WO1997013890A1 - Protection contre la corrosion et mise a la terre electrique - Google Patents

Protection contre la corrosion et mise a la terre electrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997013890A1
WO1997013890A1 PCT/GB1996/002303 GB9602303W WO9713890A1 WO 1997013890 A1 WO1997013890 A1 WO 1997013890A1 GB 9602303 W GB9602303 W GB 9602303W WO 9713890 A1 WO9713890 A1 WO 9713890A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
conductive
elongate
ofthe
resistivity
resistive
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1996/002303
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Christian Julien Henry Yves Pierre
Karl Heylighen
Original Assignee
N.V. Raychem S.A.
Raychem Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by N.V. Raychem S.A., Raychem Limited filed Critical N.V. Raychem S.A.
Priority to JP9504020A priority Critical patent/JPH11512148A/ja
Publication of WO1997013890A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997013890A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
    • C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
    • C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
    • C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto

Definitions

  • kits of parts and methods suitable for use in an impressed current corrosion protection system for an elongate substrate and also in electrical grounding of objects.
  • the invention relates to such kits of parts and methods which include an elongate conductive member which may be connected, in use, by an insulated conductive lead, to a source of electrical current.
  • Electrolyte is typically provided by soil in which the electrode is buried, or for underwater applications by water.
  • the electrode may be an elongate electrode, known as a long-line electrode or a continuous electrode, or a distributed electrode.
  • the impressed current system may comprise a plurality of discrete electrodes, each connected to the power supply. The distributed or discrete electrodes are usually connected to the power supply so that they act as an anode, while the substrate acts as a cathode.
  • EP-A-0067679 describes a distributed electrode comprising: (i) a continuous elongate core comprising a material having a resistivity at
  • GB 941 1787.6 (B265GB2) and WO930231 1 (RK463) describe electrodes which comprise tlie elements of the electrode of EP-A-0067679, and in addition a surrounding mass of particulate carbon (e.g. coke breeze retained within a fabric jacket).
  • WO930231 1 (RK 463) relates in particular to the desired acid and chlorine resistance of that jacket
  • GB 941 1787.6 (B265) relates to the use of additional outer tensioning wraps to increase the compaction ofthe carbon particles within the fabric jacket.
  • conductive polymer means a composition which comprises a polymeric component and dispersed in the polymeric component, a particulate conductive filler which has good resistance to corrosion.
  • suitable conductive fillers are carbon black or graphite.
  • EP-A-0067679 WO930231 1 (RK463) and GB9411787.6 (B265), and their corresponding US applications are incorporated herein by reference.
  • anodes that is, discrete anodes that are not connected to a source of electrical power
  • Such anodes typically comprise a metal that is more electrically active than the substrate to be protected.
  • discrete anodes comprise zinc or magnesium.
  • the anodes are connected via an insulated lead to the substrate to be J protected, and the circuit and electrochemical cell is completed by passage of current through an electrolyte (e.g. soil) in which the substrate is positioned.
  • an elongate electrode As mentioned above where an elongate electrode is used for an impressed current system, it is connected through a power supply to the substrate to be protected. Practically, the connection to the power supply is effected via an insulated power lead.
  • the present invention has recognised that, in use, at the point of connection of the electrode to a power lead, the transverse current density, exiting the electrode surface and passing towards the substrate, is greatly increased relative to the current density along the main portions ofthe electrode.
  • This increased current density may lead to problems, for example, for the electrodes described above with reference to EP-A-0067679, WO930231 1 and GB 9411787.6, it may lead to consumption ofthe conductive filler in the electrode, and hence a shortening of he useful life of electrode.
  • the present invention provides a kit of parts that reduces this problem.
  • a typical high voltage cable is made up of a conductor, primary insulation and surrounding screen.
  • the screen is at zero potential and contains the current within the cable.
  • the screen is terminated, and the electrical stress at this point must therefore be controlled to prevent electrical discharge at the joint.
  • Control is typically provided by a stress cone, that is a conical layer that extends the zero potential of the screen along a conicaily tapering surface increasing in diameter from the end ofthe screen.
  • a first aspect ofthe present invention provides a kit of parts suitable for use in a method of impressed current corrosion protection, or in a method for electrically grounding an object, the kit of parts comprising
  • a generally conicaily shaped member having a passageway extending substantially axially therethrough for receiving at least the core and conductive polymeric element ofthe first end of the elongate electrode, the passageway being sized and shaped so that it is a push fit over the conductive polymeric element of the first end ofthe elongate electrode, and the conicaily shaped member having a resistivity that is at least as high as the resistivity ofthe conductive polymeric element.
  • the first end of the elongate conductive member may be connected, via an insulated lead, to a source of electrical current. When so connected, electrical current flows transversely outwards from the elongate conductive member.
  • the second end of the elongate conductive member may be connected to a first end of another identical conductive member.
  • the distributed electrode constructions described in EP-A- 0067679, WO930231 1 and GB 941 1787.6 are suitable for use in grounding applications, but are subject to failure by burning due to electrical discharge at the interface between the lead and the electrode. At this interface, the current exiting the electrode into the ground is much larger than along the main body ofthe electrode.
  • the components of the kit according to the invention are not only suitable for use in an impressed current corrosion protection system, but are also applicable for use in an electrical grounding application.
  • the kit of parts according to the invention may therefore be used, for example, to ground electrically pipelines, high energy switch gear, buildings, and the like.
  • the elongate conductive member can be connected via an electric lead wire to a source of electrical current.
  • this source of electrical current is a continuous current source, e.g. a power supply.
  • the source of electrical current is a transitory current source, e.g. a lightening strike, or electrical discharge from a high energy power line.
  • the elongate conductive member is generally cylindrical, and the current flows radially outward from the outer surface ofthe elongate conductive member. In the corrosion protection system the current flows towards the substrate to be protected, thereby completing an electrical circuit and electrochemical cell, In grounding applications, current discharges transversely from the surface of the electrode into the surrounding ground.
  • the average current density flowing transversely from the electrodes is typically of the order of 50mA/m.
  • the current density flowing transversely from the electrodes may be of the order of about 300 to 2000 A ⁇ n. In both cases that current density may be about doubled at the interface between the electrode and d e insulated lead, or the interface between an electrode and a joint between that electrode and another electrode. This increased current density may lead to problems, as discussed earlier.
  • the present invention also provides methods of cathodically protecting an electrically conductive substrate from corrosion, and a method of electrically grounding equipment.
  • a second aspect ofthe invention provides a method of cathodically protecting from corrosion, an elongate electrically conductive substrate that is positioned in an electrolyte, the method comprising:
  • an elongate conductive member having a first and second end, and comprising (a) a continuous elongate core comprising a material having a rreessiissttiivviittyy aatt 2233°°CC ooff lleessss tthhaann 55 .x 10 ohm cm, and a resistivity at 23°C of less than 0.03 ohm/m,
  • the shape and resistivity ofthe said resistive member is arranged to decrease the current flowing from the elongate conductive member.
  • the term "decrease the current” is used to mean decrease the current relative to the current that would flow from the elongate conductive member if the resistive member were not present.
  • the invention may also be used to solve problems at an interface between two elongate conductive members joined end-to-end.
  • another aspect ofthe invention provides a method of cathodically protecting, from corrosion, an elongate substrate that is positioned in an electrolyte, the method comprising:
  • a similar resistive element is also positioned to surround and to be in electrical conduct with the conductive polymeric element at the first end of the first elongate conductive member (which is adjacent to and connected to the insulated conductive lead).
  • a further aspect of the invention provides a method of electrically grounding an object, comprising:
  • the resistive member may have any suitable shape.
  • the resistive member is a generally conically-shaped member as used in the kit of parts according to the invention.
  • the resistivity ofthe conicaily shaped member is preferably at least as high as the resistivity ofthe c ⁇ nductive polymeric element ofthe elongate conductive member.
  • the resistivity of the conicaily shaped member is higher than the resistivity ofthe conductive polymeric element ofthe elongate conductive member.
  • the resistivity ofthe material ofthe conicaily shaped member is at least twice, preferably at least five times, or at least ten times as high as the resistivity of the conductive polymeric element of the elongate conductive member.
  • the cone is preferably positioned on the elongate conductive member so that the wider end, rather ian the narrower end, ofthe conicaily shaped resistive member is nearer to the end ofthe elongate conductive member.
  • the conicaily shaped member provides a mass of resistive material surrounding the end ofthe elongate conductive member. It therefore acts to reduce die current exiting transversely at the end ofthe elongate conductive member.
  • the conical shaping acts to reduce the current more at the wider end ofthe cone, than at the narrower end ofthe cone.
  • the current density reduction preferably decreases progressively towards the narrower end ofthe cone.
  • the resistivity ofthe conicaily shaped member is preferably uniform throughout its body. However, it may be non-uniform, to optimise current flow properties as desired. The way this could be done would be evident to the man skilled in the art.
  • the resistive member is generally conicaily shaped, and has a passageway therethrough for receiving the elongate conductive member.
  • the passageway preferably extends axially ofthe cone, and conveniently may take the form of a generally cylindrical bore extending axially ofthe cone.
  • the outer surface of the resistive member is generally conical, and die member is otherwise preferably a substantially solid mass, except for the passageway therethrough.
  • the term "generally conicaily shaped" is also used herein to include shapes having frustoconical outer surface shape as well as those having an outer surface shape that is a complete cone.
  • the resistive member may take other shapes.
  • it may comprise a wrapped tape.
  • the resistivity of the wrapped tape is preferably greater than, preferably at least twice or even five times the resistivity ofthe medium surrounding the elongate conductive member.
  • this medium will be the electrolyte.
  • the medium surrounding the conductive member may be soil, or loose coke particles buried in the soil.
  • the medium surrounding the elongate conductive member may similarly be, soil or loose coke particles buried in the soil.
  • the elongate conductive member used in all aspects ofthe present invention is preferably cylindrical. In one preferred embodiment it comprises a metal conductive core, a conductive polymeric jacket, typically having a resistivity of about 1.5 ohm cm. and an outer permeable jacket containing carbon particles, e.g. coke, between it and the conductive polymeric jacket.
  • the outer permeable jacket may be a fabric.
  • Elongate conductive members ofthe type described above, which inco ⁇ orate conductive polymeric materials, are known for use in impressed current corrosion protection systems, and such use is described EP-A-00067679, WO930231 1 and GB941 1787.6. Such conductive members are also useful for grounding applications.
  • the elongate conductive members comprising conductive polymeric elements are not susceptible to rusting when buried in the ground. Also a bare metal wire used as grounding wire will discharge most of its current at its end nearest to its connection point with the object being grounded. This is due to the low radial resistance of such a wire.
  • an electrode comprising a conductive polymeric element has a higher radial resistance than a bare metal wire. Therefore current discharge tends to be distributed further along the length of grounding member comprising conductive polymeric material, than along a bare metal wire grounding member. This may both enhance the lifetime of the grounding member, and avoid electrical stress concentration at points directly beneadi the objects being grounded.
  • Elongate conductive members as used in the present invention are preferably at least 25m, more preferably at least 50m, or at least 75m long.
  • the conductive members may even be at least 80m or at least 100m long.
  • length ranges of at least 200m, at least 300m or at least 500m may be appropriate.
  • this may be provided by a single elongate conductive member, or by joining several conductive members end-to-end.
  • a preferred elongate conductive member according to the invention comprises a metal core, a conductive polymeric sheath surrounding the core, and carbon particles around the conductive polymeric sheath and contained within an outer jacket, which is preferably a fabric.
  • This preferred elongate conductive member is preferably used in combination with the generally conicaily shaped resistive member described hereinbefore.
  • d e methods ofthe invention preferably comprise inserting the conicaily shaped resistive member within the outer fabric jacket, and preferably also securing the jacket over the outer surface of the conicaily shaped member.
  • the conicaily shaped member is preferably surrounded by coke within the outer jacket. In order to insert the conically-shaped member within the outer jacket, it may be necessary to displace some ofthe coke from widiin the jacket.
  • Examples of materials that may be used for the conicaily shaped resistive member, or other resistive member include polymeric materials containing a conductive filler, for example polyolefins such as polyethylene, and sintered ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, containing a conductive filler such as carbon.
  • a particularly suitable material comprising sintered ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene containing carbon is described in WO8806517 (MP1180PCT) and US89/02738 (MP1180 PCT3).
  • Figure 1 shows an impressed current corrosion protection system and Figure 2 shows an electrical grounding application for the present invention
  • Figure 3 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view ofthe dotted region III shown in Figures 1 and 2 showing the current densities that would be present without tiie use of a resistive member according to the invention;
  • Figure 4 is a longitudinal section view similar to that of Figure 3, showing the addition of a resistive cone as provided by the present invention
  • Figure 5 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the use of resistive cones at an end-to-end joint between two elongate conductive members.
  • Figure 6 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the use of resistive tape at the end of an elongate conductive member.
  • Figure 1 shows an impressed current corrosion protection system in which the present invention is applicable.
  • the substrate in the form of pipeline 1, is connected to an elongate conductive member 3 via a power supply 5.
  • the elongate conductive member is a distributed anode, and is connected to the positive terminal ofthe power supply 5.
  • the substrate pipeline 1 is connected to the negative terminal ofthe power supply 5.
  • the connections to the power supply 5 are made via insulated conductive wire lead 7.
  • the electrical circuit, and an electrochemical cell, are completed through an electrolyte in which both the pipeline 1 and distributed anode 3 are positioned.
  • the electrolyte might typically be soil. Electrochemical reactions occur at the surface of both pipeline 1 and die distributed anode 3, and result in a nett transfer of current to the pipeline 1. Corrosion ofthe pipeline 1 is therefore substantially prevented.
  • Figure 2 shows another application of the present invention, in this case to ground an object such as a building 9.
  • a building 9 is connected via an insulated lead wire 7 to an elongate conductive member 3.
  • the insulated lead 7 and die conductive member 3, together with the base ofthe building 9, are buried in soil 11.
  • the elongate conductive member 3 is about 100m in length, and is conveniently buried generally parallel to the soil surface.
  • the elongate conductive member 3 comprises a generally cylindrical metal core 13, preferably copper, and a surrounding sheath of conductive polymeric material 15 that is in electrical contact with the core.
  • the elongate conductive member 3 additionally comprises an outer fabric jacket 17, and particulate coke 19 contained within the outer fabric jacket 17 between that jacket and the conductive polymeric sheath 15.
  • the insulated lead 7 comprises a conductive core of copper 23 and a polyethylene insulation 25.
  • insulating and moisture sealing sheath is then provided over the insulating layer 25 ofthe lead 7 and the outer fabric jacket 17 of the elongate conductive member 3.
  • This sheath might be for example in the form of a heat shrinkable polymeric sleeve 29.
  • the sleeve 29 is provided with a lining of a moisture sealing layer 30, such as a mastic or adhesive, e.g. a hot melt adhesive.
  • the moisture sealing layer 30 may instead be provided separately from the sleeve.
  • the sleeve 29 is heated, causing it to shrink into contact with the crimp 27 and the outer jacket 25 of lead wire 7 and the outer jacket 17 of the conductive member 3. During this heating the sealing layer 30 is urged into any voids in the connection region, thereby effecting a moisture seal.
  • FIG. 3 the resistive cone, or other resistive member, as required by the present invention is not shown.
  • the current density exiting transversity from elongate conductive member in the absence ofthe resistive cone or member is indicated by the arrowed lines, labelled j, andj 2 .
  • the length of the arrowed lines j, andj 2 indicates schematically the relative current density along the length ofthe elongate conductive member 3.
  • the current density at the ends of the elongate conductive member is about twice that along the main length of the elongate conductive member 3.
  • Figure 4 is the same as Figure 3, except that is includes a resistive cone according to the invention.
  • a cone 31 is positioned at one end of the elongate conductive member 3 so that the wide end of the cone is nearer than the point of the cone to the end ofthe elongate conductive member.
  • the cone 31 has an axially extending cylindrical bore therethrough, and is positioned around the conductive polymeric sheath 15 ofthe conductive member 3, but within the fabric jacket 17.
  • Coke 19 is displaced to make space for the cone 31.
  • the free end ofthe fabric jacket 17 of the conductive member 3 is positioned on the cone 31, and may be secured thereto. Then the heat shrinkable sleeve 29 is shrunk into place over the end of fabric jacket 17 and cone 31.
  • the resistive, generally conicaily shaped member 31 typically has a resistivity of about 30 ohm cm.
  • a particularly preferred material for the resistive cone 31 is sintered ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene containing carbon black particles.
  • the resistive cone 31 acts to reduce the higher current densities j 2 which would otherwise be present at the end of elongate conductive member 3 at the junction with the insulated lead 7, as described hereinbefore with reference to Figure 3.
  • Figure 5 shows another application ofthe resistive cone 31, at a junction between two elongate conductive members 3. Such a junction might be required, for example, where very long lengths of distributed electrode 3 are used in an impressed current corrosion protection system.
  • a resistive cone 31 is included at the connected end, of each ofthe elongate conductive members 3. The wider end of the cone is positioned closer than the point of the cone to the end ofthe conductive member 3 in each case.
  • FIG. 5 Another possible arrangement (not shown) that is similar to Figure 5 would be to use a lead wire between the adjoining ends of the two elongate conductive members, in conjunction with a "T"shaped crimp to connect the lead wire to the core of each elongate conductive member, and a "T" shaped heat shrinkable moulded sheath.
  • Figure 6 shows another embodiment according to the present invention.
  • the resistive cone is replaced by wrapped tape 33.
  • the resistivity of this tape is preferably greater than the resistivity of the coke particles 19 in which it is embedded.
  • the resistivity ofthe tape 3 is about twice that, or more, than that ofthe coke particles surrounding it.
  • connection of core 13 of the elongate conductive member 3 to the lead wire 7 is not shown. It would be as in the embodiment of Figure 4.
  • resistive cones 31, and resistive tape 33 could be used on other elongate conductive members. In particular they could be used on a structure similar to that shown in these Figures but without the additional outer fabric jacket 17 and coke particles 19.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)

Abstract

Ensemble de pièces appropriées pour être utilisées dans un procédé de protection contre la corrosion par application d'un courant électrique, cet ensemble comprenant (a) un élément conducteur allongé dont l'âme est constituée d'un matériau ayant une résistivité à 23 °C inférieure à 5 x 10-4 ohm/cm, et une résistance à 23 °C inférieure à 0,03 ohm/m, et un élément polymère conducteur qui entoure l'âme et est en contact électrique avec elle, et (b) un élément de forme généralement conique pourvu d'un passage qui s'étend pratiquement axialement et qui recueille au moins l'âme et l'élément polymère conducteur.
PCT/GB1996/002303 1995-10-09 1996-09-20 Protection contre la corrosion et mise a la terre electrique WO1997013890A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP9504020A JPH11512148A (ja) 1995-10-09 1996-09-20 腐蝕保護および電気的接地

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9520588.6 1995-10-09
GBGB9520588.6A GB9520588D0 (en) 1995-10-09 1995-10-09 Corrosion protection and electrical grounding

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997013890A1 true WO1997013890A1 (fr) 1997-04-17

Family

ID=10782011

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1996/002303 WO1997013890A1 (fr) 1995-10-09 1996-09-20 Protection contre la corrosion et mise a la terre electrique

Country Status (5)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH11512148A (fr)
CA (1) CA2231867A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB9520588D0 (fr)
RU (1) RU2153027C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997013890A1 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2777573A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-22 Atlantic Soc Fr Dev Thermique Dispositif de protection cathodique de cuve de chauffe-eau
EP1046730A1 (fr) * 1999-04-23 2000-10-25 Atlantic Société Française de Développment Thermique Dispositif de protection cathodique de cuve de chauffe-eau, de préparateur d'eau chaude ou réservoir analogue
US7385140B2 (en) 2004-06-21 2008-06-10 Sankosha Corporation Grounding conductor
US7959454B2 (en) 2009-07-23 2011-06-14 Teledyne Odi, Inc. Wet mate connector
US8123549B2 (en) 2009-08-05 2012-02-28 Teledyne Instruments, Inc. Multiple layer conductor pin for electrical connector and method of manufacture
US8968018B2 (en) 2009-08-05 2015-03-03 Teledyne Instruments, Inc. Electrical penetrator assembly
EP2271793A4 (fr) * 2008-03-31 2017-01-04 AEP & T, Inc. Anode de protection cathodique polymère non corrosive

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2706344C2 (ru) * 2018-01-18 2019-11-18 Константин Васильевич Ермаков Способ защиты технических устройств во взрывоопасных зонах от статического электричества без шунтирования потенциала катодной защиты

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993002311A2 (fr) * 1991-07-25 1993-02-04 Raychem Limited Systeme anticorrosion

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1993002311A2 (fr) * 1991-07-25 1993-02-04 Raychem Limited Systeme anticorrosion

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2777573A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-22 Atlantic Soc Fr Dev Thermique Dispositif de protection cathodique de cuve de chauffe-eau
EP0952240A1 (fr) * 1998-04-20 1999-10-27 Atlantic - Société Française de Développement Thermique Dispositif de protection cathodique de cuve de chauffe-eau
EP1046730A1 (fr) * 1999-04-23 2000-10-25 Atlantic Société Française de Développment Thermique Dispositif de protection cathodique de cuve de chauffe-eau, de préparateur d'eau chaude ou réservoir analogue
FR2792654A1 (fr) * 1999-04-23 2000-10-27 Atlantic Soc Fr Dev Thermique Dispositif de protection cathodique de cuve de chauffe-eau, de preparateur d'eau chaude ou reservoir analogue
US7385140B2 (en) 2004-06-21 2008-06-10 Sankosha Corporation Grounding conductor
EP2271793A4 (fr) * 2008-03-31 2017-01-04 AEP & T, Inc. Anode de protection cathodique polymère non corrosive
US7959454B2 (en) 2009-07-23 2011-06-14 Teledyne Odi, Inc. Wet mate connector
US8123549B2 (en) 2009-08-05 2012-02-28 Teledyne Instruments, Inc. Multiple layer conductor pin for electrical connector and method of manufacture
US8287295B2 (en) 2009-08-05 2012-10-16 Teledyne Instruments, Inc. Electrical penetrator assembly
US8968018B2 (en) 2009-08-05 2015-03-03 Teledyne Instruments, Inc. Electrical penetrator assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2153027C2 (ru) 2000-07-20
CA2231867A1 (fr) 1997-04-17
JPH11512148A (ja) 1999-10-19
GB9520588D0 (en) 1995-12-13

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