WO1996032618A1 - Echangeur de chaleur a lames a faces paralleles composites carbone/carbone et procede de fabrication - Google Patents

Echangeur de chaleur a lames a faces paralleles composites carbone/carbone et procede de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996032618A1
WO1996032618A1 PCT/US1996/005092 US9605092W WO9632618A1 WO 1996032618 A1 WO1996032618 A1 WO 1996032618A1 US 9605092 W US9605092 W US 9605092W WO 9632618 A1 WO9632618 A1 WO 9632618A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
carbon
heat exchanger
plates
fins
carbon composite
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/005092
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Alexander F. Anderson
Douglas M. Dewar
Original Assignee
Alliedsignal Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alliedsignal Inc. filed Critical Alliedsignal Inc.
Priority to JP8531222A priority Critical patent/JPH11503816A/ja
Publication of WO1996032618A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996032618A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/02—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of carbon, e.g. graphite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B18/00—Layered products essentially comprising ceramics, e.g. refractory products
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
    • C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
    • C04B2235/48—Organic compounds becoming part of a ceramic after heat treatment, e.g. carbonising phenol resins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/60—Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms
    • C04B2235/614—Gas infiltration of green bodies or pre-forms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
    • C04B2235/60—Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms
    • C04B2235/616—Liquid infiltration of green bodies or pre-forms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32—Ceramic
    • C04B2237/38—Fiber or whisker reinforced
    • C04B2237/385—Carbon or carbon composite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/62—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising holes, channels or other types of openings

Definitions

  • This invention relates to heat exchangers and more particularly to heat l o exchangers constructed of a plurality of carbon/carbon composite finned plates disposed in a substantial parallel stacked relationship and spaced from each other by carbon/carbon composite flat plates bonded to and between adjacent finned plates.
  • the carbon/carbon composite plates and fins are 15 specially constructed to maximize heat transfer between adjacent passageways formed by the plates and the fluids flowing in these passageways.
  • a hot fluid flows between first and second adjacent plates and transfers heat to the plates.
  • a cold passageway, transverse or parallel to the hot passageway is constructed on the opposite side of the second plate.
  • a second and cooler fluid flows in this passageway.
  • These hot and cold passageways are alternated to form a stacked array.
  • Metal fins are provided between adjacent plates to assist the transfer of heat from the fluid in the hot passageway through the plate to the cold fluid in the second passageway. These fins are bonded to the plates providing extended heat transfer area and sufficient structural support to provide pressure containment of the fluids.
  • the fins are disposed in parallel with the fluid flow and define a flow path with minimum additional flow resistance.
  • the thickness and number of fins is such to provide a maximum heat transfer area in contact with the fluid. A thin fin satisfies these requirements and many different detailed geometry's are used to best satisfy the specific requirements of any given design problem.
  • Another object of this invention is to employ carbon/carbon composite material construction in a heat exchanger thereby providing an improved and lightweight heat exchanger.
  • Specific conductivity thermal conductivity / density
  • Aluminum has the highest specific conductivity of all conventional heat exchanger metals with a value of 81 watts per meter 'K/grams per cubic centimeter.
  • Carbon/carbon composite materials to be used in this invention have specific conductivity's 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than aluminum or approximately in the range of 121.5 - 202.5 watts per meter K / grams per cubic centimeter. Further, carbon/carbon composites have a maximum operating temperature in oxidizing atmospheres of approximately 2.5 times the operating temperature of aluminum.
  • Another object of this invention is to use the greatly reduced coefficient of thermal expansion of these carbon/carbon composite materials to reduce thermal stresses and provide prolonged operating life.
  • Another object of the invention is also directed at prolonging service life by the inherent improved corrosion resistance of carbon/carbon composite materials.
  • a heat exchanger comprising first, second and third carbon/carbon composite plates disposed in substantially parallel spaced relation. The first and second plates defining a first fluid flow passageway therebetween and the second and third plates defining a second fluid flow passageway therebetween.
  • a first plurality of corrugated carbon/carbon composite fins are disposed between and bonded to said first and second plates of the first passageway for supporting said first and second plates in a stacked relation and to conduct heat from said first passageway to said second plate
  • a second plurality of corrugated carbon/carbon composite fins are disposed between and bonded to said second and third plates of the second passageway for supporting said second and third plates in a stacked relation and to conduct heat from said second plate to said second passageway.
  • a method of manufacturing a carbon/carbon composite heat exchanger can include the steps of: providing a thin layer of carbon fiber material; impregnating the thin layer of carbon fiber with a high carbon char yield resin; forming the impregnated material into flat parallel plates and fins; stacking the plates and fins in alternating layers of sufficient quantity to make up a core stacked heat exchanger of a desired size and processing the stacked core into a carbon / carbon composite heat exchanger including the steps of i) carbonizatizing the stacked core to convert the resins to carbon, ii) densificating additional carbon into the porous structure, and iii) heat treating the core to achieved a crystal structure.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an enlarged pictorial view of the carbon carbon composite heat exchanger in accordance with the present invention.
  • the heat exchanger 10 comprises a plurality of flat parallel plates 11 having preferably a rectangular shape. It is intended that fluids 13 and 14, such as air or any other fluid, flow between the plates
  • the first and second passageways 19 and 20 may also be oriented in parallel to provide the parallel flow stream arrangement of a counterflow heat exchanger. In this instance special provision must be added to assist the fluid entry and exit.
  • the plates 11 can be stacked to form alternating first and second passageways 19 and 20 until the assembly as a whole provides the required heat transfer or exchange capability.
  • Fins 12 are preferably formed in a sheet like stock and are used to separate adjacent plates 11 and form the respective passageways. Typically the fins
  • each fin 12 comprises a corrugated or wave like structure that is preferably continuous and uniform throughout the sheet.
  • Each fin 12 has a substantially planar heat transfer surface 12a for insertion within fluid flow such that the plane of the fin is parallel to the direction of the flow of the fluid to thereby minimize the flow resistance that the fin would otherwise impose on the flowing fluid.
  • the fin sheet 1 can be made in other geometry's to enhance the transfer of heat from the fluids to the heat exchanger material. Surface enhancements may be in the form of laterally offset strips, forming the fin in a wave shape in the direction of the flow, fin perforations or any form of artificial surface roughness or louvers, he corrugated fin sheets 12 can be placed between adjacent plates and bonded to the plates to form an integrated structure.
  • the first and second fluids 13 and 14 flowing in the first and second passageways 19 and 20 respectively are preferably at different temperatures to facilitate the heat transfer from one passage to the other.
  • the first fluid 13 can be hotter than the second fluid 14.
  • heat is transferred from the fluid to the first fins 2 and to the plates 11 a and 11 b. Heat is then transferred from this second plate 11b to the fins 12 in the passageway 20 and to the cooler fluid 14.
  • the second fluid 14 exits and flows from the heat exchanger 10 and carries the exchanged heat away from the heat exchanger 10 allowing the continuous flow of the hot fluid to be continuously cooled be the continuous flow of the cold fluid.
  • the higher thermal conductivity of the carbon/carbon composite material can be used to facilitate the heat transfer between the two fluids.
  • the possible anisotropic nature of some o carbon/carbon composite materials can also be used to further enhance this transfer of heat.
  • the lower density of this material can be used to reduce the weight.
  • the two fluids in addition to the inherently unequal temperatures are at unequal pressures.
  • the plates 11 must be of a thickness sufficient to provide structural integrity between fluid passages 19 and 20 but sufficiently thin to minimize weight and not interfere with heat transfer. Plate thickness must be gaged to account for the fluid pressure difference between passageways 19 and 20 as this difference tends to bend the plates.
  • the close spacing of the fins 12 results in small unsupported cross sectional areas of the plates 11. Therefore, the fins 2 enhance structural integrity and help keep the plates flat.
  • the pu ⁇ ose of the heat exchanger is to transfer heat from one fluid to the other. Therefore if the hot fluid enters the passageway 19 as shown in the drawing, the inlet end of passage 19 is hotter than the exit end. Similarly, the cold fluid entering the passageway 20 is colder at the inlet and warmer at the exit. Thus, the comer of the heat exchanger where the hot fluid enters and the cold fluid exits 22 may be at a much higher temperature than the opposite comer 24 where the cold fluid enters and the hot fluid exits. This thermal gradient within the heat exchanger structure reduces the amount of heat which can be transferred. In metal heat exchangers the hot section expands much more than the cold section which sets up adverse stresses within the material and reduces heat exchanger life. Repeated cycling of temperatures caused by varying operating conditions and by turning flows off and on still further reduces strength and life by the repeated expansion and contraction of all parts of the heat exchanger.
  • a carbon/carbon composite heat exchanger core can be constructed in several successive steps.
  • a thin layer of carbon fiber material which may consist of uni-directional fibers or a woven or mat material is impregnated with a high carbon char yield resin 5 system.
  • This impregnated material is then formed into the flat parallel plates 11 and fins 12. While the fins may have waves, discontinuities, perforations or porosity, the plates must be leakage free to prohibit commingling of the two fluids 13 and 14.
  • the plates and fins are then stacked in alternating layers of sufficient quantity to make up a core stacked heat exchanger 10 of the desired size.
  • Additional resin with a high carbon char yield may be used between each alternating layer to bond plates 11 and fins 12.
  • Appropriate end closures can be added as needed to the core 10 to eliminate leakage paths and provide a stronger structural member.
  • the stacked core can then be processed into a carbon / carbon composite by several steps. These steps include but are not limited to carbonization to convert the resins to carbon, densification by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) into a porous structure, and heat treatment (1600-2800° C) to provide a carbon or graphite of the desired crystal structure. This resulting carbon / carbon composite structure will have the desired high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion and low potential for corrosion. One or more of the above steps may be repeated to achieve the desired characteristics.
  • the CVD process can be replaced by repeated cycles of impregnation with a high char yield carbon based thermosetting resin such as a phenolic followed by a curing and charring. These steps are repeated until the desired properties are obtained.
  • a high char yield carbon based thermosetting resin such as a phenolic
  • a method of improving heat exchanger performance and extending life is to use the correct selection of carbon/carbon composite materials.
  • Fibers, used in the construction of carbon/carbon composite materials are presently available which have a wide range of thermal conductivity's.
  • carbon carbon composite materials may be anisotropic or isotropic dependent on how the fibers are oriented within the material. Isotropic materials conduct heat substantially uniformly along all three orthogonal axes X, Y and Z while anisotropic materials conduct heat predominantly along a first axis such as the Z- axis and to a lesser extent along the remaining two Y and X axes.
  • orientation of high conductivity of the fins 12 in the direction between the two plates 11 is essential.
  • Plate conductivity in this axis also affects performance but as the cross section area is large and the heat flow length is very short (plate thickness) this is much less important than the fin conductivity.
  • a high conductivity anisotropic carbon carbon composite material for the fins with the conduction path in the Z axis and a low conductivity anisotropic material for the plates, with the conductive plane oriented to minimize heat flow in the material from the hot comer to the cold comer, performance is maximized.
  • An additional and very significant benefit in the use of carbon/carbon composite materials is that the coefficient of expansion carbon/carbon composite materials is also much lower than conventional heat exchanger metals and this greatly reduces thermal expansion and the resulting stresses.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un échangeur de chaleur à lames à faces parallèles composites carbone/carbone, constitué d'une pluralité de lames composites superposées de manière quasiment parallèle et séparées les unes des autres par des ailettes composites liées à des lames adjacentes et entre elles. Les lames ainsi que les ailettes composites carbone/carbone ont été spécialement construites pour maximiser un transfert thermique entre des voies de passage contiguës formées par les lames et les fluides s'écoulant dans ces voies de passage. Dans un procédé de fabrication d'un échangeur de chaleur à base de matériau composite carbone/carbone, peuvent figurer les étapes suivantes: disposer d'une couche mince d'un matériau en fibre de verre, imprégner cette couche mince d'une résine d'un produit à haute teneur en carbone carbonisé, constituer des lames et des ailettes plates parallèles au moyen de ce matériau imprégné, empiler, en alternant les couches, les lames et les ailettes en quantité suffisante pour obtenir un échangeur de chaleur à la taille désirée et dont le coeur est constitué d'un empilement et soumettre ce coeur à un traitement visant à le transformer en échangeur de chaleur composite carbone/carbone. Ce traitement consiste en: i), une carbonisation du coeur à empilement afin de convertir les résines en carbone, ii), une densification du carbone supplémentaire dans la structure poreuse et, iii), en un traitement thermique du coeur jusqu'à obtention d'une structure cristalline.
PCT/US1996/005092 1995-04-13 1996-04-12 Echangeur de chaleur a lames a faces paralleles composites carbone/carbone et procede de fabrication WO1996032618A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP8531222A JPH11503816A (ja) 1995-04-13 1996-04-12 カーボン・カーボン複合材で作られた平行なプレートで構成される熱交換器

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US42233495A 1995-04-13 1995-04-13
US08/422,334 1995-04-13

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996032618A1 true WO1996032618A1 (fr) 1996-10-17

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JP (1) JPH11503816A (fr)
WO (1) WO1996032618A1 (fr)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8597772B2 (en) 2011-09-20 2013-12-03 Honeywell International Inc. Corrugated carbon fiber preform
WO2013162649A3 (fr) * 2011-12-21 2014-01-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Réseau à base de feuillets de carbone ondulé interconnectés
US9388798B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2016-07-12 Lockheed Martin Corporation Modular heat-exchange apparatus
US9670911B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2017-06-06 Lockheed Martin Corporation Manifolding arrangement for a modular heat-exchange apparatus
US9779884B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2017-10-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Capacitor with electrodes made of an interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
US10211495B2 (en) 2014-06-16 2019-02-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Hybrid electrochemical cell
US10209015B2 (en) 2009-07-17 2019-02-19 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heat exchanger and method for making
US10614968B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2020-04-07 The Regents Of The University Of California High-voltage devices
US10622163B2 (en) 2016-04-01 2020-04-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Direct growth of polyaniline nanotubes on carbon cloth for flexible and high-performance supercapacitors
US10655020B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2020-05-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Cellular graphene films
US10734167B2 (en) 2014-11-18 2020-08-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Porous interconnected corrugated carbon-based network (ICCN) composite
US10938021B2 (en) 2016-08-31 2021-03-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Devices comprising carbon-based material and fabrication thereof
US10938032B1 (en) 2019-09-27 2021-03-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Composite graphene energy storage methods, devices, and systems
US11062855B2 (en) 2016-03-23 2021-07-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Devices and methods for high voltage and solar applications
US11097951B2 (en) 2016-06-24 2021-08-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Production of carbon-based oxide and reduced carbon-based oxide on a large scale
US11133134B2 (en) 2017-07-14 2021-09-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Simple route to highly conductive porous graphene from carbon nanodots for supercapacitor applications

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102472593A (zh) 2009-07-16 2012-05-23 洛克希德马丁公司 用于换热器的螺旋状管束的配置
US9777971B2 (en) * 2009-10-06 2017-10-03 Lockheed Martin Corporation Modular heat exchanger

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH483001A (de) * 1968-09-20 1969-12-15 Lonza Ag Wärmeaustauscherelement
EP0151213A1 (fr) * 1983-07-30 1985-08-14 Mtu Motoren- Und Turbinen-Union MàœNchen Gmbh Procédé de fabrication d'un corps en carbure de silicium par frittage à réaction
FR2566306A1 (fr) * 1984-06-26 1985-12-27 Brun Michel Procede de realisation d'echangeurs de chaleur par soudage laser
EP0468904A1 (fr) * 1990-07-26 1992-01-29 Le Carbone Lorraine Procédé de fabrication de pièces étanches en matériau composite tout carbone

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH483001A (de) * 1968-09-20 1969-12-15 Lonza Ag Wärmeaustauscherelement
EP0151213A1 (fr) * 1983-07-30 1985-08-14 Mtu Motoren- Und Turbinen-Union MàœNchen Gmbh Procédé de fabrication d'un corps en carbure de silicium par frittage à réaction
FR2566306A1 (fr) * 1984-06-26 1985-12-27 Brun Michel Procede de realisation d'echangeurs de chaleur par soudage laser
EP0468904A1 (fr) * 1990-07-26 1992-01-29 Le Carbone Lorraine Procédé de fabrication de pièces étanches en matériau composite tout carbone

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10209015B2 (en) 2009-07-17 2019-02-19 Lockheed Martin Corporation Heat exchanger and method for making
US9388798B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2016-07-12 Lockheed Martin Corporation Modular heat-exchange apparatus
US9670911B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2017-06-06 Lockheed Martin Corporation Manifolding arrangement for a modular heat-exchange apparatus
US8951453B2 (en) 2011-09-20 2015-02-10 Honeywell International Inc. Corrugated carbon fiber preform
US8597772B2 (en) 2011-09-20 2013-12-03 Honeywell International Inc. Corrugated carbon fiber preform
US10648958B2 (en) 2011-12-21 2020-05-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
WO2013162649A3 (fr) * 2011-12-21 2014-01-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Réseau à base de feuillets de carbone ondulé interconnectés
US11397173B2 (en) 2011-12-21 2022-07-26 The Regents Of The University Of California Interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
US9779884B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2017-10-03 The Regents Of The University Of California Capacitor with electrodes made of an interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
US11915870B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2024-02-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Capacitor with electrodes made of an interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
US11004618B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2021-05-11 The Regents Of The University Of California Capacitor with electrodes made of an interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
US11257632B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2022-02-22 The Regents Of The University Of California Capacitor with electrodes made of an interconnected corrugated carbon-based network
US10847852B2 (en) 2014-06-16 2020-11-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Hybrid electrochemical cell
US10211495B2 (en) 2014-06-16 2019-02-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Hybrid electrochemical cell
US11569538B2 (en) 2014-06-16 2023-01-31 The Regents Of The University Of California Hybrid electrochemical cell
US10734167B2 (en) 2014-11-18 2020-08-04 The Regents Of The University Of California Porous interconnected corrugated carbon-based network (ICCN) composite
US11810716B2 (en) 2014-11-18 2023-11-07 The Regents Of The University Of California Porous interconnected corrugated carbon-based network (ICCN) composite
US11891539B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2024-02-06 The Regents Of The University Of California Cellular graphene films
US10655020B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2020-05-19 The Regents Of The University Of California Cellular graphene films
US11118073B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2021-09-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Cellular graphene films
US10892109B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2021-01-12 The Regents Of The University Of California High-voltage devices
US11842850B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2023-12-12 The Regents Of The University Of California High-voltage devices
US10614968B2 (en) 2016-01-22 2020-04-07 The Regents Of The University Of California High-voltage devices
US11062855B2 (en) 2016-03-23 2021-07-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Devices and methods for high voltage and solar applications
US11961667B2 (en) 2016-03-23 2024-04-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Devices and methods for high voltage and solar applications
US10622163B2 (en) 2016-04-01 2020-04-14 The Regents Of The University Of California Direct growth of polyaniline nanotubes on carbon cloth for flexible and high-performance supercapacitors
US11097951B2 (en) 2016-06-24 2021-08-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Production of carbon-based oxide and reduced carbon-based oxide on a large scale
US11791453B2 (en) 2016-08-31 2023-10-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Devices comprising carbon-based material and fabrication thereof
US10938021B2 (en) 2016-08-31 2021-03-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Devices comprising carbon-based material and fabrication thereof
US11133134B2 (en) 2017-07-14 2021-09-28 The Regents Of The University Of California Simple route to highly conductive porous graphene from carbon nanodots for supercapacitor applications
US10938032B1 (en) 2019-09-27 2021-03-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Composite graphene energy storage methods, devices, and systems

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