WO1995023610A1 - Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt - Google Patents

Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1995023610A1
WO1995023610A1 PCT/EP1995/000653 EP9500653W WO9523610A1 WO 1995023610 A1 WO1995023610 A1 WO 1995023610A1 EP 9500653 W EP9500653 W EP 9500653W WO 9523610 A1 WO9523610 A1 WO 9523610A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
thymoctonan
azt
hiv
treatment
agent
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1995/000653
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Domenico Trizio
Manuela Leone
Original Assignee
Pharmacia S.P.A.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pharmacia S.P.A. filed Critical Pharmacia S.P.A.
Priority to KR1019950704771A priority Critical patent/KR960701652A/en
Priority to MX9504565A priority patent/MX9504565A/en
Priority to AU17592/95A priority patent/AU1759295A/en
Priority to JP7522672A priority patent/JPH08509993A/en
Priority to EP95910515A priority patent/EP0696202A1/en
Publication of WO1995023610A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995023610A1/en
Priority to NO954171A priority patent/NO954171D0/en
Priority to FI955181A priority patent/FI955181A/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the use of thymoctonan in combination with other compounds that inhibit retro-virus replication in order to control immune system impairment in the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or ARC (AIDS related complex) .
  • Pharmaceutical compositions and their preparations useful in such treatment are also disclosed.
  • AIDS is caused by HIV, a human retrovirus of the lentivirus group.
  • the four recognized human retroviruses belong to two distinct groups; the human T ly photropic (or leukaemia) retro-viruses, HTLV-I and HTLV-II, and the human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2.
  • the former are transforming viruses, and the latter are cytopathic viruses.
  • the most common cause of AIDS throughout the world is HIV-1.
  • HIV-2 has about 40 percent sequence ho ology with HIV-1 and is more closely related to some members of a group of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) .
  • HIV has the usual retroviral genes (env, gag, and pol) and six extra genes involved in the replication and other biologic activities of the virus.
  • T4 lymphocytes thymus-derived lymphocytes
  • This subset of cells is defined phenotypically by the presence of the CD4 surface cell molecule, which is the cellular receptor for HIV.
  • CD4 surface cell molecule which is the cellular receptor for HIV.
  • the T4 cell is the major cell type infected with HIV, virtually any human cell that expresses the CD4 molecule on its surface is capable of binding to and being infected with HIV. Of particular importance are cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage.
  • An immunomodulatory intervention is defined as a method or an agent believed to exert its primary effect on the host's immune system but not to have direct antiviral activity.
  • an immunomodulant like thymoctonan that has been shown to play a major role in the differentiation and maturation of the T-lymphocytes, and to reverse the depression of cell- mediated immunity in severe viral infection, could exert a regulatory effect with an enhancement of immune response, leading to a decrease of viral burden and a slowing of disease progression.
  • Thymoctonan is a synthetic octapeptide originally isolated and characterized from fetal calf thymus, as described in US patent No. 4,621,135.
  • the present invention provides products containing thymoctonan and an antiretroviral agent as a combined preparation for simultaneous separate or sequential use in the treatment of a retroviral disease.
  • the products of the invention may be used in particular to treat patients infected with HIV, especially HIV-1.
  • the anti-retroviral agent used in the present invention may be selected, for example, from reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RT inhibitors) such as nucleoside analogues or non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (NNRTI's); protease inhibitors; agents which block cell entry by HIV; nucleic acid-based therapeutics; and Tat inhibitors (Tat is a regulatory protein required for HIV replication in cultured cells and is a positive transactivator which stimulates transcription: see, for instance, B.M. Peterlin et a_l, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 8J3 9734 (1986)) .
  • RT inhibitors such as nucleoside analogues or non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (NNRTI's)
  • protease inhibitors agents which block cell entry by HIV
  • nucleic acid-based therapeutics nucleic acid-based therapeutics
  • Tat inhibitors Tat is a regulatory protein required for
  • RT inhibitors include AZT (3'- azidothymidine, zidovudin, Retrovir) ; ddl (2', 3'- dideoxyinosine, Didanosine, Videx) ; ddC (2',3' ⁇ dideoxycytidine, Zalcitabine, HIVID) ; 3TC (the (-)- enantiomer of 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine, Lamivadine) ; d4T (didehydrothymidine, Stavidine); 3'-halo-dideoxypyridine analogues such as FLT (3'-fluoro-thymidine) ; and PMEA (9- (2-phosphonomethoxyethyl) -adenine, an acylic nucleotide).
  • NRTI's non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  • NRTI's examples include tetrahydro-imidazo [4,5,1- jk] [l,4]-benzodiazepin-2 (IH) -one; ll-cyclopropyl-7-methyl- dipyrido-[2,3-b: 3'3'-f] l,4-diazepin-6H-5-one (BI-RG-587, nevirapine) ; and bis(heteroaryl)piperazines (BHAP's,
  • 3 anti-retroviral agents approved for HIV disease 3'azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) ,2' ,3' ,- didoxyinosine (ddl, Didanosine) and 2' ,3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC, Zalcitabine) .
  • AZT Zidovudine
  • ddl Didanosine
  • ddC 2' ,3'-dideoxycytidine
  • rIFN-alpha, rIFN-betaSerl7 and rIFN ⁇ as cytokines
  • phosphonoformate as inhibitor of reverse transcription
  • ribavirin amphotericin B and castanospermine with different modes of attack on the retrovirus. Any of these may be employed as the anti-viral agent in the present invention.
  • thymoctonan is administered to a patient in an amount sufficient to inhibit retro-viral replication; it is to be noted that thymoctonan can also control or reduce the side effects related to anti-retroviral agents such as AZT.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing thymoctonan, as an immunostimulant, and an anti retro-viral agent.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is typically also included in the composition.
  • the combined therapy of the present invention enhances the antiviral effect of the anti-retroviral agent and thus yields the most effective and least toxic treatment for ARC and AIDS.
  • thymoctonan provides a synergistic complement in the treatment of HIV infections including ARC and AIDS, itself specifically. It was found that thymoctonan associated with an anti-retroviral agent may prolong survival in HIV- infected individuals.
  • antiretroviral drugs preferred for use in the present invention are AZT, ddl and ddC, alone or in combination.
  • the amount of antiretroviral drug administered is from 10 to 1500 mg/daily, preferably from 50 to 1000 mg/daily.
  • AZT is administered orally at a dose from 600 to 1200 mg/daily and ddl at an oral dose of from 500 to 750 mg/daily.
  • the amount of thymoctonan administered is from 0.25 to 1000 ⁇ g/weekly, preferably from 0.5 to 100 ⁇ g/weekly, the route of administration being parenteral (i.m. or s.c. ) .
  • the antiretroviral drug is administered at conventional dosage, the thymoctonan at a dosage of 0.5, 4 or 40 ⁇ g by i.m. injection, once daily for 15 days (induction period) ; then twice weekly for at least 12 months.
  • Thymoctonan was administered in particular in combination with AZT to a symptomatic HIV-infected individuals with a CD4 count less than 500/ ⁇ l, showing suggestive evidence of a surprising favourable effect in terms of viral load decrease in comparison with the single treatment with AZT alone.
  • the combined administration, according to the present invention, of thymoctonan and an antiretroviral agent includes presentation in which both agents are administered together as a therapeutic mixture, and also procedures in which the two agents are administered separately, e.g. thymoctonan through i.m. or s.c. injection and the anti ⁇ retroviral agent by the oral route.
  • Combined administration further includes the separate administration of the drugs in which one of the drugs is given first followed shortly by the second.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • AIDS & HIV (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

The combined use of thymoctonan and an antiretroviral agent such as AZT in the treatment of retroviral disease, notably AIDS and ARC (AIDS-related complex), is disclosed.

Description

PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING THYMOCTONAN AND AZT
This invention relates to the use of thymoctonan in combination with other compounds that inhibit retro-virus replication in order to control immune system impairment in the treatment of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or ARC (AIDS related complex) . Pharmaceutical compositions and their preparations useful in such treatment are also disclosed.
AIDS is caused by HIV, a human retrovirus of the lentivirus group. The four recognized human retroviruses belong to two distinct groups; the human T ly photropic (or leukaemia) retro-viruses, HTLV-I and HTLV-II, and the human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2. The former are transforming viruses, and the latter are cytopathic viruses. The most common cause of AIDS throughout the world is HIV-1. HIV-2 has about 40 percent sequence ho ology with HIV-1 and is more closely related to some members of a group of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) . HIV has the usual retroviral genes (env, gag, and pol) and six extra genes involved in the replication and other biologic activities of the virus.
The common denominator of AIDS is a profound im unosuppression, predominantly of cell mediated immunity, that leads to a variety of opportunistic diseases, particularly certain infections and neoplasms. The main cause of immune defect in AIDS is a quantitative and qualitative deficiency in the subset of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes termed the T4 population. This subset of cells is defined phenotypically by the presence of the CD4 surface cell molecule, which is the cellular receptor for HIV. Although the T4 cell is the major cell type infected with HIV, virtually any human cell that expresses the CD4 molecule on its surface is capable of binding to and being infected with HIV. Of particular importance are cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage.
The degree of relative contribution of each part of the immune system to the host's ability to control HIV infection is not yet clear. Nevertheless, attempts have been made to augment the host's immune defense in HIV infection with the hope of beneficially altering the progress of the disease. An immunomodulatory intervention is defined as a method or an agent believed to exert its primary effect on the host's immune system but not to have direct antiviral activity. In particular, an immunomodulant like thymoctonan that has been shown to play a major role in the differentiation and maturation of the T-lymphocytes, and to reverse the depression of cell- mediated immunity in severe viral infection, could exert a regulatory effect with an enhancement of immune response, leading to a decrease of viral burden and a slowing of disease progression. Thymoctonan is a synthetic octapeptide originally isolated and characterized from fetal calf thymus, as described in US patent No. 4,621,135. The present invention provides products containing thymoctonan and an antiretroviral agent as a combined preparation for simultaneous separate or sequential use in the treatment of a retroviral disease. The products of the invention may be used in particular to treat patients infected with HIV, especially HIV-1.
The anti-retroviral agent used in the present invention may be selected, for example, from reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RT inhibitors) such as nucleoside analogues or non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (NNRTI's); protease inhibitors; agents which block cell entry by HIV; nucleic acid-based therapeutics; and Tat inhibitors (Tat is a regulatory protein required for HIV replication in cultured cells and is a positive transactivator which stimulates transcription: see, for instance, B.M. Peterlin et a_l, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 8J3 9734 (1986)) . These classes of anti-retroviral agent, with particular reference to HIV, are discussed by Johnston and Hoth in Science vol 260, 1286-1293, 28 May 1993. Examples of RT inhibitors include AZT (3'- azidothymidine, zidovudin, Retrovir) ; ddl (2', 3'- dideoxyinosine, Didanosine, Videx) ; ddC (2',3'~ dideoxycytidine, Zalcitabine, HIVID) ; 3TC (the (-)- enantiomer of 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine, Lamivadine) ; d4T (didehydrothymidine, Stavidine); 3'-halo-dideoxypyridine analogues such as FLT (3'-fluoro-thymidine) ; and PMEA (9- (2-phosphonomethoxyethyl) -adenine, an acylic nucleotide). Examples of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI's) include tetrahydro-imidazo [4,5,1- jk] [l,4]-benzodiazepin-2 (IH) -one; ll-cyclopropyl-7-methyl- dipyrido-[2,3-b: 3'3'-f] l,4-diazepin-6H-5-one (BI-RG-587, nevirapine) ; and bis(heteroaryl)piperazines (BHAP's,
U-87201E, Alevidine Mesylate, ATV : se'e, for example, D.L. Romero et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA £8. 8806 (1991)) .
There are currently 3 anti-retroviral agents approved for HIV disease; 3'azidothymidine (AZT, Zidovudine) ,2' ,3' ,- didoxyinosine (ddl, Didanosine) and 2' ,3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC, Zalcitabine) . Numerous others are in clinical trials, such as for example rIFN-alpha, rIFN-betaSerl7 and rIFNγ as cytokines, phosphonoformate as inhibitor of reverse transcription, ribavirin, amphotericin B and castanospermine with different modes of attack on the retrovirus. Any of these may be employed as the anti-viral agent in the present invention.
The combination comprising thymoctonan and anti¬ retroviral agent is administered to a patient in an amount sufficient to inhibit retro-viral replication; it is to be noted that thymoctonan can also control or reduce the side effects related to anti-retroviral agents such as AZT.
The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing thymoctonan, as an immunostimulant, and an anti retro-viral agent. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is typically also included in the composition. The results of the combined treatment showing a positive and beneficial effect are reported below.
The combined therapy of the present invention enhances the antiviral effect of the anti-retroviral agent and thus yields the most effective and least toxic treatment for ARC and AIDS.
A clinical study using an anti-retroviral agent in combination with thymoctonan has demonstrated that thymoctonan provides a synergistic complement in the treatment of HIV infections including ARC and AIDS, itself specifically. It was found that thymoctonan associated with an anti-retroviral agent may prolong survival in HIV- infected individuals.
The antiretroviral drugs preferred for use in the present invention are AZT, ddl and ddC, alone or in combination.
The amount of antiretroviral drug administered is from 10 to 1500 mg/daily, preferably from 50 to 1000 mg/daily. For example, AZT is administered orally at a dose from 600 to 1200 mg/daily and ddl at an oral dose of from 500 to 750 mg/daily.
The amount of thymoctonan administered is from 0.25 to 1000 μg/weekly, preferably from 0.5 to 100 μg/weekly, the route of administration being parenteral (i.m. or s.c. ) .
More preferably the antiretroviral drug is administered at conventional dosage, the thymoctonan at a dosage of 0.5, 4 or 40 μg by i.m. injection, once daily for 15 days (induction period) ; then twice weekly for at least 12 months.
Thymoctonan was administered in particular in combination with AZT to a symptomatic HIV-infected individuals with a CD4 count less than 500/μl, showing suggestive evidence of a surprising favourable effect in terms of viral load decrease in comparison with the single treatment with AZT alone. The combined administration, according to the present invention, of thymoctonan and an antiretroviral agent includes presentation in which both agents are administered together as a therapeutic mixture, and also procedures in which the two agents are administered separately, e.g. thymoctonan through i.m. or s.c. injection and the anti¬ retroviral agent by the oral route. Combined administration further includes the separate administration of the drugs in which one of the drugs is given first followed shortly by the second.
Clinical data
As a part of a multicenter controlled double-blind, clinical study we enrolled 12 patients (4 AIDS, 6CDC III and 2 CDC II) that were treated for the first six months with either 4 or 40 μg of thymoctonan or placebo (2 times a week by i.m. injection) . After this period all the patients voluntarily received the highest dose of active drug on open-label. Patients received since the beginning of the treatment AZT 5000 mg/day orally, too.
For the evaluation of open-label treatment we chose a case-control design. Patients in the control group were 24 (1:2 ratio) subjects, admitted in our service, who started AZT treatment in the same period of time and matched thymoctonan treated patients as to sex, age, CDC classification of illness, number of CD4 + T-cells at admission (median 117.5 vs 165 cells/μl) and previous opportunistic infections. All cases and controls received PCP prophylaxis whenever CD4 - T-cell count fell below 200/μl. The groups were homogeneous for all considered entry variables.
They were followed for 19+5 months (cases) and 15+5 (controls) . No case of death was observed in the thymoctonan treated group, while 9 subjects (37.5%) died in the control group (P=0.01 Fisher) . No cases of disease progression (in terms of CDC group shift for patients in II or III stage) was observed in the thymoctonan group but in 4 out of 16 patients in the control group, 3 of whom died. Four patients in the thymoctonan group and 11 in the control group were hospitalized at least once during the observation period and 3 vs 12 presented AZT intolerance. In addition, in the thymoctonan group patients stayed without AZT treatment or were in the hospital for a shorter proportion of time (P<0.0001 Kruskal- allis) .

Claims

1. Products containing thymoctonan and an antiretroviral agent as a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of a retroviral disease.
2. Products according to claim 1 for use in the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
3. Products according to claim 1 or 2 for use in the treatment of HIV-1 infected patients.
4. Products according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the antiretroviral agent is AZT, ddl or ddC.
5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active agents, thymoctonan and an anti-retroviral agent.
6. A composition according to claim 5 wherein the anti-retroviral agent is AZT, ddl or ddC.
7. Use of thymoctonan and an antiretroviral agent in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment of HIV infected patients.
8. Use according to claim 7 wherein the anti¬ retroviral agent is AZT, ddl or ddC.
PCT/EP1995/000653 1994-03-01 1995-02-23 Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt WO1995023610A1 (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1019950704771A KR960701652A (en) 1994-03-01 1995-02-23 Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and AZT
MX9504565A MX9504565A (en) 1994-03-01 1995-02-23 Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt.
AU17592/95A AU1759295A (en) 1994-03-01 1995-02-23 Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt
JP7522672A JPH08509993A (en) 1994-03-01 1995-02-23 Pharmaceutical composition containing timoctonane and AZT
EP95910515A EP0696202A1 (en) 1994-03-01 1995-02-23 Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt
NO954171A NO954171D0 (en) 1994-03-01 1995-10-19 Pharmaceutical composition comprising thymoctonane and AZT
FI955181A FI955181A (en) 1994-03-01 1995-10-30 Pharmaceutical compositions containing trymoctonane and ATZ

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9403856A GB9403856D0 (en) 1994-03-01 1994-03-01 Combined treatment of human retroviral infections
GB9403856.9 1994-03-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995023610A1 true WO1995023610A1 (en) 1995-09-08

Family

ID=10751061

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP1995/000653 WO1995023610A1 (en) 1994-03-01 1995-02-23 Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt

Country Status (14)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0696202A1 (en)
JP (1) JPH08509993A (en)
KR (1) KR960701652A (en)
AU (1) AU1759295A (en)
CA (1) CA2160248A1 (en)
FI (1) FI955181A (en)
GB (1) GB9403856D0 (en)
HU (1) HUT73178A (en)
IL (1) IL112803A0 (en)
MX (1) MX9504565A (en)
NO (1) NO954171D0 (en)
PL (1) PL311340A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1995023610A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA951654B (en)

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CALENDA V ET AL: "Effects of thymus humoral factor gamma-2 (THF-gamma-2) on lymphohaematopoietic progenitor cells: An in vitro study", RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY, 144 (6-7). 1993. 395-406. *
KOUTTAB N ET AL: "Phase I trial of intramuscular (IM) thymic humoral factor (THF) in combination with zidovudine (ZDV) in HIV infected individuals.", INT CONF AIDS, JUL 19-24 1992, 8 (2) PB161 (ABSTRACT NO. POB 3447) *
TRAININ N: "Prospects of AIDS therapy by thymic humoral factor, a thymic hormone.", NAT IMMUN CELL GROWTH REGUL, 1990, 9 (3) P155-9, SWITZERLAND *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HUT73178A (en) 1996-06-28
FI955181A0 (en) 1995-10-30
HU9503432D0 (en) 1996-01-29
AU1759295A (en) 1995-09-18
GB9403856D0 (en) 1994-04-20
FI955181A (en) 1995-10-30
JPH08509993A (en) 1996-10-22
EP0696202A1 (en) 1996-02-14
NO954171L (en) 1995-10-19
IL112803A0 (en) 1995-05-26
ZA951654B (en) 1995-12-08
CA2160248A1 (en) 1995-09-08
NO954171D0 (en) 1995-10-19
PL311340A1 (en) 1996-02-05
KR960701652A (en) 1996-03-28
MX9504565A (en) 1997-05-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Noble et al. Saquinavir: a review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in the management of HIV infection
Hirsch et al. Therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection
JPH11507632A (en) Treatment of HIV and other viral infections using combination therapy
Craig et al. Antiviral synergy between inhibitors of HIV proteinase and reverse transcriptase
Hirsch et al. Prospects of therapy for infections with human T-lymphotropic virus type III
US6479466B1 (en) Compositions for treating viral infections, and methods therefor
Hammer et al. Issues in combination antiretroviral therapy: a review
JPH07267874A (en) Combined chemotherapy to hiv infection
TOCHIKURA et al. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in various human hematopoietic cell lines in vitro: augmentation of the effect by lentinan
US20030083308A1 (en) Gallium complexes of 3-hydroxy-4-pyrones to treat infection by intracellular prokaryotes and DNA viruses
Connolly et al. Antiretroviral therapy: strategies beyond single-agent reverse transcriptase inhibition
JP2004538334A (en) Drugs used in the treatment of HIV infection and their components and uses
JP2001520657A (en) Combination therapy for HIV infection
RU2126266C1 (en) Method of inhibition of retroviral infection (variants), protease inhibitor, nucleic acid encoding an inhibitor and a method of recombinant serine protease inhibitor producing
EP0696202A1 (en) Pharmaceutical composition containing thymoctonan and azt
Hofmann et al. Investigation of immunosuppressive properties of inactivated human immunodeficiency virus and possible neutralization of this effect by some patient sera
Lambert et al. Synergistic drug interactions of an HIV-1 protease inhibitor with AZT in different in vitro models of HIV-1 infection
HUT77720A (en) Anti-hiv therapeutic combination comprising zidovudin, lamivudin and loviridin as active agents and method for its producing
Acosta et al. Agents for treating human immunodeficiency virus infection
GROENINK et al. Potent inhibition of replication of primary HIV type 1 isolates in peripheral blood lymphocytes by negatively charged human serum albumins
EP0684818B1 (en) Method of reversing resistance of hiv-1 strains to zidovudine
Pomerantz et al. Therapy of human immunodeficiency virus infections
Lange et al. Antiretroviral treatment: state of the art and future directions
Steve Ash et al. How to prolong the effects of combination therapy for HIV
HU203971B (en) Process for producing synergetic combination pharmaceutical compositions comprising 3&#39;-azido-3&#39;-deoxythymidine and one more active ingredient

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AM AU BB BG BR BY CA CN CZ FI GE HU JP KG KP KR KZ LK LT LV MD MG MN MW MX NO NZ PL RO RU SI SK TJ UA US UZ VN

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2160248

Country of ref document: CA

Ref document number: 1995910515

Country of ref document: EP

ENP Entry into the national phase

Ref document number: 1995 535055

Country of ref document: US

Date of ref document: 19951030

Kind code of ref document: A

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 955181

Country of ref document: FI

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application
WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1995910515

Country of ref document: EP

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Ref document number: 1995910515

Country of ref document: EP