WO1997010318A1 - Crankcase lubricating compositions - Google Patents

Crankcase lubricating compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997010318A1
WO1997010318A1 PCT/US1996/013637 US9613637W WO9710318A1 WO 1997010318 A1 WO1997010318 A1 WO 1997010318A1 US 9613637 W US9613637 W US 9613637W WO 9710318 A1 WO9710318 A1 WO 9710318A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lubricant
tbn
nitrogen
salts
dispersant
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/013637
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Michael Dowling
Joe Randall Noles, Jr.
Original Assignee
Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=24105727&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO1997010318(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. filed Critical Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
Priority to DE69604832T priority Critical patent/DE69604832T2/de
Priority to JP9511967A priority patent/JPH11513412A/ja
Priority to EP96929022A priority patent/EP0874885B1/en
Priority to AU68580/96A priority patent/AU707567B2/en
Publication of WO1997010318A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997010318A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/026—Butene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/06—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing conjugated dienes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/027—Neutral salts thereof
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    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/028—Overbased salts thereof
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    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
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    • C10M2207/129—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of thirty or more carbon atoms
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    • C10M2207/144—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings containing hydroxy groups
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    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
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    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/086—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type polycarboxylic, e.g. maleic acid
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    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C10M2215/042—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing hydroxy groups; Alkoxylated derivatives thereof
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/251—Alcohol-fuelled engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
    • C10N2040/28—Rotary engines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lubricating compositions for gasoline spark ignited engine crankcases. More particularly it relates to lubricants that have particularly good acid neutralization, sludge, wear, and varnish properties and low treat rates.
  • Lubricants comprise basestock and additives to improve the performance of the lubricant and increase its useful life.
  • Degradation of lubricants is known to be caused by many mechanisms including thermal and chemically catalyzed oxidation.
  • One notorious mechanism is acid catalyzed oxidation.
  • the acids can be sulfur containing acids formed as a byproduct of sulfur containing fuel combustion, NOx acids formed directly from fuel combustion in the presence of air, and oxy-acids formed from degradation products of the basestock and lubricant additives.
  • the acids can be sulfur containing acids formed as a byproduct of sulfur containing fuel combustion, NOx acids formed directly from fuel combustion in the presence of air, and oxy-acids formed from degradation products of the basestock and lubricant additives.
  • When the lubricant breaks down free radicals are formed. Those free radicals and the aldehydes and ketones that they form can polymerize creating large viscous sludge like particles. Those particles and other products of basestock oxid
  • Antioxidants can help prevent oxidation or terminate free radicals. Dispersants can help hold sludge in solution. And antiwear compounds can prevent degradation products, including sludge, from causing wear on engine parts. Ash forming detergents neutralize acids as they are formed thereby preventing deposits and runaway oxidation.
  • API SH American Petroleum Institute certification level
  • Sequence IID ASTP 315h part 1
  • Sequence HIE ASTM D553
  • Sequence VE ASTM D5302
  • the Sequence IID tests an oil's ability to inhibit rust. It is intended to simulate cold winter conditions for short trip driving when condensation on the valve cover creates a corrosive environment. Acid neutralization is a key mechanism to prevent rust.
  • the Seq. VE (ASTM D5302) measures the lubricant's ability to prevent deposits and wear encountered during low-temperature, light duty operating conditions. Primary rating factors include measurement of sludge, varnish, and camshaft wear in the engine.
  • Detergents that are used to neutralize acids generally comprise a polar head with a long hydrophobic tail, with the polar head comprising a metal salt of an acidic organic compound.
  • the salts may contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of the metal in which case they are usually described as normal or neutral salts, and would typically have a total base number or TBN (as may be measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80. It is possible to include large amounts of a metal base by reacting an excess of a metal compound such as an oxide or hydroxide with an acidic gas such as carbon dioxide.
  • the resulting overbased detergent comprises micelles having neutralized organic salts as an outer layer surrounding a core of an inorganic metal base (e.g. carbonate).
  • Such overbased detergents may have a TBN of 150 or greater, and typically of from 250 to 450 or more.
  • the inorganic base core of the colloid is the most efficient acid neutralizer present in the lubricant. ln practice the colloid core can only neutralize acid if the acid can be transported to it.
  • the acid neutralization potency of a detergent system is therefore a function both of the basicity of the system and of its accessibility to acids that are formed in the lubricant.
  • Lubricant additive manufacturers have long known that the theoretical neutralizing potency of a detergent system based on the stoichiometric amount of base present is never in fact reached. In consequence lubricants contain base in excess of that theoretically required to neutralize acid through the course of a normal drain interval, e.g. 3,000 to 6,000 miles.
  • Lubricants with improved acid neutralization properties are formed using a detergent system comprising one or more alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of an oil soluble organic acid selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids, phenols, sulfurized phenols, and carboxylic acids (including salicylic acids) wherein at least one metal salt is overbased and the total amount of metal salts of organic acids is minimized relative to the amount of inorganic salt in the colloid.
  • a detergent system comprising one or more alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of an oil soluble organic acid selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids, phenols, sulfurized phenols, and carboxylic acids (including salicylic acids) wherein at least one metal salt is overbased and the total amount of metal salts of organic acids is minimized relative to the amount of inorganic salt in the colloid.
  • a convenient way to express the ratio of inorganic to organic salt present in the detergent system is to consider the base contribution (TBN expressed as mg KOH/gm equivalents) from the overbasing relative to the moles (or equivalents) of organic salt.
  • TBN base contribution
  • the ratio of TBN from inorganic salts to the moles of organic salts should be at least 2500 mg eq KOH/mole.
  • the amount of organic salt is minimized in this way, the amount of nitrogen is kept within the prescribed levels, and the zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate has at least 50 % secondary alkyl groups, a lubricant having a total TBN of less than 5 is possible. Obviating the need for high TBN lubricants enables a large reduction in the amount of additive required to meet the difficult performance standards of API SH certification.
  • the detergent system comprises an overbased salt of an oil soluble magnesium sulfonate and the ratio of TBN from inorganic salts to TBN from organic salts is at least 4,200. Preferably the ratio of TBN from inorganic salts to TBN from organic salts is at least 7,000.
  • the source of added dispersant nitrogen may be any of the conventional dispersants, typical dispersants are made by reacting a substituted succinic acylating agent with an amine wherein the substituent has a number average molecular weight ( ⁇ v ) of at least 1300.
  • the source of nitrogen may be a nitrogen containing multifunctional viscosity modifier.
  • Nitrogen may be added to the system in other ways, for example oil soluble aliphatic, oxyalkyl, or arylalkyl amines are often used to boost fuel economy and aromatic amines are often used as antioxidants. The nitrogen added in these amines should be excluded when considering the total amount of dispersant nitrogen added.
  • At least 10 percent of the hydrocarbyl groups present on the metal dialkyldithiophosphate is primary. Keeping the amount of secondary hydrocarbyl groups to between 50 and 70 mole percent gives good wear performance thereby enabling reduction of the amount of dispersant nitrogen and detergent without so adversely impacting performance in fuel economy tests that the lubricant can not meet modern specifications. Most conveniently the hydrocarbyl groups are balanced in this a fashion and the total amount of phosphorus is kept below 0.1 wt percent as measured by ASTM D4927 and as defined in the proposed API PS-05 and ILSAC GF-2 specifications.
  • the various elements of the formulation may be added to the basestock singly or in combinations or subcombinations.
  • the individual detergents that collectively comprise the detergent system may be added together or separately.
  • the detergent system is present when the TBN contributions of the individual inorganic salts are summed and the moles of individual organic salts present in the individual components are summed to yield total the amounts and ratios required by the invention.
  • the low treat rate lubricant of the present invention shows su ⁇ risingly robust performance.
  • a single lubricant formulation can pass all the API SH tests including the Seq. IID and the Seq. VE in a variety of basestocks with only minor formulation modifications.
  • the basestock used in the lubricating oil may be selected from any of the synthetic or natural oils used as crankcase lubricating oils for spark- ignited and compression-ignited engines.
  • the lubricating oil base stock conveniently has a kinematic viscosity of about 2.5 to about 12 mnr.2/s and preferably about 2.5 to about 9 mm2/s at 100°C.
  • the viscosity characteristic of a basestock is typically expressed by the neutral number of the oil (e.g., S150N) with a higher neutral number being associated with a higher viscosity at a given temperature. This number is defined as the viscosity of the basestock at 40 °C measured in Saybolt Universal Seconds.
  • the average basestock neutral number (ave. BSNN) of a blend of straight cuts may be determined according to the following formula: r -5-S. ll r -BS ⁇ N21 r BSNNnl
  • BSRn basestock ratio for basestock n
  • Basestocks with lower solvent neutral numbers are used for lower viscosity grades. For example typically an SAE 5W-30 will have an ave. BSNN of 90 - 100, an SAE 10W-30 will have an ave. BSNN of 140 to 150, an SAE 10W-40 will have an ave. BSNN of 130, and an SAE 15W-50 will have an ave. BSSN of 160 -180. Mixtures of synthetic and natural base oils may be used if desired.
  • Metal-containing or ash-forming detergents function both as detergents to reduce or remove deposits and as acid neutralizers or rust inhibitors, thereby reducing wear and corrosion and extending engine life.
  • Detergents generally comprise a polar head with a long hydrophobic tail, where the polar head is a metal salt of an acidic organic compound.
  • the salts may contain a substantially stoichiometric amount of the metal in which case they are usually described as normal or neutral salts, and would typically have a total base number or TBN (as may be measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80. It is possible to include large amounts of a metal base by reacting an excess of a metal compound such as an oxide or hydroxide with an acidic gas such as carbon dioxide.
  • the resulting overbased detergent comprises neutralized detergent as the outer layer of a metal base (e.g. carbonate) micelle.
  • Such overbased detergents may have a TBN of 150 or greater, and typically of from 250 to 450 or more.
  • Detergents that may be used include oil-soluble neutral and overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, salicylates, and carboxylates of a metal, particularly the alkali or alkaline earth metals, e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium.
  • a metal particularly the alkali or alkaline earth metals, e.g., sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium.
  • the most commonly used metals are calcium and magnesium, which may both be present in detergents used in a lubricant, and mixtures of calcium and/or magnesium with sodium.
  • Particularly convenient metal detergents are neutral and overbased magnesium and calcium sulfonates having TBN of from 20 to 450 TBN, neutral and overbased calcium phenates and sulfurized phenates having TBN of from 50 to 450, and neutral and overbased calcium and magnesium salicylates having a TBN of 50 to 450.
  • Sulfonates may be prepared from sulfonic acids which are typically obtained by the sulfonation of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as those obtained from the fractionation of petroleum or by the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples include those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, diphenyl or their halogen derivatives such as chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene and chloronaphthalene.
  • the alkylation may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst with alkylating agents having from about 3 to more than 70 carbon atoms.
  • the alkaryl sulfonates usually contain from about 9 to about 80 or more carbon atoms, preferably from about 16 to about 60 carbon atoms per alkyl substituted aromatic moiety.
  • the oil soluble sulfonates or alkaryl sulfonic acids may be neutralized with oxides, hydroxides, alkoxides, carbonates, carboxylate, suifides, hydrosulfides, nitrates, borates and ethers of the alkali metal.
  • the amount of metal compound is chosen having regard to the desired TBN of the final product but typically ranges from about 100 to 220 wt % (preferably at least 125 wt %) of that stoichiometrically required.
  • Metal salts of alkyl phenols and sulfurized alkyl phenols are prepared by reaction with an appropriate metal compound such as an oxide, hydroxide or alkoxide and overbased products may be obtained by methods well known in the art.
  • Sulfurized alkyl phenols may be prepared by reacting an alkyl phenol with sulfur or a sulfur containing compound such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur monohalide or sulfur dihalide, to form products which are generally mixtures of compounds in which 2 or more phenols are bridged by sulfur containing bridges.
  • the starting alkyl phenol may contain one or more alkyl substituents.
  • alkyl phenols may be branched or unbranched, and depending on the number of substituents may have from 1 to 30 carbon atoms (provided the resulting alkyl phenol is oil soluble), with from 9 to 18 carbon atoms being preferred. Mixtures of alkyl phenols with different alkyl substituents may be used.
  • Metal salts of carboxylic acids may be prepared in a number of ways: for example, by adding a basic metal compound to a reaction mixture comprising the carboxylic acid (which may be part of a mixture with another organic acid such as a sulfonic acid) or its metal salt and promoter, and removing free water from the reaction mixture to form an metal salt, then adding more basic metal compound to the reaction mixture and removing free water from the reaction mixture.
  • the carboxylate is then overbased by introducing the acidic material such as carbon dioxide to the reaction mixture while removing water. This can be repeated until a product of the desired TBN is obtained.
  • the overbasing process is well known in the art and typically comprises reacting acidic material with a reaction mixture comprising the organic acid or its metal salt, a metal compound.
  • That acidic material may be a gas such as carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide, or it may be boric acid.
  • Processes for the preparation of overbased alkali metal sulfonates and phenates are described in EP-A-266034.
  • a process suitable for overbased sodium sulfonates is described in EP-A-235929.
  • a process for making overbased salicylates is described in EP-A-351052.
  • the overbased metal detergents can be borated.
  • the boron may be introduced by using boric acid as the acidic material used in the overbasing step.
  • a preferred alternative is to borate the overbased product after formation by reacting a boron compound with the overbased metal salt.
  • Boron compounds include boron oxide, boron oxide hydrate, boron trioxide, boron trifluoride, boron tribromide, boron trichloride, boron acid such as boronic acid, boric acid, tetraboric acid and metaboric acid, boron hydrides, boron amides and various esters of boron acids. Boric acid is preferred.
  • the overbased metal salt may be reacted with a boron compound at from 50°C to 250°C, in the presence of a solvent such as mineral oil or xylene.
  • the borated overbased alkali metal salt preferably comprises at least 0.5%, preferably from 1% to 5%, by weight boron.
  • the nitrogen containing dispersants comprise an oil solubilizing polymeric hydrocarbon backbone derivatized with nitrogen substituents that are capable of associating with polar particles to be dispersed.
  • the dispersants comprise a nitrogen containing moiety attached to the polymer backbone often via a bridging group.
  • the nitrogen containing dispersant of the present invention may be selected from any of the well known oil soluble salts, amides, imides, amino-esters, and oxazolines of long chain hydrocarbon substituted mono and dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides; thiocarboxylate derivatives of long chain hydrocarbons; long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons having a polyamine attached directly thereto; and Mannich condensation products formed by condensing a long chain substituted phenol with formaldehyde and polyalkylene polyamine.
  • the oil soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone is typically an olefin polymer, especially polymers comprising a major molar amount (i.e. greater than 50 mole %) of a C2 to C18 olefin (e.g., ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, octene-1 , styrene), and typically a C2 to C5 olefin.
  • the oil soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone may be a homopolymer (e.g. polypropylene or polyisobutylene) or a copolymer of two or more of such olefins (e.g.
  • copolymers of ethylene and an alpha-olefin such as propylene and butylene or copolymers of two different alpha ⁇ olefins include those in which a minor molar amount of the copolymer monomers, e.g., 1 to 10 mole %, is a C3 to C22 non- conjugated diolefin (e.g., a copolymer of isobutylene and butadiene, or a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and 1 ,4-hexadiene or 5-ethylidene-2- norbornene).
  • a minor molar amount of the copolymer monomers e.g., 1 to 10 mole %
  • a C3 to C22 non- conjugated diolefin e.g., a copolymer of isobutylene and butadiene, or a copolymer of ethylene, propylene and 1 ,4-hexadiene
  • olefin polymers polybutenes and specifically polyisobutenes (PIB) or poly-n-butenes, such as may be prepared by polymerization of a C4 refinery stream.
  • the polymers have at least 50% of the polymer chains with terminal vinylidene unsaturation.
  • EAO copolymers of this type preferably contain 1 to 50 wt.% ethylene, and more preferably 5 to 45 wt.% ethylene. Such polymers may contain more than one alpha-olefin and may contain one or more C3 to C22 diolefins. Also usable are mixtures of EAO's of low ethylene content with EAO's of high ethylene content. The EAO's may also be mixed or blended with PIB's of various MVS or components derived from these may be mixed or blended. Atactic propylene oligomer typically having Mn of from 700 to 500 may also be used, as described in EP-A-490454.
  • Suitable olefin polymers and copolymers may be prepared by cationic polymerization of hydrocarbon feedstreams, usually C3 - Cs, in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst and a reaction promoter, usually an organoaluminum such as HCl or ethyialuminum dichloride. Tubular or stirred reactors may be used. Such polymerizations and catalysts are described, e.g., in US 4,935,576 and 4,952,739. Fixed bed catalyst systems may also be used as in US 4,982,045 and UK-A 2,001 ,662. Most commonly, polyisobutylene polymers are derived from Raffinate I refinery feedstreams. Conventional Ziegler-Natta polymerization may also be employed to provide olefin polymers suitable for use to prepare dispersants and other additives.
  • a strong Lewis acid catalyst and a reaction promoter usually an organoaluminum such as HCl or ethyialuminum dichloride.
  • Such preferred polymers may be prepared by polymerizing the appropriate monomers in the presence of a catalyst system comprising at least one metallocene (e.g. a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound) and preferably an activator, e.g. an alumoxane compound.
  • the metallocenes may be formed with one, two, or more cyclopentadienyl groups, which are substituted or unsubstituted.
  • the metallocene may also contain a further displaceable ligand, preferably displaced by a cocatalyst - - a leaving group - that is usually selected from a wide variety of hydrocarbyl groups and halogens.
  • a bridge between the cyclopentadienyl groups and/or leaving group and/or transition metal which may comprise one or more of a carbon, germanium, silicon, phosphorus or nitrogen atom-containing radical.
  • the transition metal may be a Group IV, V or VI transition metal.
  • the oil soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone will usually have number average molecular weight (Mn ) within the range of from 300 to 20,000.
  • Mn number average molecular weight
  • the M. of the backbone is preferably within the range of 500 to 10,000, more preferably 700 to 5,000 where the use of the backbone is to prepare a component having the primary function of dispersancy.
  • Hetero polymers such as polyepoxides are also usable to prepare components.
  • Both relatively low molecular weight (Mn 500 to 1500) and relatively high molecular weight (M. 1500 to 5,000 or greater) polymers are useful to make dispersants.
  • Particularly useful olefin polymers for use in dispersants have M» within the range of from 1500 to 3000.
  • the component is aiso intended to have a viscosity modification effect it is desirable to use higher molecular weight, typically with Mn of from 2,000 to 20,000, and if the component is intended to function primarily as a viscosity modifier then the molecular weight may be even higher with an Mn of from 20,000 up to 500,000 or greater.
  • the functionalized olefin polymers used to prepare dispersants preferably have approximately one terminal double bond per polymer chain.
  • the Mn for such polymers can be determined by several known techniques.
  • a convenient method for such determination is by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) which additionally provides molecular weight distribution information, see W. W. Yau, J. J. Kirkland and D. D. Bly, "Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography", John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979.
  • the oil soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone may be functionalized to incorporate a functional group into the backbone of the polymer, or as pendant groups from the polymer backbone.
  • the functional group typically will be polar and contain one or more hetero atoms such as P, O, S, N, halogen, or boron. It can be attached to a saturated hydrocarbon part of the oil soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone via substitution reactions or to an olefinic portion via addition or cycloaddition reactions. Alternatively, the functional group can be incorporated into the polymer by oxidation or cleavage of a small portion of the end of the polymer (e.g., as in ozonolysis).
  • Useful functionalization reactions include: halogenation of the polymer at an olefinic bond and subsequent reaction of the halogenated polymer with an ethylenically unsaturated functional compound; reaction of the polymer with an unsaturated functional compound by the "ene" reaction absent halogenation (an example of the former functionalization is maleation where the polymer is reacted with maleic acid or anhydride); reaction of the polymer with at least one phenol group (this permits derivatization in a Mannich Base-type condensation); reaction of the polymer at a point of unsaturation with carbon monoxide using a Koch-type reaction to introduce a carbonyl group in an iso or neo position; reaction of the polymer with the functionalizing compound by free radical addition using a free radical catalyst; reaction with a thiocarboxylic acid derivative; and reaction of the polymer by air oxidation methods, epoxidation, chloroamination, or ozonolysis.
  • the functionalized oil soluble polymeric hydrocarbon backbone is then further derivatized with a nucleophilic amine, amino-alcohol, or mixture thereof to form oil soluble salts, amides, imides, amino-esters, and oxazolines.
  • Useful amine compounds include mono- and (preferably) polyamines, most preferably polyalkylene polyamines, of about 2 to 60, preferably 2 to 40 (e.g. 3 to 20), total carbon atoms and about 1 to 12, preferably 3 to 12, and most preferably 3 to 9 nitrogen atoms in the molecule.
  • amines may be hydrocarbyl amines or may be predominantly hydrocarbyl amines in which the hydrocarbyl group includes other groups, e.g., hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, amide groups, nitriles, imidazoline groups, and the like.
  • Useful amine compounds for derivatizing functionalized polymers comprise at least one amine and can comprise one or more additional amine or other reactive or polar groups. Where the functional group is a carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester or thiol ester, it reacts with the amine to form an amide.
  • Preferred amines are aliphatic saturated amines.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable amine compounds include: 1 ,2- diaminoethane; 1 ,3-diaminopropane; 1 ,4-diaminobutane; 1 ,6- diaminohexane; polyethylene amines such as diethylene triamine; triethylene tetramine; tetraethylene pentamine; and polypropyieneamines such as 1 ,2-propylene diamine; and di-(1 ,2-propylene)triamine.
  • amine compounds include: alicyclic diamines such as 1 ,4-di(aminomethyl) cyclohexane, and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds such as imidazolines. Mixtures of amine compounds may advantageously be used such as those prepared by reaction of alkylene dihalide with ammonia. Useful amines also include polyoxyalkylene polyamines. A particularly useful class of amines are the polyamido and related amido- amines as disclosed in US 4,857,217; 4,956, 107; 4,963,275; and
  • THAM tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane
  • Dendrimers, star-like amines, and comb-structure amines may also be used. Similarly, one may use the condensed amines of Steckel US 5,053,152.
  • the functionalized polymer of this invention is reacted with the amine compound according to conventional techniques as in EP-A 208,560 and US 5,229,022 using any of a broad range of reaction ratios as described therein.
  • a preferred group of nitrogen containing dispersants includes those derived from polyisobutylene substituted with succinic anhydride groups and reacted with polyethylene amines (e.g. tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene, polyoxypropylene diamine), aminoalcohols such as t smethylolaminomethane, and optionally additional reactants such as alcohols and reactive metals e.g. pentaerythritol, and combinations thereof).
  • polyethylene amines e.g. tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene, polyoxypropylene diamine
  • aminoalcohols such as t smethylolaminomethane
  • additional reactants such as alcohols and reactive metals e.g. pentaerythritol, and combinations thereof.
  • nitrogen containing dispersants are dispersants wherein a polyamine is attached directly to the long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon as shown in US 3,275,554 and 3,565,804 where a halogen group on a halogenated hydrocarbon is displaced with various alkylene polyamines.
  • Mannich base condensation products Another class of nitrogen-containing dispersants comprises Mannich base condensation products.
  • these Mannich condensation products are prepared by condensing about one mole of an alkyl- substituted mono- or polyhydroxy benzene with about 1 to 2.5 moles of carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde) and about 0.5 to 2 moles polyalkylene polyamine as disclosed, for example, in US 3,442,808.
  • Such Mannich condensation products may include a long chain, high molecular weight hydrocarbon (e.g., iv of 1 ,500 or greater) on the benzene group or may be reacted with a compound containing such a hydrocarbon, for example, polyalkenyl succinic anhydride as shown in US 3,442,808.
  • a hydrocarbon e.g., iv of 1 ,500 or greater
  • a compound containing such a hydrocarbon for example, polyalkenyl succinic anhydride as shown in US 3,442,808.
  • the nitrogen containing dispersant can be further post-treated by a variety of conventional post treatments such as boration as generally taught in US 3,087,936 and 3,254,025.
  • the dispersants contain from about 0.05 to 2.0 wt. %, e.g. 0.05 to 0.7 wt.
  • boron based on the total weight of the borated acyl nitrogen compound.
  • the boron which appears to be in the product as dehydrated boric acid polymers (primarily (HB ⁇ 2)3), is believed to attach to the dispersant imides and diimides as amine salts e.g. the metaborate salt of the diimide.
  • Boration is readily carried out by adding from about 0.05 to 4, e.g. 1 to 3 wt. % (based on the weight of acyl nitrogen compound) of a boron compound, preferably boric acid, which is usually added as a slurry to the acyl nitrogen compound and heating with stirring at from about 135° C. to 190°, e.g. 140°-170° C, for from 1 to 5 hours followed by nitrogen stripping.
  • the boron treatment can be carried out by adding boric acid to a hot reaction mixture of the dicarboxylic acid material and amine while removing water.
  • Viscosity modifiers impart high and low temperature operability to a lubricating oil. Viscosity modifiers that function as dispersants are also known. These multifunctional dispersant viscosity modifiers may be used to totally or partially replace nitrogen containing dispersant. In general, these dispersant viscosity modifiers are polymers as described below that are functionalized (e.g. inter polymers of ethylene- propylene post grafted with an active monomer such as maleic anhydride) and then derivatized with an alcohol or amine. When the dispersant viscosity modifier is derivatized with a nitrogen containing group, it is a source of dispersant nitrogen as contemplated in the present invention.
  • the lubricant may be formulated with or without a conventional viscosity modifier and with or without a dispersant viscosity modifier.
  • a dispersant viscosity modifier that contains nitrogen, that nitrogen is included in total dispersant nitrogen added to the basestock.
  • Suitable compounds for use as viscosity modifiers are generally high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers, including polyesters.
  • Oil soluble viscosity modifying polymers generally have weight average molecular weights of from about 10,000 to 1 ,000,000, preferably 20,000 to 500,000, as determined by gel permeation chromatography or light scattering methods.
  • suitable viscosity modifiers are polyisobutylene, copolymers of ethylene and propylene and higher alpha ⁇ olefins, polymethacrylates, polyalkylmethacryla.es, methacrylate copolymers, copolymers of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and a vinyl compound, inter polymers of styrene and acrylic esters, and partially hydrogenated copolymers of styrene/ isoprene, styrene/butadiene, and isoprene/butadiene, as well as the partially hydrogenated homopolymers of butadiene and isoprene and isoprene/divinylbenzene.
  • viscosity modifiers that function as dispersant viscosity modifiers are polymers as described above that are functionalized (e.g. inter polymers of ethylene-propylene post grafted with an active monomer such as maleic anhydride) and then derivatized with an alcohol or amine. Description of how to make such dispersant viscosity modifiers are found in US 4,089,794, 4,160,739, and 4,137,185. Other dispersant viscosity modifiers are copolymers of ethylene or propylene reacted or grafted with nitrogen compounds such as shown in US 4,068,056, 4,068,058, 4,146,489, 4,149,984, US 5,427,702 and US 5,424,367
  • Dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate metal salts are frequently used as anti-wear and antioxidant agents. While the metal may be an alkali or alkaline earth metal, or aluminum, lead, tin, manganese, nickel or copper the zinc and molybdenum salts are most commonly used in crankcase lubricants. In the present invention, minimizing the amount of added nitrogen requires a particularly strong antiwear system. Typically the lubricant will have from 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.2 to 2 wt. %, based upon the total weight of the lubricating oil composition of zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate.
  • DDPA dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid
  • a dithiophosphoric acid may be made by reacting mixtures of primary and secondary alcohols.
  • multiple dithiophosphoric acids can be prepared where the hydrocarbyl groups on one are entirely secondary in character and the hydrocarbyl groups on the others are entirely primary in character.
  • zinc salt any basic or neutral zinc compound could be used but the oxides, hydroxides and carbonates are most generally employed. Commercial additives frequently contain an excess of zinc due to use of an excess of the basic zinc compound in the neutralization reaction.
  • the preferred zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates are oil soluble salts of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids represented by the following formula:
  • R and R' may be the same or different hydrocarbyl radicals containing from 1 to 18, preferably 2 to 12, carbon atoms and including radicals such as alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkaryl and cycloaliphatic radicals. Particularly preferred as R and R' groups are alkyl groups of 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • the radicals may, for example, be ethyl, n-propyl, i- propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, amyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, n-octyl, decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl, butylphenyl, cyclohexyl, methy lcyclopentyl, propenyl, butenyl.
  • the total number of carbon atoms i.e.
  • the zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate can therefore comprise zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates.
  • At least about 50 (mole) % of the alcohols used to introduce hydrocarbyl groups into the dithiophosphoric acids are secondary alcohols.
  • at least 10 percent of the hydrocarbyl groups is primary. Keeping the amount of secondary hydrocarbyl groups to between 50 and 70 mole percent gives good wear performance thereby enabling reduction of the amount of dispersant nitrogen and detergent without so adversely impacting performance in fuel economy tests that the lubricant can not meet modern specifications.
  • Most conveniently the hydrocarbyl groups are balanced in this a fashion and the total amount of phosphorus is kept below 0.1 wt % as measured by the X-ray fluorescence spectroscopic method described in ASTM D4927
  • Additional additives are typically incorporated into the compositions of the present invention.
  • additives are antioxidants, friction modifiers, rust inhibitors, anti-foaming agents, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, and viscosity modifiers.
  • Oxidation inhibitors or antioxidants reduce the tendency of mineral oils to deteriorate in service which deterioration can be evidenced by the products of oxidation such as sludge and varnish-like deposits on the metal surfaces and by viscosity growth.
  • oxidation inhibitors include hindered phenols, alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenolthioesters having preferably C5 to C12 alkyl side chains, oil soluble phenates and sulfurized phenates, phosphosulfurized or sulfurized hydrocarbons, phosphorous esters, metal thiocarbamates, oil soluble aromatic amines having at least two aromatic groups attached directly to one amine nitrogen, and oil soluble copper compounds as described in US 4,867,890, and molybdenum containing compounds.
  • Friction modifiers may be included to improve fuel economy.
  • Oil- soluble alkoxylated mono- and diamines are well known to improve boundary layer lubrication.
  • the amines may be used as such or in the form of an adduct or reaction product with a boron compound such as a boric oxide, boron halide, metaborate, boric acid or a mono-, di- or trialkyl borate.
  • a boron compound such as a boric oxide, boron halide, metaborate, boric acid or a mono-, di- or trialkyl borate.
  • Other friction modifiers are known, Among these are esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols.
  • Other conventional friction modifiers generally consist of a polar terminal group (e.g. carboxyl or hydroxyl) covalently bonded to an oleophilic hydrocarbon chain.
  • Esters of carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols are described in US 4,702,850. Examples of other conventional friction modifiers are described by M. Belzer in the “Journal of Tribology” (1992), Vol. 114, pp. 675-682 and M. Belzer and S. Jahanmir in “Lubrication Science” (1988), Vol. 1 , pp. 3-26.
  • Rust inhibitors selected from the group consisting of nonionic polyoxyalkylene polyols and esters thereof, polyoxyalkylene phenols, and anionic alkyl sulfonic acids may be used.
  • Copper and lead bearing corrosion inhibitors may be used, but are typically not required with the formulation of the present invention.
  • such compounds are the thiadiazole polysulfides containing from 5 to 50 carbon atoms, their derivatives and polymers thereof.
  • Derivatives of 1 ,3,4 thiadiazoles such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,719,125; 2,719,126; and 3,087,932; are typical.
  • Other similar materials are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,821 ,236; 3,904,537; 4,097,387; 4,107,059; 4,136,043; 4,188,299; and 4,193,882.
  • additives are the thio and polythio sulfenamides of thiadiazoles such as those described in UK. Patent Specification No. 1 ,560,830. Benzotriazoles derivatives also fall within this class of additives. When these compounds are included in the lubricating composition, they are preferably present in an amount not exceeding 0.2 wt % active ingredient.
  • a small amount of a demulsifying component may be used.
  • a preferred demulsifying component is described in EP 330,522. It is obtained by reacting an alkylene oxide with an adduct obtained by reacting a bis-epoxide with a polyhydric alcohol.
  • the demulsifier should be used at a level not exceeding 0.1 mass % active ingredient. A treat rate of 0.001 to 0.05 mass % active ingredient is convenient.
  • Pour point depressants otherwise known as lube oil flow improvers, lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured.
  • Such additives are well known. Typical of those additives which improve the low temperature fluidity of the fluid are C ⁇ to C ⁇
  • Foam control can be provided by many compounds including an antifoamant of the polysiloxane type, for example, silicone oil or polydimethyl siioxane.
  • an antifoamant of the polysiloxane type for example, silicone oil or polydimethyl siioxane.
  • the viscosity modifier functions to impart high and low temperature operability to a lubricating oil.
  • the viscosity modifier used may have that sole function, or may be multifunctional. As discussed above multifunctional viscosity modifiers that also function as dispersants are also known and may be prepared as described above for dispersants.
  • Suitable compounds for use as monofunctional viscosity modifiers are generally high molecular weight hydrocarbon polymers, including polyesters.
  • Oil soluble viscosity modifying polymers generally have weight average molecular weights of from about 10,000 to 1 ,000,000, preferably 20,000 to 500,000, which may be determined by gel permeation chromatography (as described above) or by light scattering.
  • suitable viscosity modifiers are polyisobutylene, copolymers of ethylene and propylene and higher alpha- olefins, polymethacrylates, polyalkylmethacrylates, methacrylate copolymers, copolymers of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and a vinyl compound, inter polymers of styrene and acrylic esters, and partially hydrogenated copolymers of styrene/ isoprene, styrene/butadiene, and isoprene/butadiene, as well as the partially hydrogenated homopolymers of butadiene and isoprene and isoprene/divinylbenzene.
  • the viscosity modifier used in the invention will be used in an amount to give the required viscosity characteristics. Since they are typically used in the form of oil solutions the amount of additive employed will depend on the concentration of polymer in the oil solution comprising the additive. However by way of illustration, typical oil solutions of polymer used as viscosity modifiers are used in amount of from 1 to 30% of the blended oil.
  • the amount of VM as active ingredient of the oil is generally from 0.01 to 6 wt%, and more preferably from 0.1 to 2 wt%.
  • additives can provide a multiplicity of effects; thus for example, a single additive may act as a dispersant- oxidation inhibitor. This approach is well known and does not require further elaboration.
  • each additive is typically blended into the base oil in an amount which enables the additive to provide its desired function.
  • Representative effective amounts of such additives, when used in crankcase lubricants, are listed below. All the values listed are stated as mass percent active ingredient.
  • Viscosity Modifier 0.01- 6 0 - 4
  • each of the components may be incorporated into a base oil in any convenient way.
  • each of the components can be added directly to the oil by dispersing or dissolving it in the oil at the desired level of concentration.
  • Such blending may occur at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature.
  • subcombinations of additives can be prepared and blended together.
  • the blend order of components does not matter.
  • the additives except for the viscosity modifier and the pour point depressant are blended into a concentrate or additive package which is commonly known a "detergent inhibitor package", that is subsequently blended into basestock to make finished lubricant.
  • a concentrate or additive package which is commonly known a "detergent inhibitor package”
  • the concentrate will typically be formulated to contain the additive(s) in proper amounts to provide the desired concentration in the final formulation when the concentrate is combined with a predetermined amount of base lubricant.
  • the concentrate is made in accordance with the method described in US 4,938,880. That patent describes making a premix of dispersant and metal detergents that is pre-blended at a temperature of at least about 100°C. Thereafter the pre-mix is cooled to at least 85°C and the additional components are added.
  • the final formulations may employ from 2 to 5 mass % and preferably 3 to 5 mass %, typically about 3.5 to 4 mass % active ingredient additives in a concentrate or additive package with the remainder being base oil.
  • base contribution of the inorganic and organic salts present in each of the detergents added must be determined.
  • the compositions of metal detergents are not known with certainty.
  • sulfurized metal phenates are generally described as bis-thio- phenates with sulfur linkages of varying lengths.
  • the number of phenolic groups actually linked together is not known with certainty.
  • the amount of phenol assumed to convert to a metal salt is often assumed to be 100%.
  • the degree of the neutralization depends on the acidity of the phenol and the acidity of the neutralizing base. Further the equilibria established when the component is made shift whenever the component is blended with other materials containing strong bases.
  • the amounts of carbonate, sulfonate, and phenolic hydroxide present in a lubricant and their contribution to the TBN of the finished lubricant are inferred from the amounts present in the individual components that are blended together by determining how much of each moiety is present in the individual components, adjusting for the dilution that occurs when the components are blended into the finished lubricant, and adding together the amounts of the various moieties.
  • the TBN contribution from each component can be measured as described below, the contribution can be adjusted for dilution in the finished lubricant, and the sum of the contributions will correspond to that of the finished lubricant.
  • the amounts of the individual moieties are in turn inferred from the charge ratios of raw materials used to make the detergents or by resort to analytical methods that can determine detectable moieties allowing inference of the remaining moieties.
  • ASTM D2896 describes the industry standard method for determining total base number of a fluid. The method titrates the fluid to determine the equivalent amount of KOH required to neutralize a strong acid. The units of TBN determined by ASTM 2896 are mg KOH/gm sample. This method is used to determine the TBN of the finished lubricant. It may also be used to determine the total TBN of phenates, sulfurized phenates, and salicylates. When the method is used on a metal sulfonate, the base concentration of the organic soap is not measured, so the ASTM D2896 TBN for a sulfonate detergent reflects only the TBN contributed by overbasing. Detennination of the TBN contribution from the sulfonate salt may is possible with the liquid chromatography method described in ASTM 3712
  • TBN of the component between overbasing and organic salts requires that the number of moles of salt present must be derived.
  • the total amount of metal must be determined and allocated between organic and inorganic acids using a metal ratio.
  • the total amount of metal present is conveniently determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry - ASTM D4951.
  • Metal ratio is defined as the total amount of metal present divided by the amount of metal in excess of that required to neutralize any organic acid present, i.e. the amount of metal neutralizing inorganic acids. Metal ratios are quoted by manufacturers of commercial detergents and can be deter ined by a manufacturer having knowledge of the total amount of salts present and the average molecular weight of the organic acid.
  • the amount of metal salt present in a detergent may be determined by dialyzing the detergent and quantifying the amount of the residue. If the average molecular weight of the organic salts is not known, the residue from the dialyzed detergent can be treated with strong acid to convert the salt to its acid form and analyzed by a combination of chromatographic methods, proton NMR, and mass spectroscopy and correlated to detergents having known properties. More particularly, the detergent is dialyzed and then the residue is treated with strong acid to convert any salts to their respective acid form. At that point the hydroxide number of the mixture can be determined by the method described in ASTM D1957.
  • the detergent contains non-phenolic hydroxyl groups on the phenolic compound (e.g., alcoholic derivatives of ethylene glycol used in manufacture of commercial phenates or carboxylic acid groups on salicylic acid), separate analyses must be conducted to quantify the amounts of those hydroxyl groups so that the hydroxide number determined by ASTM D1957 can be corrected. Suitable techniques to determine the quantity of non-phenolic hydroxyl groups include analyses by mass spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, and proton NMR and correlation to compounds having known properties.
  • non-phenolic hydroxyl groups on the phenolic compound e.g., alcoholic derivatives of ethylene glycol used in manufacture of commercial phenates or carboxylic acid groups on salicylic acid
  • a second method for deriving the number of moles of metal salt of an organic acid present assumes that all of the organic acid charged to make the component is in fact converted to the salt. In practice these two methods can give slightly different results, but both are believed to be sufficiently precise to allow determination of the amount of salt present to the precision required to practice the present invention.
  • the TBN contribution of the overbasing is determined by subtracting.
  • the ASTM D2896 TBN is the TBN contribution for the inorganic salt and can be used directly to determine the ratio of the TBN contributed by the inorganic salts to the TBN contributed by the organic salt.
  • Determining the amount of dispersant nitrogen is readily accomplished by analyzing the dispersant components for nitrogen and adjusting for their respective treat rates in the final lubricant. Alternatively, a finished lubricant can be dialyzed to separate polymeric components (comprised primarily of viscosity modifier, dispersant, and pour point depressant) from basestock and lower molecular weight additives. The nitrogen content of the dialysis residue is determined a by the method described in ASTM D5291.
  • the hydrocarbyl content of zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates may be determined from molar charge ratios of alcohols to make the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid or by analyzing a finished component or a finished oil.
  • ZDDP zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates
  • a sample is solvent extracted, for example with methanol.
  • the extract is digested with acid (e.g. phosphoric acid).
  • the acid is neutralized with potassium hydroxide and a further extraction with a suitable solvent (e.g. hexane) is performed.
  • the residual alcohols can then be analyzed by gas chromatography.
  • the amounts of various alcohols present can be determined by comparing the chromatographic to those of known alcohols.
  • Formulated lubricants containing polyisobutenyl succinimide dispersant, zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate, antioxidants, antifoamant, demulsifier, olefin copolymer viscosity modifier in an amount to make the oils SAE 5W-30 oils and detergents as described in Table are tested for their ability to neutralize strong acid.
  • a 20 gram sample of the oil is placed into a 50 ml reaction flask. The flask immersed in a 60°C constant temperature bath. The flask is fitted with a pressure transducer that measures the pressure of the volume above the surface of liquid every 10 seconds.
  • Example 1 the overbased detergent is a 400 TBN magnesium sulfonate having predominately carbonate overbasing and a metal ratio of 14.3.
  • the additional detergents used in some oils are a 135 TBN calcium phenate with hydroxide overbasing and a 64 TBN calcium salicylate with no overbasing. All treat rates are expressed as weight percent active ingredient.
  • Table 1 demonstrates that the availability of the overbasing in the colloid is decreased when too much organic salt is present. The results are shown in Table I.
  • Example 2 the overbased detergent is a 345 TBN calcium salicylate with predominately carbonate overbasing.
  • the additional detergent is a 64 TBN calcium salicylate having no overbasing. Table 2 demonstrates that decreasing the amount of organic salt present increases the rate at which the colloid can neutralize acid. All treat rates are expressed as weight percent active ingredient.
  • Dispersant A is a polyisobutenyl succinimide made by reacting a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride with polyamine where the PIBSA to polyamine molar ratio is 2.1 to 1.
  • Dispersant B is a polyisobutenyl succinimide made by reacting a polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride with polyamine where the weight ratio of
  • PIBSA to polyamine is 1.5. All treat rates are expressed as weight percent active ingredient. Table 3 shows the adverse impact of increasing dispersant nitrogen on acid neutralization rates.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
PCT/US1996/013637 1995-09-14 1996-08-26 Crankcase lubricating compositions WO1997010318A1 (en)

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DE69604832T DE69604832T2 (de) 1995-09-14 1996-08-26 Schmiermittelzusammensetzungen für kurbelgehäusen
JP9511967A JPH11513412A (ja) 1995-09-14 1996-08-26 クランク室潤滑組成物
EP96929022A EP0874885B1 (en) 1995-09-14 1996-08-26 Crankcase lubricating compositions
AU68580/96A AU707567B2 (en) 1995-09-14 1996-08-26 Crankcase lubricating compositions

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000063325A1 (en) * 1999-04-14 2000-10-26 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Hydraulic fluid
EP1084213A1 (en) * 1998-04-27 2001-03-21 Infineum Holdings BV Lubricating oil composition
EP0854904B2 (en) † 1995-09-27 2007-05-23 Infineum USA L.P. Low chlorine, low ash crankcase lubricant
GB2443060A (en) * 2006-10-16 2008-04-23 Afton Chemical Corp Lubricating oils with enhanced piston deposit control capability

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0113045A1 (en) * 1982-11-30 1984-07-11 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Lubricating oil composition
EP0317354A1 (en) * 1987-11-20 1989-05-24 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Improved lubricant compositions for enhanced fuel economy
WO1994012595A1 (en) * 1992-12-03 1994-06-09 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Lubricating oil additives
EP0638632A2 (en) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-15 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited Motor oil compositions, additive concentrates for producing such motor oils, and the use thereof
EP0686689A2 (en) * 1994-06-06 1995-12-13 NIPPON OIL Co. Ltd. Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0113045A1 (en) * 1982-11-30 1984-07-11 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Lubricating oil composition
EP0317354A1 (en) * 1987-11-20 1989-05-24 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Improved lubricant compositions for enhanced fuel economy
WO1994012595A1 (en) * 1992-12-03 1994-06-09 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Lubricating oil additives
EP0638632A2 (en) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-15 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited Motor oil compositions, additive concentrates for producing such motor oils, and the use thereof
EP0686689A2 (en) * 1994-06-06 1995-12-13 NIPPON OIL Co. Ltd. Lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0854904B2 (en) † 1995-09-27 2007-05-23 Infineum USA L.P. Low chlorine, low ash crankcase lubricant
EP1084213A1 (en) * 1998-04-27 2001-03-21 Infineum Holdings BV Lubricating oil composition
WO2000063325A1 (en) * 1999-04-14 2000-10-26 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Hydraulic fluid
GB2443060A (en) * 2006-10-16 2008-04-23 Afton Chemical Corp Lubricating oils with enhanced piston deposit control capability
GB2443060B (en) * 2006-10-16 2009-05-06 Afton Chemical Corp Lubricating oils with enhanced piston deposit control capability

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EP0874885A1 (en) 1998-11-04
AU6858096A (en) 1997-04-01
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JPH11513412A (ja) 1999-11-16
CA2221491A1 (en) 1997-03-20

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