Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
  • H04Q11/04—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems for time-division multiplexing
  • H04Q11/0428—Integrated services digital network, i.e. systems for transmission of different types of digitised signals, e.g. speech, data, telecentral, television signals
  • H04Q11/0478—Provisions for broadband connections
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
  • H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems 
  • H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
  • H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
  • H04L2012/5619—Network Node Interface, e.g. tandem connections, transit switching
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
  • H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems 
  • H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
  • H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
  • H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
  • H04L2012/5646—Cell characteristics, e.g. loss, delay, jitter, sequence integrity
  • H04L2012/5652—Cell construction, e.g. including header, packetisation, depacketisation, assembly, reassembly
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
  • H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems 
  • H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
  • H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
  • H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
  • H04L2012/5665—Interaction of ATM with other protocols
  • H04L2012/5667—IP over ATM

Definitions

• the invention generally relates to packet routing carried out in a packet-switched telecommunications network, particularly to the transfer of IP packets (IP, Internet Protocol) through an ATM network.
• IP IP, Internet Protocol
• IP is the most popular of the current network layer (third layer in the OSI model) protocols, mainly on account of the great popularity of the Internet.
• Third layer in the OSI model the Internet protocol
• IP is the most popular of the current network layer (third layer in the OSI model) protocols, mainly on account of the great popularity of the Internet.
• the throughput of IP networks has become a bottleneck, and new ways are required to transfer IP traffic more rapidly than at present.
• FIG. 1 illustrates the typical structure of an IP network.
• personal computers PC or similar terminal equipment are connected to local area networks LAN1...LAN3, which are typically Ethernet networks.
• the local area networks in turn are interconnected with a backbone network (WAN, Wide Area Network), comprising routers (RT1... RT6) as nodes. All computers that are in the same local area network have the same IP network address.
• WAN Wide Area Network
• routers RT1... RT6
• All computers that are in the same local area network have the same IP network address.
• the IP layer of the protocol stack of the sending computer checks whether the IP destination address is the same as its own IP network address. If the address is the same, no routers are necessary, but the packet is sent across the local area network to the computer having that destination address. If the IP network address of the destination is different than the IP network address of the sending computer, the computer forwards the packet to a router that transfers the packet further to another network.
• the transmission links between the routers can be implemented with PDH or SDH technology or with the packet network technique, for instance (ATM, Frame Relay, X.25).
• a router has two main functions: packet transfer and updating of routing tables.
• the packet transfer process in principle operates in such a way that the router first reads the network address of the destination from an incoming IP packet. Thereafter it finds from its routing table the output port associated with that address and sends the packet through said port to the next router. The packets are transferred from router to router until one of the routers finds that the destination address is the same as its own network address, in which case it sends the packet to the destination host.
• ATM technology is used to an ever increasing degree as a backbone network technique, as it enables high-capacity backbone connections.
• interfaces have been constructed in the routing nodes towards the ATM network; packets are first reconstructed from the cells arriving from the ATM network, the packets are routed, and thereafter the packets are again disassembled into ATM cells for transfer in the ATM network.
• a standard ATM adaptation layer (AAL) performs the disassembly and reconstruction of the IP packets. This will be described more closely hereinbelow to provide a background for the description of the invention which is to follow.
• the data unit P1 formed by the application at the workstation is first encapsulated into a TCP packet P2, for instance, as shown in Figure 2 (provided that the protocol used in the transport layer is TCP, Transmission Control Protocol).
• the TCP packet is thereafter encapsulated into an IP packet P3 and the IP packet further into an Ethernet frame P4 which is sent across the local area network to a router connected thereto, having an interface towards the ATM network as well.
• This router removes the Ethernet segment and disassembles the IP packet into ATM cells in the ATM adaptation layer.
• the encapsulation may include insertions both in front and after the packet (so-called trailer).
• Figure 3 illustrates the structure of one IP packet 30 (i.e., IP datagram).
• the minimum size of the packet header is 20 bytes, which is divided into five four-byte "words", presented in consecutive lines in the figure. After the name of each field, the length of that field in bits is shown in the figure in parentheses.
• the header firstly comprises a 4-bit version field 31 , indicating the IP version that is used. This is followed by the length field 32 (IHL, Internet Header Length), indicating the length of the header in 4-byte words.
• Type field 33 indicates the type of service, and field 34 the total length of the data- gram, including the header.
• Identification field 35 is used to identify the IP packet in conjunction with the reconstruction of the packet.
• Flags field 36 allows the system to deduce whether a fragment of a disassembled packet is the last fragment of the original packet or not.
• the content of fragment offset field 37 in turn indicates in what location in the original packet the fragment belongs.
• Lifetime field 38 indicates the longest time that the packet may exist in the network. Each router through which the packet travels deducts from the value of this field.
• Protocol field 39 indicates the higher layer protocol of the data carried by the datagram (e.g. TCP).
• Field 40 contains a header checksum. Fields 41 and 42 are for the source and destination addresses, i.e. they indicate the address of the sending and receiving host in the form of 32-bit addresses. The address fields are followed by an option field 43 that is seldom used.
• the data to be transported in this field generally relates to network testing or troubleshooting; the data may for example define a given route that the datagram should travel.
• the field is supplemented with stuff bits when necessary, so that the number of bytes is divisible by four.
• the actual data in the IP packet begins.
• the length of the data field may vary, but its upper limit is bounded by the length of field 34, which means that the maximum length of the entire packet is 2 16 bytes.
• FIG. 4a shows the basic structure of one cell to be transmitted in the ATM network.
• Each cell to be transmitted in the network comprises a 48-byte payload and a 5-byte header, but the precise structure of the header (the content of the header) is dependent on which part of the ATM network is being used in each case, as the ATM network architecture comprises a number of interfaces closely specified in the standards, and the header structure employed in the ATM cell is dependent on which interface (i.e., which part of the network) is concerned.
• Figure 4b shows the cell header structure at the UNI interface (User-to-Network Interface) of the ATM network, which is the interface between the ATM terminal equipment and the ATM node.
• Figure 4c in turn illustrates the cell header structure at the NNI interface (Network-to-Network Interface) of the ATM network, which is the interface between two ATM nodes, either within the network or between two networks.
• the routing field of the cell header consists of the virtual path identifier (VPI) and the virtual channel identifier (VCI).
• VPN virtual path identifier
• VCI virtual channel identifier
• the routing field serves as a basis for routing cells in the ATM network.
• a virtual path identifier VPI is used, which in practice often determines to what physical connection the cell is to be routed.
• the virtual channel identifier VCI is often used for routing merely at the boundary of the network. It is to be noted, however, that it is the VPI and VCI together that unambiguously define the route for the cell.
• - PTI Payment Type Indicator
• CLP Cell Loss Priority
• the last bit in the PTI field indicates when a new higher layer packet (IP packet) starts.
• IP packet IP packet
• the bit has been set to be 1
• the last cell of an IP packet is involved, and in that case the next packet starts with the next non-idle cell.
• signals of various formats arrive at the ATM adaptation layer, and the task of the ATM adaptation layer is on the one hand to form these signals into the standard format required by the ATM network prior to their being passed on to the ATM network, and on the other hand to reconstruct these signals from the cells arriving from ATM networks prior to the signals being relayed further to the user or control interfaces.
• Different types of adaptation layers (AAL1...AAL5) have been standardized for different service classes (A...D).
• AAL types 3, 4 and 5 offer transmission services for applications in which there is no time dependency between the source and the destination.
• FIG. 5 illustrates the segmentation of IP packets performed by AAL 5 into ATM cells and the reconstruction of packets from ATM cells, as it illustrates the operation of the ATM adaptation layer in the exemplary network shown in Figure 1.
• the ATM adaptation layer is generally divided into two sublayers, which are referred to by the abbreviations SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer) and CS (Convergence Sublayer).
• SAR Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer
• CS Convergence Sublayer
• the last- mentioned sublayer performs encapsulation/deencapsulation of user data units (for example IP packets) and control data.
• the frame produced as a result of the encapsulation performed by the CS sublayer is referred to as the CS-PDU (Convergence Sublayer Protocol Data Unit).
• CS-PDU Convergence Sublayer Protocol Data Unit
• the AAL 5 encapsulation is performed in such a way that a trailer portion is added to the user data unit (e.g. an IP packet), containing for instance an error check portion (CRC).
• the trailer portion has a length of 8 bytes.
• the length of the entire CS-PDU corresponds to a multiple of 48 bytes, which is obtained by adding when appropriate a padding field PAD having a length of 0...47 bytes between the trailer portion and the payload of the packet.
• the SAR-PDUs are formed by putting the SAR-PDUs together.
• the ATM layer beneath the ATM adaptation layer is responsible for adding five-byte header fields CH ( Figures 4b and 4c) into the SAR-PDUs to be transmitted, thus producing ATM cells 50 that are sent to the ATM network.
• the ATM network only processes the cell header, the 48-byte pay- load is not processed and not even read in the ATM network.
• the ATM layer removes the headers from the cells and supplies the 48-byte payloads to the SAR sublayer for assembly.
• the routers When in the network of Figure 1 the routers send IP packets, they segment the packets into cells in the above manner and send the packets to an ATM transmission link.
• the router at the opposite end of the link reconstructs a packet from the cells in the above manner, makes a routing deci- sion in the conventional manner on the basis of the IP address, and segments the packet again into cells for the next ATM link.
• the routing decision on the packets is made by software.
• IP switching is based on the flow concept: a flow is a series of IP packets that are headed from (generally) the same source to the same destination. Hence, one flow (generally) comprises the IP packets whose source and destination addresses are the same.
• a TCP connection is a flow: when the TCP connection has been opened, a series of packets is sent from the source to the destination.
• router nodes identify the flows and request routers at the boundary of the network to furnish the packets of each flow with a unique flow identifier, e.g. a unique VPI ⁇ CI identifier.
• the routers within the network can carry out packet relay on a cell level, using a normal ATM switching. Hence, the routing need not go as far as the third layer (IP layer), but can be performed in the second layer (ATM layer).
• IP layer third layer
• ATM layer second layer
• the drawback of the last-mentioned prior art solution is, however, that it presupposes a separate control protocol wherewith the nodes within the network negotiate with the nodes in the incoming direction of traffic on assigning a dedicated VPI/VCI identifier to a given flow. Such a solution will render the network still more intricate and produce additional traffic that loads the network.
• the idea of the invention is to monitor flows formed by packets in a node at the boundary of a network (receiving packets of an upper protocol layer). When it is detected that a given flow meets the criteria for a dedicated connection, a dedicated lower protocol layer connection identifier is assigned to that flow. When the next node in the downstream direction receives a data unit having a "new" connection identifier, it immediately knows that a flow to which a dedicated channel has been assigned is concerned. The node performs normal routing on the first packet on the basis of the IP destination address, but all the following data units having the same connection identifier are forwarded on the basis of the lower protocol layer connection identifier only.
• the nodes have time-out control that discards the dedicated connections from use after no traffic pertaining to the relevant flow has been received during a predetermined period of time.
• the lower-layer data units are, in accordance with the foregoing, ATM cells and the higher- layer packets are IP packets, but the method can also be implemented in conjunction with other protocols or transmission methods.
• the throughput of nodes can be increased, obviating the need for segmenting and reconstructing packets in nodes within the network. Furthermore, this is achieved in such a way that no extra flow control protocol is needed in the network, and thus also the router nodes remain simpler and cause no additional traffic in the network.
• FIG. 1 illustrates the environment in which the invention is used
• Figure 2 illustrates forming of packets prior to their being sent to the network
• FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of an IP packet
• Figures 4a...4c illustrate the generic structure of an ATM cell
• FIG. 5 illustrates packet segmentation into ATM cells as performed by ATM adaptation layer 5 and reconstruction of packets from ATM cells
• Figure 6 illustrates the operation of the method of the invention in three successive nodes of the network
• Figure 7 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the method of the invention in the first node of Figure 6
• Figure 8 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the method of the invention in the second and third node of Figure 6,
• Figure 9 illustrates the structure of a gateway node
• Figure 10 illustrates the structure of a node within the network
• Figures 11 a...11 g show tables used in the node of Figure 10.
• IP packets is performed in a node at the boundary of the network (either node RT1 or RT4 in Figure 1) in accordance with the above, and the ATM cells are sent to the ATM transmission link.
• FIG. 6 illustrates three ATM network nodes N1...N3 which are located in succession on the route for the packets and which carry out the method of the invention.
• default channels between the nodes are denoted by thick pipes and dedicated channels between the nodes by thin pipes.
• the different steps of the method are denoted by circled figures.
• the system initially only includes default channels, and when traf- fie starts, the system starts assigning dedicated channels to connections according to need.
• Default channels extend from a node in all directions, and packets having different source and/or destination addresses may travel in one default channel (even though they have the same VPI ⁇ /CI identifier).
• a default channel is a channel using ATM only as a transmission path and in which routing is effected in the normal way at a higher level (IP level). For this reason, the traffic in the default channels is undesired traffic that the system attempts to eliminate.
• Default channels must be used, however, because in practice a large majority of all traffic is of so short a duration (possibly only a few packets are sent over the TCP connection) that there is no use assigning to them a dedicated VPI ⁇ /CI identifier. It is only worth-while to establish a dedicated virtual connection for that part of the traffic which is of longer duration.
• Node N1 Only IP packets arrive at the first node (N1), which segments the packets in the above-described manner into cells and relays the cells further to node N2.
• Node N1 examines desired header fields (source and destination addresses and possibly also other fields) of the incoming IP packets in a known manner.
• node N1 detects (circled one) that a given IP connection (packets having the same source and/or destination addresses) meets certain predetermined criteria for a dedicated second-layer connection (OSI layer 2)
• node N1 makes a decision to assign a dedicated second-level con- nection (i.e., connection identifier) for that flow, which in the case of an ATM network is a new VPI/VCI identifier.
• the node may make the above decision for example as a result of detecting that there is regular or heavy traffic over that IP connection (the node counts incoming packets) or upon detecting that the IP connection requires certain quality of service.
• the node may find, for instance, that an FTP transmission is involved which requires fast service.
• the above criteria may be of a wide variety of types.
• the node N1 When after the above decision the node N1 detects the first packet, it selects an available second-layer connection identifier (VPI ⁇ /CI identifier) on the basis of the IP header of that packet.
• VPN ⁇ /CI identifier an available second-layer connection identifier
• the node N1 when the node has detected at the tenth packet that the connection requires a dedicated second-layer connection, the node N1 starts using the identifier appertaining to the dedicated second-layer connection in the cells it disassembles (circled two), starting with said packet.
• the first nine packets have been forwarded in the default channel (in the form of cells).
• the cells in each packet are sent in succession in the default channel in such a way that the discrete packets do not overlap.
• the next node (N2) in the downstream knows (circled three), having received a cell carrying a VPI ⁇ /CI identifier that is "new" to the node (not used by any one of the flows), that a flow is concerned to which a dedicated second-layer connection identifier has been assigned in the node in the upstream direction. From this cell the node reads the IP destination address that is mapped, as can be seen from Figure 3, in segmentation in such a way that it always has a fixed location in the payload bytes 13-17 of the cell. On the basis of the destination address that has been read, the node finds the identifier of the output port associated with that address from the routing table and transmits the cell to that output port.
• the node only needs to check the first IP address, and it performs normal routing (at the IP level) on the basis thereof. After this, it can perform switching at the ATM level directly on the basis of the VPI ⁇ /CI identifiers and transmit the cells again with a new VPI ⁇ /CI identifier to the next node (circled four).
• FIG. 7 presents a flow chart illustrating the operation of a node at the boundary of the network (gateway node N1).
• gateway node N1 gateway node N1
• the node receives an IP packet, reads from its header at least the source and destination addresses (step 71), and updates the packet counter (step 72, Table T1) for that address pair (or the destination address only).
• the node examines whether a dedicated connection has been set for that address pair (step 73). This is done by looking up in the table whether a dedicated channel pertaining to that address pair is set on (Table T1), in other words, whether a dedicated second-layer connection identifier has been assigned to that flow. If this is the case, the routing tag associated with the connection is sought from the routing table (table T2); the tag is the internal identifier of the ATM switching matrix on the basis of which the ATM switching fabric performs switching to the correct output port (step 74).
• the next step is to examine whether the criteria for a dedicated connection are met for that flow (step 75), in other words, whether the traffic volume has exceeded a given value during a measurement period or whether the quality requirements for the traffic in the flow are of a given type (i.e. require a high throughput probability), for example.
• the node may utilize for instance the connection type field 33 ( Figure 3), indicative of the quality of service in terms of delay, throughput, and reliability. If these criteria are not met, the routing tag of the default channel for the relevant IP destination address is sought (step 74, table T2), and routing is performed accordingly.
• step 75 If it is found in step 75 that the criteria for a dedicated connection are met, the output port associated with the relevant address pair or destination address (Table T2) and an available routing tag corresponding to the output port (table T3), i.e. a routing tag that has not been assigned yet and that corresponds to the IP address, are sought. Thereafter a dedicated channel corresponding to the IP address is set on (table T1) and the routing tag for that connection is updated in table T2. At the output port, an available VPI ⁇ /CI is sought for the new routing tag (table T5) and updated in the routing tag translation table (table T4).
• the method can proceed to step 78 in which the IP packet is segmented into cells and the routing tag that was retrieved above is attached to the cells. Thereafter the cells are transmitted to the output port associated with the routing tag (step 79). Prior to sending of the cells to the next link, the routing tag is replaced with the corresponding VPI ⁇ /CI identifier (table T4).
• the method proceeds to receiving the next IP packet.
• the node has a separate aging logic that discards dedicated connections and connection data relating to them from use after no traffic pertaining to that particular flow has been received during a predetermined period of time. It is preferable to use a similar mechanism in all nodes, and hence the deletion of a dedicated connection is initiated from the starting node. If the node has already discarded the dedicated connection and there is traffic in the flow, the routing decision is made as described above similarly as for the "first" packet.
• FIG 8 illustrates the operation of a node within a network (for example nodes N2 and N3).
• the node receives a cell (step 80) and reads its header (step 81). Thereafter the traffic counter pertaining to the VPI ⁇ /CI identifier is updated (step 82, table S1). As a next step, the node examines whether a default channel is concerned, i.e. whether the incoming VPI ⁇ /CI identifier is marked as the default channel (step 83, table S1).
• step 84 the next step is to examine whether the flow is a flow for which a dedicated channel has been set on (step 84, table S1), i.e. whether the incoming VPI ⁇ /CI has been marked as a dedicated channel. If this is the case, the routing tag associated with the incoming VPI ⁇ /CI identifier is taken (step 86) directly from table S3.
• step 88 the IP destination address is read from the cell; this address is mapped, as is seen from Figure 3, in segmentation in such a way that it always has a fixed location in the payload bytes 13-17 of the cell.
• the output port associated with this address (table S4) and a corresponding available routing tag (table S5) are sought from the routing table.
• an available VPI ⁇ /CI identifier is sought for the routing tag (table S7); this identifier is set in the routing tag translation table of the output port (table S6).
• the connection is marked as dedicated and the data is updated in the tables (tables S1 , S3, S4).
• step 83 If it is found in step 83 that a default channel is concerned, the traffic counter pertaining to the IP address pair or IP destination address is updated (step 85, table S2) and it is examined on the basis of the counter value whether the criteria for a dedicated connection are met for that flow (step 87). If the criteria for a dedicated connection are not met, the cell is routed in the normal way, i.e. a route (output port) for that particular IP destination address and a corresponding routing tag are sought (step 89, table S4). If, on the other hand, the criteria for a dedicated connection are met, the procedure is the same as in connection with setting up a new dedicated channel (step 88).
• the node has found the correct routing tag and the cell can be routed to its correct output port (step 90).
• the routing tag Prior to sending of the cells to the next link, the routing tag is removed and the header is provided with an outgoing VPI ⁇ /CI identifier (table S6).
• Figure 9 illustrates a possible implementation of a gateway node in the form of a functional block diagram.
• a buffer 91 For temporary storage of incoming packets, a buffer 91 is provi- sioned at the input of the node.
• a measuring and control block 92 reads the header of the packet and finds, by means of the source/destination address pair, from its table (T1) whether the dedicated channel parameter has been set on for said address pair.
• Retrieval block 93 receives the IP address from the measuring and control block and, on the basis thereof, seeks from routing tables (T2) a routing tag that the retrieval block supplies to a segmentation block 95 in which the segmentation of cells and attachment of routing tags to segmented cells is carried out.
• T2 routing tables
• bookkeeping units 98 that keep track of available routing tags associated with each input and output port (table T3) are pro- vided on the input side of the node.
• the cell is sent with the routing tag from the segmentation unit to an ATM switch 96, which connects the cell on the basis of the routing tag to the correct output port 97.
• the routing tag is an identifier within the switch, which is not sent forward in the network.
• the measuring and control block measures the traffic in each flow and deletes the parameters of a dedicated channel, such as the routing tag and the VPI ⁇ /CI, when it has not detected any traffic pertaining to that flow during a given period of time.
• Figure 10 is a schematic representation of the structure of a node within a network.
• the blocks in the node as the same as above, only the tables used by the node are different from those of a gateway node. For this reason, the different blocks are denoted by the same reference numerals as the corresponding blocks in Figure 9.
• the tables S1...S7 used in the different blocks have been separately set forth in Figures 11a...11g.
• Measuring and control block 92 maintains for each VPI ⁇ /CI pair a counter and information on whether the relevant channel is a default channel or a dedicated channel (table S1 , Figure 11a).
• the traffic of the source/destination pair may be multiplexed for example from parallel links, or traffic may be multiplexed from several sources to a given destination address for which a dedicated channel is set up.
• the routing tags of the dedicated channels are provided in a separate table (S3, Figure 11c), wherefrom they are available for use by the routing block. Furthermore, a routing table is provided for all connections, in which an IP address is associated with an output port and a routing tag (table S4, Figure 11d). This table is needed for all routed packets in the default channel and for setting up a new dedicated channel. Bookkeeping unit 98 keeps track of available routing tags associated with each input port and output port (table S5, Figure 11e).
• the ATM output port has a translation table in which the routing tag of an incoming cell is replaced with a VPI ⁇ /CI for the outbound cell (table S6, Figure 11f). Furthermore, the output port keeps track of available VPI ⁇ CI identifiers (table S7, Figure 11g).
• a flow may comprise, in accordance with the above, traffic between the same source/destination pair or traffic bound to the same destination.

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• 1996
  • 1996-10-23 FI FI964268A patent/FI104670B/sv active
• 1997
  • 1997-09-24 AU AU43871/97A patent/AU728588B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1997-09-24 EP EP97942057A patent/EP0927478A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1997-09-24 BR BR9711412-0A patent/BR9711412A/pt unknown
  • 1997-09-24 CA CA002266390A patent/CA2266390A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-09-24 CN CN 97199115 patent/CN1234159A/zh active Pending
  • 1997-09-24 WO PCT/FI1997/000573 patent/WO1998013975A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-09-24 NZ NZ334771A patent/NZ334771A/xx unknown

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