WO1996034262A1 - Dispositif optique sensible a la pression et plancher de detection de presence - Google Patents
Dispositif optique sensible a la pression et plancher de detection de presence Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996034262A1 WO1996034262A1 PCT/FR1996/000436 FR9600436W WO9634262A1 WO 1996034262 A1 WO1996034262 A1 WO 1996034262A1 FR 9600436 W FR9600436 W FR 9600436W WO 9634262 A1 WO9634262 A1 WO 9634262A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- segments
- fiber
- pressure
- optical fiber
- stress
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 210000003518 stress fiber Anatomy 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NSMXQKNUPPXBRG-SECBINFHSA-N (R)-lisofylline Chemical compound O=C1N(CCCC[C@H](O)C)C(=O)N(C)C2=C1N(C)C=N2 NSMXQKNUPPXBRG-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920001007 Nylon 4 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
- G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
- G01L1/243—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using means for applying force perpendicular to the fibre axis
- G01L1/245—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre using means for applying force perpendicular to the fibre axis using microbending
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
- G08B13/02—Mechanical actuation
- G08B13/10—Mechanical actuation by pressure on floors, floor coverings, stair treads, counters, or tills
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical device sensitive to pressure and to a presence detection floor comprising this optical device.
- Optical devices which make it possible to measure a pressure by capturing the attenuation of the light intensity transmitted by an optical fiber, this attenuation being caused by the deformation of the fiber when the latter is subjected to a force.
- Document FR-A is known in particular
- 2,578,645 a pressure-sensitive optical fabric in which the deformations of the measuring optical fiber are caused by external elements constituted by fibers arranged perpendicular to the measuring fiber on either side thereof.
- Document EP-A-419 267 also discloses an optical device sensitive to pressure in which the deformations of the optical fiber are induced by rigid external elements, for example sheets or sheets corrugated or sawtooth.
- the light signal transmitted to the sensor after passing through the fiber must be reproducible so as not to trigger an undue alarm but also to react with certainty under the conditions provided.
- a device sensitive to the pressure comprising a series of measuring optical fiber segments and a series of constraining members, such as stressing fiber segments extending transversely to a longitudinal direction of the measuring optical fiber segments, the constraining members being arranged alternately on either side of the measuring optical fiber segments, in which the measuring optical fiber segments and / or the stressed fiber segments are covered with a protective member arranged to allow movement relative to the protection member with respect to the segment of fiber which it covers.
- the force applied to the constraining members and transmitted to the optical measuring fiber is distributed by the protective member so that the dry friction between the segments of optical measuring fiber and the constraining members is softened and the wear zone is widened, which minimizes the wear of the measuring optical fiber, and if necessary of the stress fiber segments, and considerably increases the service life of the pressure-sensitive device.
- protection of the fiber segments is also ensured during the manufacture of the device.
- the protective member consists of at least one gimped, knitted, braided or woven thread. This gives an easily deformable sheath and having sufficient freedom of displacement.
- the sheath is then produced with a wire of softer material than the fiber which it protects.
- the wear resulting from friction is mainly supported by the sheath, which consequently extends the service life of the measuring optical fiber.
- the sheath is produced with a wire having a small diameter compared to that of the fibers which it covers. We minimize thus the increase in diameter of the fiber segments and consequently the curvature stress to which the measuring optical fiber is subjected when the device is subjected to a pressure.
- the optical measurement fiber is made of silica and the strain fiber is made of synthetic material. This achieves a good compromise between performance and cost.
- this relates to a presence detection floor comprising a pressure-sensitive device according to the invention disposed between a layer of upper elastic material and a layer of lower elastic material, a flexible metal sheet being disposed above the upper elastic material layer.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view along the line II-II of FIG. 1, of a detection floor equipped with a pressure-sensitive fabric according to the invention, in the rest position,
- Figure 3 is a view similar to that of Figure 2 of a detection floor subjected to a load.
- the optical tissue sensitive to pressure comprises an optical measuring fiber generally designated at 2, arranged along meanders comprising a series of rectilinear measuring optical fiber segments 2a, 2b, 2c parallel.
- the pressure-sensitive optical fabric Perpendicular to the measuring optical fiber segments, the pressure-sensitive optical fabric comprises stress fiber segments generally designated at 3, arranged alternately on either side of the measuring optical fiber segments 2.
- the segments arranged above the measurement optical fiber 2 have been denoted by the reference numeral 3a while the segments disposed below the measurement optical fiber bear the reference numeral 3b.
- the spacing between the rectilinear segments of the measuring optical fiber must be sufficient to avoid loss of light signal resulting from the curvature of the measuring optical fiber between the rectilinear segments. In practice, a distance of about 50 mm has proven to be very satisfactory. Furthermore, to ensure satisfactory attenuation of the light signal in the measurement optical fiber during the application of a force on the stress fiber segments, these segments are arranged in a manner known per se at a pitch equal to a multiple of the half-wavelength of light propagation in the fiber used. In practice, a pitch of the order of 3.5 mm has proven to be very satisfactory.
- the measuring fiber optics and the stress fiber segments are produced from the same optical fiber with an index gradient of doped silica / silica / methacrylate-coated acrylate , with dimensions 50 ⁇ m / 125 ⁇ m / 250 ⁇ m, and digital aperture 0.2.
- the fiber segments are covered with a protective member arranged to allow relative movement of the protective member and the covered fiber segments.
- the protection consists of a sheath formed of a polyamide 4 multifilament with a diameter close to 50 ⁇ m wound helically around the fiber segments to form a covering thereof.
- the constraint fibers 3 being incorporated into the fabric in the form warp yarn while the measuring optical fiber is incorporated into the retaining fabric 4 in the form of weft yarn.
- a stress fiber segment 3a of the upper ply constitutes with two stress fiber segments 3b of the lower ply a stress node 6.
- the stress fiber 3a a constraint node tends to move to be inserted between the fibers 3b of the same node and causes a deformation of the measuring optical fiber segment 2.
- Several adjacent constraint nodes 6 thus cause a sinusoidal or pseudosinusoidal deformation of the optical fiber of measure 2 and it was found that from three constraint nodes adjacent the light attenuation caused by a charge was sufficient to be detected by means of simple electronic devices.
- a homogeneous distribution of the stress fiber segments would lead to an equally homogeneous distribution of the pressure applied to a large number of stress nodes so that the bending of the optical fiber would risk being below a threshold necessary to cause a perceptible attenuation of the light in the optical measurement fiber.
- a group of stress fiber segments will preferably have seven to eleven stress fiber segments making three to five adjacent stress nodes.
- Two groups of strain fibers 7 are spaced apart by a distance suitable for the use of the pressure-sensitive mat.
- the groups of stress fibers will be spaced at a distance less than the dimension of a foot so that it is not possible to lay a foot on the pressure-sensitive mat without causing the compression of at least one group of constraint nodes.
- a pattern of groups of stress fibers repeating is produced approximately every 50 mm.
- the retaining fabric 5 has the function not only of maintaining the measuring optical fiber segments and the stressing optical fiber segments according to the desired relative position, but also ensures a limit on the amplitude of the deformation of the optical fiber of measure 2 by making a stop for the optical fiber of measure 2 when the stress fibers move towards one another under the effect of pressure. This prevents a segment of stress fiber of the upper layer from fully penetrating between the segments of stress fiber of the lower layer, which would cause an excessively pronounced curvature of the optical fiber 2 and would risk causing the rupture of this one.
- the pressure-sensitive fabric according to the invention is preferably used by incorporating it into a presence detection floor 8 comprising for example a layer of cellular foam 9 with closed cells having for function of isolating floor 8 from the ground and absorbing roughness and gravel.
- a foam layer of about 3mm is sufficient to perform this function.
- the presence detection floor comprises two protective elastomer layers 10 and 11 having a thickness of between 1.5 and 2 mm, which frame the pressure-sensitive fabric.
- a flexible metal sheet 12 is preferably arranged above the protective elastomer layer 11.
- the metal sheet 12 has a high elastic limit and serves to protect the pressure-sensitive mat by distributing the pressure of an applied load so too punctual on the pressure sensitive mat.
- the metal sheet 12 is preferably covered with an elastomeric coating 13 having a non-slip function, and absorbing the accidental fall of an object.
- One end of the measuring optical fiber 2 is connected in a manner known per se to a light source while the other end is connected to an electronic device for detecting light attenuation.
- the light source and the detection device can also be placed at the same end of the measuring optical fiber 2 by using a light separator at this end and by placing a mirror at the opposite end of the measuring optical fiber 2 so as to to return the light emitted.
- This arrangement ensures a double passage of the light in the optical measurement fiber and therefore ensures a doubling of the detection dynamics without however causing modal recombinations.
- the losses recorded are then twice as large, which allows greater reliability of the mat, which thus proves to be particularly useful in a safety device.
- the protective member 4 has been illustrated by a covering, it can also be produced by a knitted, braided or woven wire, or even by an extruded sheath having an internal diameter very slightly greater than the external diameter covered fiber to allow relative movement of the protective member and covered fiber segments.
- the retaining mat has been illustrated with threads extending between the stress fiber segments, it is also possible to use a retaining fabric, the fibers of which cover the stress fibers.
- the pressure-sensitive device according to the invention can also be produced by covering only one of the series of fiber segments, or by using stress fiber segments of a different nature from the measuring optical fiber. It is also possible to produce a pressure-sensitive device associating an optical measurement fiber with stress members of different material, for example corrugated plates or comprising sawtooth ribs. In this case, the measuring optical fiber will be wrapped.
- the measuring optical fiber 2 is continuous, the straight segments 2a, 2b, 2c being joined by curved parts, it is possible to provide a pressure-sensitive mat comprising several segments of measuring optical fibers separated, each connected to a light source and a detection device. It is also possible to provide for a pressure-sensitive fabric in which the stress fiber segments are not exactly perpendicular to the measurement optical fiber segments, for example a fabric comprising a spiral measurement optical fiber and segments of stress fiber arranged substantially radially.
- the measuring optical fiber and the stress fiber are both silica fibers which give very good results due to the low hysteresis of the silica fiber, it turns out that that -This is very expensive and we can achieve a good compromise between cost and performance by using a synthetic fiber constraint, for example fishing line.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
- Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
- Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/945,127 US6016709A (en) | 1995-04-26 | 1996-03-22 | Pressure sensitive optical device and presence detection floor |
JP53220896A JP3920334B2 (ja) | 1995-04-26 | 1996-03-22 | 感圧光デバイス、及び存在検知フロアー |
EP96908175A EP0823044A1 (fr) | 1995-04-26 | 1996-03-22 | Dispositif optique sensible a la pression et plancher de detection de presence |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9504986A FR2733591B1 (fr) | 1995-04-26 | 1995-04-26 | Dispositif optique sensible a la pression et plancher de detection de presence |
FR95/04986 | 1995-04-26 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996034262A1 true WO1996034262A1 (fr) | 1996-10-31 |
Family
ID=9478456
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1996/000436 WO1996034262A1 (fr) | 1995-04-26 | 1996-03-22 | Dispositif optique sensible a la pression et plancher de detection de presence |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6016709A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0823044A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3920334B2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2733591B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1996034262A1 (fr) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001053787A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-21 | 2001-07-26 | Stowe Woodward, Inc. | Dispositif de microcoude optique de fibre souple, capteurs et procede d'utilisation |
ES2171343A1 (es) * | 1998-02-25 | 2002-09-01 | Castellon Melchor Daumal | Mejoras introducidas en el objeto de la patente principal n- 9800393 por un sistema antipinzamiento perfeccionado basado en la modificacion de la conductividad luminica en la fibra optica para elevacristales destinados al automovil. |
US6981935B2 (en) | 2002-09-12 | 2006-01-03 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | Suction roll with sensors for detecting temperature and/or pressure |
US7572214B2 (en) | 2005-05-04 | 2009-08-11 | Stowe Woodward L.L.C. | Suction roll with sensors for detecting operational parameters having apertures |
DE102009055124A1 (de) | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-30 | Robert Bosch GmbH, 70469 | Sensierendes Flächenelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102009055121A1 (de) | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-30 | Robert Bosch GmbH, 70469 | Sensierendes Flächenelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
US8236141B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 | 2012-08-07 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | Industrial roll with sensors having conformable conductive sheets |
US8346501B2 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2013-01-01 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | Industrial roll with sensors arranged to self-identify angular location |
US8475347B2 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2013-07-02 | Stowe Woodward Licensco, Llc | Industrial roll with multiple sensor arrays |
US9097595B2 (en) | 2008-11-14 | 2015-08-04 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | System and method for detecting and measuring vibration in an industrial roll |
US9557170B2 (en) | 2012-01-17 | 2017-01-31 | Stowe Woodward Licensco, Llc | System and method of determining the angular position of a rotating roll |
US9650744B2 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2017-05-16 | Stowe Woodward Licensco Llc | Suction roll with sensors for detecting operational parameters |
US10221525B2 (en) | 2016-04-26 | 2019-03-05 | Stowe Woodward Licensco, Llc | Suction roll with pattern of through holes and blind drilled holes that improves land distance |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009229311A (ja) * | 2008-03-24 | 2009-10-08 | Fukui Prefecture | 圧力検知用光ファイバケーブル |
US20110249252A1 (en) * | 2010-03-11 | 2011-10-13 | Cleveland Electric Laboratories | Fiber optic security mat system |
US20160089059A1 (en) * | 2014-09-30 | 2016-03-31 | Darma Inc. | Systems and methods for posture and vital sign monitoring |
DE102015120368B3 (de) * | 2015-11-25 | 2016-11-03 | Pilz Gmbh & Co. Kg | Druckempfindliche Schutzeinrichtung zur Überwachung einer technischen Anlage |
CN112005075A (zh) | 2018-01-24 | 2020-11-27 | 惠曼创新解决方案公司 | 用于检测拟人测试装置上的力并且测量其变形的光纤系统 |
EP3928071A4 (fr) | 2019-02-20 | 2022-11-16 | Humanetics Innovative Solutions, Inc. | Système de fibre optique ayant une structure d'âme hélicoïdale pour la détection de forces au cours d'un essai de collision |
US11162825B2 (en) | 2019-02-26 | 2021-11-02 | Humanetics Innovative Solutions, Inc. | System and method for calibrating an optical fiber measurement system |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1986005273A1 (fr) * | 1985-03-07 | 1986-09-12 | Sopha Praxis | Dispositif optique de detection d'effort, procede de mesure d'effort au moyen dudit dispositif et leur application a une balance |
US5357813A (en) * | 1991-10-17 | 1994-10-25 | The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Defence | Pressure sensor |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4836030A (en) * | 1985-05-20 | 1989-06-06 | Lockheed Corporation | Method of testing composite materials for structural damage |
US4947693A (en) * | 1987-07-28 | 1990-08-14 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Discrete strain sensor |
US5029977A (en) * | 1989-02-21 | 1991-07-09 | Simmonds Precision Products, Inc. | Mounting system |
US5309767A (en) * | 1992-10-09 | 1994-05-10 | Center For Innovative Technology | Pressure sensor using liquid crystals |
-
1995
- 1995-04-26 FR FR9504986A patent/FR2733591B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-03-22 EP EP96908175A patent/EP0823044A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-03-22 JP JP53220896A patent/JP3920334B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-03-22 WO PCT/FR1996/000436 patent/WO1996034262A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-03-22 US US08/945,127 patent/US6016709A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1986005273A1 (fr) * | 1985-03-07 | 1986-09-12 | Sopha Praxis | Dispositif optique de detection d'effort, procede de mesure d'effort au moyen dudit dispositif et leur application a une balance |
US5357813A (en) * | 1991-10-17 | 1994-10-25 | The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Defence | Pressure sensor |
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2171343A1 (es) * | 1998-02-25 | 2002-09-01 | Castellon Melchor Daumal | Mejoras introducidas en el objeto de la patente principal n- 9800393 por un sistema antipinzamiento perfeccionado basado en la modificacion de la conductividad luminica en la fibra optica para elevacristales destinados al automovil. |
WO2001053787A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-21 | 2001-07-26 | Stowe Woodward, Inc. | Dispositif de microcoude optique de fibre souple, capteurs et procede d'utilisation |
US6981935B2 (en) | 2002-09-12 | 2006-01-03 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | Suction roll with sensors for detecting temperature and/or pressure |
US7572214B2 (en) | 2005-05-04 | 2009-08-11 | Stowe Woodward L.L.C. | Suction roll with sensors for detecting operational parameters having apertures |
US9097595B2 (en) | 2008-11-14 | 2015-08-04 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | System and method for detecting and measuring vibration in an industrial roll |
US8346501B2 (en) | 2009-06-22 | 2013-01-01 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | Industrial roll with sensors arranged to self-identify angular location |
US8236141B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 | 2012-08-07 | Stowe Woodward, L.L.C. | Industrial roll with sensors having conformable conductive sheets |
DE102009055121A1 (de) | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-30 | Robert Bosch GmbH, 70469 | Sensierendes Flächenelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102009055124A1 (de) | 2009-12-22 | 2011-06-30 | Robert Bosch GmbH, 70469 | Sensierendes Flächenelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
US8475347B2 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2013-07-02 | Stowe Woodward Licensco, Llc | Industrial roll with multiple sensor arrays |
US9080287B2 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2015-07-14 | Stowe Woodward Licensco, Llc | Industrial roll with multiple sensor arrays |
US9557170B2 (en) | 2012-01-17 | 2017-01-31 | Stowe Woodward Licensco, Llc | System and method of determining the angular position of a rotating roll |
US9650744B2 (en) | 2014-09-12 | 2017-05-16 | Stowe Woodward Licensco Llc | Suction roll with sensors for detecting operational parameters |
US10221525B2 (en) | 2016-04-26 | 2019-03-05 | Stowe Woodward Licensco, Llc | Suction roll with pattern of through holes and blind drilled holes that improves land distance |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH11504115A (ja) | 1999-04-06 |
FR2733591A1 (fr) | 1996-10-31 |
FR2733591B1 (fr) | 1997-06-13 |
JP3920334B2 (ja) | 2007-05-30 |
EP0823044A1 (fr) | 1998-02-11 |
US6016709A (en) | 2000-01-25 |
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