WO1998026618A2 - Adaptation entre reseaux de radiomessagerie unidirectionnels - Google Patents
Adaptation entre reseaux de radiomessagerie unidirectionnels Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1998026618A2 WO1998026618A2 PCT/FR1997/002144 FR9702144W WO9826618A2 WO 1998026618 A2 WO1998026618 A2 WO 1998026618A2 FR 9702144 W FR9702144 W FR 9702144W WO 9826618 A2 WO9826618 A2 WO 9826618A2
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- network
- batch
- sub
- batches
- adapter
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/022—One-way selective calling networks, e.g. wide area paging
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the connection of a first unidirectional paging distribution network in a first coverage area to a second unidirectional paging distribution network to be located in a second coverage area.
- a unidirectional paging network broadcasting messages over a first coverage area essentially comprises two parts.
- a first fixed switching and maintenance part is connected to the telecommunications networks accessible to requesting terminals and manages the routing of messages transmitted by requesting users to mobile receivers.
- a second fixed part constitutes a message distribution network between the first part and base stations distributed in the coverage area and transmitting messages in near synchronism to the mobile receivers.
- the broadcasting area of the first paging network already in operation is to be extended to a second coverage area which may be different from the first area, or which may be confused with the first area to increase traffic there, by means of '' a second paging network of different technology, this should be directly connected to the first part of the first network.
- the interfaces in this first part are "proprietary" interfaces which are specific to the designer of the second network and require specific adaptation by the designer of the second network. second network. This specific adaptation would limit the installation of second networks only in relation to the first determined networks and therefore increase the cost of the second networks.
- the present invention aims to connect first and second unidirectional paging networks of different technologies to allow the designer of the second network to connect it to any first network insofar as the two networks comply with standards imposed at 1 'level. radio interface between base stations and mobile receivers.
- a method for connecting a first unidirectional paging network to a second unidirectional paging network both having base stations transmitting batches of messages in quasi-synchronous fashion to mobile receivers, each mobile receiver monitoring in the state a batch having a respective rank in a sub-sequence, a cycle of duration TC comprising NS sub-sequences of predetermined duration TS, is characterized in that the networks are connected through an adapter which is connected to a base station predetermined in the first network and which imposes a transit time on the batches transmitted by the predetermined base station equal to approximately k.TS, k being an integer at least equal to 1.
- the adapter is thus connected at the radio interface of the first network.
- the radio interface is "open" to all network designers since it must satisfy in detail a standard prescribed at least at European level.
- the transit time of the lots through the adapter ensures the quasi-synchronism of the base stations of the networks, and the monitoring of the respective lots by the mobile receivers whether they are in the coverage area of the first or of the second network.
- the transit time can be equal to approximately m.TC, m being an integer at least equal to l, which still ensures the search for the respective lots by the mobile receivers despite the delay due to the crossing of the adapter by the lots.
- the input port of the adapter is preferably connected to the bus between the controller and the transmitter included in the predetermined base station, the transmitter having an antenna output connected to a load preventing it from transmitting.
- a link between adapter and predetermined base station saves the addition of a radio receiver to the antenna output of the station and guarantees a better quality of information transmission.
- the invention also relates to an adapter for implementing the method for linking the above networks.
- the adapter is characterized in that it comprises a means for processing the batches of message transmitted by the predetermined base station, and a means for imposing a delay in the batches equal to the difference between the transit time and a transmission time. batch processing in the means for processing.
- the means for processing are provided essentially for retransmitting "batches" compatible at least in terms of the information they contain with the second network of paging.
- the means for processing can comprise: a means for deinterleaving the messages contained in the batches transmitted by the predetermined base station; and or
- a means for modifying a sub-sequence number i contained in each batch into a number j such that: j (i + k) modulo NS; and or
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a known unidirectional paging system relating to a predetermined coverage area
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a sequence of cycles each composed of twelve sub-sequences of sixteen lots transmitted at the level of a radio interface in a known paging distribution network
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing in detail the known structure of the parts of a batch of sequences
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the connection of a second unidirectional paging distribution network to the first unidirectional paging distribution network via a network adapter according to the invention
- FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram of one network adapter
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the time difference between sub-sequences originating from the first network and corresponding sub-sequences transmitted in the second network according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the time offset between sub-sequences originating from the first network and corresponding sub-sequences transmitted in the second network according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a time offset imposed by the adapter according to first and second variants of the invention
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a time offset imposed by the adapter according to a third variant of the invention.
- the system of paging is ERMES (European Radio Message System) type in accordance with ETS 300 133 standards published in 1992 by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute),
- the paging system is divided into several radio coverage areas
- FIG. 1 shows schematically such a paging network covering a predetermined coverage area, for example approximately a French region such as Ile de France.
- a unidirectional paging network is organized around a PNC (Paging Network Controller) network controller and at least one PAC (Paging Area Controller) coverage area controller.
- the PNC controller manages three interfaces, an interface 14 with the PNC network controllers of other operators, a dual 15/16 interface with telecommunications networks accessible to users, such as the public telephone network PSTN, and an interface 13 with the PAC coverage area controller.
- the PNC network controller is analogous to a switching center and ensures dialogue with requesting users so as to record messages and transmit them respectively to the PAC controller of the predetermined coverage area, and to the network controllers of others. coverage areas.
- PNC network controller manages message traffic by consulting databases on functional, subscription and position characteristics geographic of REC mobile receivers. The network controller also exchanges information, in particular on quality measurements, alarms and traffic statistics with an OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center).
- OMC Operaation and Maintenance Center
- the coverage area controller PAC queues the messages intended for the predetermined coverage area so as to format them into frames transmitted to the base stations through an interface 12.
- the data is exchanged in accordance with interface 12 between the PAC controller and BSC base stations through a DN distribution network.
- the DN network is located between a management and operating site comprising the PNC and PAC controllers and transmission sites where the BS (Base Station) stations are located, appropriately distributed in the coverage area where REC portable receivers (pagers) of requested users can move.
- the distribution network may be a satellite telecommunications network or a packet telecommunications network or a network of dedicated links.
- the coverage areas are associated respectively with channel frequencies, at the rate of one or more frequencies per area depending on whether the traffic is low or high in the area.
- the frequencies between two adjacent zones can be different, as in a radio-cellular network, although two adjacent zones can share temporal sub-sequences of cycles of a common frequency channel, as specified below.
- the requested user is transmitted by the terminal of the requesting user which can be a conventional telephone set or else a videotex terminal or any access terminal to the PNC network controller so as to communicate either vocally or via a screen with the PNC network controller serving the terminal of the requesting user.
- the PNC controller converts the message into an ETS compatible message and accesses a database containing information on the type of receiver of the requested user as well as on the characteristics of the messages to be sent to the latter, if applicable. if necessary by means of the network controller serving the coverage area where the requested user is located.
- the PNC controller which is responsible for the distribution of the message in the coverage area where the requested user is located composes one or more frames containing a radio identity code of the receiver so as to transmit the message or the successive parts of that -this via the PAC controller to the BS base stations.
- the interface 12 between the coverage area controller PAC and the base stations BS is bidirectional in order to transmit from the controller to the base stations the messages intended for the mobile receivers REC and information related to the traffic and to the maintenance of the stations base to the PAC controller.
- the messages are formatted in four subdivisions, first a sequence, then a cycle, a sub-sequence and finally a batch (batch), as shown in figure 2.
- a sequence includes sixty cycles having each one TC duration of one minute.
- a receiver monitors one or a few cycles in a sequence so as to reduce the consumption of batteries included in it.
- Each sub-sequence has a duration TS of twelve seconds and is divided into sixteen lots denoted A to P.
- Each lot constitutes a protocol data unit at the level of the radio interface II and comprises in a message part typically 154 words of 30-bit code, except for the last batch P which contains 190.
- the sequence time reference is universal time so that all active base stations transmit sub-sequences in synchronism to the nearest 50 ⁇ s. Thus, each sequence begins exactly every hour and each cycle begins exactly every minute.
- each batch is made up of four parts, a synchronization part SP and a part of SIP system information which have a fixed length, and an address part AP and a message part MPs that have variable length.
- the synchronization part SP comprises two 30-bit words, a preamble PR for the synchronization of the bits and a synchronization word SYN for the synchronization of the batches.
- the SIP system information part comprises two words containing in addition to a country code, an operator code and a coverage area code, in particular information on the rank of the batch, that is to say the number of 4-bit batch BN in the respective subsequence, the 3-bit subsequence number SSN in the respective cycle, the 6-bit cycle number CN in the respective sequence, and a FSI frequency indicator among five of a frequency subset, each mobile receiver being associated with one of 16 frequency subsets.
- the system information part is terminated by an SSI additional system information word which is composed of the first four SSIT bits to indicate a type of time stamp information and the last fourteen SSIF bits to indicate time stamp information. corresponding to the selected type.
- the additional SSIF information indicates in particular the local time from 0 to 24 with 5 bits and the day of the month from 1 to 31 with 5 bits.
- the additional information indicates the day of the week with 3 bits, the month with 4 bits and the year with 7 bits.
- the third part AP of a batch contains initial 18-bit addresses IA of the mobile receivers REC for which the messages, or the message portions, contained in the message part of the batch are intended.
- the AP address portion is terminated by at least one APT (Address Partition Terminator) end indicator which also serves as a fill code word.
- the message part MP comprises the messages proper separated by message delimiters.
- Each message begins with a header having a fixed length and comprising in particular the entire 22-bit local address of the requested receiver, the message number for this receiver, a bit indicating whether the receiver is in its home coverage area or no, and a variable information field including the type of message transmitted, for example tone or alphanumeric, and the character along the message.
- the initial address includes the 18 most significant bits of the local address.
- a controller BSC formats the messages transmitted in frames in the distribution network DN according to the batch format described above.
- the BSC controller adds to each frame the synchronization part SP, the end indicator (s) APT and the message delimiters.
- the controller BSC detects the message frames which are intended for the base station BS, and performs coding and interleaving of the code words before applying the batches thus formed to the radio interface II via a TM transmitter and AN transmitting antenna in the base station BS, to the mobile receivers REC.
- a code word in one of the three parts of a batch comprises in practice eighteen bits of information and twelve control bits of a cyclic error corrector code whose generator polynomial is of the BCH code type. After coding, the code words only in the message part are grouped into blocks of nine words. Each block is interleaved so as to preserve the information during reception from errors due to the transmission between the transmitter and the mobile receivers.
- a mobile receiver In the standby state, a mobile receiver "listens" only on a predetermined batch in a predetermined sub-sequence.
- the message is contained in the message part of the predetermined batch, and if the message is long, it can be divided into subsequent batches of the sub-sequence, or even in other sub-sequences of the same cycle. If a message starts in one batch and is contained in the next batch, there is no message delimiter between the separate parts of the message. In the latter case, the number of bits remaining in the message to be transmitted is indicated in the header of the part of the message contained in the previous subsequence.
- a first unidirectional paging distribution network DN1 which is served by the network controller PNC and the coverage area controller PAC and which serves several base stations BSl each comprising a controller BSCl and a TM1 transmitter as well as an AN1 antenna.
- the DN1 distribution network is considered to be already installed in a first predetermined coverage area.
- a second unidirectional paging distribution network DN2 must be located in a second predetermined coverage area distinct from the first area, such as one or more French regions, or merged with the first area if traffic in it must be increased.
- the second distribution network is allocated at least a second channel frequency which may be different from or equal to one of the first channel frequencies allocated to the first distribution network.
- the second distribution network DN2 is designed using a technology different from that of the first distribution network DN1 and transfers messages according to a format and a protocol 12 different from those described above at the interface 12 in the first network DN1 and defined by the designer of the second network. However, the radio transmission of messages by means of sequences of sixty minutes, cycles of one minute in each sequence, five subsequences SSO to SS4 of twelve seconds in each cycle, and 16 batches in each subsequence is maintained.
- the DN2 distribution network also serves BN2 base stations, each comprising a BSC2 controller and a TM2 transmitter connected to an AN2 antenna.
- the second distribution network DN2 is coupled to the first network DN1 via a predetermined base station ABS included in the first network and a network adapter AD according to the invention.
- the role of the adapter mainly consists in synchronizing the second distribution network DN2 with the first distribution network DN1 and in extending the transmission of messages to the entire second coverage area via the first network.
- the AD adapter does not disturb the operation of the first network since the message batches are picked up in an ABS base station of the first network. As shown in FIG.
- an input bus BE of the adapter AD is connected, not to the antenna output SAN of the ATM transmitter in the ABS base station, but to an intermediate interface bus 120 between the ABSC controller and the ATM transmitter in the ABS base station, which avoids the addition of a suitable reception circuit. More specifically, the input bus BE is connected to the unidirectional parallel part of the bus 120 which transmits data bits and a bit clock signal normally to the ATM transmitter, and is not connected to the bidirectional serial part of the bus 120 to send commands and parameters to the ATM transmitter and return alarms and status information from the latter via the ABSC controller to the PAC coverage area controller.
- the exit antenna antenna SAN is not connected to an antenna, but to a dummy load CH, typically a termination at 50 ohms.
- the output SA of the adapter AD is in practice connected to a distribution network controller CRD of the second distribution network DN2 through an interface 12 specific to the designer of the second network
- the network adapter AD comprises at the input BE a clock recovery circuit 1 and a batch detection circuit 2.
- the circuit 1 detects the preamble PR and the synchronization word SYN in each batch transmitted by the ABSC controller to recover a clock signal at the frequency of the bits and a clock signal at the frequency of the code words at 30 bits.
- the batch detection circuit 2 is controlled by the circuit 1 to extract the last three parts in each batch after recognition of the preamble PR and the synchronization word SYN.
- the detected message part MP is deinterleaved in blocks of nine message code words in a deinterleaver 3.
- the other two parts SIP and AP undergo a delay corresponding to the deinterlacing at the output of the detection circuit 2 .
- the detected SIP system information part and the AP address part and the interleaved MP message part are decoded one after the other in an error correction decoder 4.
- the 12 control bits in each word code are removed.
- the APT end flags and message delimiters are also removed. In this way, the three-part batches leaving the decoder 4 are analogous to the information contained in the message frames transmitted to the base stations BS1 through the interface 12.
- MP interleaved and decoded from each batch produced by circuits 2 to 4 are applied successively to a time compensation circuit 5.
- the batches received from the interface 120 of the ABS base station are retransmitted according to the same time order in the interface 12 of the distribution network DN2 without changing the useful content of the addresses and messages.
- all the base stations BSCl and BSC2 of the networks DN1 and DN2 must transmit in quasi-synchronism the subsequences SSO to SS4 in each cycle.
- the messages may be out of sync in the second distribution network DN2 due to the processing of messages between the base station ABS in the first network and the base stations BS2 in the second network.
- a time offset of a few seconds, in practice 0 to 9 seconds, relative to a time reference of start of sub-sequence in the base stations is tolerated for the reception of messages in the base stations, this time offset corresponding to the data storage capacity to be transmitted from each base station controller.
- the quasi-synchronous transmissions from the base stations in the two networks DN1 and DN2 are such that the start of each of their cycles is fixed to within ⁇ 2 ms with respect to the time reference, which is the universal time, and therefore the start of each of their batches at ⁇ 50 ⁇ s. This condition is imposed by the periodic reception of the predetermined batch having a respective rank in the sub-sequences to which each mobile receiver REP is assigned in the standby state.
- the batches in a SSi subsequence entering the adapter must be retransmitted in a following subsequence SSj leaving the adapter, after a transit time greater than TR and equal to an integer multiple of the duration TS of the sub-sequences, as shown in FIG. 6, where i and j are integers varying between 0 and 4 and j is greater than i + 1 modulo 5.
- the subsequence SSj can be included in the same sequence as the subsequence SSi, or in one of the following sequences.
- the time compensation circuit 5 essentially comprises a delay means which imposes a delay RE on the batches, such that the transit time through the adapter AD is equal to:
- the sign "approximately" ⁇ means that the equality between the two members of the preceding relation is true to within a few seconds, that is to say from 0 to 9 seconds, delay less than the duration of sub-sequence, in accordance with the time offset of reception of the messages in the base stations.
- a receiver REC when a receiver REC recognizes its initial address in the address part AP of a batch, it classically monitors the message part MP of the batch for a duration appreciably less than TS, without the time offset provided by the adapter of the invention modifies the periodic monitoring of the batch.
- the subsequences relating to two consecutive frequency channels are time-shifted by a batch duration according to the ETS standard 300 133. For example, If the following sub-sequence has the channel frequency 01 as its carrier frequency: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP, the following sub-sequences are assigned to the channel frequencies 03 and 05:
- BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPA CDEFGHIJKLMNOPAB The time shift of a batch from one frequency to the next facilitates the channel search by a REC mobile receiver, and allows the receiver to monitor all the channels only during the duration of a sub-sequence, that is to say ie for 12 seconds.
- the time difference of at least one batch duration would mean that the last and sixteenth batch of a sub-sequence is different; for example, lot P is different from lots A and B in the two sub-sequences above, lot P being 36 code words longer than other lots A to 0.
- the frequency (or frequencies) "declared" in the second distribution system DN2 is the same as that in the first DN1 distribution network, i.e. PNC network controllers consider the coverage area covered by the DN1 and DN2 networks as a coverage area covered by the frequencies allocated to the DN1 network although the frequency (s) in the DN2 network can be different from that (s) in the DN1 network.
- a frequency F2 allocated to the second network DN2 is different from that (s) allocated to the first network DN1, and more generally different from the frequencies of the coverage areas adjacent to that covered by the network DN2, a priori any sub-sequence of the channel F2 can be chosen as a sub-sequence SSj.
- the SSO, SSI and SSi sub-sequences in the FI channel of the DN1 network are intended for the station basic ABS and therefore to the second network DN2
- the sub-sequences SSI, SS2 and SS (i + 1) are used in the channel F2
- the sub-sequences SS2 to SS4 in the channel FI can be allocated to other zones cover.
- the transit time imposed by the network adapter AD is then equal to approximately k.TS with k> 1, k being equal to 1 according to the example in FIG. 8.
- the first and second distribution networks share a common channel frequency.
- the second network is initially assigned the SSO and SSI subsequences in the first network, and the SS2 subsequence is not used in the first network.
- the subsequences SS2, SS3 and SS4 cannot be assigned to the second DN2 network.
- the transit time imposed by the network adapter AD is then equal to a cycle time TC, or more generally to m.TC where m is an integer at least equal to 1.
- Each batch without synchronization part leaving the time compensation circuit 5 is applied to an update circuit 6 to update the batch and more precisely the part of SIP system information shown in FIG. 3.
- the update of each batch in circuit 6 is the main contribution in processing time TR in one adapter.
- the CN cycle number in the SIP part of the SSi sub-sequence is incremented by at least one unit in the SSj sub-sequence when the sub-sequences
- SSi and SSj belong to different cycles, that is to say when i + k> NS.
- SSIF must be updated as a function of the transit time k.TS of the order of a few tens of seconds per minute imposed by the AD adapter on an incoming SSi sub-sequence containing time information near the end of an hour, or the end of a day (midnight), or the end of a month, or the end of a year.
- the previous timestamp information contained in the SSi sub-sequence must be modified by adding the transit time k.TS to it.
- the local time available in the AD adapter is close to the end of an hour with the time difference k.
- TS close when entering the subsequence SSi the "local time” information is incremented by a modulo unit 24 in the sub-sequence SSj; when the local time is near the end of the 24 hours to the nearest k.
- TS when entering the SSi sub-sequence the "day of the month” information is incremented by one unit modulo the number of days in the current month in the SSj subsequence.
- the adapter AD finally comprises a message request formatting circuit 7 followed by a message transmission circuit 8.
- the circuit 7 introduces the corrected batches leaving the update circuit 6 in request primitives, called frames of message request (Request frame) conforming to interface 12, at the rate of one or more successive corrected batches per frame.
- Each frame includes a header preceding the batch field and a cyclic redundancy code (CRC) field succeeding the batch field and deducted therefrom; an interlacing is performed in bit blocks on the batch field and the cyclic redundancy code field.
- the circuit 7 is for example a modem which transmits the message request frames to the CRD controller of the second distribution network DN2.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU78520/98A AU7852098A (en) | 1996-12-13 | 1997-11-26 | Adaptation between one-way paging networks |
EP97948946A EP0966849A2 (fr) | 1996-12-13 | 1997-11-26 | Adaptation entre reseaux de radiomessagerie unidirectionnels |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9615480A FR2757338B1 (fr) | 1996-12-13 | 1996-12-13 | Adaptation entre reseaux de radiomessagerie unidirectionnels |
FR96/15480 | 1996-12-13 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998026618A2 true WO1998026618A2 (fr) | 1998-06-18 |
WO1998026618A3 WO1998026618A3 (fr) | 1998-08-20 |
Family
ID=9498746
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1997/002144 WO1998026618A2 (fr) | 1996-12-13 | 1997-11-26 | Adaptation entre reseaux de radiomessagerie unidirectionnels |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0966849A2 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU7852098A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2757338B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1998026618A2 (fr) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991001615A1 (fr) * | 1989-07-24 | 1991-02-07 | Motorola, Inc. | Procede et appareil servant a la transmission automatique d'un message de teleappel a un systeme de teleappel alternatif |
GB2284496A (en) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-06-07 | Motorola Gmbh | Store and forward paging system |
NL9401716A (nl) * | 1994-10-18 | 1996-06-03 | Nederland Ptt | Semafoonstelsel omvattende een eerste semafoonsysteem en een tweede semafoonsysteem, alsmede semafoonsysteem voor gebruik in combinatie met het semafoonstelsel, alsmede ontvangmiddelen voor gebruik in combinatie met het semafoonstelsel, alsmede werkwijze voor het tot stand brengen van een semafoonverbinding vanaf een terminal naar een semafoonontvanger. |
-
1996
- 1996-12-13 FR FR9615480A patent/FR2757338B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-11-26 WO PCT/FR1997/002144 patent/WO1998026618A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-11-26 AU AU78520/98A patent/AU7852098A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-11-26 EP EP97948946A patent/EP0966849A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1991001615A1 (fr) * | 1989-07-24 | 1991-02-07 | Motorola, Inc. | Procede et appareil servant a la transmission automatique d'un message de teleappel a un systeme de teleappel alternatif |
GB2284496A (en) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-06-07 | Motorola Gmbh | Store and forward paging system |
NL9401716A (nl) * | 1994-10-18 | 1996-06-03 | Nederland Ptt | Semafoonstelsel omvattende een eerste semafoonsysteem en een tweede semafoonsysteem, alsmede semafoonsysteem voor gebruik in combinatie met het semafoonstelsel, alsmede ontvangmiddelen voor gebruik in combinatie met het semafoonstelsel, alsmede werkwijze voor het tot stand brengen van een semafoonverbinding vanaf een terminal naar een semafoonontvanger. |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
EDBOM G: "THE CONCEPT FOR WORLD WIDE RADIO PAGING" GATEWAY TO THE FUTURE - TECHNOLOGY IN MOTION, ST. LOUIS, MAY 19 - 22, 1991, no. CONF. 41, 19 mai 1991, INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, pages 840-847, XP000260286 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2757338B1 (fr) | 1999-01-22 |
WO1998026618A3 (fr) | 1998-08-20 |
FR2757338A1 (fr) | 1998-06-19 |
AU7852098A (en) | 1998-07-03 |
EP0966849A2 (fr) | 1999-12-29 |
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