WO1996001927A1 - Reinforced pillar of stabilized soil and investigation of its physical properties - Google Patents

Reinforced pillar of stabilized soil and investigation of its physical properties Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996001927A1
WO1996001927A1 PCT/SE1995/000838 SE9500838W WO9601927A1 WO 1996001927 A1 WO1996001927 A1 WO 1996001927A1 SE 9500838 W SE9500838 W SE 9500838W WO 9601927 A1 WO9601927 A1 WO 9601927A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pillar
reinforcing member
soil
torque
process according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1995/000838
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Rainer Massarsch
Björn Lundahl
Original Assignee
Stabilator Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Stabilator Ab filed Critical Stabilator Ab
Priority to AU29954/95A priority Critical patent/AU2995495A/en
Publication of WO1996001927A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996001927A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
    • E02D5/36—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making without use of mouldpipes or other moulds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N3/30—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
    • G01N2203/001—Impulsive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
    • G01N2203/0019—Compressive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
    • G01N2203/0021—Torsional
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
    • G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
    • G01N2203/0032—Generation of the force using mechanical means
    • G01N2203/0039—Hammer or pendulum

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for reinforcing a pillar of stabilized soil in accordance with the preamble of patent claim 1, a reinforcing member for use in carrying out said process and processes for testing a pillar of stabilized soil, using said reinforcing member.
  • Stabilizing soil by producing pillars of stabilized soil directly in the ground is a method which has been known for quite some time, the so-called lime-pillar method. With the aid of this method, it is possible to improve the strength of fine grain low strength soil, such as clay, silt or organic dirt .
  • the method involves inserting a stabilizing material into the soil with the aid of a mixing tool which is moved down into the soil to the desired maximum stabilization depth. The mixing tool is then drawn slowly upwards at the same time as the stabilization material is distributed under pressure while the mixing tool rotates to mix the stabiliza ⁇ tion material sufficiently with the soil.
  • the stabilization material used consists of a dry powder material, such as quicklime or hydrated lime, plaster, cement, fly ash or a combination of said materials.
  • the choice of stabilization material and the amount mixed in is of importance for the rigidity of the stabilized soil pillar and its compression properties.
  • quicklime was commonly used as a stabilizing material, but lately, cement has also been used to a greater extent. In certain cases, only cement is used as a stabilizing material, due to the fact that cement, in many types of soil provides a more rapid and greater increase in the strength of the pillar. Cement is in many countries also an easily obtained and inexpensive material.
  • Pillars of stabilized soil have recently come into use for stabilizing soil under high road and railway embankments and for steep slopes and deep shafts. These applications place great demands on the homogeneity and strength of each indi ⁇ vidual pillar, since the stability of a road embankment or a slope is determined to a large extent by the weakest portion of such a stabilization. Therefore, great demands must be placed on the quality and homogeneity of the pillars.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to achieve a process for reinforcing a pillar of stabilized soil and a reinforcing member for use in carrying out said process as well as a process for testing the pillar with the aid of the reinfor ⁇ cing member. This is done by means of a process with the features disclosed in the characterizing clause of Claim 1, a reinforcing member with the features disclosed in the char- acterizing clause of claim 5 and testing processes with the features disclosed in the characterizing clauses of Claims 10 and 11.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic side view of a device for producing a pillar of stabilized soil
  • Fig. 2 shows a schematic longitudinal section through a pillar of stabilized soil, made by means of the process according to the invention
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic side view of a torque-transmitting member according to the invention
  • Fig. 4 is an end view of a pillar of stabilized soil with a torque-transmitting member as shown in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 1 shows a device which is known per se for producing a pillar of stabilized soil.
  • This device comprises a mixing tool 1, which in the case shown has two rings 2 to be pressed down into the soil.
  • the mixing tool 1 is supported by a hollow rod 3, which in use rotates in the direction of the arrow 4.
  • a stabilizing agent such as lime, cement or similar material, with the aid of compressed air.
  • the mixing tool 1 is rotated down into the soil to the desired maximum stabi ⁇ lizing depth, and is then slowly pulled up at the same time as a predetermined amount of stabilizing agent is dispensed.
  • Fig. 1 shows as well a reinforcing member 5 according to the invention, which is inserted in the hollow rod 3 and projects out from the lower end.
  • the reinforcing member 5 is provided at its lower end with an anchoring means 6 in the form of wings to facilitate insertion of the reinforcing member 5 into the soil.
  • the reinforcing member 5 is inserted into the soil together with the mixing tool 1, but when the mixing tool 1 is pulled up, the reinforcing member 5 remains in the soil, and the anchoring means 6 provides an anchor against the lower portion of the produced pillar of stabilized soil.
  • Fig. 2 shows schematically a longitudinal section through a pillar 7 of stabilized soil. This figure also shows the rein ⁇ forcing member 5 with the anchoring means 6 as well as an anchoring means 8 which is fixed to the reinforcing member 5 at its end located near the soil surface 9.
  • Fig. 2 also shows a number of vibration sensors 10, which are mounted in the reinforcing member 5 at predetermined distances from its upper end, i.e. the end located at the soil surface 9.
  • the vibration sensors 10 are electrically coupled to a registering device (not shown) for a purpose which will be described in more detail below.
  • Fig. 3 shows a torque-transmitting means 11.
  • This torque- transmitting means 11 consists of a pipe 12 and flanges or wings 13 arranged thereon.
  • the flanges 13 extend essentially radially relative to the pipe 12 and are preferably arranged diametrically opposite to each other in pairs relative to the pipe 12.
  • This torque-transmitting means 11 is intended to be inserted into a pillar 7 of stabilized soil to make it possible to test the quality of said pillar, as will be described in more detail below.
  • Fig. 4 is an end view of a pillar 7 with a torque-transmit ⁇ ting means 11 inserted therein. As can be seen in Fig. 4, a sleeve is also arranged around the pillar to reduce the friction between it and the surrounding unstabilized soil.
  • the process according to the invention for reinforcing a pillar of stabilized soil thus involves axially inserting a reinforcing member 5 into the pillar 7 as the pillar is produced, but it is also conceivable to insert the rein ⁇ forcing member 5 after the making of the pillar 7. It is, of course, also possible to use a plurality of reinforcing members, which can be distributed in different ways over the cross section of the pillar 7. Only a single reinforcing member 5 has been described above inserted centrally into the pillar 7 with the aid of the mixing tool 1.
  • the reinforcing member 5 which is used in carrying out the process, consists of a rod, a pipe, a line or similar means with elongated shape.
  • the reinforcing member 5 is suitably made of metal, preferably steel, or some other material of high strength, such as reinforced plastic or a composite material.
  • the quality of the pillar 7 can be tested.
  • the speed of propagation of the wave along the pillar can be determined with the aid of the vibration sensors 10, by means of the "down hole"-method.
  • the speed of propagation of the wave is dependent on the mechanical properties of the pillar, i.e. its stiffness and strength, and the vibration sensors 10 together with an associated registering equipment, provide the possibility of determining the quality of the pillar 7. It is, for example, possible to determine the position and size of any zones of weakness, of which one is shown at 15 in Fig. 2.
  • Another possibility for determining the quality of the pillar 7 is obtained by using the torque-transmitting means 11.
  • the torque-transmitting means 11 When it has been inserted into the pillar 7 and the pillar has hardened, it is possible to apply a torque to the torque- transmitting means 11. This torque can then be increased until the pillar 7 breaks, thus providing a measure of the quality of the pillar. Alternatively, it is possible to break off the testing when a sufficient torque has been obtained, to guarantee that the pillar has sufficient strength for its intended purpose.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for reinforcing a pillar of stabilized soil. According to the invention, at least one reinforcing member (5) is inserted axially into the pillar (7) in connection with the making thereof or after the making thereof, but before the pillar (7) has hardened to such a degree that the insertion of the reinforcing member (5) is appreciably impeded. The reinforcing member (5) consists of a rod, a pipe, a line or a similar elongated means and has at least at one end thereof an anchoring means (6) for anchoring against the pillar (7). According to the invention, the pillar (7) is tested for strength, either with the aid of vibration sensors (10) placed at predetermined locations on the anchoring member (5), or with the aid of a torque-transmitting means, with the aid of which the pillar (7) can be subjected to torsional loads.

Description

Reinforced pillar of stabilized soil and investigation of its physical properties.
The invention relates to a process for reinforcing a pillar of stabilized soil in accordance with the preamble of patent claim 1, a reinforcing member for use in carrying out said process and processes for testing a pillar of stabilized soil, using said reinforcing member.
Stabilizing soil by producing pillars of stabilized soil directly in the ground is a method which has been known for quite some time, the so-called lime-pillar method. With the aid of this method, it is possible to improve the strength of fine grain low strength soil, such as clay, silt or organic dirt . The method involves inserting a stabilizing material into the soil with the aid of a mixing tool which is moved down into the soil to the desired maximum stabilization depth. The mixing tool is then drawn slowly upwards at the same time as the stabilization material is distributed under pressure while the mixing tool rotates to mix the stabiliza¬ tion material sufficiently with the soil.
The stabilization material used consists of a dry powder material, such as quicklime or hydrated lime, plaster, cement, fly ash or a combination of said materials. The choice of stabilization material and the amount mixed in is of importance for the rigidity of the stabilized soil pillar and its compression properties. Previously, quicklime was commonly used as a stabilizing material, but lately, cement has also been used to a greater extent. In certain cases, only cement is used as a stabilizing material, due to the fact that cement, in many types of soil provides a more rapid and greater increase in the strength of the pillar. Cement is in many countries also an easily obtained and inexpensive material.
The known technology described above has been used to reduce settlement when making road embankments or light buildings on loose clay. For settlement-reducing measures, any weakness in an individual pillar is of minor importance since the load is taken up by adjacent pillars.
Pillars of stabilized soil have recently come into use for stabilizing soil under high road and railway embankments and for steep slopes and deep shafts. These applications place great demands on the homogeneity and strength of each indi¬ vidual pillar, since the stability of a road embankment or a slope is determined to a large extent by the weakest portion of such a stabilization. Therefore, great demands must be placed on the quality and homogeneity of the pillars.
The purpose of the present invention is to achieve a process for reinforcing a pillar of stabilized soil and a reinforcing member for use in carrying out said process as well as a process for testing the pillar with the aid of the reinfor¬ cing member. This is done by means of a process with the features disclosed in the characterizing clause of Claim 1, a reinforcing member with the features disclosed in the char- acterizing clause of claim 5 and testing processes with the features disclosed in the characterizing clauses of Claims 10 and 11.
The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which
Fig. 1 is a schematic side view of a device for producing a pillar of stabilized soil, Fig. 2 shows a schematic longitudinal section through a pillar of stabilized soil, made by means of the process according to the invention,
Fig. 3 is a schematic side view of a torque-transmitting member according to the invention, and Fig. 4 is an end view of a pillar of stabilized soil with a torque-transmitting member as shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 1 shows a device which is known per se for producing a pillar of stabilized soil. This device comprises a mixing tool 1, which in the case shown has two rings 2 to be pressed down into the soil. The mixing tool 1 is supported by a hollow rod 3, which in use rotates in the direction of the arrow 4. Furthermore, there are openings (not shown) for dis¬ pensing a stabilizing agent, such as lime, cement or similar material, with the aid of compressed air. The mixing tool 1 is rotated down into the soil to the desired maximum stabi¬ lizing depth, and is then slowly pulled up at the same time as a predetermined amount of stabilizing agent is dispensed.
Fig. 1 shows as well a reinforcing member 5 according to the invention, which is inserted in the hollow rod 3 and projects out from the lower end. The reinforcing member 5 is provided at its lower end with an anchoring means 6 in the form of wings to facilitate insertion of the reinforcing member 5 into the soil. The reinforcing member 5 is inserted into the soil together with the mixing tool 1, but when the mixing tool 1 is pulled up, the reinforcing member 5 remains in the soil, and the anchoring means 6 provides an anchor against the lower portion of the produced pillar of stabilized soil.
Fig. 2 shows schematically a longitudinal section through a pillar 7 of stabilized soil. This figure also shows the rein¬ forcing member 5 with the anchoring means 6 as well as an anchoring means 8 which is fixed to the reinforcing member 5 at its end located near the soil surface 9.
As an alternative to inserting the reinforcing member 5 in the pillar 7 as it is made, it is conceivable to insert the reinforcing member 5 through the pillar 7 after it has been made. In this case it is, however, important that the rein¬ forcing member 5 be inserted before the pillar 7 has hardened so much that the insertion of the reinforcing member 5 is appreciably impeded.
In order to increase the strength of the pillar 7, the outer anchoring means 8 can be made in such a manner that the pillar 7 can be pretensioned with the aid of the anchoring means 6 and 8 as well as the reinforcing member 5. Fig. 2 also shows a number of vibration sensors 10, which are mounted in the reinforcing member 5 at predetermined distances from its upper end, i.e. the end located at the soil surface 9. The vibration sensors 10 are electrically coupled to a registering device (not shown) for a purpose which will be described in more detail below.
Fig. 3 shows a torque-transmitting means 11. This torque- transmitting means 11 consists of a pipe 12 and flanges or wings 13 arranged thereon. The flanges 13 extend essentially radially relative to the pipe 12 and are preferably arranged diametrically opposite to each other in pairs relative to the pipe 12. This torque-transmitting means 11 is intended to be inserted into a pillar 7 of stabilized soil to make it possible to test the quality of said pillar, as will be described in more detail below.
Fig. 4 is an end view of a pillar 7 with a torque-transmit¬ ting means 11 inserted therein. As can be seen in Fig. 4, a sleeve is also arranged around the pillar to reduce the friction between it and the surrounding unstabilized soil.
The process according to the invention for reinforcing a pillar of stabilized soil thus involves axially inserting a reinforcing member 5 into the pillar 7 as the pillar is produced, but it is also conceivable to insert the rein¬ forcing member 5 after the making of the pillar 7. It is, of course, also possible to use a plurality of reinforcing members, which can be distributed in different ways over the cross section of the pillar 7. Only a single reinforcing member 5 has been described above inserted centrally into the pillar 7 with the aid of the mixing tool 1.
The reinforcing member 5 according to the invention which is used in carrying out the process, consists of a rod, a pipe, a line or similar means with elongated shape. The reinforcing member 5 is suitably made of metal, preferably steel, or some other material of high strength, such as reinforced plastic or a composite material. With the aid of the vibration sensors 10 on the reinforcing member 5, the quality of the pillar 7 can be tested. An impact against the reinforcing member 5 at the soil surface, in a direction which is essentially perpendicular to the reinforcing member 5, produces a shock wave in the pillar 7. The speed of propagation of the wave along the pillar can be determined with the aid of the vibration sensors 10, by means of the "down hole"-method. The speed of propagation of the wave is dependent on the mechanical properties of the pillar, i.e. its stiffness and strength, and the vibration sensors 10 together with an associated registering equipment, provide the possibility of determining the quality of the pillar 7. It is, for example, possible to determine the position and size of any zones of weakness, of which one is shown at 15 in Fig. 2.
Another possibility for determining the quality of the pillar 7 is obtained by using the torque-transmitting means 11. When it has been inserted into the pillar 7 and the pillar has hardened, it is possible to apply a torque to the torque- transmitting means 11. This torque can then be increased until the pillar 7 breaks, thus providing a measure of the quality of the pillar. Alternatively, it is possible to break off the testing when a sufficient torque has been obtained, to guarantee that the pillar has sufficient strength for its intended purpose.

Claims

Claims
1. Process for reinforcing a pillar (7) of stabilized soil, said pillar (7) being made by mixing a stabilizing agent, such as lime, cement or similar dry material, or a mixture thereof, directly into the soil by means of a mixing tool (1) , which is driven into the soil and has means for dispen¬ sing the stabilizing agent, characterized in that at least one reinforcing member (5) is inserted axially into the pillar (7) in connection with the making thereof, or after making, but before the pillar has hardened to such a degree that insertion of the reinforcing member (5) will be appre¬ ciably impeded.
2. Process according to Claim 1, characterized in that only one reinforcing member (5) is used, which is inserted cent- rally into the pillar (7) .
3. Process according to Claim 2, characterized in that the reinforcing member (5) is inserted with the aid of the mixing tool (1) in making the pillar (7) .
4. Process according to one of Claims 1-3, characterized in that the reinforcing member (5) or each reinforcing member is pretensioned axially after making the pillar (7) .
5. Reinforcing member for use in carrying out the process according to one of Claims 1-4, characterized in that the reinforcing member (5) consists of a rod, a pipe, a line or a similar elongated means of metal or some other material of high strength, and in that it is provided, at least at that end which is intended to be first inserted into the pillar (7) , with an anchoring means (6) for anchoring against the pillar (7) .
6. Reinforcing member according to Claim 5, characterized in that at least one vibration sensor (10) is fixed to the rein¬ forcing member (5) at a predetermined distance from its end located at the soil surface.
7. Reinforcing member according to Claim 5 or 6, character¬ ized in that a torque-transmitting means (11) is arranged on the reinforcing member (5) .
8. Reinforcing member according to Claim 7, characterized in that the torque-transmitting member (11) consists of a pipe
(12) inserted onto the reinforcing member (5) and having one or more essentially radially directed flanges (13) which are fixed to the pipe (12) .
9. Reinforcing member according to Claim 7 or 8, character¬ ized in that the torque-transmitting means (11) is arranged at the end of the reinforcing member (5) located at the soil surface.
10. Process for testing a pillar of stabilized soil, made by the process according to one of Claims 1-4, characterized in that an impact essentially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the reinforcing member (5) is produced by impact against the end of the reinforcing member (5) located at the soil surface, and that the velocity of the wave produced by said impact is determined with the aid of the vibration -sensor or the vibration sensors (10) .
11. Process for testing a pillar of stabilized soil, manufac¬ tured by the process according to Claims 1-4, characterized in that a torque is applied to the torque-transmitting means (11) , and that the torque as a function of time is register¬ ed.
PCT/SE1995/000838 1994-07-08 1995-07-07 Reinforced pillar of stabilized soil and investigation of its physical properties WO1996001927A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU29954/95A AU2995495A (en) 1994-07-08 1995-07-07 Reinforced pillar of stabilized soil and investigation of its physical properties

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9402423A SE9402423D0 (en) 1994-07-08 1994-07-08 Reinforced pillar of stabilized soil
SE9402423-9 1994-07-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996001927A1 true WO1996001927A1 (en) 1996-01-25

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE1995/000838 WO1996001927A1 (en) 1994-07-08 1995-07-07 Reinforced pillar of stabilized soil and investigation of its physical properties

Country Status (3)

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AU (1) AU2995495A (en)
SE (1) SE9402423D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1996001927A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1001134A1 (en) * 1998-11-13 2000-05-17 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam Anchoring device with a seismic sensor
SG93217A1 (en) * 1999-10-15 2002-12-17 Abv Engineering Pte Ltd Bored piles
FR2872283A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-30 Rincent Btp Services Soc En Co METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE TRACTION EFFORT TO WHICH A SEALED ELEMENT IS SUBJECTED

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4128011A (en) * 1974-07-16 1978-12-05 Savage Robert J Investigation of the soundness of structures
SE470445B (en) * 1992-08-21 1994-03-28 Bpa Bygg Ab Lc Markteknik Scan Method for testing stabilizer and/or support pillars formed in the ground, and device for carrying out this method
WO1994013889A1 (en) * 1992-12-10 1994-06-23 Yit-Yhtymä Oy A method and means for soil consolidation and their use

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4128011A (en) * 1974-07-16 1978-12-05 Savage Robert J Investigation of the soundness of structures
SE470445B (en) * 1992-08-21 1994-03-28 Bpa Bygg Ab Lc Markteknik Scan Method for testing stabilizer and/or support pillars formed in the ground, and device for carrying out this method
WO1994013889A1 (en) * 1992-12-10 1994-06-23 Yit-Yhtymä Oy A method and means for soil consolidation and their use

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1001134A1 (en) * 1998-11-13 2000-05-17 Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam Anchoring device with a seismic sensor
SG93217A1 (en) * 1999-10-15 2002-12-17 Abv Engineering Pte Ltd Bored piles
FR2872283A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-30 Rincent Btp Services Soc En Co METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE TRACTION EFFORT TO WHICH A SEALED ELEMENT IS SUBJECTED
WO2006010830A1 (en) * 2004-06-25 2006-02-02 Rincent Btp Services Method and device for determining the tensile stress exerted on a sealed element

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE9402423D0 (en) 1994-07-08
AU2995495A (en) 1996-02-09

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