WO1998006825A1 - Artificial rheumatic pannus tissues and diagnostic method for detecting rheumatoid arthritis - Google Patents
Artificial rheumatic pannus tissues and diagnostic method for detecting rheumatoid arthritis Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998006825A1 WO1998006825A1 PCT/EP1997/004308 EP9704308W WO9806825A1 WO 1998006825 A1 WO1998006825 A1 WO 1998006825A1 EP 9704308 W EP9704308 W EP 9704308W WO 9806825 A1 WO9806825 A1 WO 9806825A1
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- cells
- synovial
- pannus
- tissue
- rheumatic
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/564—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for pre-existing immune complex or autoimmune disease, i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid factors or complement components C1-C9
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2503/00—Use of cells in diagnostics
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2503/00—Use of cells in diagnostics
- C12N2503/02—Drug screening
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
- G01N2333/705—Assays involving receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
Definitions
- the present invention relates to rheumatic pannus tissue which forms pannus-like villi and preferably contains HLA class II positive acrophage-like cells and vimentin-producing fibroblast-like cells, a method for producing the rheumatic pannus tissue and the use of the rheumatic pannus tissue to find pharmacologically active substances.
- Rheumatoid arthritis affects approximately 1 to 2% of the population. It is a chronic systemic disease in which the joints are progressively destroyed. The causes of the development of rheumatoid arthritis are still unknown. However, it is known that the destruction of the joint (cartilage) is directly related to the uncontrolled growth of pannus tissue. To date, various animal models play an important role in understanding the Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. These are essentially three groups of animal models (Kaklamanis, PH.M. (1992), Clinical Rheumatology 11, 41-47, No. 1):
- SCID mice Induction of rheumatoid arthritis by transplantation of pannus-like human synovial tissue into immunodeficient mice.
- the disadvantage of the first method is that the injection of fibrin into rabbits and guinea pigs induces rheu atoid arthritis which, although histologically similar to that of humans, differs in the serological and systemic parameters.
- the situation is comparable when methylated bovine serum albumin is injected into the knee joints of C57B1 / 6 mice.
- the injection of different collagens into mouse and rat strains also leads to rheumatoid arthritis and polyarthritis with a similar phenotype, but the success of the experiment is strongly dependent on the genetic background of the animals and the type of collagen used.
- the induction of rheumatoid arthritis is reversed gender-specifically as in humans.
- a disadvantage of the second method is that the injection of pathogenic germs and cell wall products of pathogenic germs in rats, rabbits and mice cause symptoms similar to rheumatoid arthritis, but the systemic distribution of the points of attack differs from human rheumatoid arthritis.
- pannus-like human synovial tissue a loose and cell-rich connective tissue of the inner layer of the joint capsule, which is a vascular-rich, inflammatory-reactive Connective tissue formation (pannus) under the kidney of immunodeficient mice with and without human cartilage shows that these tissues can survive in part and attack cartilage transplanted with it.
- the disadvantage of this method is that cells of the immune system that populate the pannus die at an early stage. It sometimes takes over 300 days to perform the analysis.
- pannus tissue there is an impoverishment of the cellular diversity of the pannus tissue, in particular the ly phoid portion. A dedifferentiation of the pannus tissue in the mouse is also observed.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-289288 describes a method for testing anti-rheumatic drugs. According to the registration from LTT Research Laboratories, synovial tissue from patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis is shredded and then the cells grow out of the shredded tissue in the culture dish. With this procedure, there is a risk that many smaller aggregates or small pieces still present will later become a germ center for the subsequently observed tissue and thus avoid initial steps in the development of pannus tissue in vitro.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an in vitro model of rheumatoid arthritis which does not have the disadvantages of the animal models described above.
- the invention therefore relates to a method for producing rheumatic pannus tissue, in which synovial cells from mammals with rheumatoid arthritis, in particular human synovial cells, are isolated and cultured without changing the cell culture medium until pannus-like villi are formed.
- the synovial cells can be isolated using a synovial punctate, for example.
- the cells are preferably contained in the synovial fluid, the synovial fluid, it being particularly advantageous to deplete the lymphocytes also contained therein, for example via a Ficoll gradient.
- the gradient can be formed in the centrifuge at approximately 2300 revolutions / minute within approximately 10 minutes.
- the lymphocytes that are in the interphase are discarded or further examined in the diagnostic procedure described later.
- Granulocytes, macrophages and synovial fibroblasts are mainly found in the sediment of the Ficoll gradient. It is then advantageous to wash the sediment with PBS, for example, an isotonic and phosphate-buffered saline solution.
- the washed sediment is taken up in cell culture medium and cultivated in cell culture vessels until pannus-like villi are formed.
- the number of cells at the beginning of the cultivation is preferably approximately 1 x 10 cells / ml.
- lymphocytes in the synovial fluid fluctuates very strongly, sometimes up to a factor of 100. Accordingly, there are punctures that contain almost no lymphocytes, whereas other punctates have an extraordinarily high number of lymphocytes. The situation is similar with synovial tissue. There the lymphocytes occur at least partially in follicles and therefore it is sometimes difficult to find places with lymphocytes. According to the invention, the lymphocytes are depleted in a very preferred embodiment via a Ficoll gradient. This makes it possible to standardize the tissue obtainable according to the invention. The aspect of standardization is in terms of the number of lymphocytes of considerable importance because the lymphocytes are a source of different cytokines, which may result in differences in the testing of the different substances.
- synovial cells are also contained in solid synovial tissue. Therefore, these can also be obtained by isolating synovial tissue from mammals with rheumatoid arthritis, in particular human synovial tissue.
- the tissue is preferably mechanically disrupted by small cutting and then the isolated synovial tissue is passed through a sieve.
- Commercially available sieves can be used as sieves for processing fabrics, which generally have a mesh size of approximately 50 mesh. Lymphocytes and cell particles or cell aggregates are preferably separated. Then the mechanically separated synovial tissue is again cultivated without changing the cell culture medium until pannus-like villi are formed.
- the synovial tissue is essentially not treated with enzymes, in particular proteinases, especially Dispase II (Boehringer Mannheim) and trypsin, because the treatment with enzymes, especially if the tissue is divided at the beginning of the cultivation, prevents the formation of pannus-like villi, although a pure fibroblast culture can be obtained quickly.
- enzymes in particular proteinases, especially Dispase II (Boehringer Mannheim) and trypsin
- the cell culture vessels are advantageously made of plastic and the cultivation generally takes place under standard conditions (37 ° C., 5% CO 2 , water-saturated atmosphere) in a commercially available cell culture medium, for example Iscove's Modified Dulbeccos Eagle Medium from Gibco / BRL, Eggenstein. According to the manufacturer, glutanin, periullin and streptomyrin are added to the medium.
- the Medium also contains approximately 10% FCS (fetal calf serum).
- FCS fetal calf serum
- the cultures can be kept alive for several months. For example, cultures could be kept alive for up to five months without undifferentiation.
- the differentiation processes are carried out after approx. completed four to six weeks, with preliminary stages of comb-like tissue formation already being observed after about two to four weeks.
- pannus tissues produced according to the invention preferably contain HLA class II positive macrophage-like cells and vimentin-producing fibroblast-like cells, which are generally the main constituent of the rheumatic pannus tissue.
- HLA class II positive cells can easily be detected, for example, with antibodies directed against MHC II antigens.
- a commonly available antibody is, for example, an antibody of the hybridoma L243, which is listed in the American Type Culture Collection under the name ATCC HB55.
- the antibodies are preferably included, for example Marked biotin.
- streptavidin peroxidase which is coupled to the antibody via the biotin-streptavidin bond, and the peroxidase substrate 9-ethyl-carbazol-3-ylamine, the color changes to red, which is easy to see (see FIG. 1) .
- rheumatic pannus tissue which was produced by one of the methods described above. It is particularly advantageous here if the rheumatic pannus tissue is made from isolated synovial fluid.
- pharmacological or immunological reagents can now be tested for their pharmacological, in particular antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory and / or antiproliferative effect.
- the substances mentioned can also be tested to determine whether they can reduce the tumor-like growth of the pannus tissue.
- Certain substances that induce biomolecules can also be added in order to subsequently test the influence of the processes described by the substances mentioned.
- rheumatic pannus tissue for testing substances for a pharmacological, in particular antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory and / or antiproliferative effect and methods for finding pharmacologically active substances.
- isolated synovial cells from synovial tissue or preferably synovial fluid from mammals with rheumatoid arthritis, in particular human synovial cells are cultivated without changing the cell culture medium, as described in more detail above, one or more substances are added in therapeutically effective amounts and it is observed whether or not preferably about 4 to 6, especially about 2 to 4 weeks pannus-like Can train villi.
- the cytostatic methotrexate (4-amino-4-deoxy-10-methylfolic acid), which slows the progression of rheumatoid arthritis in the patient (0.4 ⁇ M / gram body weight), differentiates the pannus-like tissue in the culture described above is prevented even at an approx. 40 x lower dose than applied to the patient.
- the concentration of methotrexate in the cultures was approximately 0.01 ⁇ M / ml to 1 ⁇ M / ml.
- one or more substances are added to the rheumatic pannus tissue according to the invention in therapeutically effective amounts.
- the cultures of the pannus tissue are preferably 2 to 4 weeks, in particular 4 to 6 weeks, especially more than 6 weeks old.
- the tissue is then cultivated as described in more detail above, and the cultures are examined for whether the substances can slow down, prevent or even reverse the growth of the pannus tissue.
- the invention therefore also relates to a test kit which contains a sufficient amount of a rheumatic pannus tissue produced according to the invention and, if appropriate, suitable additives or auxiliaries, in particular cell culture medium.
- the pannus tissue is preferably 2 to 4 weeks, in particular 4 to 6 weeks, especially more than 6 weeks old.
- Fig. 1 The cell cultures were grown on a glass slide. The cells were then stained with an antibody that recognizes the .MHC class II antigens. In this case, these antigens are an indicator of macrophages. As can be seen, the round cells, which are macrophages, are MHC II positive.
- Fig. 2 From this figure you can see that after 3 to 4 weeks the fibroblasts grow to certain places and lines, form crests and pannus-like villi appear on these crests.
- the villi or bodies are several millimeters in size, which means that they are not quite within the range of the depth of field of the lens and therefore appear as dark bodies.
- Fig. 5 This figure shows a frozen section which was stained with antibody against the MHCII antigens. The macrophages can be stained and the fibroblasts cannot.
- the present invention further relates to a method and a diagnostic agent for in vitro diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, which is characterized in that the absence or a reduction in the number of CD21 on B cells is detected in synovial fluid.
- Rheumatoid arthritis affects approximately 1 to 2% of the population. In practice, however, rheumatoid arthritis is very difficult to isolate from other inflammatory diseases of the joints, such as e.g. reactive arthritis or psoriasis. In general, a number of criteria are used, which are more or less subjective and, together, do not provide any clear indication of the particular form of the disease (see, for example, Arnett FC et al. (1988) "Arthritis and Rheumatism", vol. 31, 315-324, No. 3, or Seitz M. (1995), "Rheumatoid Arthritis” in Clinical Immunology (Peter, HH ed.), 327-337, Chapter 23), Urban and Schwarzenberg Verlag Kunststoff - Vienna - Baltimore). In detail, these are the following criteria:
- a further object of the present invention is therefore to provide an in vitro diagnostic method which has a higher sensitivity and specificity than known methods.
- CD21 which is also referred to as complement receptor 2
- complement receptor 2 is the receptor for the complement component of the immune complexes (Fearon, D.T. & Carter, R.H. (1995), Annu. Rev. Immuno1. 13, 127-149).
- the immune complexes which consist of complement and antibody to which the antigen is bound, have a regulating effect on the B cells.
- CD21 is essential for the functioning of the immune system. For example, genetically engineered soluble CD21 inhibits the T cell-dependent immune response in mice. CD21 is pronounced on mature B cells and is switched off when differentiated from the plasma cell.
- CD21 is the receptor for that
- Epstein-Barr virus a receptor for HIV and it binds ⁇ -interferon.
- CD21 is found on the synovial B cells of non-rheumatoid arthritis diseases.
- the B cells of the peripheral blood of the examined patients and of healthy volunteers carried CD21 on their surface, which means that the patients with rheumatoid Arthritis is not a genetic defect, but that the lack of CD21 on the surface of synovial B cells is causally related to rheumatoid arthritis. It was also found that when different monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of CD21 were used, the same reactivities were found, which means that CD21 is not blocked by a ligand.
- the present invention therefore relates to a method for the in vitro diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, which contains the following steps carried out in succession:
- the mononuclear cells which are mononuclear immune cells, before the detection reaction to B-cell-specific CD21, in particular via a Ficoll gradient or by sorting on, for example, CD19 + cells in the flow cytometer, especially by magnetic sorting using magnetic antibodies against z. B. CD19 or a combination of these methods.
- the mononuclear cells are in the interphase of the gradient.
- the enriched mononuclear cells are no longer used, but they are used in the present embodiment. The two methods can therefore advantageously be combined with one another.
- the number of enriched mononuclear cells from punctate is in a range from 10 ⁇ to 10 7 cells.
- the B cells When enriched in the flow cytometer, the B cells can be brought to a very high level of purity, which greatly facilitates the evaluation.
- a magnetic one is preferred Sorting system in which antibodies against CD19 are coupled with tiny magnetic particles, since this method is very fast and provides a sufficiently high level of B cell purity. Due to the binding of the agnetized antibodies to CD19 on B cells, these can easily be enriched in the punctate, for example within about 30 minutes to over 50% purity, starting from approximately 1% B cells. Magnetic sorting also enables B cells from 10 9 or more cells to be enriched several times.
- the CD21 is detected with monoclonal antibodies, which are preferably labeled, for example fluorescently labeled.
- monoclonal antibodies which are preferably labeled, for example fluorescently labeled.
- suitable fluorescence-labeled antibodies are the fluorescein-labeled anti-CD21 antibodies manufactured by Halan Sera-Lab Ltd., England.
- fluorescent dyes are phycoerythrin or rhodamine.
- the labeling of the cells is preferably carried out in a buffer solution, for example PBS in the presence of approx. 5-10% foreign protein such as e.g. B. fetal calf serum (FCS), and azide, a respiratory chain inhibitor, in a concentration of preferably about 0.01%.
- FCS fetal calf serum
- the cells are still alive, but they have lost the ability to remove surface molecules such as e.g. B. internalize the CD21 so that the results cannot be falsified.
- the cells are preferably washed with the same buffer and then analyzed.
- Examples of suitable analysis methods are analysis in the flow cytometer or under the fluorescence microscope or the ELISA test.
- the detection of fluorescence-labeled B cells is preferably carried out in a flow cytometer or under a fluorescence microscope. In the flow cytometer, for example, more than 1000 cells per second can be analyzed with high resolution, the entire procedure generally only taking about one hour.
- B cells that do not carry CD21 it is also advantageous to detect the B cells, for example, via other B cell-specific antigens, such as CD19 or CD20. It is particularly preferred here if the labeling of CD21 is different from the labeling of CD19 and / or CD20.
- the different molecules can be detected simultaneously by, for example, different fluorescent labels, preferably fluorescein in combination with phycoerythrin.
- the detection of the B cells via CD19 and / or CD20 also serves in particular as a control for successful labeling of the B cells.
- Another object of the invention is the use of antibodies, in particular monoclonal antibodies, against CD21 for the production of a diagnostic agent for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.
- the diagnostic agent preferably contains not only anti-CD21 antibodies, but also antibodies against other B cell-specific antigens, such as CD19 and / or CD20.
- Another object of the invention is therefore also a diagnostic agent containing antibodies against CD21 and antibodies against other B cell-specific antigens, preferably against CD19 and / or CD20.
- the antibodies are preferably monoclonal antibodies, which are in particular labeled, preferably fluorescence-labeled.
- a diagnostic agent according to the invention essentially comprises labeled antibodies and optionally additives or auxiliaries known to the person skilled in the art. If the diagnostic agent is, for example, an immunofluorescence test kit, fluorescent dyes, for example fluorescein, are bound or conjugated to the antibodies. This diagnostic is particularly suitable for the analysis of B cell-specific antigens in a flow cytometer or under a fluorescence microscope. If the diagnostic agent is, for example, a radioimmuno test kit, the antibodies are labeled with radioactive isotopes.
- the B-cell-specific antigens can be detected with high sensitivity via the radioactive labeling of the antibodies.
- the diagnostic can also be an enzyme immunoassay kit (ELISA), in which the antibodies are coupled with an enzyme, for example with the alkaline phosphatase. In the presence of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate as a possible substrate, the antibody-bound enzyme produces a yellow color.
- ELISA enzyme immunoassay kit
- the antibody-bound B cell-specific antigens can be easily detected in the spectrophotometer using the color marking.
- Step 1 shows the puncturing and taking of the respective sample.
- Step 2 represents the enrichment of the mononuclear cells via a Ficoll gradient.
- SFL means synovial fluid lymphocytes and PBL peripheral blood lymphocytes.
- Step 3 shows the staining of the B cells with specific antibodies directed against CD21. The thick circles correspond to the B cells, the thin circles to other cells and the filled circles of the B cells stained by anti-CD21 antibodies.
- the following graphic shows so-called contour plots, whereby the B cells have been stained differently by fluorochro e both with antibodies against CD21 and against CD19.
- the antibodies against CD21 carried fluorescein (FL) and the antibodies against CD19 carried phycoerythrin (PE) as fluorescent dyes.
- the fluorescence activated cell sorter FACScan
- Around 10,000 measured cells are recorded in these contour plots, the lines corresponding to the contour lines of a topographical map corresponding to the number of individual points.
- the right diagram shows such B cells which have been labeled with anti-CD21 antibody, the signal shifting from the left to the right lower quadrant.
- Synovial punctate and blood were taken from a patient and applied separately to Ficoll pads. The mixture was then centrifuged at 2,300 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature and then the rotor was allowed to run down without a brake. The mononuclear cells that were in the interphase were removed and the B cells were further enriched using a magnetic sorting system. Anti-CD19 antibodies were used for this purpose, to which tiny magnetic particles are coupled. The degree of enrichment was approximately 50% starting from approximately 1% B cells in the punctate. Then 1-3 x 10 5 cells were collected in 96-well microtiter plates by centrifugation.
- the cells were on ice and in the dark with titrated fluorescein-labeled anti-CD21 antibody (VTF-598, Halan Sera-Lab Ltd. England) and with Phycoerythrin labeled anti-CD19 antibody (Dako-CD19, Dako, Denmark) for 20 minutes in PBS (8g NaCl, 0.2g KCl, 1.44g Na HP04, 0.24g KH 2 P0 4 , pH 7.4 with HC1 adjusted and made up to 11 with distilled water) + 2% FCS with 0.01% sodium azide. The cells were then washed with the same buffer, resuspended and analyzed in the FACScan (Becton Dickinson) or under the fluorescence microscope.
- FACScan Becton Dickinson
- B cells from the synovial punctate cannot be stained with anti-CD21 antibodies.
- the B cells from the blood can be stained with anti-CD21 antibodies.
- Other cell types showed no staining with anti-CD21 antibody in the blood and synovial punctate samples examined.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU41177/97A AU4117797A (en) | 1996-08-08 | 1997-08-07 | Artificial rheumatic pannus tissues and diagnostic method for detecting rheumatoid arthritis |
EP97938885A EP0935649A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 | 1997-08-07 | Artificial rheumatic pannus tissues and diagnostic method for detecting rheumatoid arthritis |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE1996132075 DE19632075A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 | 1996-08-08 | Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis |
DE19632075.5 | 1996-08-08 | ||
DE19632236.7 | 1996-08-09 | ||
DE1996132236 DE19632236A1 (en) | 1996-08-09 | 1996-08-09 | Production of rheumatic pannus tissue |
Publications (1)
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WO1998006825A1 true WO1998006825A1 (en) | 1998-02-19 |
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PCT/EP1997/004308 WO1998006825A1 (en) | 1996-08-08 | 1997-08-07 | Artificial rheumatic pannus tissues and diagnostic method for detecting rheumatoid arthritis |
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EP (1) | EP0935649A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU4117797A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998006825A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002061420A2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-08 | Oligene Gmbh | Vitro in a cell interaction culture system for testing and developing medicaments |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH07289288A (en) * | 1994-04-27 | 1995-11-07 | L T T Kenkyusho:Kk | Method for evaluating effect of antirheumatic medicine |
-
1997
- 1997-08-07 EP EP97938885A patent/EP0935649A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-08-07 AU AU41177/97A patent/AU4117797A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-08-07 WO PCT/EP1997/004308 patent/WO1998006825A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH07289288A (en) * | 1994-04-27 | 1995-11-07 | L T T Kenkyusho:Kk | Method for evaluating effect of antirheumatic medicine |
Non-Patent Citations (8)
Title |
---|
DATABASE CHEMABS CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE, COLUMBUS, OHIO, US; FRYE ET AL: "AN IN VITRO MODEL FOR STUDYING MECHANISMS UNDERLYING SYNOVIOCYTE-MEDIATED CARTILAGE INVASION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS", XP002050184 * |
KAKLAMANIS ET AL: "EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS RESEMBLING RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS", CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY, vol. 11, 1992, pages 41 - 47, XP002050181 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 96, no. 3 29 March 1996 (1996-03-29) * |
PATHOL. ONCOL. RES., vol. 2, no. 3, 1996, pages 157 - 166 * |
SCHULTZ ET AL: "DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARTIFICIAL PANNUS MODEL FOR DESTRUCTIVE JOINT DISEASES", ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM, vol. 39, no. 9, September 1996 (1996-09-01), pages S36, XP002050182 * |
SCHULTZ ET AL: "DEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO MODEL SYSTEMS FOR DESTRUCTIVE JOINT DISEASES", ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM, vol. 40, no. 8, August 1997 (1997-08-01), pages 1420 - 1428, XP002050183 * |
STEPHAN ET AL: "TREATMENT OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM B LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE SYNDROME BY LOCAL INFUSION OF A B CELL-SPECIFIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY", TRANSPLANTATION, vol. 54, 1992, pages 246 - 249, XP002050179 * |
WILSON ET AL: "DECREASED EXPRESSION OF THE C3B/C4B RECEPTOR (CR1) AND THE C3D RECEPTOR (CR2) ON B LYMPHOCYTES AND OF CR1 ON NEUTROPHILS OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHROMATOSUS", ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM, vol. 29, 1986, pages 739 - 747, XP002050180 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002061420A2 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-08 | Oligene Gmbh | Vitro in a cell interaction culture system for testing and developing medicaments |
WO2002061420A3 (en) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-09-26 | Thomas Haeupl | Vitro in a cell interaction culture system for testing and developing medicaments |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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AU4117797A (en) | 1998-03-06 |
EP0935649A1 (en) | 1999-08-18 |
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