WO1998004649A1 - Method of ground treatment - Google Patents

Method of ground treatment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998004649A1
WO1998004649A1 PCT/AU1997/000476 AU9700476W WO9804649A1 WO 1998004649 A1 WO1998004649 A1 WO 1998004649A1 AU 9700476 W AU9700476 W AU 9700476W WO 9804649 A1 WO9804649 A1 WO 9804649A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ground
volume
solution
calcium salt
water
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1997/000476
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Brian Cutler
Original Assignee
Notwheat Pty. Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Notwheat Pty. Ltd. filed Critical Notwheat Pty. Ltd.
Priority to AU35330/97A priority Critical patent/AU732848B2/en
Publication of WO1998004649A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998004649A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D19/00—Keeping dry foundation sites or other areas in the ground
    • E02D19/06—Restraining of underground water
    • E02D19/12—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water
    • E02D19/16—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water by placing or applying sealing substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/02—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
    • C09K17/06—Calcium compounds, e.g. lime
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
    • C09K17/02—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing inorganic compounds only
    • C09K17/12—Water-soluble silicates, e.g. waterglass

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of treating a volume of ground for the purposes of rendering the volume or area of ground impervious to water.
  • Toxic substances present in soil arise typically from the dumping or burying of waste material into the soil.
  • the toxic substances include those that are formed from the leaching of toxic substances from tailings dumps in the minerals and mining industry. The leaching of these toxic substances in the soil provides a danger to the surrounding environment.
  • the present invention seeks to overcome or minimise the above stated problem.
  • ground shall be taken to include a body of ground or soil which may be located at the surface or below the surface and which may, or may not be waterbearing.
  • a method of rendering a volume of ground substantially impermeable to water comprising applying to the ground a water soluble calcium salt, allowing the calcium ions in the salt to permeate the ground and then applying an aqueous silicate solution.
  • the calcium salt comprises an aqueous solution of calcium acetate. According to a further preferred feature of the invention the calcium salt comprises the salt in an undissolved form
  • the calcium salt comprises porous particles of calcium acetate.
  • the calcium salt is present as agglomerated particles which are distributed over the surface of the ground or under the surface in the vicinity of the surface.
  • the agglomerated particles can comprise porous particles of calcium acetate or a mixture of calcium acetate with a gelling agent such as agar
  • a silicate solution comprises a solution of sodium silicate.
  • the water soluble calcium salt and sodium silicate are applied over the surface of the ground.
  • the water soluble calcium salt and sodium silicate are introduced into the ground below the sur ace.
  • the ground comprises the bed of a body of water.
  • the first embodiment comprises a method of treating an area of soil for the purposes of rendering that area of soil waterproof.
  • the embodiment has particular application in circumstances where it is desired to form the bed of an artificial lake or dam.
  • the embodiment comprises spraying over the area of soil to be treated a solution of calcium acetate in sufficient quantity to allow the calcium acetate solution to soak into and permeate the upper layer of soil. If desired a suitable wetting agent may be added to the solution to ensure adequate absorption of the solution into the soil.
  • a solution of sodium silicate is then sprayed over the surface in sufficient quantity to react with the calcium acetate solution to form a layer which is impervious to water and again if desired a suitable wetting agent may be added to the solution to ensure adequate absorption of the solution into the soil. If desired the treatment process may require several sequential applications of the calcium and silicate solutions.
  • the embodiment may be used in treating the intended floor of an artificial lake or dam subsequent to the area having been lined with a suitable clay composition whereby the treatment provided by the embodiment serves to enhance the water sealing characteristics of the clay composition and to overcome any difficulties which may be created as a result of imperfections in the clay layer.
  • the second embodiment of the invention comprises an application which is similar to that of the first embodiment (ie treatment of a surface layer of soil to form the bed of an intended lake or dam).
  • the calcium acetate is applied to the soil in the form of particles.
  • the particles are formed of calcium acetate which are formed to be porous. The porosity of the particles enhances the contact between the calcium acetate and the water and the dissolution of the calcium acetate into the water.
  • the particles are spread over the surface of the soil and is mixed with the surface such that it is substantially evenly distributed through the top layer of the soil. If the soil is not already wet it is then sprayed with water.
  • the nature of the particle ensures that on the particle becoming embodied in the soil the calcium acetate solution will leach from the particles into the surrounding soil.
  • the particles can be coated with a material which will retard the solution process.
  • a coating may comprise turpentine, or a vegetable oil or a similar agent which will retard the transfer of the calcium acetate from the particles into the solution.
  • the sodium silicate solution is introduced into the soil. It is preferred that the sodium silicate be injected into the soil into the region in which the particles have been introduced and that it be introduced in the form of a concentrated gel.
  • the particles containing the calcium acetate can comprise the calcium acetate mixed with a gelling agent such as agar where the mixture is allowed to dry and is formed into discrete particles.
  • the treatment of the soil with the solution of calcium acetate can be accompanied by application of a weak cementitious solution which is introduced into dry broken or friable soil.
  • the application of this solution serves to enhance the bonding of soil particles and also serves to increase the concentration of calcium ions which are available for interaction with the sodium silicate solution.
  • the third embodiment of the invention relates to the treatment of a volume of soil which may be located in the region of the surface or be subterranean.
  • the function of the embodiment is to serve in bonding together the soil particles in that volume to render the volume of soil substantially impervious to water thereby entrapping any materials which are contained within that volume of soil.
  • This embodiment has particular application to the treatment of contaminated soil for the purposes of preventing further seepage of a contaminant which may be contained in the ground and limiting any further leaching of the contaminants into the surrounding soil.
  • the embodiment can also have application to isolate toxic substances which have entered the ground water by treating a "plumes" of toxic substances which may be contained in the water table or an aquifer to effect containment of the plume.
  • the method according to the embodiment comprises identifying the volume of soil which is affected by the contaminants and introducing into that volume of soil a solution of calcium acetate solution and then injecting a solution of sodium silicate into the area containing the calcium ions in order to effect precipitation of calcium silicate from solution and a bonding between the adjacent soil particles.
  • the process may necessitate a repeated application of the calcium ion solution and the sodium silicate solution into the volume of ground at closely adjacent positions until the affected volume of ground has been suitably treated.
  • the method may comprise a sequential injection of the calcium ion and silicate solutions along a line which is in advance of the plume of contaminants in order to prevent the further advance of those contaminates through an aquifer or water table and then subsequently treat ground to either side, below and to the rear of the plume in order to surround the contaminant plume and effectively create a cell in which the contaminants can be contained. Once so contained the volume of ground within the cell can then be treated with the calcium ion solution and silicate solution in order to bond the soil particles contained within that cell and entrap the contaminants within that volume.
  • One means of effecting the injection of each solution when carrying out the above embodiment comprises locating an injection tube such that it is located below the area to be treated and then raising the end of the tube through the zone to be treated whilst forcing the required solution from the end of the tube. This action is repeated at spaced locations over the area to be treated for each solution.
  • the effect of the embodiment is to bond the contaminants into a matrix which is at most slow to dissolve in order to limit the creation of a leachate and/or to prevent the mixing of the contaminant with another which may result in the initiating of an undesirable reaction from which can evolve a toxic substance.
  • Another embodiment relates to a circumstance where it is necessary to prevent drainage of leachate from a body of water bearing material. This can have relevance in controlling the leaching of toxic substance from tailings dumps where the water from the tailing dump is leaking into the ground formation.
  • the embodiment comprises introducing into the tailings material the calcium ion solution and silicate solution where the introduction is effected in a region closely surrounding or adjacent the suspected leakage zone. Such introduction is for the purpose of forming a volume of consolidated material which will be carried into the leakage zone to at least reduce or close the flow from the leakage zone.
  • One means of effecting the injection of each solution in order to effect this embodiment comprises locating an injection tube such that it is located below the area to be treated and then raising the end of the tube through the zone to be treated whilst forcing the required solution from the end of the tube. This action is repeated at spaced locations over the area to be treated for each solution.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
  • Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)

Abstract

A method of rendering a volume of ground substantially impermeable to water including applying to the ground a water-soluble calcium salt, allowing the calcium ions in the salt to permeate the ground and then applying an aqueous silicate solution.

Description

Title
METHOD OF GROUND TREATMENT
Technical field
The present invention relates to a method of treating a volume of ground for the purposes of rendering the volume or area of ground impervious to water.
Background of the invention
Toxic substances present in soil arise typically from the dumping or burying of waste material into the soil. The toxic substances include those that are formed from the leaching of toxic substances from tailings dumps in the minerals and mining industry. The leaching of these toxic substances in the soil provides a danger to the surrounding environment.
The present invention seeks to overcome or minimise the above stated problem.
Throughout the specification the term ground shall be taken to include a body of ground or soil which may be located at the surface or below the surface and which may, or may not be waterbearing.
Summary of the invention
According to one form of the present invention, there is provided a method of rendering a volume of ground substantially impermeable to water comprising applying to the ground a water soluble calcium salt, allowing the calcium ions in the salt to permeate the ground and then applying an aqueous silicate solution.
According to a preferred feature of the invention the calcium salt comprises an aqueous solution of calcium acetate. According to a further preferred feature of the invention the calcium salt comprises the salt in an undissolved form
According to a still further preferred feature of the invention the calcium salt comprises porous particles of calcium acetate.
According to one particular embodiment incorporating this feature the calcium salt is present as agglomerated particles which are distributed over the surface of the ground or under the surface in the vicinity of the surface. The agglomerated particles can comprise porous particles of calcium acetate or a mixture of calcium acetate with a gelling agent such as agar
According to a further preferred feature of the invention a silicate solution comprises a solution of sodium silicate.
According to one embodiment of the invention the water soluble calcium salt and sodium silicate are applied over the surface of the ground.
According to another embodiment of the invention the water soluble calcium salt and sodium silicate are introduced into the ground below the sur ace.
According to another embodiment the ground comprises the bed of a body of water.
Description of preferred embodiments
The invention will be more fully understood in the light of the description of several specific embodiments of the invention.
The first embodiment comprises a method of treating an area of soil for the purposes of rendering that area of soil waterproof. The embodiment has particular application in circumstances where it is desired to form the bed of an artificial lake or dam. The embodiment comprises spraying over the area of soil to be treated a solution of calcium acetate in sufficient quantity to allow the calcium acetate solution to soak into and permeate the upper layer of soil. If desired a suitable wetting agent may be added to the solution to ensure adequate absorption of the solution into the soil. Subsequent to the treatment of the upper layer of soil a solution of sodium silicate is then sprayed over the surface in sufficient quantity to react with the calcium acetate solution to form a layer which is impervious to water and again if desired a suitable wetting agent may be added to the solution to ensure adequate absorption of the solution into the soil. If desired the treatment process may require several sequential applications of the calcium and silicate solutions.
The embodiment may be used in treating the intended floor of an artificial lake or dam subsequent to the area having been lined with a suitable clay composition whereby the treatment provided by the embodiment serves to enhance the water sealing characteristics of the clay composition and to overcome any difficulties which may be created as a result of imperfections in the clay layer.
The second embodiment of the invention comprises an application which is similar to that of the first embodiment (ie treatment of a surface layer of soil to form the bed of an intended lake or dam). In the case of the second embodiment the calcium acetate is applied to the soil in the form of particles. The particles are formed of calcium acetate which are formed to be porous. The porosity of the particles enhances the contact between the calcium acetate and the water and the dissolution of the calcium acetate into the water. The particles are spread over the surface of the soil and is mixed with the surface such that it is substantially evenly distributed through the top layer of the soil. If the soil is not already wet it is then sprayed with water. The nature of the particle ensures that on the particle becoming embodied in the soil the calcium acetate solution will leach from the particles into the surrounding soil. In order to retard the solution process such that it will only occur after the particles have become fully embodied in the soil the particles can be coated with a material which will retard the solution process. Such a coating may comprise turpentine, or a vegetable oil or a similar agent which will retard the transfer of the calcium acetate from the particles into the solution. After the particles have been introduced into the soil and sufficient time has been allowed to permit the calcium acetate to leach from the particles into the surrounding soil (approximately 10 to 15 minutes) then the sodium silicate solution is introduced into the soil. It is preferred that the sodium silicate be injected into the soil into the region in which the particles have been introduced and that it be introduced in the form of a concentrated gel.
According a further embodiment which is a variation of the previous embodiment the particles containing the calcium acetate can comprise the calcium acetate mixed with a gelling agent such as agar where the mixture is allowed to dry and is formed into discrete particles.
According to a preferred feature of each of the embodiments, the treatment of the soil with the solution of calcium acetate can be accompanied by application of a weak cementitious solution which is introduced into dry broken or friable soil. The application of this solution serves to enhance the bonding of soil particles and also serves to increase the concentration of calcium ions which are available for interaction with the sodium silicate solution.
The third embodiment of the invention relates to the treatment of a volume of soil which may be located in the region of the surface or be subterranean. The function of the embodiment is to serve in bonding together the soil particles in that volume to render the volume of soil substantially impervious to water thereby entrapping any materials which are contained within that volume of soil. This embodiment has particular application to the treatment of contaminated soil for the purposes of preventing further seepage of a contaminant which may be contained in the ground and limiting any further leaching of the contaminants into the surrounding soil. The embodiment can also have application to isolate toxic substances which have entered the ground water by treating a "plumes" of toxic substances which may be contained in the water table or an aquifer to effect containment of the plume. The method according to the embodiment comprises identifying the volume of soil which is affected by the contaminants and introducing into that volume of soil a solution of calcium acetate solution and then injecting a solution of sodium silicate into the area containing the calcium ions in order to effect precipitation of calcium silicate from solution and a bonding between the adjacent soil particles. The process may necessitate a repeated application of the calcium ion solution and the sodium silicate solution into the volume of ground at closely adjacent positions until the affected volume of ground has been suitably treated.
In the case of an advancing plume of contamination the method may comprise a sequential injection of the calcium ion and silicate solutions along a line which is in advance of the plume of contaminants in order to prevent the further advance of those contaminates through an aquifer or water table and then subsequently treat ground to either side, below and to the rear of the plume in order to surround the contaminant plume and effectively create a cell in which the contaminants can be contained. Once so contained the volume of ground within the cell can then be treated with the calcium ion solution and silicate solution in order to bond the soil particles contained within that cell and entrap the contaminants within that volume.
In circumstances where the contaminants are contained in a layer of soil and are descending downwardly it may be appropriate to initially treat a layer of soil below the contaminants and to each side of the area of contamination in order to contain the contaminants within the defined area and prevent the further spread of those contaminants.
One means of effecting the injection of each solution when carrying out the above embodiment comprises locating an injection tube such that it is located below the area to be treated and then raising the end of the tube through the zone to be treated whilst forcing the required solution from the end of the tube. This action is repeated at spaced locations over the area to be treated for each solution. In order to allow for the required distribution of the calcium ion solution it may be necessary to delay the introduction of the silicate solution by some 12 to 24 hours.
The effect of the embodiment is to bond the contaminants into a matrix which is at most slow to dissolve in order to limit the creation of a leachate and/or to prevent the mixing of the contaminant with another which may result in the initiating of an undesirable reaction from which can evolve a toxic substance.
Another embodiment relates to a circumstance where it is necessary to prevent drainage of leachate from a body of water bearing material. This can have relevance in controlling the leaching of toxic substance from tailings dumps where the water from the tailing dump is leaking into the ground formation. The embodiment comprises introducing into the tailings material the calcium ion solution and silicate solution where the introduction is effected in a region closely surrounding or adjacent the suspected leakage zone. Such introduction is for the purpose of forming a volume of consolidated material which will be carried into the leakage zone to at least reduce or close the flow from the leakage zone. One means of effecting the injection of each solution in order to effect this embodiment comprises locating an injection tube such that it is located below the area to be treated and then raising the end of the tube through the zone to be treated whilst forcing the required solution from the end of the tube. This action is repeated at spaced locations over the area to be treated for each solution. In order to allow for the required distribution of the calcium ion solution it may be necessary to delay the introduction of the silicate solution by some 12 to 24 hours.
It should be appreciated that the scope of the invention and application of the invention need not be limited to the particular scope of the embodiments described above.

Claims

Claims
1. A method of rendering a volume of ground substantially impermeable to water including applying to the ground a water soluble calcium salt, allowing the calcium ions in the salt to permeate the ground and then applying an aqueous silicate solution.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the calcium salt includes an aqueous solution of calcium acetate.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein the calcium acetate is in a form of porous particles.
4. A method according to either claim 1 , 2 or 3, wherein the calcium salt is in an undissolved form.
5. A method according to claims 2 and 3, wherein the water soluble calcium acetate solution is mixed with a gelling agent before being applied to the ground.
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the gelling agent is agar.
7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous silicate solution includes a solution of sodium silicate.
8. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous silicate solution is in a form of a concentrated gel.
9. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water soluble calcium salt and the aqueous silicate solution are applied over a surface of the ground.
10. A method according to any one of the claims 1 to 8, wherein the water soluble calcium salt and the aqueous silicate solution are introduced below the surface of the ground.
11. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of ground is a bed of a body of water.
12. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the steps of applying the water soluble calcium salt and subsequently the aqueous silicate solution to the ground are carried out more than once.
13. A method according to claim 1 1 , wherein the body of water is a lake or dam.
14. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of applying a water soluble calcium salt to the ground is accompanied by the application of a weak cementitious solution.
15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the weak cementitious solution is applied to dry broken or friable soil to enhance the bonding of the soil particles.
16. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water soluble calcium salt and the aqueous silicate solution are applied to the volume of ground containing contaminants such that the volume of ground is substantially impervious to water and entraps the contaminants.
17. A method according to claim 16, wherein the water soluble calcium salt and the aqueous silicate solution are applied at repeated intervals and at closely adjacent positions so as to entrap the contaminants to a desired area of the volume of ground.
18. A method according to claim 16 or 17, wherein an injection tube is inserted below the volume of ground to be treated such that the calcium salt and the aqueous silicate solution are released below the surface of the volume of ground.
19. A method according to claim 18, wherein the injection tube is inserted into a number of spaced locations over the volume of ground to be treated.
20. A method according to any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the method is applied to a tailings dump such that leaching of toxic wastes from the tailings dump to the adjacent volume of ground is substantially minimised.
21. A volume of ground which is substantially impermeable to water when made by a method as described in any one of the preceding claims.
PCT/AU1997/000476 1996-07-25 1997-07-25 Method of ground treatment WO1998004649A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU35330/97A AU732848B2 (en) 1996-07-25 1997-07-25 Method of ground treatment

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPO1241A AUPO124196A0 (en) 1996-07-25 1996-07-25 Method of ground treatment
AUPO1241 1996-07-25

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1998004649A1 true WO1998004649A1 (en) 1998-02-05

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PCT/AU1997/000476 WO1998004649A1 (en) 1996-07-25 1997-07-25 Method of ground treatment

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WO (1) WO1998004649A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000031209A1 (en) * 1998-11-26 2000-06-02 Ice/Ht-Forth Precipitation of inorganic salts in porous media
CN100346036C (en) * 2005-07-14 2007-10-31 天津临港工业区建设开发有限责任公司 Method of solidifying blow filling soft soil using saponificated slag soil and saponificated slag
WO2021198700A1 (en) 2020-04-01 2021-10-07 Heriot-Watt University Method of artificially reducing porosity

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2086402A (en) * 1980-10-25 1982-05-12 Foseco Int Gel forming compositions
GB2124276A (en) * 1982-06-11 1984-02-15 Soletanche Sealing and/or consolidation agent and method of using it
EP0556525A1 (en) * 1992-01-17 1993-08-25 SOCIETE FRANCAISE HOECHST Société anonyme dite: Aqueous sodium silicate compositions, method of distribution and application for consolidating soil
WO1994006884A1 (en) * 1992-09-11 1994-03-31 Chemical Lime Company Method for stabilizing clay bearing soils by addition of silica and lime
JPH0742144A (en) * 1993-07-30 1995-02-10 Kyokado Eng Co Ltd Ground grouting chemical
JPH08165467A (en) * 1994-12-15 1996-06-25 Kanken:Kk Soil-hardening agent

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2086402A (en) * 1980-10-25 1982-05-12 Foseco Int Gel forming compositions
GB2124276A (en) * 1982-06-11 1984-02-15 Soletanche Sealing and/or consolidation agent and method of using it
EP0556525A1 (en) * 1992-01-17 1993-08-25 SOCIETE FRANCAISE HOECHST Société anonyme dite: Aqueous sodium silicate compositions, method of distribution and application for consolidating soil
WO1994006884A1 (en) * 1992-09-11 1994-03-31 Chemical Lime Company Method for stabilizing clay bearing soils by addition of silica and lime
JPH0742144A (en) * 1993-07-30 1995-02-10 Kyokado Eng Co Ltd Ground grouting chemical
JPH08165467A (en) * 1994-12-15 1996-06-25 Kanken:Kk Soil-hardening agent

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DERWENT ABSTRACT, Accession No. 83-761854/37, Class Q42; & JP,A,58 132 077 (SEKISUI CHEMI IND KK), 6 August 1983. *
DERWENT ABSTRACT, Accession No. 88-255812/36, Class Q42; & SU,A,1 375 735 (ROST PROMSTROINIIPR), 23 February 1988. *
DERWENT ABSTRACT, Accession No. 92-138166/17, Class Q42; & JP,A,04 080 413 (ASAKI KOGYOSHA KK), 13 March 1992. *
DERWENT ABSTRACT, Accession No. 92-397132/48, Class Q42; & SU,A,1 707 138 (YALUTYA DIAMOND MINING IND. INST.), 23 January 1992. *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000031209A1 (en) * 1998-11-26 2000-06-02 Ice/Ht-Forth Precipitation of inorganic salts in porous media
CN100346036C (en) * 2005-07-14 2007-10-31 天津临港工业区建设开发有限责任公司 Method of solidifying blow filling soft soil using saponificated slag soil and saponificated slag
WO2021198700A1 (en) 2020-04-01 2021-10-07 Heriot-Watt University Method of artificially reducing porosity

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