WO1997047318A1 - Utilisations d'un recepteur de chemokines en vue de l'inhibition de l'infection a vih-1 - Google Patents

Utilisations d'un recepteur de chemokines en vue de l'inhibition de l'infection a vih-1 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997047318A1
WO1997047318A1 PCT/US1997/010233 US9710233W WO9747318A1 WO 1997047318 A1 WO1997047318 A1 WO 1997047318A1 US 9710233 W US9710233 W US 9710233W WO 9747318 A1 WO9747318 A1 WO 9747318A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
hiv
cells
agent
binding
chemokine
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PCT/US1997/010233
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English (en)
Inventor
Graham P. Allaway
Tatjana Dragic
Virginia M. Litwin
Paul J. Maddon
John P. Moore
Alexandra Trkola
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Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Aaron Diamond Aids Research Centre
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Application filed by Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Aaron Diamond Aids Research Centre filed Critical Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority to AU33902/97A priority Critical patent/AU3390297A/en
Publication of WO1997047318A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997047318A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/715—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons
    • C07K14/7158—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for cytokines; for lymphokines; for interferons for chemokines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
    • A01K2217/05—Animals comprising random inserted nucleic acids (transgenic)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • Fusin 7-membrane-spanning, G-protein-linked superfamily, one of which (the LESTR orphan receptor) has been identified as the second receptor for TCLA HIV-l strains, and is now designated fusin (9) . Fusin is not known to be a ⁇ -chemokine receptor (7-9) . Summary of the Invention
  • This invention provides a polypeptide having a sequence corresponding to the sequence of a portion of a chemokine receptor capable of inhibiting the fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells and thus infection of the cells.
  • the chemokine receptor is C-C CKR-5.
  • the CCKR-5 is also named as CCR5.
  • the polypeptide comprises amino acids having a sequence of at least one extracellular domain of C-C CKR-5.
  • the portion of a chemokine receptor comprises amino acid sequence MDYQVSSPIYDINYYTSEPCQKINVKQIAAR (SEQ ID NO: 5) .
  • the portion comprises amino acid sequence HYAAAQWDFGNTMCQ (SEQ ID NO: 6) .
  • the portion comprises amino acid sequence RSQKEGLHYTCSSHFPYSQYQFWKNFQTLKIV (SEQ ID NO: 7) .
  • the portion comprises amino acid sequence QEFFGLNNCSSSNRLDQ (SEQ ID NO: 8) .
  • the portion of the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 may comprise one or more of the above sequences.
  • the polypeptides may contain part of the above illustrated sequences and still be capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection. The minimal number of amino acids sufficient to inhibit HIV-l infection may be determined by the RET or infection assays as described below.
  • This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising effective amount of one or more of the above polypeptides and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention also provides a polypeptide having a sequence corresponding to that of a portion of an HIV-l glycoprotein capable of specifically binding to the chemokine receptor C- C CKR-5.
  • This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising effective amount of one of more polypeptides having a sequence corresponding to the sequence of a portion of an HIV-l glycoprotein capable of specifically binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides an antibody or a portion of an antibody capable of binding to a chemokine receptor on a CD4 + cell and inhibiting HIV-l infection of the cell.
  • This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an antibody capable of binding to a chemokine receptor on a CD4 + cell and inhibiting HIV-l infection of the cell and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides a method of treating an HIV-l infected subject comprising administering to the subject the above polypeptides, antibody and pharmaceutical compositions.
  • This invention provides a method of reducing the likelihood of a subject from becoming infected by HIV-l comprising administering to the subject the above pharmaceutical compositions .
  • This invention provides a method for inhibiting fusion of HIV-l to CD4" cells which comprises contacting CD4 + cells with a non-chemokine agent capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 in an amount and under conditions such that fusion of HIV-l to the CD4 + cells is inhibited.
  • This invention provides a method for inhibiting HIV-l infection of CD4 + cells which comprises contacting CD4* cells with a non-chemokine agent capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 in an amount and under conditions such that fusion of HIV-l to the CD4 4 cells is inhibited, thereby inhibiting HIV-l infection of the cells.
  • This invention provides a non-chemokine agent capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting HIV-l infection.
  • This invention provides a molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting HIV-l infection comprising a non-chemokine agent linked to a ligand capable of binding to a cell surface receptor of the CD4 * cells other than the chemokine receptor such that the binding of the non-chemokine agent to the chemokine receptor does not prevent the binding of the ligand to the other receptor.
  • This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the above molecules effective to inhibit fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention also provides a molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells comprising a non-chemokine agent linked to a compound capable of increasing the in vivo half-life of the non-chemokine agent.
  • This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting HIV-l infection comprising a non-chemokine agent linked to a compound capable of increasing the in vivo half-life of the non-chemokine agent effective to inhibit fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides a method for reducing the likelihood of HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical compositions to the subject.
  • This invention provides a method for treating HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical compositions to the subject.
  • This invention provides a method for determining whether a non-chemokine agent is capable of inhibiting the fusion of HIV-l to a CD4 ⁇ C-C CKR-5 + cell which comprises: (a) contacting a CD4 + , C-C CKR-5* cell, which is labeled with a first dye, with a cell expressing an appropriate HIV-l envelope glycoprotein on its surface, which is labeled with a second dye, in the presence of excess of the agent under conditions permitting the fusion of the CD4 * and C-C CKR-5 * cell to the cell expressing the HIV-l envelope glycoprotein on its surface in the absence of an agent known to inhibit fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + , C-C CKR-5 + cell, the first and second dyes being selected so as to allow resonance energy transfer between the dyes; (b) exposing the product of step (a) to conditions which would result in resonance energy transfer if fusion has occurred; and (c) determining whether there is resonance energy transfer, the absence or reduction of transfer indicating
  • This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman animal which comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5.
  • this transgenic nonhuman animal further comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding a sufficient portion of the CD4 molecule to permit binding the HIV-l envelope glycoprotein.
  • This invention further provides a transgenic nonhuman animal which comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and an isolated DNA molecule encoding fusin.
  • this transgenic nonhuman animal further comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding the full-length or portion of the CD4 molecule sufficient for binding the HIV-l envelope glycoprotein.
  • This invention also provides transformed cells which comprise an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5.
  • his invention provides an agent capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection and capable of binding to a chemokine receptor without substantially affecting the said chemokine receptor's capability to bind to chemokines.
  • Figure 1 Specificity, time course and stage of ⁇ -chemokine inhibition of HIV-l replication
  • PM1 cells (1 xlO 6 ) were preincubated with RANTES + MIP- l ⁇ + MIP-1S (R/M ⁇ /M ⁇ ; lOOng/ml of each) for 24h (-24h) or 2h (-2h) , then washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) .
  • HIV- 1 (BaL env-complemented) virus 50ng of p24; see legend to Table 1) was added for 2h, then the cells were washed and incubated for 48h before measurement of luciferase activity in cell lysates as described previously (10,11) .
  • virus and R/Mo;/M ⁇ were added simultaneously to cells, and at the indicated time points (lh, 3h, etc) the cells were washed twice in PBS, resuspended in culture medium and incubated for 48h prior to luciferase assay.
  • Time 0 represents the positive control, to which no ⁇ -chemokines were added.
  • +2h represents the mixture of virus with cells for 2h prior to washing twice in PBS, addition of R/M ⁇ /M ⁇ and continuation of the culture for a further 48h before luciferase assay.
  • Lanes 2 and 6) are negative controls (no virus) .
  • Lanes 3 and 7 are negative controls (no virus) . All viral stocks used for the PCR assay were treated with DNAse for 30 min at 37°C, and tested for DNA contamination before use. After 2h, the cells were washed and resuspended in medium containing the same ⁇ -chemokines for a further 8h. DNA was then extracted from infected cells using a DNA/RNA isolation kit (US Biochemicals) . First round nested PCR was performed wi t h prime rs : U3 + , 5' -CAAGGCTACTTCCCTGATTGGCAGAACTACACACCAGG-3 ' (SEQ
  • FIG. 2 HIV-l env-mediated membrane fusion of cells transiently expressing C-C CKR-5 Membrane fusion mediated by ⁇ -chemokine receptors expressed in HeLa cells was demonstrated as follows: Cells were transfected with control plasmid pcDNA3.1 or plasmid pcDNA3.1 -CKR constructs using lipofectin (Gibco BRL) . The pcDNA3.1 plasmid carries a T7-polymerase promoter and transient expression of ⁇ -chemokine receptors was boosted by infecting cells with lxlO 7 pfu of vaccinia encoding the T7-polymerase (vFT7.3) 4h post-lipofection (9) .
  • FIG. 4 Flow cytometric analysis of the binding of sCD4- gp!20 complexes to (B)CCR5 " and (B)CCR5 LI.2 cells, a murine pre-B lymphoma line Cells are incubated for 15 min. with equimolar ( ⁇ 100nM) mixtures of sCD4 and biotinylated HIV-l ⁇ . FL gpl20 and then stained with a streptavidin- phycoerythrin conjugate, fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde, and analyzed by FACS. Cell number is plotted on the y-axis.
  • the inhibitors were the CC chemokines MIP-13 or RANTES at the concentrations indicated on the x axis.
  • the inhibition was measured using the RET assay, with the cell combinations indicated.
  • This invention provides a polypeptide having a sequence corresponding to the sequence of a portion of a chemokine receptor capable of inhibiting the fusion of HIV-l to CD4* cells and thus infection of the cell.
  • the chemokine receptor is C-C CKR-5 (CCR5) .
  • the fragment comprises at least one extracellular domain of the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5.
  • the extracellular domain is the second extracellular loop of CCR5.
  • the chemokine receptor is CCR3 or CKR-2b(31,32) .
  • the sequence of a portion of the chemokine receptor includes the original amino acids or modified amino acids from the receptor, their derivatives and analogues. Such sequence should retain the ability to inhibit HIV-l infection. Sequences of fusin are also included.
  • the portion of a chemokine receptor comprises amino acid sequence MDYQVSSPIYDINYYTSEPCQKINVKQIAAR (SEQ ID NO: 5) .
  • the portion comprises amino acid sequence HYAAAQ DFGNTMCQ (SEQ ID NO: 6) .
  • the portion comprises amino acid sequence RSQKEGLHYTCSSHFPYSQYQFWKNFQTLKIV (SEQ ID NO: 7) .
  • the portion comprises amino acid sequence QEFFGLNNCSSSNRLDQ (SEQ ID NO: 8) .
  • the portion of the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 may comprise one or more of the above sequences.
  • the polypeptides may contain part of the above illustrated sequences and still be capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection. The minimal number of amino acids sufficient to inhibit HIV-l infection may be determined by the RET or infection assays as described below .
  • polypeptides described above may be fusion molecules such that the fragments are linked to other molecules.
  • the molecule is a CD4-based molecule.
  • CD4- based molecules are known in the art and described in Allaway et al . (1996) , Patent Cooperation Treaty Application No. PCT/US95/08805, publication no. WO 96/02575, the content of which is incorporated by reference into this application.
  • the polypeptide contains multiple units of one or more portions of a chemokine receptor.
  • the polypeptide contains sequences corresponding to multiple units of one or more extracellular domains of the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5.
  • This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising effective amount of the above polypeptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, and emulsions, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents.
  • This invention also provides a polypeptide having a sequence corresponding to that of a portion of an HIV-l envelope glycoprotein capable of specifically binding to the chemoreceptor C-C CKR-5.
  • a sequence may be identified by routine experiments. For example, overlapping synthetic peptides representing fragments of gpl20 or gp4l can be tested in the RET assay for their ability to inhibit fusion between cells expressing the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-l clinical isolates and cells expressing CD4 and C-C CKR-5. Peptides inhibiting fusion in this assay are also screened in the RET assay for ability to inhibit fusion mediated by the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-l laboratory-adapted- strains and peptides which are inhibitory in this later assay are discarded. As an alternative method, the peptides can be tested for their ability to compete with chemokines for binding to cell expressing C-C CKR-5.
  • This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising effective amount of the polypeptide comprising a fragment of HIV-l glycoprotein capable of specifically binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides an antibody or a portion of an antibody thereof capable of binding to a chemokine receptor on a CD4 + cell and inhibiting HIV-l infection of the cell.
  • This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising effective amount of antibody capable of binding to a chemokine receptor and inhibiting HIV-l infection and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides a method of treating an HIV-l infected subject comprising administering to the subject the above pharmaceutical compositions.
  • This invention provides a method of reducing the likelihood of a subject from becoming infected by HIV-l comprising administering to the subject the above pharmaceutical compositions.
  • This invention provides a method for inhibiting fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells which comprises contacting CD4 + cells with a non-chemokine agent capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 in an amount and under conditions such that fusion of HIV-l to the CD4 + cells is inhibited.
  • This invention provides a method for inhibiting HIV-l infection of CD4 + cells which comprises contacting CD4 + cells with a non-chemokine agent capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 in an amount and under conditions such that fusion of HIV-l to the CD4 + cells is inhibited, thereby inhibiting HIV-l infection.
  • the non-chemokine agents of this invention are capable of binding to chemokine receptors and inhibiting fusion of HIV- 1 to CD4" cells.
  • the non-chemokine agents include, but are not limited to, chemokine fragments and chemokine derivatives and analogues, but do not include naturally occurring chemokines .
  • the non-chemokine agent is an oligopeptide. In another embodiment, the non-chemokine agent is a polypeptide. In still another embodiment, the non-chemokine agent is a nonpeptidyl agent.
  • This invention provides a non-chemokine agent capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells.
  • This invention provides a molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting fusion of HIV-l to CD4 * cells comprising a non-chemokine agent linked to a ligand capable of binding to a cell surface receptor of the CD4 + cells other than the chemokine receptor such that the binding of the non-chemokine agent to the chemokine receptor does not prevent the binding of the ligand to the other receptor.
  • the cell surface receptor is CD4.
  • the ligand comprises an antibody or a portion of an antibody.
  • This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the above molecule effective to inhibit fusion of HIV-l to CD4* cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention also provides a molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells comprising a non-chemokine agent linked to a compound capable of increasing the in vivo half-life of the non-chemokine agent.
  • the compound is polyethylene glycol.
  • This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and inhibiting fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells
  • This invention provides a method for reducing the likelihood of HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical compositions to the subject.
  • This invention provides a method for treating HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical compositions to the subject.
  • This invention provides a method for determining whether a non-chemokine agent is capable of inhibiting the fusion of HIV-l to a CD4 ⁇ C-C CKR-5 + cell which comprises: (a) contacting a CD4 + , C-C CKR-5 * cell, which is labeled with a first dye, with a cell expressing an appropriate HIV-l envelope glycoprotein on its surface, which is labeled with a second dye, in the presence of excess of the agent under conditions permitting the fusion of the CD4" and C-C CKR-5" cell to the cell expressing the HIV-l envelope glycoprotein on its surface in the absence of an agent known to inhibit fusion of HIV-l to CD4 ⁇ C-C CKR-5 4 cell, the first and second dyes being selected so as to allow resonance energy transfer between the dyes; (b) exposing the product of step (a) to conditions which would result in resonance energy transfer if fusion has occurred; and (c) determining whether there is resonance energy transfer, the absence or reduction of transfer indicating that the agent
  • the agent is an oligopeptide. In another embodiment, the agent is a polypeptide. In still another embodiment, the agent is a nonpeptidyl agent. In a further embodiment, the CD4 + cell is a PM1 cell. In a separate embodiment, the cell expressing the HIV-l envelope glycoprotein is a HeLa cell expressing HIV-1 JR . FL gpl20/gp41.
  • This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman animal which comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5.
  • this transgenic nonhuman animal further comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding a sufficient portion of the CD4 molecule to permit binding the HIV-l envelope glycoprotein.
  • This invention further provides a transgenic nonhuman animal which comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5 and an isolated DNA molecule encoding fusin.
  • this transgenic nonhuman animal further comprises an isolated DNA molecule encoding a sufficient portion of the CD4 molecule to permit binding the HIV-l envelope glycoprotein.
  • One means available for producing a transgenic animal, with a mouse as an example, is as follows: Female mice are mated, and the resulting fertilized eggs are dissected out of their oviducts. The eggs are stored in an appropriate medium such as M2 medium (Hogan B. et al . Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1986)) .
  • DNA or cDNA encoding the C-C CKR-5 chemokine receptor or CD4 is purified from a vector by methods well known in the art .
  • Inducible promoters may be fused with the coding region of the DNA to provide an experimental means to regulate expression of the trans-gene.
  • tissue specific regulatory elements may be fused with the coding region to permit tissue-specific expression of the trans-gene.
  • the DNA in an appropriately buffered solution, is put into a microinjection needle (which may be made from capillary tubing using a pipet puller) and the egg to be injected is put in a depression slide. The needle is inserted into the pronucleus of the egg, and the DNA solution is injected.
  • the injected egg is then transferred into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant mouse (a mouse stimulated by the appropriate hormones to maintain pregnancy but which is not actually pregnant) , where it proceeds to the uterus, implants, and develops to term.
  • pseudopregnant mouse a mouse stimulated by the appropriate hormones to maintain pregnancy but which is not actually pregnant
  • microinjection is not the only method for inserting DNA into the egg cell, and is used here only for exemplary purposes .
  • This invention provides transformed cells which comprise an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the chemokine receptor C-C CKR-5.
  • This invention also provides an agent capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection and capable of binding to a chemokine receptor without substantially affecting the said chemokine receptor's capability to bind to chemokines.
  • the term "without substantially affecting" mean that after the binding of the agent to the chemokine receptor, the chemokine receptor should still be able to bind to chemokines.
  • a higher concentration of the chemokine is required to achieve the degree of binding observed if the chemokine receptor had not been bound to the agent .
  • the chemokine concentration required to achieve the same binding is two fold. In another embodiment, the chemokine concentration is ten fold.
  • the chemokine receptor is CCR5. In another embodiment, the chemokine receptor is CXCR4, CCR3 or CCR-2b.
  • This agent may be an oligopeptide, a nonpeptidyl agent or a polypeptide.
  • this agent can be an antibody or a portion of an antibody.
  • This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the above agent effective to inhibit fusion of HIV-l to CD4 + cells and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides a method for inhibiting HIV-l infection of CD4 + cells which comprises contacting such CD4 + cells with an agent capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection and capable of binding to a chemokine receptor without substantially affecting the said chemokine receptor's capability to bind to chemokines.
  • This invention also provides a molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor CCR5 and inhibiting fusion of HIV- 1 to CD4 + cells without substantially affecting the said chemokine receptor's capability to bind to chemokines linked to a compound capable of increasing the in vivo half-life of the non-chemokine agent.
  • the compound is polyethylene glycol .
  • This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the above molecule effective to inhibit HIV-l infection and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides a method for reducing the likelihood of HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical composition to the subject.
  • This invention provides a method for treating HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical composition to the subject.
  • This invention provides a method for determining whether an agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection comprising steps of: (a) fixing a chemokine receptor on a solid matrix;
  • step (b) contacting the agent with the fixed chemokine receptor under conditions permitting the binding of the agent to the chemokine receptor; (c) removing the unbound agent; (d) contacting the fixed chemokine receptor resulting in step
  • step (c) with a gpl20 in the presence of CD4 under conditions permitting the binding of the gpl20/CD4 complex and the chemokine receptor in the absence of the agent; (e) measuring the amount of bound gpl20/CD4 complex; and (f) comparing the amount determined in step (d) with the amount determined in the absence of the agent, a decrease of the amount indicating that the agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection.
  • This invention also provides a method for determining whether an agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection comprising steps of: (a) fixing a chemokine receptor on a solid matrix; (b) contacting the agent with the fixed chemokine receptor; (c) contacting the mixture in step (b) with a gpl20 in the presence of CD4 under conditions permitting the binding of the gpl20/CD4 complex and the chemokine receptor in the absence of the agent; (d) measuring the amount of bound gpl20/CD4 complex; and (e) comparing the amount determined in step (d) with the amount determined in the absence of the agent, a decrease of the amount indicating that the agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection.
  • This invention also provides a method for determining whether an agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection comprising steps of: (a) fixing a gpl20/CD4 complex on a solid matrix; (b) contacting the agent with the fixed gpl20/CD4 complex under conditions permitting the binding of the agent to the gpl20/CD4 complex; (c) removing unbound agent; (d) contacting the fixed gpl20/CD4 complex resulting from step (c) with a chemokine receptor under conditions permitting the binding of the gpl20/CD4 complex and the chemokine receptor in the absence of the agent; (e) measuring the amount of bound chemokine receptor; and (f) comparing the amount determined in step (e) with the amount determined in the absence of the agent, a decrease of the amount indicating that the agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection.
  • This invention provides a method for determining whether an agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection comprising steps of: (a) fixing a gpl20/CD4 on a solid matrix; (b) contacting the agent with the fixed gpl20/CD4 complex; (c) contacting the mixture in step (b) with a chemokine receptor under conditions permitting the binding of the gpl20/CD4 complex and the chemokine receptor in the absence of the agent; (d) measuring the amount of bound chemokine receptor; (e) comparing the amount determined in step (d) with the amount determined in the absence of the agent, a decrease of the amount indicating that the agent is capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection.
  • CD4 include soluble CD4, fragment of CD4 or polypeptides incorporating the gpl20 binding site of CD4 capable of binding gpl20 and enabling the binding of gpl20 to the appropriate chemokine receptor.
  • gpl20 is the gpl20 from an appropriate strain of HIV-l.
  • gpl20 from the macrophage tropic clinical isolate HIV-1 JR _ FL will bind to the chemokine receptor CCR5
  • gpl20 from the laboratory adapted T-tropic strain HIV-1 ⁇ will bind to the chemokine receptor CXCR4.
  • the CD4 is a soluble CD4.
  • the chemokine receptor which may be used in the above assay includes CCR5, CXCR , CCR3 and CCR-2b.
  • the chemokine receptor is expressed on a cell.
  • the cell is a LI .2 cell.
  • the chemokine receptor is purified and reconstituted in liposomes. Such chemokine receptor embedded in the lipid bilayer of liposomes retains the gpl20 binding activity of the receptor.
  • the gpl20, CD4 or both may be labelled with a detectable marker in the above assays. Markers including radioisotope or enzymes such as horse radish peroxidase may be used in this invention.
  • the gpl20 or CD4 or the chemokine receptor is labelled with biotin.
  • the biotinylated gpl20, or CD4 or the chemokine receptor is detected by: (i) incubating with streptavidin-phycoerythrin, (ii) washing the incubated mixture resulting from step (i) , and (iii) measuring the amount of bound gpl20 using a plate reader, exciting at 530nm, reading emission at 590nm.
  • This invention also provides an agent determined to be capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection by the above methods, which is previously unknown.
  • This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the agent determined to be capable of inhibiting HIV-l infection by the above methods and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the agent is an oligopeptide.
  • the agent is a polypeptide.
  • the agent is a nonpeptidyl agent.
  • This invention also provides a molecule capable of binding to the chemokine receptor CCR5 and inhibiting fusion of HIV- 1 to CD4 + cells comprising the above determined agent linked to a compound capable of increasing the in vivo half-life of the non-chemokine agent.
  • the compound is polyethylene glycol.
  • This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the above molecule effective to inhibit HIV-l infection and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • This invention provides a method for reducing the likelihood of HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical compositions to the subject.
  • This invention provides a method for treating HIV-l infection in a subject comprising administering the above pharmaceutical composition to the subject.
  • ⁇ -chemokines inhibit HIV-l replication
  • NL4/3 ⁇ env which also carries the luciferase reporter gene
  • envelope glycoproteins expressed in trans 10,11
  • Various env-complemented viruses were tested in PM1 cells, a variant of HUT-78 that has the unique ability to support replication of primary and TCLA HIV-l strains, allowing comparison of envelope glycoprotein functions against a common cellular background (2,12) .
  • MIP-l ⁇ , MIP-l ⁇ and RANTES are most active against HIV-l in combination (2,3) , and strongly inhibited infection of PM1 cells by complemented viruses whose envelopes are derived from the NSI primary strains ADA and
  • PM1 cells were cultured as described by Lusso et al (12). Ficoll/hypaque- isolated PBMC from laboratory workers (LW) stimulated with PHA for 72h before depletion of CD8 + Lymphocytes with anti-CD8 immunomagne tic beads (DYNAL, Great Neck, NY) . CD4+ Lymphocytes were maintained in culture medium containing interleukin-2 (lOOU/ml; Hofmann LaRoche, Nutley, NJ) , as described previously (3).
  • interleukin-2 lOOU/ml; Hofmann LaRoche, Nutley, NJ
  • Target cells (l-2xlO s ) were infected with supematants (10-50ng of HIV-l p24) from 293-cells co- transfected with an NL4 / '3 Aenv- luciferase vector and a HJV-1 env -expressing vector (10,11).
  • ⁇ -Chemokines (R & D Systems, Minneapolis) were added to the target cells simultaneously with virus, at the final concentrations (ng/ml) indicated in parentheses in the first column. The ⁇ -chemokine concentration range was selected based on prior studies (2,3).
  • Luciferase activity in cell lysates was measured as described previously (10,11) .
  • the values indicated represent luciferase activity (cpm) /ng p24/mg protein, expressed relative to that in virus-control cultures lacking ⁇ -chemokines (100%), and are the means of duplicate or sextuplicate determinations, nd, not done.
  • RANTES and MIP-l ⁇ were strongly active when added individually, while other ⁇ -chemokines - MlP-l ⁇ t, MCP-1,
  • the env-complementation assay was used to assess HIV-l entry into CD4+ T-cells from two control individuals (LW4 and LW5) .
  • MIP-lc*, MlP-l ⁇ and RANTES strongly inhibited infection by the NSI primary strain JR-FL infection of LW4' s and LW5' s CD4 + T-cells, and weakly reduced HxB2 infection of LW cells (Table lb) , suggesting that there may be some overlap in receptor usage on activated CD4 + T-cells by different virus strains.
  • BaL env-mediated replication in normal PBL was also inhibited by MlP-l ⁇ , MlP-l ⁇ and RANTES, albeit with significant inter-donor variation in sensitivity (data not shown) .
  • ⁇ -chemokines inhibited HIV-l replication by showing that complete inhibition of infection of PM1 cells required the continuous presence of ⁇ -chemokines for up to 5h after addition of ADA or BaL env-complemented virus (Fig.la) .
  • Pre-treatment of the cells with ⁇ -chemokines for 2h or 24h prior to infection had no inhibitory effect if the cells were subsequently washed before virus addition.
  • adding ⁇ -chemokines 2h after virus only minimally affected virus entry (Fig. la) .
  • a PCR-based assay was next used to detect HIV-l early DNA reverse transcripts in PM1 cells after lOh of infection; reverse transcription of ADA, but not of NL4/3, could not be detected in the presence of MIP-l ⁇ and RANTES (Fig. lb) .
  • inhibition by ⁇ -chemokines requires their presence during at least one of the early stages of HIV-l replication: virus attachment, fusion and early reverse transcription. These sites of action were discriminated, first by testing whether ⁇ -chemokines inhibited binding of JR-FL or BRU gpl20 to soluble CD4, or of tetra eric CD4-IgG2 binding to HeLa-JR-FL cells expressing oligomeric envelope glycoproteins (17) .
  • ⁇ -chemokines inhibit a step after CD4 binding, when conformational changes in the envelope glycoproteins lead to fusion of the viral and cellular membranes (18) .
  • Cell-cell membrane fusion is also induced by the gpl20-CD4 interaction, and can be monitored directly by resonance energy transfer (RET) between fluorescent dyes incorporated into cell membranes (17) .
  • RET resonance energy transfer
  • HeLa-JR-FL BRU
  • HeLa-BRU BRU
  • MlP-l ⁇ strongly inhibited membrane fusion of HeLa-JR-FL cells with PM1 cells, whereas fusion between PM1 cells and HeLa-BRU cells was insensitive to these ⁇ -chemokines (Table 2a) .
  • CD 4 * target cells mitogen-activated CD4 * lymphocytes or PM1 cells
  • octadecyl rhodamine Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR
  • HeLa-JR-FL cells HeLa-BRU cells (or control HeLa cells, not shown) were labeled with octadecyl fluorescein (Molecular Probes) , overnight at 37°C.
  • Equal numbers of labeled target cells and env- expressing cells were mixed in 96-well plates and ⁇ -chemokines (or CD4 MAb OKT4a) were added at the final concentrations (ng/ml) indicated in parentheses in the first column. Fluorescence emission values were determined 4h after cell mixing (11) .
  • RET resonance energy transfer
  • %RET value is defined by a calculation described elsewhere (17) , and each is the mean of triplicate determinations. These values were, for HeLa-JR-FL and HeLa-BRU cells respectively: PM1 cells 11.5%, 10.5%; LW5
  • C-C CKR-5 in HeLa-CD4 (human) , COS-CD4 (simian) and 3T3-CD4 (murine) cells rendered each of them readily infectible by the primary, NSI strains ADA and BaL in the env-complementation assay of HIV-l entry (Table 3) .
  • C-C CKR-4 and C-C CKR-5 have no introns (4-8,15,22) and were isolated by PCR performed directly on a human genomic DNA pool derived from the PBMC of seven healthy donors.
  • Oligonucleotides overlapping the ATG and the stop codons and containing BamHI and Xhol restriction sites for directional cloning into the pcDNA3.1 expression vector (Invitrogen
  • LESTR also known as fusin or HUMSTR (4,9,24) was cloned by PCR performed directly on cDNA derived from PMl cells, using sequences derived from the NIH database. Listed below are the 5' and 3' primer pairs used in first (5-1 and 3-1) and second (5-2 and 3-2) round PCR amplification of the CKR genes directly from human genomic DNA, and of LESTR from PMl cDNA. Only a single set of primers was used to amplify CKR-5.
  • L/5-1 AAG CTT GGA GAA CCA GCG GTT ACC ATG GAG GGG
  • ATC (SEQ ID NO: 9) ;
  • L/5-2 GTC TGA GTC TGA GTC AAG CTT GGA GAA CCA (SEQ ID NO: 10) ;
  • L/3-1 CTC GAG CAT CTG TGT TAG CTG GAG TGA AAA CTT GAA GAC
  • CKR-l:Cl/5-l AAG CTT CAG AGA GAA GCC GGG ATG GAA ACT CC
  • Cl/3-1 CTC GAG CTG AGT CAG AAC CCA GCA GAG AGT TC (SEQ ID NO: 15);
  • CKR-2a:C2/5-l AAG CTT CAG TAC ATC CAC AAC ATG CTG TCC AC (SEQ ID NO: 17) ;
  • C2/5-2 GTC TGA GTC TGA GTC AAG CTT CAG TAC ATC (SEQ ID NO:
  • C2/3-1 CTC GAG CCT CGT TTT ATA AAC CAG CCG AGA C (SEQ ID NO:
  • C2/3-2 GTC TGA GTC TGA GTC CTC GAG CCT CGT TTT (SEQ ID NO: 19);
  • C3/3-1 CTC GAG CAG ACC TAA AAC ACA ATA GAG AGT TCC (SEQ ID NO: 1
  • CKR -4: C4/5-1 AAG CTT CTG TAG AGT TAA AAA ATG AAC CCC ACG
  • C4/3-1 CTC GAG CCA TTT CAT TTT TCT ACA GGA CAG CAT C (SEQ ID NO: 27) ;
  • CKR- 5: C5/5-12 GTC TGA GTC TGA GTC AAG CTT AAC AAG ATG GAT
  • TAT CAA (SEQ ID NO: 29) ;
  • C5/3-12 GTC TGA GTC TGA GTC CTC GAG TCC GTG TCA CAA GCC
  • CAC (SEQ ID NO: 30) .
  • the human CD4 -expressing cell lines HeLa-CD4 (P42) , 3T3-CD4 (sc6) and COS-CD4 (Z28T1) (23) were transfected with the different pcDNA3.1-CKR constructs by the calcium phosphate method, then infected 48h later with different reporter viruses (200ng of HIV-l p24/10 6 cells) in the presence or absence of ⁇ -chemokines (400ng/ml each of RANTES, MlP-lot and MlP-l ⁇ ) . Luciferase activity in cell lysates was measured 48h later (10,11) .
  • ⁇ -Chemokine blocking data is only shown for C-C CKR-5, as infection mediated by the other C-C CKR genes was too weak for inhibi tion to be quantifiable .
  • PCR-based assays of HIV- l entry a low level of entry of NL4/3 and ADA into C-C CKR-1 expressing cells (da ta not shown) was consis ten tly observed.
  • C-C CKR-5 The second receptor function of C-C CKR-5 was confirmed in assays of env-mediated membrane fusion.
  • C-C CKR-5 was transiently expressed in COS and HeLa cell lines that permanently expressed human CD4 , both cell lines fused strongly with HeLa cells expressing the JR-FL envelope glycoproteins, whereas no fusion occurred when control plasmids were used (data not shown) .
  • Expression of LESTR instead of C-C CKR-5 did not permit either C0S-CD4 or HeLa- CD4 cells to fuse with HeLa-JR-FL cells, but did allow fusion between C0S-CD4 cells and HeLa-BRU cells (data not shown) .
  • the fusion capacity of ⁇ -chemokine receptors was also tested in the RET assay.
  • the extent of fusion between HeLa-JR-FL cells and C-C CKR-5-expressing HeLa-CD4 cells was greater than the constitutive level of fusion between HeLa-BRU cells and HeLa-CD4 cells (Fig.2) .
  • the fusion-conferring function of C-C CKR-5 for primary, NSI HIV-l strains has therefore been confirmed in two independent fusion assays.
  • MlP-l ⁇ , MIP-l ⁇ and RANTES inhibit HIV-l infection at the entry stage, by interfering with the virus-cell fusion reaction subsequent to CD4 binding. It was also shown that C-C CKR-5 can serve as a second receptor for entry of primary NSI strains of HIV-l into CD4+ T-cells, and that the interaction of ⁇ -chemokines with C-C CKR-5 inhibits the HIV-l fusion reaction.
  • Recombinant gp41 (IIIB) ectodomain was from Viral Therapeutics Inc., and V3 peptides were obtained either from Repligen or the UK MRC AIDS Reagent Repository.
  • Recombinant MN gpl20 (Genentech) , SF-2 gpl20 (Chiron) and CM243 gpl20 were provided by the NIAID AIDS Reagents Repository, and W61D gpl20 (SmithKline Beecham, Belgium) was from the UK MRC AIDS Reagent Repository.
  • the expression of the gene is under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter.
  • the V3 loops were excised by the splicing-by-overlap- extension technique, such that the cysteines defining the loop were retained and spanned by the peptide sequence TGAGH. All constructs were sequenced to verify that no mutations were introduced during the cloning manipulations.
  • the proteins were expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells (DXB-11) , selected in nucleoside-free medium and amplified using methotrexate, following previously described methods (17) .
  • the secreted proteins were purified to >95% homogeneity in a non-denaturing process comprising an ion exchange, Galanthus nivalus lectin affinity and gel filtration chromatography.
  • the purified proteins bound sCD4 with nanomolar affinity(18) .
  • SF162 gpl60 For expression of SF162 gpl60, a 3.5-kb EcoRl-BamHl fragment containing the env gene was excised from the SV40-based vector pSM and subcloned into the Rl/Bgllll sites of the ⁇ - actin-based expression vector pCAGGS.
  • SF170 gpl60 For expression of SF170 gpl60, a 3.8-kb fragment containing the env gene was excised from the pBSKS* plasmid, blunted by treatment with T4 DNA polymerase, and subcloned into the RV/Xhol sites of pCAGGS.
  • the expression plasmids were transfected into 293 T cells by calcium phosphate co-precipitation. Soluble gpl20 in the culture supernatant was collected after three days, filtered through 0.2- ⁇ m filters and concentrated over an Amicon 1000 membrane.
  • the preparation of soluble, oligomeric forms of the JR-FL and 94RW020 envelope glycoproteins (and also monomeric gpl20 from 92TH014) was as follows.
  • the JR-FL env gene was provided by I. Chen (UCLA) and the env genes of 92TH014 and 92RW020 were obtained from the NIAID AIDS Reagent Repository(30) .
  • the monomeric gpl20 or oligomeric gpl20/gp41 concentrations in unpurified culture supematants were estimated by denaturing the proteins (19) , then dot- blotting onto nitrocellulose membranes and detecting the gpl20 with a cocktail of murine monoclonal antibodies to continuous epitopes (19) , followed by an anti-mouse IgG-HRP conjugate and the ECL chemiluminescence system (Amersham) .
  • Purified, monomeric JR-FL gpl20 was used as a concentration standard(17) .
  • the concentration of oligomeric gpl20/gp41 complexes was defined as the total concentration of monomeric gpl20 subunits in the preparation.
  • High-affinity CD4 binding of the gpl20s was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (19) .
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • CD4 T cells were purified from the activated PBMCs by positive selection using anti-CD4 immunomagnetic beads (Dynal Inc.) .
  • the purified lymphocytes were cultured for at least 3 days at 2 x 10 6 / ml in medium containing IL- 2 (200 U ml "1 ) before being used in the 125 I-MIP-10 binding assay.
  • the cells were screened for CCR-5-defective alleles (14) , and only cells from wild-type donors were used (except when specified) .
  • 293 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.
  • l-ckr-5 (ref. 1) using the calcium phosphate method, and resistant clones were selected in culture medium containing 1 ⁇ g ml "1 neomycin (G418; Sigma) . Resistant cells were subcloned and tested for CCR-5 expression in a binding assay using 125 I-MIP-l( ⁇ .
  • T cells were washed twice in ice-cold binding buffer (RPMI).
  • the / S-chemokine receptor CCR-5 is an essential co-factor for fusion of HIV-l strains of the non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) phenotype with CD4 + T-cells (1-5) .
  • the primary binding site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -1 is the CD4 molecule, and the interaction is mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein gpl20 (6, 7) .
  • the mechanism of CCR-5 function during HIV-l entry has not been defined, but we have shown previously that its / ⁇ -chemokine ligands prevent HIV-l from fusing with the cell(l) .
  • CCR-5 acts as a second binding site for HIV-l simultaneously with or subsequent to the interaction between gpl20 and CD4.
  • CD4 binding although not absolutely necessary for the gpl20-CCR-5 interaction, greatly increases its efficiency.
  • MIP-ljS is the most specific ligand for CCR-5 (8-10) because MIP-lcf and RANTES also bind with high affinity to other members of the ⁇ -chemokine receptor family on lymphoid cells (8-11) .
  • MIP-10 as the CCR-5 ligand in the competition assays.
  • CCR-5 is a mitogen-response gene. Its expression in quiescent, purified CD4" T-cells is usually minimal, but 3 days after activation of the cells by phytohaemagglutinin and interleukin (IL)-2, we observed strong increases in CCR-5 messenger RNA and 15 I-labelled-
  • CD4 + T cells from individuals homozygous for defective CCR-5 alleles (13 , 14) .
  • the amount of specific (that is, cold MIP-1/3-competed) 125 I-MIP-l ⁇ (0.1 nM) binding to cells from three such individuals was 92 ⁇ 12 c.p.m. per 2 x 10 6 cells (mean + s.d.) .
  • mean binding to cells from 21 control individuals was 1,044 + 1,073 c.p.m. per 2 x 10 G cells (range, 222-4,846 c.p.m.) .
  • Most of the 125 I-MIP-1 / S reactivity with activated CD4 + T cells therefore derives from binding to CCR-5.
  • Recombinant proteins were titrated in the presence of 0.1 nM 125 I-MIP-lj8 and added to activated CD4 + T cells. Percentage inhibitions of 125 I-MIP-l ⁇ binding at each gpl20 concentration are shown, and are the means ⁇ s.d. of 2-4 independent experiments. No value indicates that the gpl20 molecule was not tested at that concentration (several molecules were not available at concentrations > lug ml "1 ) . * An oligomeric gpl20/gp41 complex.
  • peptides (15-residue if not specified) from the V3 loops of the following strains were also inactive: JR-FL (32-residue) , RA, VS, Case-B (each NSI) ; HxB2, MN, SF- 2 (each TCLA) (peptides were added at l ⁇ g ml "1 , the approximate molar equivalent of 60 ⁇ g ml "1 gpl20) .
  • HIV-l strains from genetic subtypes A, B, C and E can use CCR-5 for entry(3) , and we have found that MlP-l ⁇ inhibits the replication of most primary, NSI HIV-l strains from subtypes A to E. This breadth of reactivity of HIV-l with CCR-5 extend to the 125 I-MIP-1
  • JR-FL (subtype B) , SF162 (B) , 61D (B) , 92TH014 (B) , SF170
  • JR-FL gpl20 (2ug ml "1 ) inhibition of 125 I-MIP-l3 binding to activated CD4 + T cells was tested in the presence or absence of sCD4 (50 ⁇ g ml "1 ) or monoclonal antibodies to CD4 (50 ⁇ g ml "1 ) or antibodies to gpl20 (20 ⁇ g ml "1 ) .
  • Mean percentage reversals of the competitive effect of gpl20 in the presence of each antibody are shown.
  • Anti-gpl20 monoclonal antibodies (or sCD4) able to neutralize HIV-1 JR . FL
  • JR-FL gpl20 and CCR-5 requires at least 100-fold higher gpl20 concentrations on CD4 " cells than on CD4 * cells.
  • binding of gpl20 to CD4 on the cell surface increases the probability of a gpl20-CCR-5 interaction; either a gpl20-CD4-CCR-5 ternary complex forms, or there are sequential interactions of gpl20 with CD , then CCR-5.
  • One possibility is that the high-affinity association of gpl20 with CD4 increases the probability of a lower-affinity interaction of gpl20 with
  • CCR-5 (a proximity effect) .
  • sCD4 does not substitute for cell-surface CD4, at least with JR-FL gpl20.
  • binding to CD4 may be necessary to (better) expose a CCR-5 binding site on gpl20. This may be especially important in the context of virions, where some regions of the oligomeric envelope glycoproteins (including the V3 loop) that are accessible on monomeric gpl20 are not optimally exposed before CD4 binding (18) .
  • the monoclonal antibodies 2G12, 17b, 447-D, 48d, IgGlbl2, G3-508 and 697-D were also tested against the oligomeric JR-FL gpl20/gp41 protein, and all except 697-D inhibited the interaction of this protein with CCR-5 (not shown) .
  • simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains can also use human CCR- 5 as a second receptor (Z.W. Chen and P. Marx, personal communication) , but the V3 regions of HIV-l and SIV have almost no primary sequence homology. Can all these sequences each form a binding site for the same, conserved cellular protein, when similar V3 sequences from TCLA HIV-l strains cannot (Table 4)? Twin-site models of the interaction of ligands with chemokine receptors (8) leave open the possibility that a relatively conserved section of the V3 loop could be one component of a multi-point binding site for CCR-5 on gpl20.
  • the CCR-5 binding site must include a region of gpl20 that is strongly conserved across the primate immunodeficiency viruses, not just across the HIV-l genetic subtypes. Whether this is also the case for HIV-l interactions with CXCR-4 remains to be determined.
  • the structure of the V3 loop may influence the nature of a complex binding site for CCR-5 on gpl20.
  • a region of gpl20 overlapped by (but not necessarily identical to) the CD4- induced epitopes of monoclonal antibodies 48d and 17b is a good candidate for such a site.
  • These antibodies recognize similar conformationally sensitive structures that are probably located around the bases of the VI, V2 and V3 loops (22,23) .
  • V3 loop from both HxBc2 gpl20 and JR-FL gpl20 destroys the 48d and 17b epitopes (22, 23) (unpublished data) , which may be relevant to the inability of the ⁇ -V3 JR-FL gpl20 to interact with CCR-5 (Fig. 5A) , and single amino-acid changes in the V3 and C4 regions of HIV-I LA! also have major effects on the structure of these epitopes (24) .
  • sCD4 inhibited the interaction between JR-FL gpl20 and CCR-5 on CD4 * cells, for some strains of HIV-l and (especially) HIV-2 and SIV, sCD4 might enhance the efficiency of second- receptor interactions, and thereby facilitate the entry of these primate immunodeficiency viruses into CD4 or CD4* cells (25, 26.) .
  • This assay has been adapted for drug screening purposes to a 96-well microplate format where binding of the sCD4/gpl20 complexes to CCR5 + /CD4 " cells is measured using a fluorometric plate reader.
  • One method is as follows:
  • Synthetic peptides representing the four extracellular domains of human CCR5 were made by Quality Controlled Biochemicals (Hopkinton, MA) and tested for ability to inhibit membrane fusion mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of the LAI or JR-FL strains of HIV-l using the resonance energy transfer (RET) assay described above. Specific inhibition of fusion mediated by the JR-FL envelope glycoprotein was seen using the ECL2 peptide but not other peptides. ECL2 inhibited fusion between HeLa-env JR . FL cells and PMl cells by 97% at 100 ⁇ g/ml, 65% at 33 ⁇ g/ml and 15% at 11 ⁇ g/ml (mean of two assays) .
  • the bicyclam JM3100 obtained from Dr. J. Moore (Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, NY) was tested for ability to inhibit membrane fusion mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of the LAI or JR-FL strains of HIV-l using the resonance energy transfer (RET) assay described above. As illustrated in Fig. 6, this molecule specifically and potently inhibits fusion mediated by gpl20/gp41 from the HIV-lu strain, and not from the HIV-l ⁇ . ⁇ strain. These data suggest that this molecule specifically inhibits HIV fusion by blocking the interaction between HIV-1 ⁇ gpl20 and CXCR4. SEQUENCE LISTING
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 12: GTCTGAGTCT GAGTCCTCGA GCATCTGTGT 30
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION SEQ ID NO:13: AAGCTTCAGA GAGAAGCCGG GATGGAAACT CC 32
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
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  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
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  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21: AAGCTTCAGG GAGAAGTGAA ATGACAACC 29
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION SEQ ID NO:25: AAGCTTCTGT AGAGTTAAAA AATGAACCCC ACGG 34
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
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  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30: GTCTGAGTCT GAGTCCTCGA GTCCGTGTCG CAAGCCCAC 39

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un polypeptide comprenant un fragment d'un récepteur de chémokines capable d'inhiber l'infection à VIH-1. Dans une forme d'exécution, le récepteur de chémokines est C-C CKR-5 et dans une autre forme d'execution, le fragment comprend au moins un domaine extracellulaire du récepteur de chémokines C-C CKR-5. La présente invention concerne en outre différentes uitlisations du récepteur de chémokines destinées à inhiber l'infection à VIH-1.
PCT/US1997/010233 1996-06-14 1997-06-13 Utilisations d'un recepteur de chemokines en vue de l'inhibition de l'infection a vih-1 WO1997047318A1 (fr)

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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000029556A2 (fr) * 1998-11-17 2000-05-25 The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Identification des glycosphingolipides qui favorisent la penetration du vih-1 dans les cellules
EP1009435A1 (fr) * 1997-06-13 2000-06-21 Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Prevention de l'infection des cellules cd4?+ par le hiv-1
WO2000040964A1 (fr) * 1999-01-08 2000-07-13 The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Health And Human Services, National Institutes Of Health Inhibition de l'interaction entre cd4 et ccr5
WO2000055207A1 (fr) * 1999-03-16 2000-09-21 The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health & Human Services, The National Institutes Of Health Nouvelle proteine chimere permettant de prevenir et de traiter l'infection due au vih
WO2001016182A2 (fr) * 1999-08-27 2001-03-08 The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services Polypeptides de liaison a la glycoproteine gp120 du virus de l'immunodeficience humaine (vih), acides nucleiques, anticorps et compositions associes, et methodes d'utilisation
WO2001030809A1 (fr) * 1999-10-28 2001-05-03 Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Peptides cycliques et vaccins contre le sida
WO2001042308A2 (fr) * 1999-12-08 2001-06-14 Novartis Ag Methodes et compositions utiles pour l'inhibition de l'infection, dependante de ccr5, de cellules par vhi-1
US6265184B1 (en) 1995-12-20 2001-07-24 Icos Corporation Polynucleotides encoding chemokine receptor 88C
EP1144006A2 (fr) * 1998-12-16 2001-10-17 Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Inhibition synergique de la fusion et la liaison du vih-1 et composition et anticorps s'y rapportant
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AU3402697A (en) 1998-01-07
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