WO1997040406A1 - Methode pour la determination des vitesses de migration dans un traitement sismique - Google Patents
Methode pour la determination des vitesses de migration dans un traitement sismique Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997040406A1 WO1997040406A1 PCT/FR1997/000629 FR9700629W WO9740406A1 WO 1997040406 A1 WO1997040406 A1 WO 1997040406A1 FR 9700629 W FR9700629 W FR 9700629W WO 9740406 A1 WO9740406 A1 WO 9740406A1
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- Prior art keywords
- migration
- migrated
- speed
- point
- correlation
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- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005499 meniscus Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005314 correlation function Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010011878 Deafness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013079 data visualisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
- G01V1/30—Analysis
- G01V1/303—Analysis for determining velocity profiles or travel times
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining the migration speeds in a seismic processing, as well as the precision on said speeds.
- One of the most difficult problems to solve in seismic during depth migration is that of obtaining a field of migration speeds which is as representative or as close as possible to that of the layers of the subsoil since the speeds propagation of acoustic waves can vary not only from one layer to another but also within the same layer.
- New techniques are used. This is, for example, a method in which we use what is called “image-gathers" or iso-X curves to converge towards the right velocity model. Such a method does not make it possible to measure the uncertainty on the speeds obtained because there is no concrete analytical criterion for measuring these uncertainties.
- Another method consists in estimating a conditional uncertainty on the speeds attributed to a predefined model of the subsoil. This method is known under the generic name of consistency process. If such a process gives good results in certain applications, such as those described in the articles published in the publication "The leading EDGE" of October 1995, vol.
- the difficulty comes from the fact that by changing the value of the local speed of an area when the interfaces or horizons are not planar and horizontal, the rays describing the propagation of the acoustic waves in this area move laterally at the same time as their travel time changes while the spatial measurement reference system remains fixed. It follows that the law describing the deformation of the iso-X curves or of the "image-gathers" as a function of a variation of the speeds is non-linear and non-reversible.
- image-gathers correspond to collections of sorted traces, for a given X, and resulting from a migration with constant offset. These traces are generally ordered in increasing offset.
- the "iso-X" are from a migration by firing point.
- the object of the present invention is to propose a new method which overcomes the drawbacks associated with the methods of the prior art and which makes it possible to take into account variations in the speeds of the medium.
- An object of the method according to the invention is to obtain a speed field very close to that of the medium.
- Another object of the method according to the invention is the measurement where at least a better knowledge of the uncertainties on the values of the calculated speeds.
- the method according to the present invention for determining a velocity field in a medium, consists in using a firing point (S) associated with receivers (Rj to R JT ) which are separated by offsets, and is characterized in that we migrate in a given velocity field a first set of traces from the firing point and recorded on the receivers and a second set of traces with constant offset and collinear with said first set, so as to obtain two migrated images of the part of the medium corresponding to said sets of traces, and the two migrated images are correlated by means of a two-dimensional spatial correlation whose result determines the difference between the migration speed used and the speed sought.
- S firing point
- Rj to R JT receivers
- collinearity of the sets of traces is meant a surface which contains all the rays before and after summation, that is to say that the surface containing the rays before summation is merged with the surface containing the rays after summation.
- the migration is a depth migration.
- the migration is a time migration.
- the correlation is carried out by a surface coherence method.
- the correlation is carried out by a method of linear coherence.
- the method of linear coherence is preceded by a method of surface coherence.
- the surface coherence method consists in: a) determining for a first of the two migrated images at least one first window whose dimensions are such that it includes at least one of the seismic events pointed at said first image ; b) defining in said first window a single amplitude (Ajj) which represents the average of the amplitudes of the pixels of the first image included in said first window; c) locate said first window by the coordinates (x, z) of its center; d) moving said first window over the entire surface of the migrated depth section; e) carry out steps a) to d) for the second of the two migrated images with at least one second window in which a single amplitude (Bjj) representing the average of the amplitudes of the pixels of the second image included in said second window, and at f) defining a correlation coefficient (T) by coupling at least two windows, one of which is associated with one of the two migrated images and the other of which is associated with the second of said migrated images
- it also consists in calculating and possibly representing lines of equal value of the correlation coefficient (T), called isovalue lines, - in determining the maximum value (I ⁇ i) of said coefficient correlation (r),
- it consists in measuring displacement vectors representative of the offsets between the two migrated images, said displacement vectors being measured over the whole of the surface common to the two migrated images located inside each half isovalue (rjy [/ 2).
- the lateral gradients of the migration speed field used are calculated as well as the sign of the error on the migration speed close to the maximum correlation point ((I " M), then we sum separately to the left and to the right of said point, the displacement vectors located between said point and the correlation curve representing the half isovalue (r ⁇ / 2), so as to obtain a sum vector on each side of the point of maximum correlation and whose direction or the sign determines the slow or fast nature of the local speed of migration compared to the optimal speed, then to compare the signs of the sum vectors in order to determine the existence or not of a lateral component of the speed of migration.
- steps h) and i) are carried out and, by means of a ray tracing technique, the two limit radii corresponding to the radii with zero offset (SHS) and maximum offset ( SBR n ).
- the two sets of traces are migrated by means of the same algorithm.
- An advantage of the present invention is to be able to compare two separate migrated images. When the two migrated images are identical in the spatial field, the correlation is maximum and it is deduced therefrom that the speed field used is exact.
- the correlation decreases on the peripheral parts of the migration field while maintaining a maximum value at the point where the rays migrate before and after summation ( stack) are the same.
- the displacement vector of the correlation indicating in which direction a migrated image is deformed with respect to the other changes direction and therefore sign when the error on the speed also changes sign.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the rays before and after summation in a layer of speed Vi, propagating in a layer, as well as temporal images of said rays;
- Figure 2 is similar to Figure 1 but in a speed field defined by a semi-infinite medium and comprising different speeds Vj and V2;
- FIG. 3 is similar to Figure 2, with different speeds V3 and Vj from those used for said Figure 2;
- FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a migrated depth section of seismic events
- FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a migration of rays from the firing point in the same field of speeds which is used for the representation of Figure 6;
- FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of the correlation of the migrated images of Figures 6 and 7;
- FIG. 9 is a schematic representation showing the displacement vectors of the correlation of FIG. 8,
- FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of the lines of equal value of the correlation
- FIG. 11 and 12 are schematic representations of time migrated images.
- a theoretically calculable simple example of the method according to the invention is given in support of FIG. 1 and by considering a layer 1 of the basement and delimited by the surface 2 and a plane and horizontal horizon 3.
- a firing point S and receivers Rj to R n are arranged on either side of the firing point S with constant offsets or not.
- the firing point S is located in the center of the model and it emits waves along rays which, after reflection on the horizon or reflector 3, are received and recorded on the receivers R ⁇ at R n .
- the part of the reflector lit by the firing point S is the segment AB.
- the waves are propagate in the layer with a constant speed Vj and that the zero offset radius SHS has also been recorded.
- the rays ⁇ ⁇ to r n coming from the firing point S and ending at the receivers Rj to R n after reflection on the reflector 3 constitute a first set of un summed traces while the rays corresponding to the traces after summation consist of the rays R 'i to R' n from each of the receivers Ri to R n and ending perpendicularly on the reflector 3.
- the part CD of the reflector illuminated by the rays R 'j to R' n is, in this case of geometry, greater than the AB part.
- FIG. 1 Also shown in FIG. 1 are the temporal images obtained from the rays ⁇ ⁇ to r n and R ' ⁇ to R' n described above.
- the image before summation of the firing point S is a hyperbola 4 which, in the coordinate system XOt, has the following equation:
- X is the distance SR ⁇ .
- Hyperbola 4 has a center of symmetry merged with the origin O of the coordinates and an apex located at the distance time t 0 from O, the asymptotes
- the image time after summation of the part CD corresponding to the part of section R ⁇ R n is a horizontal line segment 7 which, in the same coordinate system XOt, has the equation:
- the two sets of rays represented in the upper part of FIG. 1 are migrated in depth in a field of speeds defined by a semi-infinite medium below the surface 2 and of speed V2 ⁇ V ⁇ . This is what is shown in the upper part of FIG. 2 in which the two depth migrations with speeds Vj and V2 are juxtaposed.
- the migration after summation of the traces for speed V2 is materialized by a horizontal depth horizon 8 and the migration before summation of the firing point S (rays from the source S and recorded on the receivers) constituted by an arc of a circle 9 tangent to the line 8 and whose radius can be calculated.
- temporal images of these migrations are represented in the lower part of FIG. 2, the temporal image after summation obviously being a horizontal line 10 situated at a depth e2 defined by the relation
- equations (1) and (4) develop in powers of X and when we identify the first two terms of the two expansions, we find:
- R is negative and of modulus greater than e2- This gives the image of FIG. 2 with a form of meniscus 9 diverging with an upward concavity.
- the migrated image of the first set of traces before summation is constituted by a divergent meniscus 13 with downward concavity and tangent to the right 14 representing the migrated image of the second set of traces after summation.
- the temporal images of these depth migrations are shown in part of Figure 3.
- the surface correlation method takes into account said images by their description in pixels.
- the seismic events are distributed outside the deaf zones over the entire surface of the depth section.
- the thick lines represent the positive central lobes of the migrated firing point signal.
- the first side lobes have been shown in thin lines.
- Each solid line (thick line) represents a seismic event.
- a mesh of elementary squares, called pixels is defined in each of which a single amplitude Ajj is defined.
- the size of the elementary window can be kept fixed. This elementary window, called cell, is identified by the XZ coordinates of its center. It will then be moved over the entire surface of the depth section.
- FIG. (7) the depth migration of the firing point S has been represented in the same speed field as that in FIG. (6).
- This depth migration contains edge effects at the ends of each horizon.
- another elementary window is defined in this section in which a single amplitude Bjj is defined representing the average of the amplitudes of the pixels of the second image included in said other window. It is then possible to define a correlation coefficient T by coupling two elementary windows or cells each belonging to an image and having the same center and by calculating F by the formula:
- Figure (8) illustrates the coupling of the two elementary windows of the same position and the calculation of the correlation F for this coupling.
- the two previous depth sections have been superimposed, allowing you to see the parts of each section that are similar and those that diverge.
- the second step consists in calculating and drawing the lines of equal value of the correlation T, called iso values. These lines are nested one inside the other, as shown in figure (10). Inside these lines is the maximum value of T, called Tj ⁇ , whose x and z coordinates are defined. We calculate the isovalue defined by half of this maximum value, called the Tj ⁇ / 2 isovalue. Each horizon of the window has a value and a position TJ ⁇ J, as well as a surface defined by its iso value Tj ⁇ / 2.
- the third step is to measure the offsets between the two images to deduce the displacement vectors. These are measured over the entire surface common to the two migrated images located inside each iso value Tjv ⁇ / 2.
- Tjv ⁇ / 2 we start from a couple of cells of the same position like those in figure (8). One of the two cells is shifted with respect to the other in a defined direction, for example horizontal, and then the same cell is shifted in the orthogonal direction by the quantity necessary for the correlation F to pass through a local maximum.
- the lower part of figure (9) represents an enlargement of a common part of the two depth sections of figures (6) and (7). For each desired position, the displacement vectors are shown. In figure (10), the same enlarged part is shown. Above, we have plotted the correlation isovalues of the local horizon. In the center, the displacement vectors were reproduced and the point 0 of zero displacement was identified, which is confused with the maximum correlation point Tj ⁇ .
- the lower part of figure (10) represents the surface resulting from the thresholding at 50% by eliminating the surfaces containing isovalues of amplitude lower than has along the horizons a length called width at half height L.
- this width at mid-height L which is characteristic of the error that the migration speed made. In fact, it goes through a maximum when the migration speed is exact and it decreases when the migration speed deviates from the top or from the bottom by the right value.
- a measurement of the two speed values which decreases this width at mid-height L by 10% gives an estimate, not biased by the geometry, of the error on the migration speed.
- the vector vectors are separated, separately to the left and to the right of this point 0, located between the said point 0 and the correlation curve representing the isovalue I " M / 2. This vector summation gives for each side a resulting vector called the sum vector.
- the local migration speed is too low (or too slow).
- the local migration speed is too high (or too fast).
- the rule of signs is inverted each time one of the beams of rays passes through an actual focus. An even number of households does not change the above rule.
- the speed contains a lateral component called lateral speed gradient and that the speed used for migration is correct at point 0, i.e. along the normal radius. .
- the present invention makes it possible to estimate this lateral speed gradient as follows: If V 0 is the migration speed at point 0, the speed gradient can be expressed by the formula:
- V V 0 + kx
- k is a constant to be determined, positive or negative
- x is the direction perpendicular to the normal radius in the plane of incidence.
- a value of k is set a priori, which defines a field of migration speeds in the layer considered and migration according to the invention is carried out in this field of speeds. Migrations are repeated until the sum vectors to the left and to the right of point 0 cancel each other out.
- Too high a value of k changes the sign of the two sum vectors.
- the value of k is therefore determined as well as the corresponding speed field in the analysis area.
- the method described above is iterative for each successive layer starting from the first layer crossed.
- the linear coherence measurement method is integrated during the previous method when it is desired to have a very high precision on the estimation of the migration speed.
- the linear coherence process somehow plays the role assigned to the vernier in length measurements. Indeed, after having converged with the surface coherence method, we replace the implicit measurement method of the displacement vectors described above by an explicit more sensitive method which consists in pointing an isolated event on the two migrated sections depth of figures (6) and (7) and to calculate the difference between the events pointed out by means of known programs for calculating residual static corrections. These programs calculate the intercorrelations between two traces corresponding to each pair of two lines of pixels perpendicular to the elementary cells picked events then they point to the first side peak of each correlation function 1 whose position describes the length of the local motion vector. The meaning of this vector is defined by the chronology of the two pointed events.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 relate to a differential migration in time which can be applied not to sections migrated in depth but to a section migrated in time after summation and a firing point section also migrated in time in the same speed field.
- FIG. (11) shows the case of FIG. (2), that is to say that of the depth migration of the horizontal plane layer in a migration speed V2 lower than the speed of the layer.
- V j compared to the case of migration in the correct speed field Vj.
- the time migrated image is obtained by dividing the vertical distance of the points of the central image by the local migration speed used.
- the firing point migrated in the wrong speed to the right of S reconstitutes an ellipse in the time migration instead of a circle in the depth migration.
- This ellipse is tangent in H + to the migrated image time after sum. There is therefore a meniscus in time migration as well as in deep migration.
- Figures (11) and (12) show that the behavior in time migration of this meniscus with respect to the difference in migration speeds compared to true speed is the same as that of depth migration. It changes sign at the same time as that of the speed difference.
- all of the traces with constant offset can consist of sum traces (zero offset) or by monotraces with predetermined offset which corresponds to the offset separating the firing point S from the first receiver R ⁇ but it it is possible to take any offset and, in particular, the maximum offset separating the firing point S from the last receiver R n .
- the migration of the two sets of traces or rays targeted by the present invention is carried out with the same algorithm, for example that of KIRSCHOFF.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/981,207 US5991237A (en) | 1996-04-22 | 1997-04-09 | Method for the determination of migration velocities in seismic processing |
BR9702163-6A BR9702163A (pt) | 1996-04-22 | 1997-04-09 | Método para a determinação de velocidades de migração em processo sìsmico |
AU26405/97A AU2640597A (en) | 1996-04-22 | 1997-04-09 | Method for the determination of migration velocities in seismic processing |
EP97918190A EP0839329A1 (fr) | 1996-04-22 | 1997-04-09 | Methode pour la determination des vitesses de migration dans un traitement sismique |
NO975978A NO975978L (no) | 1996-04-22 | 1997-12-19 | Fremgangsmåte for bestemmelse av migreringshastigheter i seismisk behandling |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR96/05028 | 1996-04-22 | ||
FR9605028A FR2747796B1 (fr) | 1996-04-22 | 1996-04-22 | Methode pour la determination des vitesses de migration dans un traitement sismique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1997040406A1 true WO1997040406A1 (fr) | 1997-10-30 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/FR1997/000629 WO1997040406A1 (fr) | 1996-04-22 | 1997-04-09 | Methode pour la determination des vitesses de migration dans un traitement sismique |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5991237A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0839329A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2640597A (fr) |
BR (1) | BR9702163A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2224868A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2747796B1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO975978L (fr) |
OA (1) | OA10645A (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2155972C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997040406A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA973430B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2797056B1 (fr) * | 1999-07-28 | 2001-09-07 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Methode d'analyse de signaux acquis pour pointer automatiquement sur eux au moins un instant significatif |
WO2006096672A2 (fr) * | 2005-03-04 | 2006-09-14 | Tricon Geophysics, Inc. | Traitement de traces sans etirement au moyen de la somme de deplacement de blocs et a partir de donnees corrigees de temps d'arrivee basees sur la phase |
FR2939520B1 (fr) * | 2008-12-10 | 2011-05-20 | Elite Image Software | Procede de modelisation geologique de donnees sismiques par correlation de traces |
US10288751B2 (en) * | 2009-10-08 | 2019-05-14 | Westerngeco L.L.C. | Migration velocity analysis using seismic data |
PT2732312T (pt) * | 2011-07-12 | 2021-06-23 | Eni Spa | Análise de velocidade de migração de equação de onda usando distorção de imagem |
US9784865B2 (en) | 2015-01-28 | 2017-10-10 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | System and method for estimating lateral positioning uncertainties of a seismic image |
US11327188B2 (en) * | 2018-08-22 | 2022-05-10 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Robust arrival picking of seismic vibratory waves |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4964089A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1990-10-16 | Conoco Inc. | Method for derivation of internal velocities from post-migration parts |
US4992996A (en) * | 1990-01-31 | 1991-02-12 | Conoco Inc. | Interval velocity analysis and depth migration using common reflection point gathers |
EP0442719A2 (fr) * | 1990-02-13 | 1991-08-21 | Conoco Inc. | Analyse de vitesse de migration à décalage constante |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4888742A (en) * | 1987-11-03 | 1989-12-19 | Western Atlas International, Inc. | Method of migrating seismic data |
US5128899A (en) * | 1991-07-16 | 1992-07-07 | Conoco Inc. | Method for sharpening prestack depth migration images by removing residual moveout from common image point gathers before stacking |
-
1996
- 1996-04-22 FR FR9605028A patent/FR2747796B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-04-09 RU RU98100749/28A patent/RU2155972C2/ru active
- 1997-04-09 EP EP97918190A patent/EP0839329A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-04-09 US US08/981,207 patent/US5991237A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-04-09 WO PCT/FR1997/000629 patent/WO1997040406A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-04-09 AU AU26405/97A patent/AU2640597A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-04-09 BR BR9702163-6A patent/BR9702163A/pt unknown
- 1997-04-09 CA CA002224868A patent/CA2224868A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1997-04-22 ZA ZA9703430A patent/ZA973430B/xx unknown
- 1997-12-19 NO NO975978A patent/NO975978L/no unknown
- 1997-12-19 OA OA70166A patent/OA10645A/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4964089A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1990-10-16 | Conoco Inc. | Method for derivation of internal velocities from post-migration parts |
US4992996A (en) * | 1990-01-31 | 1991-02-12 | Conoco Inc. | Interval velocity analysis and depth migration using common reflection point gathers |
EP0442719A2 (fr) * | 1990-02-13 | 1991-08-21 | Conoco Inc. | Analyse de vitesse de migration à décalage constante |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
G. CHAVENT ET AL.: "Determination of background velocities by multiple migration fitting", GEOPHYSICS, vol. 60, no. 2, March 1995 (1995-03-01) - April 1995 (1995-04-01), USA, pages 476- - 490, XP002024964 * |
P. D. THORE ET AL.: "The three-parameter equation: An efficient tool to enhance the stack.", GEOPHYSICS, vol. 59, no. 2, February 1994 (1994-02-01), USA, pages 297 - 308, XP002024965 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ZA973430B (en) | 1997-12-18 |
NO975978L (no) | 1998-02-13 |
US5991237A (en) | 1999-11-23 |
EP0839329A1 (fr) | 1998-05-06 |
OA10645A (en) | 2002-09-19 |
BR9702163A (pt) | 1999-12-28 |
FR2747796A1 (fr) | 1997-10-24 |
CA2224868A1 (fr) | 1997-10-30 |
RU2155972C2 (ru) | 2000-09-10 |
MX9710491A (es) | 1998-08-30 |
AU2640597A (en) | 1997-11-12 |
FR2747796B1 (fr) | 1998-07-03 |
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