
  • Extracts of cultured LEC in the absence of EDTA were applied to the indicated resins in columns, and the HA eluted material analyzed with immunoblots probed with the anti-HARLEC antibody. Shown is material eluted from HA-EDA-Sepharose (lane 1), control-EDA-Sepharose (lane 2), HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 3) and control-DAH-Sepharose (lane 4).
  • the band in lane 5 represents 2% of the applied material.
  • Figure 7 SDS-PAGE/autoradiographic analysis of material eluted from various resins with HA.
  • Extracts of 125 I surface labeled LEC in the absence (a) and presence (b) of 0.5mM EDTA were applied to the indicated resins in columns, and the HA eluted material analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Shown is material eluted from HA-EDA-Sepharose (a lane 1 and b lane 1), control-EDA-Sepharose (a lane 2 and b lane 2), HA-DAH-Sepharose (a lane 3 and b lane 3) and control-DAH-Sepharose (a lane 4 and b lane 4).

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Abstract

The use of an effective amount of a compound having the general formula RR1N(CH2)mNR2R3 or containing the moiety of formula (I) for the inhibition of the ICAM-1, wherein R and R1 are selected from H and (II) and R2 and R3 are selected from H, (III), (IV) and (V) and wherein m is an integer from 1-12.

Description

TITLE OF INVENTION
Use of moieties for binding to hyaluronan and ICAM-1. SCOPE OF INVENTION
This invention relates to the use of moieties for binding to hyaluronan and ICAM-1. In some embodiments these moieties contain diaminohexane (such as 1,6-hexanediamine) and hexamethylene bis- acetamide. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The human body, when reacting to a condition, in some instances, causes more damage. For example, when the body responds with an inflammatory process, more damage will result. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a glycoprotein predominantly expressed on vascular endothelium, and mediates neutrophil and macrophage extravasation in inflammatory states. The elimination of the action of ICAM-1 from the inflammatory process is therefore desirable. For example, in reperfusion injury arising from strokes or cardiac infarction, the leukocytes stick to the arterial walls causing further damage. In transplants of kidneys, liver, etc., blood flow stops to specific areas, oxygen is reduced, then restarted, and the leukocytes penetrate into the tissue causing damage. Therefore, it is desirable to inhibit any ischemic damage. One method is to inhibit/block the action of ICAM-1.
It is therefore an object of this invention to inhibit/reduce, as much as possible, the effects of ICAM-1 in, for example, the inflammatory process. It is also important to separate hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) from other compounds and components with which it is combined. In this regard, this invention provides a method, and compounds containing molecules which may be used in such methods to separate the hyaluronan. This involves the combination of a compound containing moiety which reacts with hyaluronan which then enables the separation of the combined compound containing the moiety component and hyaluronan from other components.
The moiety in the compound may also be used to inhibit/block the action of ICAM-1 and hyaluronan in the body by administering a dosage amount of a compound containing a moiety which in the body combines with the ICAM-1 and /or hyaluronan, inhibiting its further action in the body. The moiety thereby inactivates ICAM-1 and hyaluronan in the body. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide compounds containing moieties which accomplishes the above which includes diamino hexane or hexamethylene bis-acetamide in the moiety (in effective dosage amounts) which is specific for hyaluronan and ICAM-1. The moiety may also be used to bind hyaluronan to drugs for more effective administration of the drugs.
Further and other objects of the invention will be realized by those skilled in the art from the following summary of invention and detailed description of embodiments. SUMMARY OF INVENTION
According to one aspect of the invention, a non-toxic compound in a non-toxic effective amount of the formula RRι- -(CH2)m-NR2R3 or a
\ / c _ £ i R-N(CH2)mNR2 compound containing a moiety or the formula can be administered to a mammal (e.g. human) in an effective non-toxic therapeutic amount to block the action of hyaluronan and ICAM-1 in the mammal by, for example, reacting with the compound or compounds
Ϊ C? "'T^Γ containing moiety. R, Ri, R2 and R3 may be hydrogen or 3 1 or
Figure imgf000004_0001
one of R, Ri , R2 or R3 may be a drug combined with the moiety, m may be between 1 and 12, preferably between 3-10 and most preferably between 5-10, such as 6.
\ /
R— N(CH2)nNR2 Where the non-toxic compound contains at least
— 1 C? fl — CH3 — C(CH2)nCH3 one of R and R2 may or
Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, the said non-
, . , R4-NH-(CH2)n-NH-R5 , toxic compound may have the formula where
C — R 5<n<10 and R4 or R5 are each H or 6 where R6 is Cn'H2n'+l where l≤n'<5. Where R3 is a drug it may be selected from the following although the list is not exhaustive.
R= NSAIDS such as acetic acid types and propionic acid types (especially ibuprofen) anti-inflammatory gold compounds such as auranofin (Merck
Index 10th Ed. no. 882)
4-aminoquinoline type drugs such as chloroquine
Colchicine
Vinca alkaloids such as:
Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9784) Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9788) Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9789)
Histamine Hl-antagonist drugs of the general structure:
l group
Figure imgf000005_0001
Cyclosporin
Glucocorticoid type agents Steroids
Anabolic steroids such as nandrolone (Merck Index 10th Ed. no.
6211)
Oestrogen type drugs such as stilboestrol
Anti-androgen drugs such as cyproterone Contraceptive drugs
Muscarinic antagonists such as atropine, homoatropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide
Medium duration anticholinesterase drugs such as physostigmine
Histamine H2-receptor antagonists Adrenoreceptor antagonists such as propranolol, ergotamine, alprenotol, practolol, metoprolol.
Depending on the compound suitable dosages will be in the order of 1 to 10,000 micrograms per 70kg person which is adjusted proportionately up or down depending on the weight of the person. According to another aspect of the invention, the compound or compound containing the moiety or combined drug and moiety can be administered to a mammal (e.g. human) in a suitable effective non-toxic therapeutic amount to inhibit the effect of ICAM-1 to inhibit the action (effect) of ICAM-1 in the inflammatory process in the mammal. According to another aspect of the invention, the compound or compound with moiety may be used to purify hyaluronan by combining the compound or compound with the moiety with a solution comprising hyaluronan to permit its binding with the hyaluronan, thereafter recovering the bound combination of the moiety and hyaluronan and thereafter releasing the compound with moiety or compound from the hyaluronan and recovering the pure hyaluronan. The releasing of the hyaluronan from the compound or compound containing the moiety may be accomplished by dialysis as we have found that hyaluronic acid teaches very slowly from columns where it is non-covalently bound. Thus dialysis through a low molecular weight cut-off membrane should be a good way of separating 1,6-diaminohexane or hexamethylene bis- acetamide from HA. Column chromatography, electroelution and electrodialysis as known methods could also be similarly used. The non-toxic effective amount of the compound or compound containing the moiety may be administered by any suitable manner such as intravenously in saline and therefore may be solubilized in any suitable amount.
A suitable effective non-toxic amount of the compound or compound containing moiety for administration to a mammal is between about 1 to 10,000μg/70kg person preferably between about 1000 to 6000μg (1 to 6mg)/70kg person. The dosage amount will be varied directly with the weight of the patient. Thus, a 105kg person will be given 1.5 times the dosage amount a 70kg person will be given. The calculation of the amount does not include the amount of any compounds, such as drugs, with which it is combined.
One such suitable compound is hexamethylene-bisacetamide (HMBA). A discussion of its toxicity in rats has been described in an article entitled: "Invest New Drugs 3:263-272 (1985)
Distribution, elimination, metabolism and bioavailability of hexamethylenebisacetamide in rats.
Litterst CL, Roth JS, Kelley JA Hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA), an in vitro differentiating agent, was studied for its pharmacodynamic actions in animals. Plasma stability, organ distribution, excretion, oral bioavailability, and estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters and acute lethality were determined in rats. The single dose intraperitoneal LD50 was greater than 3000mg/kg in both mice and rats. The drug was stable in plasma from several different species during an 8h in vitro incubation at 37 degrees C. Following a single intravenous (iv) bolus injection (lOOOmg/kg) to rats, HMBA was removed from the plasma with a half time of 2.2 +/- 0.5h, and 65+/- 8% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine during the first 24h after dosing. During an 8h iv infusion, plasma concentrations of 4mM were easily maintained with no apparent adverse effects. Drug was uniformly distributed, with highest concentrations found in thymus, kidney, liver, and lymph node throughout the first 24h after a single iv bolus dose. In vivo metabolism was very small, and the presence of the apparent metabolites was undetectable until 48h after iv administration. Oral bioavailability was good (32%), with peak plasma concentrations of 2mM achieved one hour after oral administration. After oral dosing urinary excretion and plasma decay were comparable to similar data obtained after iv dosing."
Other suitable compounds and moieties may be as follows:
Figure imgf000008_0001
?H
(iii) — R -0-CH2-CH-CH2-NH-(CH2)6-NH3
(iv) — hexamethylene bis-acetamide (HMBA)
O
-LD50>lgm ) CH3-CNH(CH2)6NHCCH3 -belongs to class called 11 "polar-planar compounds"
O or "hybrid polar compounds"
O (v) — R-NH(CH2)6NHCCH3 binds hyaluronic acid where R is a drug hyaluronan binding is due to positively
(vi) — H2(CH2)6NH2 - charged amine on the ethyl amine
Figure imgf000008_0002
- moiety above can bind drugs to hyaluronic acid
* These fractions indicate the amount of hyaluronan binding (numerator) relative to that applied (denominator) to 4ml columns, where R is a Sepharose 4B marix. They all have the general formula R1R2N(CH )mNR3R4
wherein in some embodiments R1=R2=H, C — CH3
R3=R4=H, —
Figure imgf000009_0001
OR5
The separation of the moiety or compound from hyaluronic acid can be accompanied by the use of dialysis through a low molecular weight cut-off membrane or electroelution and electrodialysis in known methods.
The invention will now be illustrated with reference to the following examples:
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a glycoprotein predominantly expressed on vascular endothelium, and mediates neutrophil and macrophage extravasation in inflammatory states. Our laboratory has previously reported that ICAM-1 is a cell surface receptor for the polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) (McCourt et al., (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30081-4). This finding was based on studies using HA oligosaccharides to elute ICAM-1 from columns of HA attached to Sepharose 4B via a 1,6-diamino-hexane (DAH) based linker. In this report, we show that considerable amounts of ICAM-1 also bind the same linker in the absence of coupled HA, and that ICAM-1 does not bind HA attached to Sepharose 4B via a shorter linker, which suggests that ICAM-1 may have simply been displaced, and not specifically eluted, by HA from HA- DAH-Sepharose. We have also used HA attached to Sepharose 4B via the shorter ethylene diamine-based linker to purify HA binding proteins form 125I surface labeled Triton X-100 solubilized liver endothelial cells. Bands of (approximately) 400, 200 and 84 kDa were eluted from this column with HA, although the 84 kDa species was also similarly eluted from the control resin. Immunoblots of this material were negative for ICAM-1.
Abbreviations used: HA, hyaluronan; LEC, liver endothelial cell(s); HARLEC, HA receptor on liver endothelial cells; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; EDC, l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)- carbodiimide; EDA, ethylenediamine; DAH, 1,6-diaminohexane; control- EDA- and control-DAH-Sepharose, l-amino-2-acetoamidoethane- and 1- amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B; HA-EDA- and HA-DAH- Sepharose, HA-ethylenediamine- and HA-l,6-diaminohexane-Sepharose 4B; P-HA-DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose, Pharmacia-HA- and -control-DAH Sepharose 4B; AH-Sepharose 4B, aminoethane-Sepharose 4B; AE-Sepharose, aminoethane-Sepharose 4B; EAH-Sepharose, epoxy- linked aminohexane-Sepharose 4B; control-EDAH-Sepharose, epoxy- linked l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B; HMBA, N,N'~ hexamethylene-bis-acetamide; HA-ASD,2(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl-l,3'- dithiopropionate-HA;PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PBS-TB, PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 and lOmM benzamidine.
Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54) is a glycoprotein expressed predominantly on vascular endothelium [1]. It is upregulated in inflammatory states [2, 3] and mediates cell-cell adhesion and neutrophil/macrophage extravasation as a counter-receptor for lymphocyte function associated -1(LFA-1)(4,5) and the macrophage- associated Mac-1 [6]. Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid; HA) is a polysaccharide found predominantly in soft connective tissue and has a wide range of functions including space filling, lubrication and providing a hydrated matrix through which cells can migrate [7-9]. HA enters the blood via the lymph and is rapidly taken up by liver endothelial cells (LEC) via high affinity receptors that also recognize chondroitin sulphate [10]. In many inflammatory states and in certain malignancies the serum level of hyaluronan is elevated [11]. Both ICAM-1 and HA play pivotal roles in cell adhesion and migration.
Previous studies in this laboratory have identified an 85-100 kDa protein on the surface of rate LEC, with an apparent affinity to HA [12] attached via a 1,6 diaminohexane based linker to Sepharose (HA-DAH Sepharose) [13]. Fab fragments of a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the protein could inhibit HA binding to both LEC membranes and LEC in culture, though in the latter case pre-immune Fab fragments also caused a significant inhibition of HA binding. In immunohistochemical studies using this antibody, denoted as anti-HARLEC (anti-HA receptor on liver endothelial cells), it was found that, with the exception of rat liver endothelium and the capillaries of the kidney, hyaluronidase pretreatment of sections was required for significant staining [14, 15]. The same anti-HARLEC antibody provided the means to follow the large scale purification of an approximately 90 kDa protein from whole rat liver, with the HA oligosaccharide elution of the protein from the above HA-DAH resin as the penultimate affinity chromatography step. Sequencing of tryptic fragments of the 90 kDa species [16] and subsequent immunoblotting revealed that this protein was closely related or identical to ICAM-1, a potentially interesting finding in that it pointed to a role for HA in ICAM-1 mediated cell adhesion in inflammatory states. However, in this report, we show that the basis for demonstrating that ICAM-1 interacts with HA, namely its elution from HA-DAH-Sepharose with HA oligosaccharides, must now be considered in the light of the present findings which reveal firstly that equivalent amounts of ICAM-1 in fact bind both the control DAH- and HA-DAH-Sepharose, secondly that HA oligosaccharides also has an affinity both resins and thirdly that ICAM-1 does not bind HA attached to Sepharose with a shorter linker. We have also attempted to characterize the binding of ICAM-1 to control-DAH Sepharose by comparing its binding with other resins to determine the specificity of the l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B/ICAM-1 interaction.
Hyaluronan is a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that occurs in connective tissue and has a wide range of mechanical and cell biological functions. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of various column chromatography resins to bind both hyaluronan and proteins from liver, the major organ of hyaluronan clearance from the blood. The methods used include chromatography of hyaluronan and rat liver endothelial cell extracts on columns of substituted Sepharose matrices, and a simple tube binding assay to test the affinity of detergent-solubilized rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 for these same resins. Using these methods we have found that hyaluronan binds to a hexamethylene chain with either a terminal primary amine or a terminal acetoamido group. This interaction is not simply of a hydrophobic nature, as hyaluronan does not bind the hydrophobic resins hexyl- or octyl- Sepharose. We have also found that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 binds best to resins containing a hexamethylene chain. Finally, we have determined that resins substituted with hyaluronan linked via an ethylene chain can be used to specifically purify hyaluronan binding proteins from rat liver endothelial cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the efficacy of a number of chromatographic resins for binding hyaluronan, hyaluronan binding proteins of approximately 200 and 400 kDa on rat liver endothelial cells, and rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Figure 1 relates to diagrammatic representation of the various Sepharose resins, HA-ASD and HMBA.
Figure 2 relates to chromatography of HA on control-DAH, P-HA- DAH-, control-EDAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose. Figure 3 relates to binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B, and other Sepharose resins.
Figure 4 relates to binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to various hydrophobic resins. Figure 5 relates to inhibition of binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B with various agents.
Figure 6 relates to binding of rat liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B and its displacement by hyaluronan.
Figure 7 relates to the binding of liver endothelial cell surface proteins to l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B, and other Sepharose resins and their elution with HA.
In this study we show that HA, typically considered a hydrophilic molecule, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a glycoprotein predominantly expressed on vascular endothelium, that mediates neutrophil and macrophage extravasation in inflammatory states (Dustin et al., 1986; Springer, 1990), have an affinity for both HA-DAH-Sepharose, a resin with HA attached via the aminohexane (AH) group, and "control-" DAH-Sepharose, a resin containing a blocked aminohexane group but no ligand. Furthermore, we show that neither HA nor ICAM-1 bind HA attached to Sepharose with a shorter linker, or the equivalent control resin. We have also tested a range of other resins for their ability to bind both these and other biomolecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals
Collagenase (Grade V), hyaluronidase (bovine testes type I), leupeptin, pepstatin A, PMSF, benzamidine, N,N'-hexamethylene bis- acetamide (HMBA), poly-L-glutamic acid, ethylene diamine and Triton X- 100 (molecular biology grade) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, USA. Aprotinin was obtained from Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany. 1251 was obtained from Nordion Inc., Canada. Broad-range pre-stained molecular weight standards were obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA. l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) was obtained from Fluka Chemika-BioChemika, Buchs, Switzerland. Cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B, EAH Sepharose 4B and phenyl Sepharose were obtained from Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden. AH Sepharose 4B was a gift of Professor Jan-Christer Jansson, Pharmacia BioProcess Technology, Uppsala, Sweden. HA-DAH-Sepharose, produced using Pharmacia's AH Sepharose 4B as starting material for the coupling of HA (Tengblad, 1979) was a gift of the late Dr. Anders Tengblad, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden, and is referred to in the text as P-HA-DAH- Sepharose. The HA Radiometric assay was purchased from Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden. Hyaluronan (approximately 900kDa) was a gift from Ove Wik, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden and Healon (approximately 3 x 103 kDa hyaluronan) was a gift of Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden. Heparin was a gift of Dr. Marco Maccarana, Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Uppsala, Sweden. Preparation of HA for coupling to Sepharose and for elution of bound proteins.
HA was prepared as described previously (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991). Briefly, HA was digested with bovine testes hyaluronidase and the resulting oligosaccharides chromatographed on a calibrated S-300 size exclusion column. HA fractions corresponding to 25-40 kDa were pooled and dialyzed against ammonium bicarbonate before being lyophilized to dryness. The resulting lyophilisate was dissolved either in water for coupling to aminoethyl-oraminohexyl-Sepharose or in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) (137mM NaCl, 2.7mM KC1, 6.5mM Na2HP04 and 1.5 mM KH2P04) for elution studies.
Preparation of HA-ethylenediamine Sepharose 4B and l-amino-2- acetoamidoethane Sepharose 4B. HA-ethylenediamine (HA-EDA) Sepharose 4B (Figure lb) was prepared as follows. Aminoethyl (AE) Sepharose (Figure la) was prepared according to Cuatrecasas and Anfinsen (Cuatrecasas and Anfinsen, 1971). Washed cyanogen bromide activated-Sepharose 4B was suspended in an equal volume of water containing 2 mmoles ethylene diamine (pH 10) per ml of Sepharose. The gel slurry was mixed end-over-end at 4°C for 16 hours and then washed on a sintered glass funnel with two cycles each of 1M NaCl, lOOmM NaHCQ3, pH 10.0 followed by 1M NaCl, pH 4.5 (70ml buffer per ml Sepharose). The aminoethyl-Sepharose was washed further with 0.5M NaCl, pH 4.5 and finally with water, pH 4.5 and then mixed with an equal volume of water at pH 4.5 containing 9.5 mg/ml hyaluronan (mean Mr=36000). EDC was then added to a final concentration of 2.3 mM (corresponding to a HA disaccharide:EDC ratio of 10:1) and the slurry mixed end-over-end at room temperature for 24 hours. The pH was maintained at 4.5-5.8 during this time by the addition of 0.1M hydrochloric acid. The resin was washed as before and then mixed with an equal volume of 3.9M NaCH3COO, pH 4.5 before the addition of EDC to a final concentration of lOOmM, and the slurry mixed end-over- end at room temperature for 24 hours in order to block the remaining unsubstituted amino groups on the gel. The resin was washed as before and stored in an equal volume of PBS containing 0.02% (w/v) NaN3, to form a 50% (v/v) slurry for dispensing of the resin. The control resin l-amino-2-acetoamidoethane (control-EDA)
Sepharose 4B (Figure lc) was prepared in parallel, but with the elimination of the HA oligosaccharide/2.3mM EDC coupling step. Preparation of HA-1,6 diaminohexane Sepharose 4B and l-amino-6- acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B. HA-1,6 diaminohexane (HA-DAH) Sepharose 4B (Figure Id) and 1- amino-6-acetoamidohexane (control-DAH) Sepharose 4B (Figure le) were prepared in parallel with the previous two resins, but with the substitution of the longer linker 1,6-diaminohexane for ethylene diamine in the first step. Two further l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B resins were prepared using either AH Sepharose 4B, a resin produced by Pharmacia BioProcess Technology from the coupling of 1,6- diaminohexane to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, or EAH Sepharose 4B (Figure If), a resin produced by Pharmacia Biotech from the attachment of the same linker to Sepharose 4B via an epoxy coupling method. These control resins were prepared as was the control-DAH-Sepharose with the elimination of the 1,6-diaminohexane coupling step and are referred to in the text as P-control-DAH-Sepharose and control-EDAH-Sepharose (Figure lg), respectively. Preparation of hydrophobic resins of various chain length.
Ethylamine, n-propylamine and n-butylamine in water, pH 10, and n-pentylamine, n-hexylamine, n-octylamine, n-decylamine and n- dodecylamine in 50% (v/v) dioxane, pH 10, were coupled to CNBr- activated Sepharose 4B at 4 mmoles per ml resin, under the same conditions as for the ethylene diamine coupling. Assay of resins for the presence of coupled HA. Aliquots of lOOμl of 50% (v/v) slurries of the various Sepharose resins were each equilibrated in 0.15M NaCl, 0.1M NaCH3COO, pH 5.0 and then incubated with 40 units of bovine testes hyaluronidase in 550μl of the same buffer, end-over-end for two hours at 37°C. The resins were allowed to stand overnight at 4°C before being remixed and centrifuged. Their respective supernatants (500μl) were then assayed for the released HA oligosaccharide/glucuronic acid content (Bitter and Muir, 1962). The HA-EDA- and the HA-DAH- Sepharose used in this report were substituted with 0.22 and O.llmg HA/ml wet gel, respectively. The HA- DAH-Sepharose provided by Dr. Anders Tengblad, denoted P-HA-DAH- Sepharose, was substituted with 0.7mg HA/ml wet gel. There was no detectable HA on any of the control resins. Chromatography of HA on various HA- and control-resins.
Glass columns of 7.5mm diameter were packed with 4ml each of hexyl-, octyl-, AE-, HA-EDA-, control-EDA-, control-DAH-, P-HA-DAH-, P- control-DAH-, EAH- and control-EDAH-Sepharose, and equilibrated with PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100. HA oligosaccharides (0.95mg in 0.1ml H20) were pipetted directly to the gel bed of each column and then run into the resin surface. A 200μl aliquot of equilibration buffer was then similarly applied and run into each resin before a 400μl cushion of the same buffer was pipetted onto the gel bed. The columns were then connected to pre-column peristaltic pumps and washed with four volumes of the same buffer under continuous flow at approximately 2ml/h. Fractions were collected at 15 minute intervals and assayed for the presence of HA using the HA Radiometric assay kit from Pharmacia Diagnostics according to the manufacturers instructions. All steps were performed at room temperature. Isolation of rat liver ICAM-1
Rat liver ICAM-1 was isolated as previously described (McCourt et al., 1994). Briefly, Triton X-100 solubilized protein from (routinely) 20 homogenized rat livers was sequentially chromatographed on wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose, Reactive Yellow 86-agarose, Reactive Blue 4- agarose, Concanavalin A-Sepharose, HA-1,6 aminohexane-Sepharose and finally again on Concanavalin A-Sepharose as a concentration step. Isolation of rat liver endothelial cells.
Single cell suspensions were prepared from the livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats by collagenase perfusion according to Obrink (Obrink, 1982). LEC were isolated following Percoll gradient centrifugation and selective adherence according to Smedsrød and Pertoft (Smedsrød and Pertoft, 1985) and either solubilized directly in PBS containing 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 and protease inhibitors (lOmM benzamidine, 50 KIE/ml Aprotinin, 0.2mM PMSF, lμg/ml leupeptin and lμg/ml pepstatin A) with or without 0.5 mM EDTA, or cultured overnight at 37°C in RPMI 1640 medium on fibronectin coated plates for surface labeling experiments (see below). Surface labeling of rat liver endothelial cells. Overnight cultures of approximately 10 x 106 LEC on 60cm2 plates were surface labeled with 1251 using the lactoperoxidase method (Hubbard and Cohn, 1972) as previously described (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991). The cells were washed six times with PBS and then solubilized in PBX/1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (1ml) containing protease inhibitors (lOmM benzamidine, 50 KIE/ml Aprotinin, 0.2mM PMSF, lμg/ml leupeptin and lμg/ml pepstatin A) with or without 0.5mM EDTA. Whole rat liver and rat LEC ICAM-1/Sepharose matrix binding assays
Aliquots of 20μl (for whole rat liver ICAM-1 binding studies) or 40μl (for rat LEC extract binding studies) of 50% (v/v) slurries of various Sepharose resins were each equilibrated in PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 and lOmM Benzamidine (PBS-TB), centrifuged briefly and all supernatant decanted. Whole rat liver ICAM-1 (approx. 0.02μg as determined from limiting dilutions of protein analyzed with SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, 1970) and silver staining (Morrissey, 1981)) in PBS-TB (lOμl) or rat liver endothelial cell extracts (approx. 60μg total protein, determined using the Pierce BCA™ Protein Assay, with BSA as standard) in PBS-TB (200μl) were applied to each gel and mixed every 10 minutes for 1 hour at room temperature. The various agents (HA (5mg/ml), heparin (5mg/ml) poly-L-glutamic acid (5mg/ml), HMBA (25mg/ml), NaCl (0.75 and 1.5M) and EDTA (0.5 and 5mM) - final concentrations in PBS-TB indicated) were also added separately in some experiments to test their effect on the binding of ICAM-1 to control-DAH-Sepharose and P-control-DAH- Sepharose. The supernatants were decanted and retained for analysis and the resins washed three times with PBS-TB (1ml). The material that bound to the resins was released by mixing the resins with SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing 4% (w/v) SDS, 29% (w/v) sucrose, 0.008% (w/v) bromophenol blue and 0.08M Tris/HCl, pH 8.8 (20μl) and boiling the mixture for 3 minutes. Bound and non-bound material was then analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting (Bjerrum and Schafer- Nielsen, 1986) with rabbit anti-HARLEC polyclonal antiserum (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991) that recognizes rat ICAM-1 (McCourt et al., 1994) diluted 1:2000.
Elution of proteins from HA-EDA-, control-EDA-, HA-DAH- and control- DAH-Sepharose with HA oligosaccharides.
Columns (17mm diameter) were packed with three ml each of HA- DAH-, control-DAH-, HA-EDA- and control-EDA-Sepharose and equilibrated with PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 plus protease inhibitors (lOmM benzamidine, 50 KIE/ml Aprotinin, 0.2mM PMSF, lμg/ml leupeptin and lμg/ml pepstatin A) with or without 0.5mM EDTA. To determine which cell surface proteins bound to the above resins, Triton X-100 extract (corresponding to approximately 3 x 10" cultured LEC) of 125I-surface labeled LEC were diluted to 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 with PBS (containing the above protease inhibitors with or without 0.5mM EDTA) (3.0ml) and applied to the columns at 0.6ml every 5 minutes. The columns were washed with equilibration buffer (15ml) and then a 500μl aliquot of lOmg/ml HA oligosaccharides was applied. The columns were washed thereafter with equilibration buffer (500μl every 10 minutes) and fractions collected. All chromatographic steps were performed at 6°C. Fractions containing most radioactivity were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography or immunoblotting with the rabbit anti-HARLEC polyclonal antibody. RESULTS
Binding of HA to various resins.
To determine which matrices had some affinity for HA, HA oligosaccharides were chromatographed on various resins, in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100. Of the HA applied (0.95mg) to the resins, 100% was recovered from the hexyl- and octyl-Sepharose and from HA- and control- EDA-Sepharose (after elution with 4 column volumes of buffer), 61% was recovered from AE-Sepharose while only 23%, 22%, 16% and 7% of that applied was recovered from the control-DAH-, P-HA-DAH-, control- EDAH and P-control-DAH-Sepharose, respectively. Only 16% of the applied HA was similarly recovered from EAH-Sepharose. Shown in Figure 2 are chromatograms of HA eluted from control-EDA-, AE-, P-HA- DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose. Trailing of HA was noted with all resins, with the exception of hexyl- and octyl-Sepharose, which eluted as sharp peaks.
Binding of ICAM-1 to HA-DAH-, Control-DAH-, HA-EDA- and Control- EDA-Sepharose. To determine the affinity of ICAM-1 for various resins, a simple tube/resin assay was developed. Both ICAM-1 (purified from whole liver) and LEC extracts were used as starting material for binding assays. Immunoblots of bound protein eluted from the resins by boiling in SDS show that more ICAM-1 from whole liver (Figure 3A) binds to P-control- DAH-Sepharose (lane 6) than to P-HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 5), though it should be noted that the P-HA-DAH-Sepharose used in this experiment was synthesized in the late 1980's. However, this same pattern is also apparent with more ICAM-1 binding to control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 3a, lane 4) than HA-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 3a, lane 3), although these resins bind less ICAM-1 than the previous two. There is no binding of whole liver ICAM-1 to either control-EDA-Sepharose (Figure 3a, lane 2) or HA-EDA-Sepharose (Figure 3a, lane 1). The non-binding fractions in the supernatants were also analyzed by immunoblotting. Figure 3(a) shows that the most ICAM-1 remains in the supernatants of control-EDA- Sepharose (lane 7) and HA-EDA-Sepharose (lane 8), less remains (in descending order) in those of HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 9), control-DAH- Sepharose (lane 10) and P-HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 11), and virtually none remains in that of P-control-Sepharose (lane 12). The band in Figure 3(a) lane 13 represents the amount of ICAM-1 applied to the resins in this experiment. The effect of EDTA on the binding of whole liver ICAM-1 to P-control-DAH Sepharose was also tested. Figure 3(b) shows that the amount of ICAM-1 binding in the presence of 5mM EDTA (lane 2) is reduced relative to that in the absence of EDTA (lane 1). In experiments using LEC extracts it was found that similar amounts of LEC ICAM-1 bound to both HA-DAH- and control-DAH-Sepharose but to neither HA- EDA- nor control-EDA-Sepharose (results not shown; see also Figure 6). The amount of LEC extract ICAM-1 binding to HA-DAH- and control- DAH-Sepharose relative to that applied was rather less than if purified whole liver ICAM-1 was used (results not shown; see also Figure 5b). It should be noted that when the non-bound- and SDS-eluted-fractions were decanted for immunoblotting, there remained material in the liquid- phase of the Sepharose gel which was not assayed. It is therefore that the amount of bound plus unbound material appears to be less than that applied to the Sepharose resins. Binding of ICAM-1 to other matrices
To investigate if the binding of ICAM-1 to control-DAH-Sepharose was of a hydrophobic nature, as suggested by the requirement of the extra four methylene groups in the DAH linker, we tested a range of hydrophobic affinity resins with increasing aliphatic chain length for their ability to bind ICAM-1. ICAM-1 purified from whole rat liver was incubated with ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl-, hexyl-, octyl-, decyl- and dodecyl-Sepharose, as well as control-DAH-Sepharose, and bound protein eluted with SDS and analyzed with immunoblotting as before. There was no detectable ICAM-1 binding to the ethyl-, propyl- and phenyl-Sepharose resins (Figure 4, lanes 1, 2 and 5, respectively), some binding to the butyl-, dodecyl-, decyl-, octyl- and pentyl-Sepharose resins (increasing in that order) (Figure 4, lanes 3, 9, 8, 7 and 4, respectively) and more binding to the hexyl- and control-DAH-Sepharose resins (roughly equal) (Figure 4, lanes 6 and 10, respectively). However, P-control-DAH- Sepharose bound more ICAM-1 than control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 3a, compare lanes 4 and 6). The band in Figure 4 (lane 11) represents the amount of ICAM-1 applied to the resins. Non-substituted cross-linked Sepharose 4B and Tris-blocked cyanogen bromide Sepharose did not bind ICAM-1 (data not shown).
Effect of HA, heparin, poly-L-glutamic acid, HMBA and NaCl on the binding of ICAM-1 to P-control-DAH-Sepharose To investigate which agents could inhibit the ICAM-1 /l-amino-6- acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B interaction, purified whole rat liver ICAM-1 or LEC extracts, in the presence of various agents, were incubated with aliquots of P-control-DAH-Sepharose. Bound protein released by SDS was analyzed as before. The band in Figure 5a (lane 1) is the amount of ICAM-1 binding to P-control-DAH-Sepharose in the absence of any additives. HA at a concentration of 5mg/ml significantly inhibits the binding of ICAM-1 from whole liver (Figure 5a, lane 2) to P-control-DAH- Sepharose. Heparin (5mg/ml) apparently had no effect on the binding of whole liver ICAM-1 to P-control-DAH-Sepharose, though two extra immunoreactive bands at approximately 60 kDa were also evident (Figure 5a, lane 3). The same concentration of heparin actually caused significantly greater amounts of immunoreactive material from LEC extracts to bind control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 5b, lane 2), than that which bound to the same resin in the absence of heparin (Figure 5b, lane 1). The broad band in Figure 5(b) lane 2 extended from 85 kDa to approximately 55 kDa. Poly-L-glutamic acid (5mg/ml), while not causing any significant reduction in whole liver ICAM-1 binding, did result in a distorted ICAM-1 band migrating at a slightly higher Mr (Figure 5a, lane
4). HMBA, even at a concentration of 25mg/ml, had no effect on the binding of ICAM-1 from whole liver to P-control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 5a, lane 5). NaCl at concentrations of 0.75 and 1.5M (Figure 5a, lanes 6 and 7, respectively) reduced the binding to some extent, but not to the same degree as HA (Figure 5a, lane 2). The bands in Figure 5(a) lane 8 and Figure 5(b) lane 3 represent the amount of ICAM-1 applied in the respective experiments. Elution of ICAM-1 and other proteins from control-DAH-Sepharose and other resins.
To demonstrate that ICAM-1 and other proteins could be eluted from control-DAH-Sepharose, mini columns of the same resins, as well as HA-DAH-, control-EDA- and HA-EDA-Sepharose were used to affinity purify material from Triton X-100 extracts of 125τ surface labeled LEC in the presence and absence of 0.5mM EDTA. Immunoblotting revealed that HA elutes comparable amounts of ICAM-1 from HA-DAH and control- DAH-Sepharose in the absence of EDTA (Figure 6, lanes 3 and 4, respectively) but autoradiography of the same material revealed that many other protein bands, besides those in the 80-90 kDa region, were eluted also from the same resins (Figure 7a, lanes 3 and 4, respectively). Similarly, in the presence of EDTA several bands were eluted from both HA-DAH and control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 7b, lanes 3 and 4, respectively). No detectable amount of ICAM-1 was released by HA from HA-EDA- and control-EDA-Sepharose in the absence of EDTA as analyzed by immunoblotting (Figure 6, lanes 1 and 2, respectively). However, proteins which appeared to bind more specifically to HA were observed in the eluate from HA-EDA-Sepharose. From this resin HA eluted 400, 200 and 84 kDa bands in the absence of EDTA (Figure 7a, lane 1), and similar bands in the presence of 0.5mM EDTA, though the 84 kDa band was markedly reduced in intensity (Figure 7b, lane 1) and was not apparent in all experiments. From control-EDA-Sepharose HA eluted 220 and 84 kDa bands in the absence of EDTA (Figure 7a, lane 2), though the 220 kDa band was not apparent in all experiments, and only small amounts of the 84 kDa component in the presence of EDTA (Figure 7b, lane 2). It should be noted that the estimation of the molecular weight of the 400 kDa band is approximate, as we did not have standards larger than 207 kDa. DISCUSSION
HA, a polyanionic polysaccharide, is typically considered a hydrophilic molecule. However, another feature of HA is the existence of large hydrophobic patches (of eight abutting CH groups) extending over three disaccharide units, repeated on alternate sides of the molecule throughout its length (Scott, 1989). In aqueous solution there is also extensive H-bonding within the HA molecule, via H2O bridges, between the acetoamido groups on N-acetylglucosamine residues and the carboxyl groups on glucuronic acid residues. The internal H-bonding causes considerable local stiffness in the chain (Laurent, 1970; Scott, 1989) and, together with interactions between the hydrophobic patches, also allows HA to form networks with itself and possibly other components of connective tissue (Laurent, 1970; Scott, 1989; Scott et al., 1991). These characteristics of HA, together with its high molecular weight, may in part explain the unique visco-elastic properties of HA. In this study we have tested a range of substituted Sepharose resins for their ability to bind HA in the presence of Triton X-100 (see figure 2 and results). We have found that HA has some affinity for resins containing a hexamethylene chain with a terminal amine (Figure If) or a terminal acetoamido group (Figure le and g), less affinity for a resin containing an ethylene chain with a terminal amine (Figure la), and no affinity at all for a resin with an ethylene chain and a terminal acetoamido group (Figure lc). This showed that there was a requirement for a chain longer than two methyl groups for HA binding to the acetoamido resins, suggesting a hydrophobic interaction. However, as there was no HA binding to either hexyl- or octyl-Sepharose, the binding was not simply of a hydrophobic nature, but also required the presence of a terminal acetoamido group. Thus, the six methyl groups and the terminal acetoamido group may act in concert to bind the hydrophobic patches and carboxyl groups on HA. It is therefore possible that l-amino-6- acetoamidohexane group on resins depicted in Figure le and lg represents a novel HA binding moiety, which may also provide an alternative means for the purification or concentration of HA. Further studies to find the optimal aliphatic chain length (in this moiety) for HA binding are warranted. The isourea substituent, which results from the reaction of the cyanate ester on CNBr activated-Sepharose with amino compounds, is positively charged at neutral pH and may further act to stabilize the binding of the negatively charged HA to control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure le) though this is not an essential requirement for HA binding. The resins containing a terminal amine at the end of an aliphatic chain, namely AE-Sepharose (Figure la) and EAH-Sepharose (Figure If), also bound HA. In the case of AE-Sepharose, this is most likely an ionic interaction between the positively charged (at neutral pH) primary amine and the negatively charged HA. However, the extra four methyl groups on EAH-Sepharose seemed to greatly enhance the binding of HA.
It has previously been reported that glycosaminoglycans can be chromatographed on hydrophobic resins such as phenyl- and octyl- Sepharose in the presence of 0.01M hydrochloric acid and high concentrations (4.0 - 2.0M) of ammonium sulphate (Nagasawa and Ogama, 1983; Uchiyama et al., 1985). These high salt concentrations were necessary for the binding of polysaccharides to the resins, which were then eluted by decreasing salt gradients. As the behaviour resembled a hydrophobic interaction between polysaccharides and resins the process was originally considered to be hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Nagasawa and Ogama, 1983). However, subsequent analysis showed that the retention of the polysaccharides on the columns was related to their solubility in ammonium sulphate (Uchiyama et al., 1985) and the authors concluded that the fractionation depended on the ability of the polysaccharides to precipitate on the gel rather than hydrophobic interactions. (See United States Patent 4,421,650 (Nagasawa et al. See also Uchiyama, H., Okouchi, K., and Nagasawa, K. [1985] Carbohydrate Res. 140, 239-249).) We have also tested some of the above resins for their ability to bind partially purified proteins from rat liver and LEC. These studies were necessary in light of our previous findings that a 90-100kDa protein bound to and could be eluted (with free HA) from HA-DAH-Sepharose (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991; McCourt et al., 1994). Early control experiments indicated a lower binding to a control-DAH-Sepharose than to a HA-DAH- Sepharose, of radiolabeled material that had been affinity purified on the latter resin (Forsberg and Gustafson, 1991). After the identification of the protein as rat ICAM-1 (McCourt et al., 1994), studies were initiated to identify potential HA binding sites in fragments of ICAM-1. It was then found that considerable amounts of ICAM-1 bound to both HA- and control-resins (Figure 3). This led to a further investigation of the nature of the affinity chromatographic process.
During the course of these studies, we have found that the most effective resin for the purification of HA binding proteins from rat LEC, with the least non-specific binding, was HA attached to Sepharose via a short ethylene diamine base linker (Figure lb). We found that ICAM-1 did not bind this resin nor to the equivalent control resin (Figure 3). The fact that these resins were boiled in the presence of such a potent denaturing agent as SDS, and that the majority of ICAM-1 remained in the supernatant (Figure 3a, lanes 7 and 8) makes it unlikely that any ICAM-1 was bound to HA-EDA- and control-EDA-Sepharose. However, that solubilized ICAM-1 does not bind HA-EDA-Sepharose does not exclude the possibility that ICAM-1, under physiological conditions, has some affinity for HA. It has been shown that solubilization with detergent can change the affinity and specificity of a HA-cell membrane receptor (Underhill et al., 1983). We have now identified two new bands of (approximately) 400 and 200 kDa that specifically bind to and elute with HA from HA-EDA-Sepharose (Figure 7).
Affinity chromatography on H A-Sepharose has been widely used. Although most authors do not specify the nature of the spacer arm coupling HA to the resin, HA-DAH-Sepharose has probably been the most commonly used gel. It is therefore of general interest to analyze the affinity process in question. In this study we show firstly that several LEC surface proteins, including ICAM-1, can be eluted with HA oligosaccharides from both HA- and control-DAH-Sepharose (Figures 6 and 7), and secondly that HA actually has an affinity for P-HA- and P- control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 2) and other similar resins used in this study. Therefore it is not possible to use the criterion of affinity elution of proteins with HA from either HA- or control-DAH-Sepharose as a means to define HA receptors, as all of these protein bands would then represent potential candidate LEC receptors for HA, or related proteins. In any case, the elution of these proteins may not be a specific affinity phenomenon, but instead simply a displacement phenomenon whereby HA competes with these proteins for the same ligand, namely l-amino-6- acetoamidohexane on control-DAH-Sepharose 4B (Figure Id). This ligand should also exist on the P-HA- and HA-DAH-Sepharose as a result of the blocking of unsubstituted amino groups on the resin with acetate. It is interesting that of three polyanions, namely HA, heparin and poly-L- glutamic acid, only HA could inhibit ICAM-1 binding to P-control- Sepharose (Figure 5) suggesting that neither heparin nor poly-L-glutamic acid has as much affinity for this resin as does HA. It would be of interest to investigate whether other polysaccharides, such as dermatan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate or keratin sulphate, have any affinity for this resin. In this study we have attempted to identify the moiety to which
ICAM-1 binds on control-DAH-Sepharose (l-amino-6-acetoamidohexane Sepharose 4B). We have shown that P-control-DAH-Sepharose made using Pharmacia's AH-Sepharose 4B binds the most ICAM-1 of all resins tested. That the control-DAH-Sepharose, made with 1,6-diaminohexane and CNBr-activated-Sepharose, did not bind ICAM-1 as effectively is probably due to that we did not have optimal conditions for the coupling of the linker that the manufacturer would have been likely to use. This is also a possible explanation for the reduced amount of HA coupled to our HA-EDA- and HA-DAH-Sepharose (0.22 and O.llmg HA/ml wet gel, respectively) relative to that coupled to P-HA-DAH-Sepharose (0.7mg HA/ml wet gel), although the use of lower EDC (carbodiimide) concentrations in our coupling mixtures may also be a contributing factor. In studies with other resins made using CNBr-activated-Sepharose it was found that hexyl-Sepharose and control-DAH-Sepharose bound comparable amounts of ICAM-1 (Figure 4), though control-DAH- Sepharose bound rather less than P-control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure 3). That the octyl-, decyl- and dodecyl-Sepharose resins bound less ICAM-1 may be due to reduced substitution by these ligands owing to their lower solubility in aqueous solutions, even in the presence of 50% (v/v) dioxane. The importance of the six carbons on the control resin, with the terminal amide group suggested that the antineoplastic agent HMBA (Marks et al., 1994) (Figure If) might have been a ligand for ICAM-1. However, the finding that even quite high concentrations of HMBA (25mg/ml) could not hinder ICAM-1 binding to the control-Sepharose (Figure 5) indicates that this is not the case. The interaction of ICAM-1 with the same resin was inhibited somewhat with high concentrations of NaCl, though not to the same degree as with HA (Figure 5) which suggests that the binding is not purely of a hydrophobic nature. Thus, hexane attached by the cyanogen bromide linkage to Sepharose via a secondary amine may represent a new ligand for rat ICAM-1 and may provide a novel means of purifying ICAM-1. Heparin appeared to enhance the binding of immunoreactive material from LEC to P-control-DAH-Sepharose, resulting in a broad distorted band of a lower average Mr than that of ICAM-1 (Figure 5b). Some immunoreactive material of lower Mr was also eluted from the same resin after incubation with whole liver ICAM-1 and heparin (Figure 5a). This may simply be a case of protein precipitation, during the chromatographic step, by this sulphated highly negatively charged polysaccharide, which can interact with many cationic biological molecules. This would explain why relatively more immunoreactive material was obtained when LEC extracts were applied to the resin in the presence of heparin.
The range of protein bands in Figure 7 were not seen in the initial study of Forsberg and Gustafson (1991). This was possibly due to the fact that the protease inhibitor cocktail used in that study included only the serine protease inhibitors PMSF and Aprotinin, which were insufficient to prevent even the degradation of ICAM-1 in large scale purification attempts; in the present study a more extensive range of protease inhibitors was used. Also of potential importance is that the HA-DAH- Sepharose used in that and later studies (Gustafson and Forsberg, 1991: McCourt et al., 1994) was coupled according to the Tengblad method (Tengblad, 1979) where the HA disaccharide:EDC molar ratio was 1:5, while in the present study a ratio of 10:1 was used, which would result in lower substitution of the polysaccharide chain. However, the large excess of EDC used in the Tengblad method did not cause significant chemical modification of the coupled HA on P-HA-DAH Sepharose as it specifically binds HA binding proteins (Tengblad, 1979) and is sensitive to hyaluronidase digestion. Several other groups have also used HA-Sepharose to purify HA binding proteins with similar molecular weights as ICAM-1 (Mason et al., 1989; Sattar et al., 1992), though they have not specified which linker was used to couple HA to the resin. LeBaron et al. (1992) compared the coupling of HA to both aminoethyl-Sepharose and EAH-Sepharose (a 10 atom hydrophilic spacer arm formed by the covalent linkage of 1,6 diaminohexane to Sepharose 4B by an epoxy coupling method) and found no difference in the coupling efficiency. It was this finding that prompted us to use the shorter ethylene diamine based linker; given the size of the HA (35 kDa) the longer linker would confer no advantages with regard to steric hindrance. Thus, the use of a long linker to couple such a large ligand is unwarranted on three counts. Firstly, the longer the linker, the greater the risk of non-specific protein binding. Secondly, HA couples as well to both short or long linker Sepharose. Thirdly, given the size of the HA ligand, a long linker is not necessary to set it away from the matrix for it to bind protein. The finding of Underhill et al. (1985) that HA-DAH- Sepharose chromatography achieved no purification of CD44, a cell surface receptor for hyaluronan expressed on a number of cells of the immune system as well as erythrocytes and fibroblasts (Underhill, 1992), may have been due to the non-specific binding of other proteins to the long DAH linker.
Yannariello-Brown et al. (1992) have identified two large polypeptides (166 and 175 kDa) on the surface of rat LEC, with an affinity to HA coupled to a photoaffinity cross linking reagent. They also occasionally detected species of 86, 66 and 55 kDa, though these bands, when evident, varied in intensity relative to the 166/175 kDa doublet. The authors suggested that these proteins were degradation products of the larger polypeptides, or HA binding proteins on LEC unrelated to the endocytotic receptor. However, a 68 kDa species on the surface of rat LEC has recently been identified as a potential calcium-dependent HA binding protein using the same photoaffinity cross linking reagent (Yannariello- Brown, 1996). We suggested that the 85 kDa species was ICAM-1 and the 55 kDa species its degradation product (McCourt et al., 1994). The identity of these lower molecular weight species, however, remains to be established. The use of the N-alkylpropionamide-3-epidithio-l'-ethyl-2'- aminoacyl linker in the cross-linking agent (Figure lh) may have been the cause of some non-specific binding of these same proteins during the photoaffinity labeling process. This linker has some similarities to the 1- amino-6-acetoamidohexane moiety on control-DAH-Sepharose (Figure le), namely its chain length and the two amido groups encompassing the linker region. That the presence of a 100- fold excess of hyaluronan could prevent the photoaffinity labeling of the 86 and 55 kDa proteins would be consistent with our findings that free HA can displace ICAM-1, and other proteins, from control-DAH-Sepharose by competing for the linker. The use of the photoaffinity labeling reagent without substituted HA would perhaps establish the specificity, if any, of the labeling of the surface proteins on LEC. The same authors have proposed that the two large polypeptides (166 and 175 kDa) may exist as a heterodimer of approximately 340 kDa (Yannariello-Brown et al., 1992) and have also found 125I-HA binding activity at 400 kDa in detergent solubilized LEC membranes fractionated with gel filtration (Yannariello-Brown and Weigel, 1992). This pattern, namely a large polypeptide of 340-400 kDa and two smaller polypeptides close in size (166 and 175 kDa), has some similarities to the two protein species of (approximately) 400 and 200 kDa isolated from HA-EDA-Sepharose in this study. Work is now underway to isolate sufficient amounts of these proteins for sequencing and antibody production.
In summary, our results have shown that the l-amino-6- acetoamidohexane group is a potentially novel HA binding moiety. We also show that the binding of detergent solubilized ICAM-1 to HA attached to Sepharose via a 1,6-diaminohexane linker, and its displacement from this resin with free HA oligosaccharides, cannot be used as a means to demonstrate that ICAM-1 has an affinity for HA. The binding of both HA and ICAM-1 to the linker render this resin unsuitable for such studies. However, this same finding suggests that control-DAH-Sepharose may provide an alternative means to purify and /or concentrate these two important biological molecules. Finally, we have also identified two proteins from rat LEC which are potential candidates for the calcium independent endocytotic HA receptor. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Ms. Kajsa Lilja for expert technical assistance, and to Ms. Anne-Marie Gustafson and Dr. Jukka Melkko for excellent rat liver perfusions. We thank Dr. Bianca Tomasini-Johansson, Dr. Nick Bonham, Dr. Robert Moulder and Professor Torvard Laurent for their invaluable advice and discussions during this study. We thank Dr. Staffan Johansson and Professor Laurent for their critical review of this manuscript. This work was supported by Agnes and Mac Rudbergs fond, Erland Wesslers fond, Konung Gustaf V:s 80-arsfond and the Swedish Medical Research Council.
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Yannariello-Brown, J. (1996). Identification and characterization of a divalent cation-dependent glycosoaminoglycan-binding protein from rat liver endothelium. Glycobiology 6, 111-119. Yannariello-Brown, J., Frost, S.J. and Weigel, P.H. (1992). Identification of the CA2+-independent Endocytic Hyaluronan Receptor in Rat Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Using a Photoaffinity Cross-linking Reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20451-20456. Yannariello-Brown, J. and Weigel, P.H. (1992). Detergent solubilization of the endocytotic Ca2+-independent hyaluronan receptor from rat liver endothelial cells and separation from a Ca2+-dependent hyaluronan- binding activity. Biochemistry 31, 576-584. LEGENDS TO FIGURES Figure 1 Diagrammatic representation of the various Sepharose resins, HA-ASD and HMBA.
Shown is AE-Sepharose (a), HA-EDA-Sepharose (b), control-EDA- Sepharose (c), HA-DAH-Sepharose (d), control-DAH-Sepharose (e), EAH- Sepharose (f), control-EDAH-Sepharose (g), 2(p-azidosalicylamido)ethyl- l,3'-dithiopropionate-HA (HA-ASD) [34] (h) and HMBA (i).
Figure 2 Chromatography of HA on control-EDA-, AE-, P-HA-DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose.
HA (0.95 mg) in H2O (100 μl) was applied to 4ml columns of control-EDA-, AE-, P-HA-DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose. Fractions (approximately 0.5 ml) were collected and analyzed for the presence of HA. Closed squares (≠), open squares (≠), closed circles (•) and open circles (o) indicate HA (μg/fraction) eluted with PBS/0.1% Triton X-100 from control-EDA-, AE-, P-HA-DAH- and P-control-DAH-Sepharose, respectively. Figure 3 Immunoblots of whole liver ICAM-1 eluted from various resins with SDS, probed with the anti-HARLEC antibody.
Whole liver ICAM-1 in the absence of EDTA was incubated with the various indicated resins and the bound /non-bound material analyzed with immunoblotting (a). Shown is bound/non-bound material from HA-EDA-Sepharose (lane 1/lane 7), control-EDA-Sepharose (lane 2/lane 8), HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 3/lane 9), control-DAH-Sepharose (lane 4/lane 10), P-HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 5/lane 11) and P-control-DAH- Sepharose (lane 6/lane 12). The band in lane 13 represents the material applied to the resins in this experiment. The effect of 5mM EDTA on binding was also tested (b). Shown is eluted whole liver ICAM-1, which was bound to P-control-DAH-Sepharose in the absence (lane 1) and presence (lane 2) of EDTA. Figure 4 Immunoblots of whole liver ICAM-1 eluted from various hydrophobic resins with SDS, probed with the anti-HARLEC antibody.
Shown is an immunoblot of whole liver ICAM-1 (in the absence of EDTA) that was incubated with the indicated resins and the bound material eluted with SDS from ethyl-Sepharose (lane 1), propyl-Sepharose (lane 2), butyl-Sepharose (lane 3), pentyl-Sepharose (lane 4), phenyl- Sepharose (lane 5), hexyl-Sepharose (lane 6), octyl-Sepharose (lane 7), decyl- Sepharose (lane 8), dodecyl-Sepharose (lane 9) and control-DAH- Sepharose (lane 10). The band in lane 11 represents the material applied to the resins in this experiment.
Figure 5 Inhibition of ICAM-1 binding to P-control- and control-DAH- Sepharose with various reagents.
Whole liver ICAM-1 (a) in the absence of EDTA was incubated in the presence of the indicated reagents with P-control-DAH-Sepharose, and the bound material eluted with SDS and analyzed by immunoblotting with the anti-HARLEC antibody. Shown is the amount of ICAM-1 bound to P-control-DAH-Sepharose (lane 1) in buffer alone, or in the presence of: 5mg/ml HA (lane 2), 5mg/ml heparin (lane 3), 5mg/ml poly-L-glutamic acid (lane 4), 25mg/ml HMBA (lane 5), 0.75M and 1.5M NaCl (lanes 6 and 7, respectively). The band in lane 8 represents the material applied to the resins. Shown in (b) is material bound to control-DAH-Sepharose when incubated with LEC extract in the absence (lane 1) or presence (lane 2) of 5mg/ml heparin. The band in lane 3 represents the material applied to the resins. Figure 6 Immunoblots of material eluted from various resins with HA.
Extracts of cultured LEC in the absence of EDTA were applied to the indicated resins in columns, and the HA eluted material analyzed with immunoblots probed with the anti-HARLEC antibody. Shown is material eluted from HA-EDA-Sepharose (lane 1), control-EDA-Sepharose (lane 2), HA-DAH-Sepharose (lane 3) and control-DAH-Sepharose (lane 4). The band in lane 5 represents 2% of the applied material.
Figure 7 SDS-PAGE/autoradiographic analysis of material eluted from various resins with HA.
Extracts of 125I surface labeled LEC in the absence (a) and presence (b) of 0.5mM EDTA were applied to the indicated resins in columns, and the HA eluted material analyzed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Shown is material eluted from HA-EDA-Sepharose (a lane 1 and b lane 1), control-EDA-Sepharose (a lane 2 and b lane 2), HA-DAH-Sepharose (a lane 3 and b lane 3) and control-DAH-Sepharose (a lane 4 and b lane 4).
As many changes can be made to the embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all material contained herein be interpreted as illustrative of the invention and not in a limiting sense.

Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. Hyaluronan bound to a compound comprising hexamethylene carrying either a terminal primary amine or a terminal acetamido group.
2. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) bound to a compound comprising hexamethylene.
3. In a method of purifying hyaluronan comprising combining the hyaluronan with a compound containing a reactive ethylene chain for recovering with the hyaluronan and recovering the hyaluronan.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein the hyaluronan and hyaluronan binding proteins have molecular weights of approximately 200,000 and 400,000 daltons (protein standard).
5. Hyaluronan bound to a compound comprising l-amino-6- acetamidohexane group.
6. The use of an effective amount of a compound having the general formula RR N(CH2)mNR2R3 or containing the moiety of the formula
_\ /
2 for the inhibition of the ICAM-1, wherein R and Ri are
selected from H and
Figure imgf000034_0001
and R2 and R3 are selected from H,
O O ?HH NH
— C— CH3— O— CH2-CH— CH3 , — C— OR5 , ,
, and and wherein m is an integer from 1-12.
7. The use of an effective amount of a compound having the general formula RR]N(CH2)mNR2R3 for the inhibition of hyaluronan, wherein R
and R are selected from H and
Figure imgf000034_0002
and R2 and R3 are selected from H,
Figure imgf000035_0001
and wherein m is an integer from 1-12.
8. The use of claim 6 or 7 wherein m is an integer between 3 and 10.
9. The use of claim 6 or 7 wherein m is an integer between 5 and 10.
10. The use of claim 6, 7, 8 or 9 wherein the compound is hexamethylene bis-acetamide (HMBA).
11. The use of claim 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 wherein one of R, Ri, R2 and R3 is further selected from a drug which has been bound to the said compound.
12. A method of treatment whereby a non-toxic compound in a non- toxic effective amount of the formula RRι-N-(CH2)m-NR2R3 or a
\ /
, . , . R-N(CH2)mNR2 compound containing a moiety of the formula can be administered to a mammal (e.g. human) in an effective non-toxic therapeutic amount to block the action of hyaluronan and ICAM-1 in the mammal by, for example, reacting with the compound or compounds containing moiety wherein m is an integer from 1-12.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein R, Ri, R2 and R3 may be hydrogen
or Lea 3 / or ff ^ CH 2 nCH 3 while n=l, 2 or 3 or one of R, Ri, R2 or R3 may be a drug combined with the moiety.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the non-toxic compound contains
R— \ N(CH2)nN /R2 , , , „ — ct~ CH3 at least one of R and R2 are or
0
— C(CH2)nCH3
15. The method of claim 12 wherein the said non-toxic compound may
, , . R4-NH-(CH2)n-NH-R5 , have the formula 4 L' s where 5<n<10 and j or R5
0
C — R are each H or 6 where R is Cn'H2n'+l where l≤n'<5.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein R3 is a drug .
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the drug is selected from the following:
R= NSAIDS such as acetic acid types and propionic acid types (especially ibuprofen) anti-inflammatory gold compounds such as auranofin (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 882)
4-aminoquinoline type drugs such as chloroquine Colchicine Vinca alkaloids such as:
Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9784) Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9788) Vinblastine (Merck Index 10th Ed. no. 9789)
Histamine Hl-antagonist drugs of the general structure:
nyl group
Figure imgf000036_0001
Cyclosporin
Glucocorticoid type agents
Steroids
Anabolic steroids such as nandrolone (Merck Index 10th Ed. no.
6211)
Oestrogen type drugs such as stilboestrol Anti-androgen drugs such as cyproterone
Contraceptive drugs
Muscarinic antagonists such as atropine, homoatropine, cyclopentolate, tropicamide
Medium duration anticholinesterase drugs such as physostigmine
Histamine H2-receptor antagonists
Adrenoreceptor antagonists such as propranolol, ergotamine, alprenotol, practolol, metoprolol.
18. A method of purifying hyaluronan by the use of the compound referred to in claim 12 or compound with the moiety referred to in claim 12, said method used to purify hyaluronan is accomplished by combining the compound or compound with the moiety with a solution comprising hyaluronan to permit its reaction with the hyaluronan, thereafter recovering the reaction product of the moiety and hyaluronan and thereafter releasing the compound with moiety or compound from the hyaluronan and recovering the pure hyaluronan.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the releasing of the hyaluronan from the compound or compound containing the moiety may be accomplished by dialysis.
20. The method of claim 18 wherein the releasing of the hyaluronan is accomplished by electroelution and electrodialysis.
21. The use of claim 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 wherein a suitable effective non- toxic amount of the compound or compound containing moiety for administration to a mammal is between about 1 to 10,000μg/70kg person and preferably between about 1000 to 6000μg (1 to 6mg)/70kg person.
22. The method of claim 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 wherein a suitable effective non-toxic amount of the compound or compound containing moiety for administration to a mammal is between about 1 to 10,000μg/70kg person and preferably between about 1000 to 6000μg (1 to 6mg)/70kg person.
23. The method of claim 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 wherein the suitable compound is hexamethylene-bisacetamide (HMBA).
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YANNARIELLO-BROWN, JUDITH ET AL: "Identification of the calcium-independent endocytic hyaluronan receptor in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells using a photoaffinity cross-linking reagent" J. BIOL. CHEM., VOL. 267, NO. 28, PAGE(S) 20451-6,5 October 1992, XP002070192 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6872549B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2005-03-29 Immunex Corporation Methods for increasing polypeptide production
US7452695B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2008-11-18 Immunex Corporation Methods for increasing polypeptide production

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