WO1996003059A1 - Compositions for alkalinizing and energy-boosting drinks - Google Patents
Compositions for alkalinizing and energy-boosting drinks Download PDFInfo
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- WO1996003059A1 WO1996003059A1 PCT/EP1995/002908 EP9502908W WO9603059A1 WO 1996003059 A1 WO1996003059 A1 WO 1996003059A1 EP 9502908 W EP9502908 W EP 9502908W WO 9603059 A1 WO9603059 A1 WO 9603059A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
- A23L2/38—Other non-alcoholic beverages
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
- A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
- A23L2/60—Sweeteners
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L2/00—Non-alcoholic beverages; Dry compositions or concentrates therefor; Their preparation
- A23L2/52—Adding ingredients
- A23L2/68—Acidifying substances
Definitions
- the present invention refers to new compositions for alkalinizing and energy boosting drinks, useful for improving physical performance in sporting activities and having a pleasant flavour.
- Parry-Billings, M. et al. (Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. (1986) .55.:524-529) have described how ingestion of sodium citrate produces, due to a blocking effect which leads to increased pH and concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood, a significant performance improvement in physical exercise of the anaerobic type.
- McNaughton et al. (Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. (1990) 61;392-397 and Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
- European patent application EP-A-587972 describes sports drinks based on fruit juices which do not require sweeteners and, as a secondary aspect, contain a mixture of citric acid and malic acid as solubilizing agent calcium and magnesium ions, to be provided to the sportsperson. Yet neither is this an alkalinizing drink.
- the present invention relates to compositions for alkalinizing and energy boosting drinks comprising in aqueous solutions, the following essential components, expressed in g per 100 ml solution (ready-made drink): i) 2.5 to 5.5 g of trisodium citrate, expressed as anhydrous product, and ii) 0.2 to 1.2 g of citric acid expressed as anhydrous product or any concentrates thereof, optionally together with usual components such as energy-boosting substances, sweeteners, preservatives, colorants, flavouring, opacifiers, etc.
- the proportions of the essential components range between: i) 3.0 to 5.0 g of trisodium citrate, expressed as anhydride product, and ii) 0.3 to 0.7 g of citric acid.
- compositions of the invention may be provided in the form of a particulate, especially powdered or granular, solid mixture for dissolution or dispersion in water before use.
- the weight ratio of citrate:citric acid is in the range of 27:1 to 2:1, preferably 20:1 to 4:1, both weights expressed as anhydrous product.
- the sodium citrate may be substituted by up to 10 % by weight based on the total solids of component (i) of potassium citrate and/or by up to 15 % by weight of magnesium citrate, each based on the total solids of component (i)
- Both trisodium citrate and citric acid can be added separately to the composition, although it is preferable to prepare an integrated mixture of these components by desiccation of an aqueous solution of same, in suitable proportions, in order to obtain a homogeneous complex which permits better dispensing and dissolution.
- the ratio by weight between the trisodium citrate and the citric acid, both expressed as anhydride product is preferably between 20:1 and 4:1, the most advantageous ratio lying close to
- compositions of the invention permit the use of most of those authorized and available commercially.
- compositions of the invention can be made up by dissolution or dispersion of their components in water, for direct consumption as bottled/canned drinks, or by means of mixing and granulating of the components, as applicable, in the form of powdered or granular solid components which can be dissolved in the appropriate quantity of water at the time of use thereof.
- the drinks thus made up present a pH ranging between 4.5 and
- compositions further present a marked energy-boosting effect, for both the sugar they contain, fructose for example, and the sodium citrate itself, are typical energy-boosting ingredients.
- the compositions are suitable to make up for energy deficits arising during physical exercise of long duration due to excessive glucose consumption.
- the drinks obtained with the compositions of the invention have a pleasant taste, are easily to consume and scarcely distinguishable from the refreshment drinks habitually used to replace fluids and electrolytes. Thus means that consumption of such drinks no longer constitutes an uncomfortable or unpleasant act for sportspersons, such as that involved for example in ingestion of sodium bicarbonate, but instead a refreshing and pleasant act before starting their effort or in the course of same.
- the compositions of the present invention are therefore useful as sports drink, food supplement, or dietetical.
- test persons were subjected to loads of 50 , 100 W, 150 W, 200 and 250 W. This load was increased progressively in steps of three minutes until the individual reached 170 pulsations. At this time the test was discontinued and the recovery pulsations were registered 1, 3 and 5 minutes after the effort. The data obtained was used to calculate the V0 2 max/kg/min. The heart rate was recorded every 5 seconds using conventional devices.
- the load test was carried out 1 hour after taking 125 ml of the drink according to example 1. The tests were repeated under identical conditions after 48 hours without taking any substance. Of the 10 individuals that were subjected to the first test five were selected at random for a second test under the same conditions except ingesting 250 ml of said drink. No side effects or intolerance was observed at the administered dose. No variations of the heart rate parameters, comsumption of oxygen or recovery after the effort were observed in the test persons that took 125 ml of the citrate complex compared to the control group which did not take the complex. In the group which ingested 250 ml of the citrate complex significant differences were detected in the heart rate at the end of the test, oxygen consumption and time of recovery after the effort in four of the five individuals studied.
- the study of the urinary pH demonstrated an alkalinization of the urine one hour after taking both, 125 and 250 ml of the citrate complex drink. This alkalinization continued up to two hours in the individuals that took 250 ml of the drink except in the two individuals which had a high weight relation to their height. The sensation of tiredness was much lower in the test persons that had ingested 250 ml of the drink.
- the results show the usefulness of the citrate complex at a dose of 10 g in improving the performance in aerobic exercise and in shortening the recovery period.
- the tympanic temperature was measured by infrared thermography before and after the test.
- the desaturation of hemoglobin and myoglobin (Hb/Mb) in the muscles as a result of the exercise was determined by near-infrared-spectroscopy.
- the parameter used to evaluate the re-oxigenation of the Hb/Mb after the exercise was the recovery time (T 1/2) since there is a relationship between the T 1/2 and the total time of a race.
- T 1/2 of re-saturation of the Hb/Mb was significantly shorter than in the placebo group (p ⁇ 0.01).
- the citrate complex alkalinizes blood 45 minutes after ingestion. This alkalinizing effect is maintained throughout the test, even at higher work loads.
- the bicarbonate level is also maintained higher during the test. This can be interpreted as a decrease of the requirement of the muscular mass.
- the tolerance of the preparation was excellent, no side effects were observed.
- the bicarbonate values are analogous to those of the pH values. There is a statistically significant difference (p ⁇ 0.05) in favour of the group that took the citrate complex. The fact that the bicarbonate blood levels are maintained higher may be interpreted as there being less requirements from the muscular tissue in case the citrate complex is given.
- a drink is prepared by mixing and dissolving the following components in the quantities indicated:
- composition is made up in the form of a solid granulate containing the following components in the quantities indicated:
- Example 3 (comparative example)
- a drink is prepared by mixing and dissolving of the following components in the quantities indicated:
- Each of the members of a panel of 10 consumers was given 250 ml of the drink prepared in example 3 and 250 ml of that prepared in example 1, both having been precooled to 7°C.
- Example 4 In the same way as in example 1, maintaining the quantities of the components except for the anhydrous trisodium citrate and citric acid, the following drinks were prepared:
- an effervescent granulate which is quickly soluble in water, is made with the following components and quantities:
- the granulate obtained is packaged and supplied for preparation, by dissolution in approximately 200 ml of water, of a drink similar to that described in example 1.
- Example 6 Using conventional mixing and granulation techniques, a solid granulate is made up with a selected size ranging from 200 to 400 microns, and afterwards coated using an acrylic resin compound that is also soluble in water thus improving the taste of the drink prepared by stirring the granulate in approximately 200 ml of water before the intake.
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Abstract
New compositions for alkalinizing and energy boosting drinks, useful for improving physical performance in sporting activities and having a pleasant flavour are provided. Said compositions comprise in aqueous solution the following essential components per 100 ml of ready-made drink: i) 2.5 to 5.5 g of trisodium and/or tripotassium citrate, expressed as anhydrous product, and ii) 0.2 to 1.2 g of citric acid.
Description
COMPOSITIONS FOR ALKALINIZING AND ENERGY-BOOSTING DRINKS
Field of the art
The present invention refers to new compositions for alkalinizing and energy boosting drinks, useful for improving physical performance in sporting activities and having a pleasant flavour.
State of the art.
It is unanimously acknowledged that muscular fatigue produced during intense physical exercise is largely caused by metabolic acidosis, that is, by an increased concentration of hydrogen ions due fundamentally to the production of lactic acid during the anaerobic metabolism of glucose.
Parry-Billings, M. et al. (Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. (1986) .55.:524-529) have described how ingestion of sodium citrate produces, due to a blocking effect which leads to increased pH and concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood, a significant performance improvement in physical exercise of the anaerobic type. McNaughton et al. (Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. (1990) 61;392-397 and Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. (1992) 6J.:36-41) have described how sodium citrate is an effective ergogenic aid for improving efficacy in physical exercise of the anaerobic type, from doses equal to or exceeding 0.1 g of sodium citrate per kg of weight, suggesting that a dose of 0.5 g of sodium citrate per kg of body weight can improve the efficacy of a sportsperson subjected to intense physical exercise lasting from 120 to 240 seconds. The aforesaid authors carried out trials by supplying the sports- persons with solutions of sodium citrate flavoured to mask, at least partially, their unpleasant taste.
Patent SU-1741172 of the former Soviet Union, archived by Derwent Publications Inc. under access no. 93-174756, describes how it is possible to adapt the organism to withstand physical effort better by oral administration of a mixture containing certain proportions of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate and magnesium sulphate, in doses ranging from 0.8 to 1 g per kg of weight every 24 hours. The trials were conducted on laboratory animals and suggest that the invention could find an application in sports medicine. It in no way raises the question of how to correct or eradicate the unpleasant saline taste of said substances.
Thus, given the doses of alkalinizing agent necessary to provide a clear improved-performance effect during physical exercise, it is essential for the preparation of alkalinizing drinks for that purpose to make up aqueous solutions which contain high proportions of said alkalinizing agent, for otherwise the volume of liquid the sportsperson would have to drink would be excessive. If it is intended to use sodium citrate as alkalinizing agent, which is the most suitable agent in the light of the descriptions mentioned above, the problem of unpleasant flavour of the aqueous solutions containing relatively high concentrations of said agent. This flavour is very difficult to mask exclusively by the use of aromatic and flavouring agents.
There are, further, a number of well-known and widely distributed refreshment drinks for sportspersons, such as those commercialized under the registered trade marks IsostarΦ, GatoradeΦ and Aquarius®, whose main objective consists in supplying the sportsperson with the fluids and electrolytes lost during physical exercise. Said drinks contain very low quantities of mineral salts, since they do not seek to have an alkalinizing effect, for which reason it is not very difficult to endow them with a pleasant taste.
Among this type of drinks for sportspersons, European patent application EP-A-202106 describes a drink for replacing body fluids and electrolytes. Although its main objective lies in the use of magnesium aspartate or orotate, the drink contains 0.05 to 0.6 g of citric acid and from 0.2 to 0.6 g of potassium citrate per 250 ml of water. Such quantities which are clearly too low to
produce an alkalinizing effect. Published Japanese patent application JP-A-01060360, whose main objective lies in the inclusion of palatine saccharide in the composition, posits by way of example a drink made up by dilution in 150 - 200 ml of water of 50 - 60 g of a powdered concentrate which, amongst other components, contains 3% citric acid and 0.4% sodium citrate. Given the small proportion of sodium citrate used, it is also clear in this case that it is not an alkalinizing drink, but rather an energy supplement. Finally, European patent application EP-A-587972 describes sports drinks based on fruit juices which do not require sweeteners and, as a secondary aspect, contain a mixture of citric acid and malic acid as solubilizing agent calcium and magnesium ions, to be provided to the sportsperson. Yet neither is this an alkalinizing drink.
The solutions proposed to date for sports drinks thus do not serve to make alkalinizing drinks capable of preventing and mitigating the metabolic acidosis which arises in sportspersons subjected to intense physical exercise, or to improve their performance, while at the same time having a pleasant taste which permits good acceptance thereof amongst sportspersons.
Indeed, probably due to problems deriving from their unpleasant taste, the authors of the present invention are not aware of any drink having been commercialized to date which is alkalinizing, non-therapeutic and destined for utilization and consumption as an improver of efficacy of the physical performance of healthy sportspersons.
Problem of the invention
The problem underlying the present invention therefore is to provide compositions for alkalinizing and energy boosting drinks, useful for improving physical performance in sports activities, which drinks, despite containing a high proportion of sodium citrate, have a pleasant taste and are easily accepted by sportspersons.
Description of the invention
The present invention relates to compositions for alkalinizing and energy boosting drinks comprising in aqueous solutions, the following essential components, expressed in g per 100 ml solution (ready-made drink): i) 2.5 to 5.5 g of trisodium citrate, expressed as anhydrous product, and ii) 0.2 to 1.2 g of citric acid expressed as anhydrous product or any concentrates thereof, optionally together with usual components such as energy-boosting substances, sweeteners, preservatives, colorants, flavouring, opacifiers, etc.
Advantageously, the proportions of the essential components, expressed in g per 100 ml of ready-made drink, range between: i) 3.0 to 5.0 g of trisodium citrate, expressed as anhydride product, and ii) 0.3 to 0.7 g of citric acid.
If the composition contains 2.5 to 5.5 g trisodium citrate and 0.2 to 1.2 g citric acid per 100 ml aqueous solution, it is ready for use (drink). If the composition contains more than said amounts (but in the corresponding ratio), it is a concentrate which is to be diluted before use to contain the above mentioned amounts. Further, the compositions of the invention may be provided in the form of a particulate, especially powdered or granular, solid mixture for dissolution or dispersion in water before use. The weight ratio of citrate:citric acid is in the range of 27:1 to 2:1, preferably 20:1 to 4:1, both weights expressed as anhydrous product.
In order to provide the physiologically necessary potassium and magnesium, the sodium citrate may be substituted by up to 10 % by weight based on the total solids of component (i) of potassium citrate and/or by up to 15 % by weight of magnesium citrate, each based on the total solids of component (i)
The authors of the present invention have found, surprisingly, that when trisodium and optionally tripotassium and/or magnesium citrate in association with a lower proportion
of citric acid is used the saline flavour of the drinks is substantially masked or is much easier to mask by utilization of the usual sweetening and flavouring agent.
Both trisodium citrate and citric acid can be added separately to the composition, although it is preferable to prepare an integrated mixture of these components by desiccation of an aqueous solution of same, in suitable proportions, in order to obtain a homogeneous complex which permits better dispensing and dissolution. The ratio by weight between the trisodium citrate and the citric acid, both expressed as anhydride product is preferably between 20:1 and 4:1, the most advantageous ratio lying close to
9:1.
Preferably, at least one sugar as additional energy boosting substance is added to the composition. The quantity is preferably in the range of 2.0 g to 5.0 g per 100 ml of made-up ready-to- consume drink. The preferred sugar is fructose.
Amongst suitable sweeteners, taking account of the fact that the compositions may contain sugars, saccharine and the cyclamates may be mentioned by way of example. Especially preferred as a sweetener, alone or in combination with those mentioned above, is Neohesperidin® dihydrochalcone marketed by the firm Exquim, S.A. (Spain).
In respect of the other minor components, preservatives, flavouring agents, colorants, opacifiers, etc., the compositions of the invention permit the use of most of those authorized and available commercially.
The compositions of the invention can be made up by dissolution or dispersion of their components in water, for direct consumption as bottled/canned drinks, or by means of mixing and granulating of the components, as applicable, in the form of powdered or granular solid components which can be dissolved in the appropriate quantity of water at the time of use thereof. The drinks thus made up present a pH ranging between 4.5 and
6, and it is advisable that they be consumed precooled to a temperature between 5°C and 13°C.
The compositions of the invention provide drinks which.
owing to the alkalinizing blocking effect of the sodium citrate, if consumed prior (at least 45 minutes) to sporting activity or during it in the case of prolonged effort, produce a significant improvement in the physical performance of sportspersons. They act on the one hand by delaying the onset of fatigue and, on the other hand, by shortening the recovery-time of the sportsperson. Preferably, the composition should be given such that the intake of sodium citrate is from 0,3 to 0,5 g/kg body weight/day. This quantity can be divided depending on the type of sports activity and its duration.
Said compositions further present a marked energy-boosting effect, for both the sugar they contain, fructose for example, and the sodium citrate itself, are typical energy-boosting ingredients. Thus, the compositions are suitable to make up for energy deficits arising during physical exercise of long duration due to excessive glucose consumption.
In chronic application it is preferable to substitute potassium and magnesium citrate for part of the sodium citrate - in doses which exclude the typical adverse effects of these substances - to normalize the electrolyte metabolism altered by an intensive anaerobic exercise.
The drinks obtained with the compositions of the invention have a pleasant taste, are easily to consume and scarcely distinguishable from the refreshment drinks habitually used to replace fluids and electrolytes. Thus means that consumption of such drinks no longer constitutes an uncomfortable or unpleasant act for sportspersons, such as that involved for example in ingestion of sodium bicarbonate, but instead a refreshing and pleasant act before starting their effort or in the course of same. Thus, the compositions of the present invention are therefore useful as sports drink, food supplement, or dietetical.
Biological Studies
1. Double blind, controlled study compared to placebo, of the plasma concentrations of the trisodium citrate-citric acid complex.
In a controlled study with five healthy volunteers, habitual
sportsmen, the plasma levels of said complex were determined. A blood sample was taken from the test persons for basal determination of the above complex (in the following also referred to as citrate complex). Thereafter, the test persons ingested 250 ml of the drink according to example 1 or of placebo. Subsequently they were submitted to an ' effort of sustained muscular contraction. After 45 minutes a second blood sample and finally after 60 minutes a third blood sample was taken. After 45 minutes a significant difference in the plasma citrate concentration between the citrate complex and placebo was observed (p = 0.006 for the basal level compared to 45 minutes) similary results were obtained after 60 minutes (p = 0.001 for the basal level compared to 60 minutes). On the basis of these results it is recommended to ingest the compositions according to the present invention at least 45 minutes before beginning of any sports activity since maximum levels of citrate complex in plasma are obtained after 45 minutes.
2. Study on the influence of the citrate complex on the times needed for 100 and 400 meters by swimmers
A group of 4 Olympic-level swimmers, 2 in the 100 m freestyle event and 2 in the 400 m freestyle event, carried out a series in their speciality under competition conditions and, after one week, in the same swimming pool and under the same conditions, they repeated the series one hour after each swimmer has ingested 500 ml of the made-up drink according to example 1 (cooled to 7°C) .
In the second series all the swimmers improved their times significantly and expressed their subjective impressions of having felt much less tired than at the end of the first series.
Similarly, all the swimmers stated that the drink was pleasant to take, considering it in this respect similar to a usual sports refreshment drink.
3. Dose-activity-relationship of the citrate complex in the performance in aerobic exercises
The study was carried out with ten healthy test persons, which are habitual sportsmen and practice from 10 to 15 hours of an aerobic typ sport a week. Their ages were ranging between 18 and 40 years.
The test persons were subjected to loads of 50 , 100 W, 150 W, 200 and 250 W. This load was increased progressively in steps of three minutes until the individual reached 170 pulsations. At this time the test was discontinued and the recovery pulsations were registered 1, 3 and 5 minutes after the effort. The data obtained was used to calculate the V02 max/kg/min. The heart rate was recorded every 5 seconds using conventional devices.
At the same time the urinary pH was determined with a digital pH meter in the basal state and one hour and two hours after taking the citrate complex.
The load test was carried out 1 hour after taking 125 ml of the drink according to example 1. The tests were repeated under identical conditions after 48 hours without taking any substance. Of the 10 individuals that were subjected to the first test five were selected at random for a second test under the same conditions except ingesting 250 ml of said drink. No side effects or intolerance was observed at the administered dose. No variations of the heart rate parameters, comsumption of oxygen or recovery after the effort were observed in the test persons that took 125 ml of the citrate complex compared to the control group which did not take the complex. In the group which ingested 250 ml of the citrate complex significant differences were detected in the heart rate at the end of the test, oxygen consumption and time of recovery after the effort in four of the five individuals studied. The study of the urinary pH demonstrated an alkalinization of the urine one hour after taking both, 125 and 250 ml of the citrate complex drink. This alkalinization continued up to two hours in the individuals that took 250 ml of the drink except in the two individuals which had a high weight relation to their height. The
sensation of tiredness was much lower in the test persons that had ingested 250 ml of the drink.
The results show the usefulness of the citrate complex at a dose of 10 g in improving the performance in aerobic exercise and in shortening the recovery period.
4. Double blind, randomized, controlled clinical study on the effects of the citrate complex on physical exercise, acid-base balance and muscular deoxigenation.
High intensity exercises produced an accumulation of large quantities of lactate and H+ ions in the contractile muscular mass. Both ions have been considered as factors that especially contribute to the appearance of fatigue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an alkalinizing composition of the present invention on the modification of blood pH, p02, pC02, lactate plasma concentra¬ tions, ventilation, V02 and elimination of C02 (VC02) in nine trained runners during and after a maximum stress trial on a tread mill.
The tympanic temperature was measured by infrared thermography before and after the test. The desaturation of hemoglobin and myoglobin (Hb/Mb) in the muscles as a result of the exercise was determined by near-infrared-spectroscopy. The parameter used to evaluate the re-oxigenation of the Hb/Mb after the exercise was the recovery time (T 1/2) since there is a relationship between the T 1/2 and the total time of a race.
The protocol used in this study was similar to that published by Kovalckuck et al, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. (1989) 58: 858-864. After a light breakfast the control samples were taken. The test persons then rested 20 minutes and subsequently took 500 ml of the drink according to example 1 or placebo. The exercise was begun 45 minutes after injestion and consisted in running on the tread mill at 33 % and 66 % of V02 max during 20 minutes and at 90 % of the V02max until exhaustion.
In the test persons that took the citrate complex higher values of the blood pH and sodium bicarbonate plasma level were observed in the period following ingestion as compared to the placebo. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05) throughout the exercise and during the recovery period.
The resistance time during the exercise at 90 % of V02 max after ingestion of the citrate complex equally improved (p < 0.05) .
T 1/2 of re-saturation of the Hb/Mb was significantly shorter than in the placebo group (p < 0.01).
From the test results the following conclusions can be taken:
The citrate complex alkalinizes blood 45 minutes after ingestion. This alkalinizing effect is maintained throughout the test, even at higher work loads.
The bicarbonate level is also maintained higher during the test. This can be interpreted as a decrease of the requirement of the muscular mass.
At the highest load the athlets were capable of running longer after taking the citrate complex. Mean difference: 66.9 seconds (IC 95 % 5.31-128.50).
During recovery a shorter time to reach the initial pH-value was observed when the citrate complex had been ingested. This was due to the more alkaline pH at which the test was ended, in spite of the exercise time at the highest load.
The tolerance of the preparation was excellent, no side effects were observed.
The results obtained for the most important parameters are summarized in figures 1 to 3.
5. Double blind, randomized, controlled clinical study of the effect of the citrate complex on anaerobic exercise.
A total of 17 soccer players pertaining to a team participating in the World Cup 1994 were previously submitted to a controlled effort test in order to determine their V02 max and the rate to reach. In order to imitate the effort of soccer player during the game as closely as posible the test consisted
in a series of three minutes duration with pauses of two minutes. Each test person attempted to reach maximum effort. During the pauses blood was taken from the ear lobe and the biochemical controls were carried out immediately. The test persons randomly took 500 ml of the drink according to example 1 or of placebo according to the cross-over method 45 minutes before beginning the test on an ergonomic tread mill. The following results were obtained:
The blood pH values during the test were significantly higher in the citrate group (p < 0.05). From minute five the pH recovery rate was significantly faster after ingesting the preparation (p = 0.01). Therefore, the time to return to the initial pH is considerably shorter (p < 0.001). This means 4.7 to 16.8 minutes less time when calculating the confidence interval.
The bicarbonate values are analogous to those of the pH values. There is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in favour of the group that took the citrate complex. The fact that the bicarbonate blood levels are maintained higher may be interpreted as there being less requirements from the muscular tissue in case the citrate complex is given.
The recovery time was also much more rapid since the blood bicarbonate reached its normal values in a significantly short period of time (p < 0.001). Considering the confidence limits this means at least 5.5 minutes.
The differences observed in the average re-oxygenation time are in favour of the citrate complex group. This would contribute to a more rapid recovery after intense exercise.
The results of the present study confirm the usefulness of the citrate complex to improve different biochemical parameters, especially the recovery time. It was observed in a highly significant manner that the values of the blood pH and bicarbonate as well as the average reoxigenation time of hemoglobin are normalized more quickly. All this contributes considerably to a more rapid recovery of a sportsman.
All test persons stated that they felt much less tired after taking the citrate complex.
The tolerance of the citrate complex was excellent and no side effects were observed.
The most significant results of the present study are summarized in figures 4 to 6.
The following examples are given for a better understanding of the present invention, though they should not be taken as limitations of same.
Example 1
A drink is prepared by mixing and dissolving the following components in the quantities indicated:
Anhydrous trisodium citrate 10.00 g
Citric acid 1.00 g Fructose 7.50 g
Neohesperidin DC® 0.006 g
Sodium saccharine 0.02 g
Potassium sorbate 0.25 g
Colorant, flavouring, opacifier 0.38 g Water q.s. 250 ml
Example 2
Using conventional mixing and granulation techniques, a composition is made up in the form of a solid granulate containing the following components in the quantities indicated:
Anhydrous trisodium citrate 9.00 g
Citric acid 0.80 g
Fructose 7.00 g
Neohesperidin DC® 0.006 g Sodium saccharine 0.02 g
Potassium sorbate 0.25 g
Colorant, flavouring, opacifier 0.38 g
The granulate obtained is packaged and supplied for preparation, by dissolution in approximately 200 ml of water, of a drink of similar characteristics to that described in example 1.
Example 3 (comparative example)
A drink is prepared by mixing and dissolving of the following components in the quantities indicated:
Anhydrous trisodium citrate 10.00 g
Fructose 7.50 g
Neohesperidin DC® 0.006 g
Sodium saccharine 0.02 g
Potassium sorbate 0.25 g Colorant, flavouring, opacifier 0.38 g
Water q.s. 250 ml
Each of the members of a panel of 10 consumers was given 250 ml of the drink prepared in example 3 and 250 ml of that prepared in example 1, both having been precooled to 7°C.
Each of the panellists was asked to state his/her subjective opinion of the flavour of both drinks.
All panellists stated their marked preference regarding the flavour of the example 1 drink (with citric acid), specifying that the example 3 drink (without citric acid) had an unpleasant saline taste, despite the "essences", while the example 1 drink was "refreshing" and pleasant to drink.
Example 4 In the same way as in example 1, maintaining the quantities of the components except for the anhydrous trisodium citrate and citric acid, the following drinks were prepared:
Drink Anhydrous Citric acid sodium citrate (g) (g)
A 8.0 0.8
B 11.0 1.1
C 12.0 1.2
D 9.5 0.9
E 10.5 0.2
A comparative test was implemented, as described for example 3, and the subjective opinions of the 10 panellists expressed a clear acceptance of the flavour of drinks A, B, C and D, and rejection of drink E.
Example 5
Using conventional dry manufacturing techniques, an effervescent granulate which is quickly soluble in water, is made with the following components and quantities:
Anhydrous trisodium citrate 9.00 g
Sodium bicarbonate 1.31 g
Citrid acid 1.80 g
Fructose 7.00 g Neohesperidin DC® 0.006 g
Sodium saccharine 0.02 g
Potassium sorbate 0.25 g
Colorant, flavouring, opacifier 0.38 g
The granulate obtained is packaged and supplied for preparation, by dissolution in approximately 200 ml of water, of a drink similar to that described in example 1.
Example 6 Using conventional mixing and granulation techniques, a solid granulate is made up with a selected size ranging from 200 to 400 microns, and afterwards coated using an acrylic resin compound that is also soluble in water thus improving the taste of the drink prepared by stirring the granulate in approximately 200 ml of water before the intake.
Anhydrous trisodium citrate 9.00 g
Sodium bicarbonate 1.31 g
Citric acid 1.80 g Fructose 7.00 g
Neohesperidin DC® 0.006 g
Sodium saccharine 0.02 g
Potassium sorbate 0.25 g
Acrylic resin (Eudragit®E) 1.75 g
Colorant, flavouring, opacifier 0.38 g
Example 7 In the same way as in example 5 a drink is prepared by dissolving the following formulation in approximately 200 ml of water.
Anhydrous trisodium citrate 8.00 g
Potassium citrate monohydrate 1.00 g Citric acid 1.80 g
Fructose 7.00 g
Neohesperidin DC® 0.006 g
Sodium saccharine 0.0.2 g
Potassium sorbate 0.25 g Colorant, flavouring, opacifier 0.38 g
Example 8
In the same way as in example 6 a granulate is prepared with the following formula, for intake the granulate is dissolved in approximately 200 ml of water by stirring.
Anhydrous trisodium citrate 7.50 g
Anhydrous magnesium citrate 1.50 g
Sodium bicarbonate 1.31 g Citric acid 1.80 g
Fructose 7.00 g
Neohesperidin DC® 0.006 g
Sodium saccharine 0.02 g
Potassium sorbate 0.25 g Acrylic resin (Eudragit®E) 1.75 g
Colorant, flavouring, opacifier 0.38 g
Claims
1. A composition for alkalinizing and energy boosting drinks comprising in aqueous solution the following essential components per 100 ml of ready-made drink: i) 2.5 to 5.5 g of trisodium citrate, expressed as anhydrous product, and ii) 0.2 to 1.2 g of citric acid, and concentrates thereof.
2. Composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising per 100 ml of ready made drink: i) 3.0 to 5.0 g of trisodium citrate, expressed as anhydrous product, and ii) 0.3 to 0.7 g of citric acid, and concentrates thereof.
3. Composition as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the ratio by weight between the trisodium citrate, and the citric acid, is from 20:1 to 4:1.
4. Composition as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein component (i) includes up to 10 % tripotassium citrate.
5. The composition of any of the preceding claims, wherein component (i) includes up to 15 % magnesium citrate.
6. Compositions, as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, additionally comprising 2.0 g to 5.0 g of fructose per 100 ml ready-made drink.
7. Compositions, as claimed in any of the preceding claims, additionally comprising Neohesperidin DC® as a sweetener.
8. Composition for alkalinizing drinks in the form of a dry particulate mixture to be dissolved and/or dispersed in water at the time of use, comprising trisodium and/or tripotassium citrate and citric acid in a weight ratio of 20:1 to 4:1.
9. The use of a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 for improving physical performance.
10. The use of citric acid for masking the taste of an aqueous composition comprising at least 2.5 to 5.5 g trisodium and/or tripotassium citrate per 100 ml composition.
11. A method for improving physical performance which comprises administering a composition as defined in any of claims 1 to 8 prior to or during sporting activity.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU31647/95A AU3164795A (en) | 1994-07-27 | 1995-07-22 | Compositions for alkalinizing and energy-boosting drinks |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESP9401649 | 1994-07-27 | ||
| ES09401649A ES2081263B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 | 1994-07-27 | COMPOSITION FOR ALCALIZING AND ENERGIZING DRINKS WITH NICE TASTE TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1996003059A1 true WO1996003059A1 (en) | 1996-02-08 |
Family
ID=8287060
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP1995/002908 WO1996003059A1 (en) | 1994-07-27 | 1995-07-22 | Compositions for alkalinizing and energy-boosting drinks |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU3164795A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2081263B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1996003059A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003026444A1 (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2003-04-03 | Ökopharm Forschungs- Und Entwicklungs Gmbh | Mixture of base-containing micronutrient substances |
| FR2867355A1 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-16 | Christophe Hausswirth | Pulverized preparation, useful to treat e.g. muscular fatigue, for sports men and persons accomplishing physical efforts comprises mineral salts, vitamins, bioflavonoides, carotenoids and alkaline metal citrate with diluting agent |
| EP2080437A1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-07-22 | Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC | Potassium fortification in foodstuffs |
| WO2018053658A1 (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | BIANCO, Moira | Beverage, in particular for use as energy and sports drink |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2545836B1 (en) * | 2014-03-13 | 2016-07-07 | Elaborados Castellano, S.L. | Vigil enhancer composition, and uses thereof |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU523687A1 (en) * | 1974-03-27 | 1976-08-05 | Ленинградский межотраслевой научно-исследовательский институт пищевой промышленности | Dry soft drink |
| GB1480902A (en) * | 1974-08-01 | 1977-07-27 | Schweppes Ltd | Pasteurisation of beverages |
| EP0202106A2 (en) * | 1985-05-13 | 1986-11-20 | George H. Clark | A beverage and method of making a beverage for the replacement of body fluids and electrolytes |
| JPS6460360A (en) * | 1987-08-31 | 1989-03-07 | Mitsui Sugar Co | Sport drink for supplying energy |
| SU1741172A1 (en) * | 1989-08-24 | 1992-06-15 | Симферопольский государственный университет им.М.В.Фрунзе | Method for achieving adaptation to physical loadings |
| EP0587972A1 (en) * | 1992-09-18 | 1994-03-23 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Sports drink without added sugar or artificial sweetener |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2553444C3 (en) * | 1975-11-28 | 1983-12-01 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Process for the production of largely anhydrous granules consisting of sodium citrate and citric acid for the use of effervescent preparations |
| FR2687291B1 (en) * | 1992-02-17 | 1994-06-03 | Sfbd Vivis | SPORTS FOOD AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF. |
-
1994
- 1994-07-27 ES ES09401649A patent/ES2081263B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-07-22 WO PCT/EP1995/002908 patent/WO1996003059A1/en active Application Filing
- 1995-07-22 AU AU31647/95A patent/AU3164795A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| SU523687A1 (en) * | 1974-03-27 | 1976-08-05 | Ленинградский межотраслевой научно-исследовательский институт пищевой промышленности | Dry soft drink |
| GB1480902A (en) * | 1974-08-01 | 1977-07-27 | Schweppes Ltd | Pasteurisation of beverages |
| EP0202106A2 (en) * | 1985-05-13 | 1986-11-20 | George H. Clark | A beverage and method of making a beverage for the replacement of body fluids and electrolytes |
| JPS6460360A (en) * | 1987-08-31 | 1989-03-07 | Mitsui Sugar Co | Sport drink for supplying energy |
| SU1741172A1 (en) * | 1989-08-24 | 1992-06-15 | Симферопольский государственный университет им.М.В.Фрунзе | Method for achieving adaptation to physical loadings |
| EP0587972A1 (en) * | 1992-09-18 | 1994-03-23 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Sports drink without added sugar or artificial sweetener |
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| DATABASE WPI Section Ch Week 7719, Derwent World Patents Index; Class D13, AN 77-33998Y * |
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| S.BUDAVARI ET AL.: "The Merck Index,eleventh edition", MERCK, RAHWAY,N.J. * |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003026444A1 (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2003-04-03 | Ökopharm Forschungs- Und Entwicklungs Gmbh | Mixture of base-containing micronutrient substances |
| FR2867355A1 (en) * | 2004-03-11 | 2005-09-16 | Christophe Hausswirth | Pulverized preparation, useful to treat e.g. muscular fatigue, for sports men and persons accomplishing physical efforts comprises mineral salts, vitamins, bioflavonoides, carotenoids and alkaline metal citrate with diluting agent |
| EP2080437A1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-07-22 | Kraft Foods Global Brands LLC | Potassium fortification in foodstuffs |
| US9017748B2 (en) | 2007-12-28 | 2015-04-28 | Kraft Foods Group Brands Llc | Potassium fortification in foodstuffs |
| WO2018053658A1 (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | BIANCO, Moira | Beverage, in particular for use as energy and sports drink |
| CH712981A1 (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2018-03-29 | Moira Bianco | Beverage, in particular for use as an energy and sports drink. |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2081263A1 (en) | 1996-02-16 |
| AU3164795A (en) | 1996-02-22 |
| ES2081263B1 (en) | 1996-09-01 |
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