WO1997034283A1 - Panneau audiovisuel perfectionne - Google Patents

Panneau audiovisuel perfectionne Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1997034283A1
WO1997034283A1 PCT/US1996/014779 US9614779W WO9734283A1 WO 1997034283 A1 WO1997034283 A1 WO 1997034283A1 US 9614779 W US9614779 W US 9614779W WO 9734283 A1 WO9734283 A1 WO 9734283A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
audio
media
frame
transparent film
specified
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/014779
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Howard W. Regen
Original Assignee
Regen Howard W
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Regen Howard W filed Critical Regen Howard W
Priority to AU71597/96A priority Critical patent/AU7159796A/en
Publication of WO1997034283A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997034283A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09FDISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F27/00Combined visual and audible advertising or displaying, e.g. for public address
    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09FDISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F11/00Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the complete information is permanently attached to a movable support which brings it to the display position
    • G09F11/18Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the complete information is permanently attached to a movable support which brings it to the display position the display elements being carried by belts, chains, or the like other than endless
    • G09F11/21Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the complete information is permanently attached to a movable support which brings it to the display position the display elements being carried by belts, chains, or the like other than endless the elements being flexible sheets

Definitions

  • the invention pertains to the general field of displays or signs that exhibit indicia for advertising purposes and more particularly to a back-lighted sign that shows sequential transparencies that are in synchrony with a video display and a sound system.
  • Patent no. 5,403,835 of Williams, et al disclose a method for synchronizing actions and sounds for display on a computer system.
  • Krietman, et al patent no. 5,303,388 disclose a manipulatable icon displayed on a computer display device.
  • Patent no. 5,177,713 issued to Doughty discloses a motorized slide stick calendar that is wall mounted. A cock motor is connected to index the slides relative to the datum display.
  • Patent no. 4,496,247 of kumada discloses a display device having a transparent cover that vibrates to become a sound generator.
  • the device has transparent piezoelectric elements bonded to the inside of the cover.
  • Honse in U.S. patent no. 4,489,574 discloses a sign with a number of movable panels consisting of interleaved parallel strips presenting a composite display when viewed. The panels are relocated in a step-like guideway and another set is presented with a separate visual display.
  • This product is a back-ill ⁇ minated roller blind system displaying transparencies in sequence at a preset exposure time.
  • the back lighting is de-energized during the changing process such that only complete indicia is viewed with clarity, While this system has functioned satisfactorily for its intended purposes, this country has demanded expanding its capabilities.
  • An important object of the invention is the addition of a new and unique transparency mounting system.
  • Considerable difficulty has been encountered in the past with prior art requirements to have a continuous media transparent film, as each transparency must be reproduced in the exact size and then attached together to form a continuous film.
  • the improvement adds a transparent pocket or several pockets on each frame permitting any original indicia to be inserted into the appropriate pocket thus creating usable film strip. Further individual frames may be replaced easily and the need for cutting and re-attaching is completely eliminated adding flexibility and saving considerable expense and labor.
  • the pockets are open on one of the four sides providing a non-vis lble retainer that is obvious in its utility and easy to use.
  • Another object of the invention consists of adding a visual alpha-numeric display that provides a stationary or a moving display that is in synchrony with the visual display. This improvement adds a visual explanation to the indicia being displayed by the improved audio-visual sign furthering communication as to what directive is to be given.
  • Still another object of the invention consists of a microprocessor controlled audio system that provides a verbal message that is in synchrony with both the visual display and with each frame in the transparent film.
  • This message may be spoken describing the indicia in detail, singally or with a musical background. In some instances only music will accompany the visual display.
  • the audio system will be installed inside the enclosure, mounted directly to the frame with preferably a pair of speakers in the enclosure door.
  • An auxiliary connector is mounted on one side of the enclosure to permit external speakers to be added if desired.
  • FIGURE 1 is a partial isometric view of the preferred embodiment.
  • FIGURE 2 is a partial isometric view of the preferred embodiment with the door opened.
  • FIGURE 3 is a partial isometric view of the structural frame and associated elements including the transparent film with a single pocket completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 4 is a partial isometric view of the transparent film with a single pocket rolled between the two reels completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 5 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 5-5 of FIGURE 4 illustrating the single pocket transparent film.
  • FIGURE 6 is a partial isometric view of the structure frame and associated elements including the transparent film with a quad pocket completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 7 is a partial isometric view of the transparent film with a quad pocket rolled between the two reels completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 8 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 8-B of FIGURE 7 illustrating the quad pocket rolled between the two reels completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 9 is a top view of the structural frame and associated elements less the reels and film completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 10 is a left side view of the structural frame and associated elements less the reels and film completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 11 is a front view of the structural frame and associated elements less the reels and film completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 12 is a right side view of the structural frame and associated elements less the reels and film completely removed from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 13 is a bottom view of the structural frame and associated elements less the reels and film completely removed, from the invention for clarity.
  • FIGURE 14 is a cross sectional view taken along line5 14-14 Of FIGURE 11.
  • FIGURE 15 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 15-15 Of FIGURE 11.
  • FIGURE 16 is a cross secticnal view taken along lines 16-16 Of FIGURE 11.
  • FIGURE 17 is a block diagram of the transparency display system with the elements that are old depicted in the dash lines and the new elements in solid lines.
  • FIGURE 18 is a point to point electrical diagram of the old display unit as produced by R0T05IGN LTD.
  • FIGURE 19 is a continuation of FIGURE 18.
  • FIGURE 20 is a block diagram of the electronic control system.
  • the best mode for carrying out the invention is presented in terms of a preferred embodiment for an improved audio-visual sign 20.
  • the improved sign is designed to display an illuminated indicia transparency in combination with an alpha-numeric display that is in synchrony with an audio presentation.
  • the previous sign which included only the illuminated display consists of a structural frame 30 in rectangular shape as shown apart in FIGURES 9-16.
  • the frame 30 has a first end 32 and a second end 34.
  • a pair of film guide rollers 36 are rotatably attached between side rails of the frame 30 parallel with the first 32 and second end 34 and planar with the front surface as illustrated in FIGURES 9-13.
  • a pair of transparency reels 38 are d ⁇ venly attached in a revolving manner to the frame 30 at the first 32 and second end 34 parallel with each respective guide roller 36.
  • a mechanical overrun brake 40 or so called retarder is attached to a rotating mechanism integral with the reel 3B to prevent backlash.
  • the brake provides constant tension on the transparency display film.
  • Belt drive means 42 including sheaves 44 and resilient tubular belts 46 drive both reels 38 as they are attached.
  • the belts 46 preferably consist of an elastic hollow tube connected at each end to form a continuous loop somewhat smaller than the peripheral length between the sheaves 44 providing a stretched fit when installed for positive communication therebetween.
  • a reversible gearmotor 46 having a dual drive sheave 50, is tensionally attached to the belts 46 rotating both reels 38 simultaneously thus rolling upon one while unrolling the other.
  • the gearmotor 43 is reversible permitting the reels to be rotated in either direction to provide continuous operation of the sign at predetermined time intervals.
  • a media transparent film 52 including a number of media frames 54, is wound continuously around both reels 38 and attached on the ends in scroll fashion.
  • the film 52 is sized in length to completely fill one reel 38 plus the length between reels such that when one reel is full, the direction may be reversed filling the opposite reel, continuing operation in an endless manner.
  • the film 52 utilized may be any clear flexible material however, the thermoplastic film manufacture ⁇ under the tradename DURATRAMS is preferred.
  • optical sensing control means 58 in the form of photo electric cells, sense the absence of light when blocked by the opaque tape strips 56, permitting the gearmotor 48 to be stopped at the precise moment corresponding to the location of the media frame 54 of the transparent film 52.
  • the optical sensing control photo electric cells 58 are shown in FIGURES 2, 3, 6 and 9-16.
  • a number of fluorescent lamps 60 are positioned directly beneath the transparent film 52 within the structural frame 30 at a centermost location, to provide illumination through the film and to back light the media in the form of indicia placed on the film.
  • a corresponding set of lamp ballasts 62 are positioned en the frame 30, adjacent to the lamps 60 as shown in FIGURE 11.
  • the lamps 60 include a strip of metallic tape 64 and ground clip 66 to prevent static electricity from effecting the flatness of the transparent film as it moves over the lamps 60.
  • An electrical control means 63 is connected selectively to the frame 30 to energize the gearmotor 48 for the transparent film 52 movement and to turn the lamps 60 off during this motion.
  • the control means 68 further changes the direction of travel of the film 52 when it is completely contained on one reel 38, and controls the time duration that the media frame 54 is exposed. The time duration may be adjusted, with the preferred setting being 20 seconds per frame.
  • FIGURES 13 and 19 illustrate a wiring diagram of a typical non-improved sign which includes a 240 volt system operable from 120 volts and six fluorescent lamps. When produced for domestic use, the dual voltage capabilities may be eliminated and three lamps 60 are sufficient to provide the illumination.
  • a protective enclosure 70 with a hinged door 72 and viewing window 74, enclose the frame 30 and its ancillary elements for environmental security while permitting viewing of the media on the transparent film 52 through the window 74.
  • the enclosure 70 also includes a window mounting frame 76, hinges 78, a key lock so and a mechanical latch 82.
  • the enclosure 70 is fabricated of fiberglass with a gel coat of contrasting colors for the door and body.
  • the improvement to the audio-visual sign 20 includes the addition of:
  • an electronic control system 100 that operates an alpha-numeric display 104, an audio system 108 and a keyboard 120.
  • the transparent film pocket 84, 86 allows the easy insertion and removal of individual indicia transparencies.
  • the pocket is disclosed in three designs: a single pocket 84, two vertical side-by-side pockets (not shown), and a quad pocket 86.
  • the pocket 84 or pockets 86 are juxtapositioned and bonded to the media transport film 52 at each media frame 54.
  • the pocket 84 or pockets 86 are formed of the same material and bonded by heat or adhesive to the film on three sides leaving each pocket with one side opening for insertion and removal of the individual transparencies having indicia disposed thereupon.
  • FIGURES 4 and 5 illustrate the single pocket 84 while FIGURES 7 and 8 depict the quad pocket 86 where four individual pockets are provided on one media frame 54, while either one, two or four pockets are described, any number or combination of pockets may be employed within the scope of this invention.
  • the electronic control system (ECS) 100 as shown in FIGURE 20, is controlled by a microprocessor 102 having means for interconnecting and managing all the input and output functions of the ECS.
  • the microprocessor 102 is internally comprised of: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a random access memory (RAM) that provides a temporary storage area, a read only memory (ROM) that stores all or part of a hardware program that contains all the information necessary to control all the devices located external to the ECS 100, and an input/output (I/O) bus that provides the communication means for connecting the microprocessor 102, in either a serial or parallel format, to a plurality of controlled devices that include the alpha-numeric display 102, the audio system 108 and the keyboard 120.
  • ALU arithmetic logic unit
  • RAM random access memory
  • ROM read only memory
  • I/O input/output
  • the alpha-numeric display 104 is mounted through the protective enclosure 70, preferably on the enclosure's lower surface as shown in FIGURE 2.
  • the display 104 which is comprised of several segments of light emitting diodes, is driven by a display interface 106 that is connected to the microprocessor 102, as shown in FIGURE 20.
  • the interface 106 decodes and routes data from the microprocessor 102 to the individual segments of the display 104.
  • the alpha-numeric display 104 is designed to provide a visual readout which can be programmed by the microprocessor 102 to flash individual segments, or a plurality of segments, such as words, numbers, phrases and sentences. Additionally, the displayed information can be made to scroll either left to right or right to left. The displayed information is coordinated with the visual image being displayed on the media frame 54.
  • the audio system 109 as shown in FIGURES 3, 16 and
  • the 20 is comprised of 3 speech interface 110, speech module(s) 112, an audio amplifier 114, a set of internal speakers 110 and a set of auxiliary speakers 118.
  • the internal speakers 116 as shown in FIGURES 1 and 2, are mounted into the door 72. Any number of speakers 116 may be used and one or more audio connectors 94 may be located on the enclosure 70 for attachment of the auxiliary speakers 118 which are located remotely from the sign 20.
  • the speech interface 110 receives data from the microprocessor in the form of digital bits and routes the data to the speech module(s) 112.
  • the speech mod ⁇ le(s) 112 may include its own memory for speech storage or when using a CD laser disk for the external non-volatile memory the speech is stored on the CD disk and applied to the audio amplifier 114.
  • the speech module(s) contain at least one digital-to-analog converter that converts the digital bits to analog signals that are then applied to the audio amplifier 114.
  • the amplifier produces an amplified signal of a sufficient level to drive the internal and remote speaker(s) 116 and 118.
  • the keyboard 120 can be either permanently located on the protective enclosure 70 or circuitry may be included that allows the use of a remote keyboard.
  • the keyboard 120 which is connected to the microprocessor via a keyboard interface 122 consists of a series of mechanical switches. Each switch corresponds to a particular media frame 54 on the media transport film 52. upon the closure of one of the switches, a signal is sent to the keyboard interface 122 where the signal 15 decoded and passed onto the microprocessor 102 for further processing and routing.
  • the electronic control system 100 in combination with the microprocessor 102, has further means for processing the following additional controlled devices which are also considered an improvement to the existing design: a motor interface 124, a position reader 120, a lamp interface 130, an external non-volatile ram memory 132, a programming interface 134 and a future expansion port 136.
  • the motor interface 124 has means for receiving low voltage control signals from the microprocessor 102.
  • the interface 124 converts these signals to a high power control voltage to drive the reversible gearmotor 48 in selectable directions.
  • the position reader 126 in combination with a reader interface 128, provides a means for identifying a particular media frame 54 that is being viewed.
  • the position reader 126 provides a specific set of pulses to the reader interface 128 as each media frame passes through the viewing window 74 on the enclosure door 72.
  • the set of pulses are decoded by the reader interface 128 and applied to the microprocessor 102 which in turn identifies the specific frame media 54 that is being viewed.
  • the position reader 126 may be comprised of either an optical reader, a magnetic reader or a mechanical reader.
  • the optical reader preferably functions in combination with a bar code which is located on the side of each individual media frame 54 and which produces the pulses that are decoded by the reader interface 128.
  • the lamp interface 130 has means for receiving low voltage control signals from the microprocessor 102.
  • the interface converts these signals to a high level control voltage sufficient to operate the plurality of fluorescent lamps 60.
  • the lamps 60 are turned off by the microprocessor 102.
  • the lamps 60 are once again turned on by the microprocessor 10: and remain on until the media frame begins to move out of position.
  • the external non-volatile ram memory 131 stores a main operating program that operates the microprocessor 102 and that remains in storage in the event of an electrical power failure.
  • This main operating program contains all the vital data necessary to operate the sign 20 such as timing, speech, number of advertisers, position of each advertiser, display information, etc.
  • the main program can be written over as it needs to be changed or modified.
  • the loading or changing of the program is accomplished by an operator by means of a programming interface 134.
  • a device such as a portable cassette player may be connected to the programming interface 134 and used to reprogram or update the program in the external non-volatile memory 132.
  • the operator can also enter into a programming mode through a code on the keyboard 120; or the programming mode may be enabled by using a key switch to force the microprocessor into a programming mode.
  • the ECS 100 also includes a future expansion port 136, as shown in FIGURE 20. The port is connected to the microprocessor 102 to allow a future expansion feature to be added.
  • the final element disclosed is the power supply 138, as shown in FIGURE 20, that converts an input a-c voltage to the required d-c voltage to operate the ECS 100 components.
  • the power supply 138 may also be designed to accept a battery back-up 140 having means for supplying power to the ECS 100 in the event of a utility power failure.
  • the operation of the improved audio-visual sign 20 is as follows:
  • the microprocessor 102 when power is first applied to the sign 20 the microprocessor 102 performs a power-up sequence which consists of clearing all internal registers and resetting all flag bits,
  • the microprocessor 102 then goes to a pre-defined location in the ROM memory and turns off all external ports. From these ports power is applied to the fluorescent lamps 60, the gearmotcr 48, the alpha-numeric display 104, etc. This step prevents the sign 20 from damaging itself during the initial power up,
  • the microprocessor then goes through a self test routine to make sure it is functioning properly.
  • the self test routine consists of flashing the fluorescent lamps 60 on and off several times to make sure all of the lamps are functional, cycling through the alpha-numeric display 104 to make sure the segments are all functional, outputting a tone through the speech modules to make sure it is functional and moving the advertising display through several positions. Moving the advertising display through several positions performs two tasks. First, it lets the operator know that the gearmotor 48 is working properly and secondly it lets the sign 20 know its status with respect to the power UP sequence by reading the code on the media frames 54 as the frames pass through the optical sensing control means 58,
  • the microprocessor accesses the external nonvolatile memory 132 and loads the media program.
  • This program contains all the speech and advertising information for a particular sign 20. At this point the media program takes control and starts the sign 20 through its advertising program.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Displays For Variable Information Using Movable Means (AREA)
  • Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un panneau audiovisuel perfectionné (20) comportant un bâti structural (30) muni d'une paire de cylindres de guidage (36), des bobines à transparents (38), un dispositif de freinage par inertie (40), un système d'entraînement à courroie (42), un groupe moto-réducteur (48), un film transparent (52) enroulé entre les bobines et doté sur ses bords de bandes opaques (56), des capteurs optiques (58) à lampes (60) et des organes de commande (68), tous logés à l'intérieur d'une enceinte de protection (70). Le perfectionnement apporté au panneau (20) consiste en l'ajout de poches (84) ou (86) attachées au film transparent, permettant de changer un cadre de médias (54) sans changer le film. Le perfectionnement consiste également en ce que l'on dispose d'un système de commande électronique (100) qui fonctionne en association à un microprocesseur (102) pour commander un affichage alphanumérique (104), un système audio (108) et un clavier (120). Le panneau est caractérisé par un cadre (54) de médias affichés qui fonctionne de manière synchronisée avec l'affichage alphanumérique (104) et le système audio (108).
PCT/US1996/014779 1996-03-13 1996-09-16 Panneau audiovisuel perfectionne WO1997034283A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU71597/96A AU7159796A (en) 1996-03-13 1996-09-16 Improved audio-visual sign

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US61562396A 1996-03-13 1996-03-13
US08/615,623 1996-03-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997034283A1 true WO1997034283A1 (fr) 1997-09-18

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ID=24466184

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1996/014779 WO1997034283A1 (fr) 1996-03-13 1996-09-16 Panneau audiovisuel perfectionne

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Country Link
AU (1) AU7159796A (fr)
WO (1) WO1997034283A1 (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0913805A2 (fr) * 1997-10-30 1999-05-06 Karin Reichenberger Changeur illuminé pour affichage utilisé comme support de réclame
FR2793061A1 (fr) * 1999-04-30 2000-11-03 Jean Francois Decaux Panneau d'affichage
WO2002021487A2 (fr) * 2000-09-04 2002-03-14 Vision Grid Ltd Systemes d'affichage
FR2816437A1 (fr) * 2000-11-07 2002-05-10 J C Decaux Panneau d'affichage retro-eclaire
AT5231U3 (de) * 2001-04-02 2002-07-25 C & P Di Suschnig Gmbh Werbefläche mit einer intelligenten steuerung
GB2408164A (en) * 2003-11-12 2005-05-18 Alastair Breward Controlling a dynamic display apparatus
DE102008029097A1 (de) * 2008-06-20 2009-12-24 Lubenko, Ali N. Rolleranzeige-Einrichtung
EP2479741A1 (fr) * 2011-01-20 2012-07-25 Dierk Tralau Dispositif de présentation pour affiches
US10832599B1 (en) 2020-01-24 2020-11-10 Innovative Billboards Llc Scrolling billboard and method of operation

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4755956A (en) * 1985-11-01 1988-07-05 Allied-Signal Inc. Freeze frame apparatus for moving map display system
US4965564A (en) * 1986-08-14 1990-10-23 Robert Bosch Gmbh Display apparatus with liquid crystal cells, preferably for motor vehicles
US5315695A (en) * 1990-06-25 1994-05-24 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Personal computer capable of altering display luminance through key operation
US5337073A (en) * 1988-11-09 1994-08-09 Nec Corporation Portable radio equipment with a display back-lighting function

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4755956A (en) * 1985-11-01 1988-07-05 Allied-Signal Inc. Freeze frame apparatus for moving map display system
US4965564A (en) * 1986-08-14 1990-10-23 Robert Bosch Gmbh Display apparatus with liquid crystal cells, preferably for motor vehicles
US5337073A (en) * 1988-11-09 1994-08-09 Nec Corporation Portable radio equipment with a display back-lighting function
US5315695A (en) * 1990-06-25 1994-05-24 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Personal computer capable of altering display luminance through key operation

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0913805A3 (fr) * 1997-10-30 1999-12-01 Karin Reichenberger Changeur illuminé pour affichage utilisé comme support de réclame
EP0913805A2 (fr) * 1997-10-30 1999-05-06 Karin Reichenberger Changeur illuminé pour affichage utilisé comme support de réclame
FR2793061A1 (fr) * 1999-04-30 2000-11-03 Jean Francois Decaux Panneau d'affichage
WO2000067242A1 (fr) * 1999-04-30 2000-11-09 Decaux Jean Francois Panneau d'affichage
US6178674B1 (en) 1999-04-30 2001-01-30 Decaux Jean-Francois Display panel
WO2002021487A3 (fr) * 2000-09-04 2002-09-12 Vision Grid Ltd Systemes d'affichage
WO2002021487A2 (fr) * 2000-09-04 2002-03-14 Vision Grid Ltd Systemes d'affichage
FR2816437A1 (fr) * 2000-11-07 2002-05-10 J C Decaux Panneau d'affichage retro-eclaire
AT5231U3 (de) * 2001-04-02 2002-07-25 C & P Di Suschnig Gmbh Werbefläche mit einer intelligenten steuerung
GB2408164A (en) * 2003-11-12 2005-05-18 Alastair Breward Controlling a dynamic display apparatus
DE102008029097A1 (de) * 2008-06-20 2009-12-24 Lubenko, Ali N. Rolleranzeige-Einrichtung
EP2479741A1 (fr) * 2011-01-20 2012-07-25 Dierk Tralau Dispositif de présentation pour affiches
US10832599B1 (en) 2020-01-24 2020-11-10 Innovative Billboards Llc Scrolling billboard and method of operation
US11276335B2 (en) 2020-01-24 2022-03-15 Innovative Billboards Llc Scrolling billboard and method of operation

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