WO1995004133A1 - Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines in e. coli and salmonella - Google Patents
Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines in e. coli and salmonella Download PDFInfo
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- WO1995004133A1 WO1995004133A1 PCT/US1994/008586 US9408586W WO9504133A1 WO 1995004133 A1 WO1995004133 A1 WO 1995004133A1 US 9408586 W US9408586 W US 9408586W WO 9504133 A1 WO9504133 A1 WO 9504133A1
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- MPLHNVLQVRSVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N texas red Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC(S(Cl)(=O)=O)=CC=C1C(C1=CC=2CCCN3CCCC(C=23)=C1O1)=C2C1=C(CCC1)C3=[N+]1CCCC3=C2 MPLHNVLQVRSVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 231100000041 toxicology testing Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000012581 transferrin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 101150105007 trpD2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ORHBXUUXSCNDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N umbelliferone Chemical compound C1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(O)=CC=C21 ORHBXUUXSCNDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFTAFOQKODTIJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N umbelliferone Natural products Cc1cc2C=CC(=O)Oc2cc1OCC=CC(C)(C)O HFTAFOQKODTIJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012646 vaccine adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940124931 vaccine adjuvant Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940125575 vaccine candidate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
- C07K14/22—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Neisseriaceae (F)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
- A61P13/02—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of urine or of the urinary tract, e.g. urine acidifiers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
Definitions
- PI gonococcal outer membrane porin protein
- PI is typical of most gram negative porins in structure, and exists as a non- covalent trimer complex while exhibiting extensive beta sheet structure in the native state.
- PI dissociates from a trimer configuration into monomers and migrates with an estimated molecular mass of 32- 39kDa (Johnston etal. 1976; McDade and Johnston 1980).
- PI is found in two major immunochemical classes termed serogroups PIA and PIB (Tarn etal. 1982; Knapp etal. 1984).
- PIA and PIB are the products of variants/alleles of the same gene (Carbonetti et al., 1988; Carbonetti and Sparling, 1987). All gonococci contain PI of either serogroup, but not both, and no PI minus mutants are known to exist. PI is stable and does not undergo phase or antigenic variation (Judd 1989).
- Attenuated Salmonella strains can colonize the GALT and stimulate a generalized protective immune response to Salmonella.
- One system employs live, attenuated Salmonella typhimurium to express and deliver foreign antigens to the GALT. (Curtiss III and Kelly 1987; Dougan et al. 1988; Dougan et al. 1987; Dougan et al. 1989; Morona et al. 1991; Nakamaya et al. 1988; Strugnell et al. 1990; Tarkka et al. 1988; Walker et al. 1992).
- human strains of Salmonella with potential for human clinical trials S. typhi
- Tacket etal. 1992 human strains of Salmonella with potential for human clinical trials
- the invention provides a recombinant Salmonella cell that expresses a gonococcal porin protein or a fragment thereof.
- the invention further provides a plasmid capable of expressing a gonococcal porin protein in a Salmonella cell comprising DNA encoding such protein and suitable regulatory elements arranged within the plasmid so as to permit expression of the gonococcal porin protein in the Salmonella cell.
- the invention also provides a plasmid that expresses an antigen in a Salmonella or E. coli host cell comprising DNA encoding such antigen and suitable regulatory elements, including a gonococcal porin promoter, arranged within the plasmid so as to permit expression of the antigen in the host cell.
- the invention also provides a vaccine composition
- a vaccine composition comprising the recombinant Salmonella cell containing a plasmid for expression of a gonococcal porin protein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as well as methods for treating or preventing gonorrheal infection by administering the vaccine composition.
- Figure 1 Reassembly of a complete port gene from gonococcal strain FA19 in E. coli.
- the 720 bp Smal to Tagl fragment of pUNCH 11 contains the complete port promoter (500 bp of sequence upstream rom the start codon) and coding sequence for 58 amino acids of the protein.
- the 820 bp Tacfi to Sau3AI of pUNCH 15 contains the remaining coding sequence and 12 bp of downstream port sequence. These two fragments were ligated between Hinctt and BamHI sites of pGEM-2 in the E. coli host M16 to form pUNCH 30.
- Open white bars indicate adjacent non-coding DNA sequences; small open arrows with the letter p adjacent indicate the promoter region; hatched arrows indicate the position and orientation of por, Amp indicates the position of the beta-lactamase gene in all figures. Restriction sites in parentheses indicate that the site was lost during construction.
- FIG. 1 Constitutive expression of recombinant Por-1 (A , F AI S>) and Por-5 (A / B , FA W M ) from a native promotor in E. coli.
- Whole cell lysates of gonococci (2.5 ug of protein) or E. coli (10 ug of protein) were subjected to Western blotting using monoclonal antibodies specific for P1 A (panel A) or PIB (panel B) epitopes.
- coli strain M16 containing plasmids pGEM-2 (no insert), pUNCH 30 (port), pUNCH 535 (por-5), respectively; and 7-9, E. coli strain DH5a MCR containing plasmids pGEM-2 (no insert), pUNCH 30 (port), pUNCH 535 (por-5) respectively.
- the weak band in panel B, lane 5 represents spillover from lane 6 and was not seen in other similar blots.
- FIG. 3 Reassembly of the por-2 gene from gonococcal strain MS11 in E. coli.
- A Reassembly of the complete por-2 structural gene.
- Plasmid pUNCH 23 contains the entire por-2 promoter (157 bp of sequence upstream from the start codon) and DNA sequence encoding the first 105 amino acids of Por-2 (B . S H ).
- Plasmid puNCH 22 contains the remaining 3' coding sequences of por-2 as well as 1.0 kb of downstream DNA. The checkered pattern in the bars and arrows indicates por-2.
- the cloning strategy was to double-digest pUNCH 22 and pUNCH 23 with Kpnl and EcoRI, gel purify each relevant fragment and ligate them together.
- GCGAAGCTTATTAGAATTTGTGGCGCAGA-3' contains an engineered HindlllsWe and anneals to the sequence from 1992 to 2011 bp of por-2 sequence.
- the PCR product contains the -10 promoter region but lacks the -35 promoter region (see Carbonetti (1988) for MS11 DNA sequence showing -10 and -35 promoter region sequences.
- MS11 chromosomal DNA was similarly amplified as a positive control. The conditions of the amplification were: Denature for 1 min at 94°C; anneal for 30 s at 42°C; extend for 2 min at 72°C for a total of 28 cycles; and extend 5 min at 72°C for the last cycle.
- the amplified products in lanes 1 and 3 from panel (B) were restricted with EcoRI and Hindi II, ligated to similarly cut and gel- purified pGEM3Zf(-) vector. E. coli strain BL21 DE3 [pLysS] was transformed, and greater than one thousand ampicillin-resistant colonies were obtained.
- the large fragment of pUNCH 30 was gel- purified and ligated with the small gel-purified fragment of pUNCH 50.
- the resulting plasmid was termed pUNCH 535.
- the hatched regions indicate port coding sequence and the checkered region indicates por-2 coding sequence.
- FIG. 5 Integration of FA19 port into the Salmonella chromosome using chromosomal integration vector pDEL-1.
- Plasmid pDEL-1 contains 4.1 kb of S. typhimurium aroC flanking DNA (indicated by the stippled boxes) with the majority of aroC deleted (both wild type and deleted aroC sequences are indicated by cross- hatching).
- Cloning of port into pDEL-1 was accomplished by ligation of the gel- purified Hindi to EcoRI fragment of pUNCH 30 (containing the promoter and complete coding sequence of port) into the gel-purified Sma ⁇ to EcoRI large fragment of vector pDEL-1 , and transformation into both E coli M16 and DH5aMCR.
- FIG. 7 Construction of plasmids suitable for use in asd mutant S. typhimurium vaccine hosts.
- a 1.75 kb Bgl II fragment containing a Salmonella as ⁇ fgene was recovered from pYA292, blunted by filling in the ends with Klenow, and ligated with Sea l-restricted plasmids pUNCH 30 (port), pUNCH 535 (por-5) and pGEM-2 (no insert). Each ligation was transformed into E. c ⁇ //X6212 asd. Transformants were termed pUNCH 537, pUNCH 536, and pUNCH 539, respectively.
- These plasmids were initially moved into S. typhimurium X3730 (r " m + ) and then into mouse vaccine strain X4072.
- the hatched regions indicate port coding sequence, the checkered region indicates por-2 coding sequence, and the stippled bar indicates asd sequence.
- FIG. 8 Plasmid expression of por from asdE. coli and S. typhimurium hosts.
- Whole cell lysates of gonococci (2.4 ug of protein), E. coli (10 ug of protein) or S. typhimurium (10 ug of protein) were subjected to Western blotting using Mabs specific for PIA (A) or PIB (B) epitopes.
- FIG. 9 shows the antigenic sequences corresponding to fragments 1 - 6. Each fragment optionally contains an N-terminal cysteine residue.
- the amino acid numbers correspond to the amino acid residues of Por-1 (A ) from N. ⁇ onorrhoeae strain FA19 (fragments 1-4) or of Por-2 (B ) from N. ⁇ onorrhoeae strain MS11 (fragments 5 and 6).
- FIG. 10 Por-5 surface structure. This figure is based on the model of gonococcal porin proposed by van der Ley (van der Ley et al., 1991). Putative surface-exposed regions are drawn above the upper dotted line, membrane spanning regions between the dotted lines, and periplasmic-exposed regions below the lower dotted line. Each surface exposed loop is numbered in Roman numerals. Bold type indicates the regions where the homologous recombination (double cross-over) occurred during the construction of gonococcal strain FA6434. The structure of Por-5 was deduced from DNA sequencing of pUNCH 50, which contains Por-5. Bactericidal Mabs SM101, 4G5 (PIA Mabs), SM24 and 15A4A (PIB Mabs) bind Por-5.
- FIG. 11 Immune response to rPor-5. Shown are the ELISA values for individual rabbits (5 per adjuvant group) immunized with rPor-5.
- the coating antigen was rPor-1 or rPor-2, 100ng/well.
- the dilution of primary anti-Por-5 was 1:50,000.
- the secondary antibody was goat anti-rabbit conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and was used at a 1 :10,000 dilution. Pre-immune sera are not shown and their OD at this dilution was less than 0.05.
- FIG. 12 Dot blot analysis of the immune response to surface exposed epitopes of Por.
- Gonococcal strains FA19 (Por-1 ), FA6434 (Por-5) or MS11 (Por-2) were immobilized onto nitrocellulose (duplicate columns) and probed with a 1:50 dilution of anti-Por-5 sera for 1 hour.
- Protein A alkaline phosphatase (1 :2000) was used to detect bound antibody.
- the numbers to the left and right of the dots are the individual rabbits (no adjuvant, 41-45; BCG, 46-50; CFA, 51-55).
- the upper 6 dots of each rabbit show the reaction of the pre-immune serum and the lower 6 dots show the post-immune reaction.
- Mab controls are 4G5 (anti-PIA, N-terminus) and 5.51 (anti- PIB, central region). For demonstration purposes only some of the rabbit data are shown. In the original dot blots, the discrimination between positive and negative reactions was more clear cut than in this reproduction, and these original results are summarized in Table 1.
- FIG. 13 Western blotting of anti-Por-5 sera.
- Whole cell lysates (approximately 2 X 10 7 CFU) of gonococcal or E. coli were subjected to Western blotting using 2 selected antisera that bound all three gonococci (expressing Por-1 , Por-2 and Por-5) in dot blots.
- the rabbit antisera was diluted 1:1000 and the secondary reagent was protein A alkaline phosphatase.
- the rabbit shown was immunized with rPor-5 in the detergent DBM without additional adjuvant.
- the rabbit was immunized using KLH as the adjuvant.
- FIG. 14 por-5 DNA sequence from pUNCH50.
- This invention provides a recombinant Salmonella or E. coli cell containing DNA for expression of a gonococcal porin protein (Por).
- the Por DNA may be integrated into the Salmonella or E. coli cell chromosome or into a suitable cloning/expression vector that is inserted into the Salmonella or E. coli cell.
- the cell contains a vector, preferably a plasmid, comprising any DNA that produces a gonoccocal porin protein.
- the protein is expressed on the surface of the Salmonella or E. coli cell and the cell thereby preferably is capable of stimulating antibody production.
- the protein is expressed at moderate, as compared to high, expression levels.
- the porin protein expressed by the cell is used to produce antibodies to protect against gonorrheal infection in a mammal, preferably a human.
- the gonococcal porin proteins may be any Por-1, Por-2, or hybrid Por-1/Por-2 proteins.
- the gonococcal porin proteins are preferably proteins or fragments thereof produced by port, por-2, or por-5 genes, port is herein defined as a por gene assembled from the N. gonorrhoeae strain FA19 (serogroup PIA).
- por-2 is herein defined as a por gene assembled from the N. gonorrhoeae strain MS11 (serogroup PIB).
- por-5 is herein defined as a por gene assembled from the N. gonorrhoeae strain FA6434 (see Table 1 and Fig. 10).
- por-5 expresses a hybrid Por isolated as class 9 (Carbonetti, et al.
- Por proteins produced by the port, por-2, andpor-5 genes are designated Por- 1(A), Por-2( ⁇ ), and Por-5 (A ⁇ ), respectively.
- the phenotypes of these Por proteins are designated herein by a subscript indicating serogroup and strain, e.g., Por-1 (A ,FAi9), Por-2( B . s ⁇ i), and Por-5 (A /B,FA6434), respectively.
- L gonorrhoeae porins from serogroups PIA or PIB or chimeric PIA/PIB porin proteins may be expressed by recombinant Salmonella or E. coli cells.
- porin proteins and genes are described in International Application No. PCT/US88/04225, filed November 23, 1988, incorporated herein by reference, and hybrid porin proteins are described in PCT/US92/02090 (Fragments of full length porin proteins and genes are suitable)., filed March 13, 1992, also incorporated herein by reference. GOL-1-T hybrid fragments.
- FRAGMENTS Fragments containing antigenic sequences of Por-1 (A ), Por-2( B ) and Por-5(A/B) may be selected on the basis of generally accepted criteria of potential antigenicity and/or exposure. Such criteria include the hydrophilicity and relative antigenic index, as determined by surface exposure analysis of Por-1 (A ) and Por-2 (B) proteins.
- Promising candidates are prepared and tested for antigenicity and immunogenicity.
- Fragments 1-6 which are shown in Figure 9, are suitable antigenic sequences. Fragments 1-4 contain amino acid sequences found in Por-1( A > of gonococcal strain FA19. Fragments 5 and 6 contain amino acid sequences found in Por-2 (B) of gonococcal strain MS11.
- Recombinant Salmonella or E. coli cells that express porin proteins may be produced by known methods.
- the porin gene may be inserted into a plasmid cloning vector which functions as the unit of replication of the gene.
- the recombinant plasmid is inserted into a compatible host cell, i.e. Salmonella or E. coli, whereby the gene product is expressed.
- Por proteins may be produced by inserting the cloned sequence of the Por-1(A) or Por- 2 (B) proteins or hybrids thereof into an appropriate cloning/expression vector, such as a plasmid, for insertion into E. coli or Salmonella.
- an appropriate cloning/expression vector such as a plasmid
- the gene may be introduced into the Salmonella or E. coli chromosome using known methods (see Strugnell et al., Gene 88:57-63 (1990), for example).
- the gene In order to achieve transcription and translation of the inserted gene inserted into a plasmid or chromosome, the gene must be placed under the control of regulatory elements from, or compatible with, the chosen host cell.
- the regulatory elements include one or more native gonococcal porin protein regulatory elements, such as the porin protein's native promoter.
- the gonococcal porin promoter may also be used to express in E. coli, Salmonella, or N. gonorrhoeae antigens other than porin proteins not normally expressed in E. coli, Salmonella, or N. gonorrhoeae.
- the antigen DNA is fused to a gonococcal porin promoter and inserted into an appropriate cloning/expression vector, such as a plasmid, for insertion into E. coli or Salmonella.
- gonorrhoeae may be, for example, gonococci transferrin binding proteins such as B transferrin, lactoferrin, heme binding proteins and other vaccine candidates, as well as meningococci proteins FrpA, FrpB, and FrpC.
- gonococci transferrin binding proteins such as B transferrin, lactoferrin, heme binding proteins and other vaccine candidates, as well as meningococci proteins FrpA, FrpB, and FrpC.
- DNA ligase is an enzyme which seals single-stranded nicks between adjacent nucleotides in a duplex DNA chain; this enzyme may therefore be used to covalently join the annealed cohesive ends produced by certain restriction enzymes. Alternately, DNA ligase can be used to catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between blunt- ended fragments.
- the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase may be employed to form homopolymeric 3' - single-stranded tails at the ends of fragments; by addition of oligo (dA) sequences to the 3' end of one population, and oligo (dT) blocks to 3' ends of a second population, the two types of molecules can anneal to form dimeric circles. Any of these methods or other known methods may be used to ligate the gene segment promoter and other regulatory elements into specific sites in the vector. Thus, the gene encoding the Por proteins is ligated into the chosen vector in a specific relationship to the vector promoter and control elements, so that the sequence is in the correct reading frame.
- the vector employed will typically have a marker function, such as ampicillin resistance or tetracycline resistance, so that transformed cells can be identified.
- the vector employed may be any of the known cloning or expression vectors or their derivatives; among the most frequently used plasmid vectors include pBR 322, pAC 105, pVA 5, pACYC 177, PKH 47, pACYC 184, pUB 110, pmB9, pBR325, Col El, pSC101, pBR313, pML21, RSF2124, pCR1, RP4, or, preferably, the pGEM series (Promega Corp.) (see Table I for preferred vectors).
- Any recombinant Salmonella or E. coli that expresses a foreign protein, preferably on its surface, may be used to stimulate the production in vivo of antibodies against the porin protein.
- the E. coli or Salmonella is preferably one that is effective in expressing the foreign porin protein to stimulate an effective immune response against gonorrheal infection.
- Preferred bacterial strains and plasmids are shown in Table 1 below.
- This specification pUNCH 540 pGEM-3Zf(-) containing the PCR product amplified This specification from the MS11 por-2 ligation reaction (bp -44 to 2011 of por-2)
- pUNCH 541 pGEM-3Zf(-) containing the PCR product amplified This specification from the MS11 por-2 chromosome (bp -44 to 2011 of por-2)
- M16 is a derivative of strain MC4100 (K12) which tolerates several membrane proteins that are toxic for some other E. coli h (P. Bassford and E. Altman, personal communication).
- vaccine compositions comprise Salmonella or E. coli producing Por proteins such as Por-1 (A) or Por-2 (B ) or hybrid Por (A / B ) proteins and fragments thereof.
- the Salmonella or E. coli cells containing the por genes, preferably in a plasmid, are useful in the preparation of a vaccine composition for prevention of or treatment of gonorrheal infection.
- the bacterial host is preferably S. typhimurium.
- the vaccine may be combined with any of the commonly used pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as water, physiological saline, ethanol, polyols, such as glycerol or propyleneglycol, or vegetable oils, as well as any of the vaccine adjuvants known in the art, such as muramyl peptides, lymphokines, such as interferon, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, or bacterial adjuvants.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as water, physiological saline, ethanol, polyols, such as glycerol or propyleneglycol, or vegetable oils
- vaccine adjuvants known in the art, such as muramyl peptides, lymphokines, such as interferon, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, or bacterial adjuvants.
- lymphokines such as interferon, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, or bacterial adjuvants.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carriers is included to encompass any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents; isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like.
- the use of such agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional medium is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic composition is contemplated. Supplemental active ingredients may also be incorporated.
- a particularly useful embodiment of the present invention is a vaccine in which the active immunogen is a hybrid Por-1 (A Por-2(B) protein, the construction of which is described in Intemational Application No. PCT/US88/04225, filed November 23, 1988, or fragments of the hybrid Por-1( A Por-2( B ) protein, the construction of which is described in Intemational Application PCT/US92/02090, filed March 13, 1992.
- the hybrid protein may be any of the hybrid gene structures (classes 1- 9) (Carbonetti et al. 1988).
- the hybrid Por-1 (A /Por-2( B ) may be contained in plasmids pUNCH50, pUNCH535, and pUNCH536.
- the vaccine may be administered to a mammal by methods known in the art. Such methods include, for example, oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration.
- the preferred method is oral administration.
- the vaccine may be administered for prevention prior to gonorrheal infection, or for treatment during gonorrheal infection.
- the Por polypeptide expressed by, and preferably on the surface of, the recombinant Salmonella or E. coli cell of the invention may be used to detect the presence of antibodies specific for porin proteins in a sample.
- the method comprises preparing a polypeptide containing a segment having an amino acid sequence that is substantially homologous to a porin protein.
- the polypeptide may be prepared using methods known in the art.
- the polypeptide comprises a segment having an amino acid sequence that is present in the porin protein.
- the sample may, for example, be from a patient suspected of being infected with N. gonorrhoeae.
- Suitable assays are known in the art, such as the standard ELISA protocol described by R.H. Kenneth, "Enzyme-Linked Antibody Assay with Cells Attached to Polyvinyl Chloride Plates" in Kenneth et al, Monoclonal Antibodies. Plenum Press, N.Y., page 376 (1981).
- plates are coated with antigenic polypeptide at a concentration sufficient to bind detectable amounts of the antibody.
- a suitable blocking agent such as, for example, 10% normal goat serum.
- the sample such as patient sera, is added and titered to determine the endpoint. Positive and negative controls are added simultaneously to quantitate the amount of relevant antibody present in the unknown samples.
- the samples are probed with goat anti-human Ig conjugated to a suitable enzyme. The presence of anti-polypeptide antibodies in the sample is indicated by the presence of the enzyme.
- the porin proteins expressed by, and preferably on the surface of, the recombinant Salmonella or E. coli cells of the invention may be used to produce antibodies for use as probes to detect the presence of porin proteins in a sample.
- the antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal.
- the sample may, for example, be a bodily fluid from a mammal, including a human, suspected of being infected with N. gonorrhoeae.
- a polypeptide may be immobilized on a solid support. Immobilization of the polypeptide may occur through an immobilized first antibody specific for the polypeptide. The immobilized first antibody is incubated with a sample suspected of containing the polypeptide. If present, the polypeptide binds to the first antibody.
- a second antibody also specific for the polypeptide, binds to the immobilized polypeptide.
- the second antibody may be labelled by methods known in the art. Non-immobilized materials are washed away, and the presence of immobilized label indicates the presence of the polypeptide. This and other immunoassays are described by David, et al., in U.S. Patent 4,376,110 assigned to Hybritech, Inc., La Jolla, California.
- the probes described above are labelled in accordance with methods known in the art. Methods for labelling antibodies have been described, for example, by Hunter and Greenwood in Nature 144, 945 (1962) and by David et al in Biochemistry 3, 1014-1021 (1974). Additional methods for labelling antibodies have been described in U.S. patents 3,940,475 and 3,645,090. Methods for labelling oligonucleotide probes have been described, for example, by Leary et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1983) 80:4045; Renz and Kurz, Nucl. Acids Res. (1984) 12:3435; Richardson and Gumport, Nucl. Acids Res. (1983) 11:6167; Smith et al, Nucl. Acids Res. (1985) 13:2399; and Meinkoth and Wahl, Anal. Biochem. (1984) 138:267.
- the label may be radioactive.
- Some examples of useful radioactive labels include 32 P, 125 1, 131 l, and 3 H. Use of radioactive labels have been described in U.K. 2,034,323, U.S. 4,358,535, and U.S. 4,302,204.
- non-radioactive labels include enzymes, chromophors, atoms and molecules detectable by electron microscopy, and metal ions detectable by their magnetic properties.
- Some useful enzymatic labels include enzymes that cause a detectable change in a substrate.
- Some useful enzymes and their substrates include, for example, horseradish peroxidase (pyrogallol and o-phenylenediamine), beta-galactosidase (fluorescein beta-D-galactopyranoside), and alkaline phosphatase (5-bromo-4-chloro- 3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium).
- horseradish peroxidase pyrogallol and o-phenylenediamine
- beta-galactosidase fluorescein beta-D-galactopyranoside
- alkaline phosphatase 5-bromo-4-chloro- 3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium.
- Useful chromophores include, for example, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and bioluminescent molecules, as well as dyes.
- Some specific chromophores useful in the present invention include, for example, fluorescein, rhodamine, Texas red, phycoerythrin, umbelliferone, luminol.
- the labels may be conjugated to the antibody or nucleotide probe by methods that are well known in the art.
- the labels may be directly attached through a functional group on the probe.
- the probe either contains or can be caused to contain such a functional group.
- suitable functional groups include, for example, amino, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, maleimide, isocyanate, isothiocyanate.
- the label may also be conjugated to the probe by means of a ligand attached to the probe by a method described above and a receptor for that ligand attached to the label. Any of the known ligand-receptor combinations is suitable. The biotin-avidin combination is preferred.
- Por-1 ⁇ A) , Por-2 (B ) and hybrid Por-1 (A )( B) forms of Por were reassembled and expressed in E. coli.
- the gonococcal port (Por-1( A) ) promotor was used to express the Por-1( A) and hybrid Por-1 (A) /( B ) Por proteins.
- the port gene from gonococcal strain FA19 (Por-1 (A) ) (see Table 1 for list of strains and plasmids) was reassembled (pUNCH 30, Fig. 1) and stably expressed from its own promoter in M16 (Fig. 2, lane 5). Further studies indicated that E. coli DH5a MCR (Fig.2, lane 8), DH5a F, and HB101 could be transformed with pUNCH 30 and could express Por-1 (Ai FA i9) without apparent toxicity.
- Por-2 (B , M sn) in E. coli was achieved withoutt uussiinngg the entire por-2 promoter region (i.e. lacking the gonococcal -35 but containing the gonococcal -10 region).
- the promoter sequences (-35 and -10 regions of the gonococcal porin promoter) are shown in the DNA and amino acid sequence of the PIB gene of MS11 in Carbonetti et ai. (1988)).
- a gonococcus expressing an intertypic hybrid porin (termed the class 9 hybrid) which contains epitopes for both Por-1 (A) and Por-1 (B) monoclonal antibodies has been constructed (Carbonetti etal. 1988).
- the class 9 hybrid porin contains the N and C terminal domains of Por-1 (A ⁇ FA19) and a central domain of Por-2 (B , M sn) (Carbonetti et al. 1988).
- Cloning of the gene (por-5) for the hybrid porin (Por-5 (A / B . F A6 34) from the gonococcal strain FA6434 without its own promoter in pGEM-2 resulted in plasmid pUNCH 50 (Table 1).
- Por-1 A> FA19
- Por-2( B , M sn) as well as the Por-5 (A B, FA6 3 ) hybrid was achieved, although expression of Por-2 (B , MS n ) required alteration of the promoter region to avoid toxicity.
- Por was introduced into a plasmid expression system in Salmonella using a stable expression system developed by Curtiss and colleages (Galan et al. 1990, Nakayama et al. 1988).
- the system relies on the complementation of a defective aspartate B-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd) chromosomal gene with a plasmid encoded asd gene (Nakayama etal. 1988; Galan etal. 1990).
- Asd is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of diaminopimelic acid (DAP), an essential component of the cell wall of bacteria that is absent from mammalian cells.
- DAP diaminopimelic acid
- Por-1 A> FA ⁇ 9
- Por-5 A s, FA6 434
- the amount of Por is estimated to be one-fifth the amount typically made by the gonococcus. Since it is believed that the gonococcus contains 100,000 to 300,000 copies of Por per cell (Joiner et al. 1985), the recombinant Salmonella of the present invention makes 20,000 to 60,000 copies of Por per cell. Por protein appeared to be stable in Salmonella without detectable proteolysis ( Figure 8). Dot blot analysis of whole cells using anti-Por monoclonal antibodies indicated that Por was surface-exposed on all tested Salmonella and E. coli containing Por plasmids except S. typhimurium strain X4072. Lack of detection of Por protein in this strain despite its presence may be due to the shielding of Por by the smooth LPS present in this strain, but absent in others. TOXICITY TESTING
- pUNCH 30 was sequenced to determine if a mutation accounted for the unexpected lack of toxicity to E. coli and Salmonella hosts. No difference between the originally reported (Carbonetti and Sparling 1987, corrected by Elkins et al. 1992) port sequence and the present invention's port sequence was found.
- the following example shows the ability of various adjuvants to induce an immune response to both PIA and PIB sequences upon immunization of rabbits with rPor-5.
- Recombinant Por-5 was purified under relatively non-denaturing conditions. New Zealand white rabbits were immunized four times every two weeks with 100ug of purified Por-5 Mixed with the following adjuvants: none, Complete
- ELISA titers indicated that all rabbits had detectable anti-Por activity at a 1 :5000 dilution (Fig. 11) using rPor-1 or rPor-2 as the coating antigen. Por-1 domains from the Por-5 hybrid were consistently more immunogenic than the Por-2 (central) domain in the Por-5 hybrid. In order to assess the degree of binding to surface exposed epitopes on whole gonococci, dot blots were performed using immobilized gonococci. As show in Figure 12 all post immune sera bound strain FA19 (Por-1) gonococci, but most failed to bind MS11 (Por-2).
- Each adjuvant group contained five rabbits. Binding in post immune serum was compared to pre-immune and only those reactions which were judged strong were scored as positive.
- Por-1 N- and C- terminal sequences
- Por-2 central region sequences
- ELISA or dot blot the group that received Por-5 without adjuvant responded relatively well to Por-2 surface-exposed sequences as compared to all other adjuvant groups.
- E. coH strains carrying the listed plasmids have been deposited with the Agricultural Research Culture Collection (NRRL), Peoria, IL or the American Type Culture Collection, (ATCC), Rockville, MD and have been assigned the accession numbers indicated.
- Live oral Salmonella vaccines potential use of attenuated strains as carriers of heterologous antigens to the immune system. Parasite Immunology. 9: 151-160.
- Vaccination against gonorrhoea the potential protective effect of immunization with a synthetic peptide containing a conserved epitope of gonococcal outer membrane protein IB. Vaccine. 8(3): 225-30.
- Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium are non-virulent and effective as live vaccine. Nature. 291 : 238-239.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP94924071A EP0717774A1 (en) | 1993-07-30 | 1994-07-29 | Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines in e. coli and salmonella |
JP7506002A JPH11501203A (en) | 1993-07-30 | 1994-07-29 | Production of gonococcal PI protein and vaccine in Escherichia coli and Salmonella |
AU74084/94A AU7408494A (en) | 1993-07-30 | 1994-07-29 | Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines in e. coli and salmonella |
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US10058893A | 1993-07-30 | 1993-07-30 | |
US08/100,588 | 1993-07-30 | ||
US18795994A | 1994-01-28 | 1994-01-28 | |
US08/187,959 | 1994-01-28 |
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WO1995004133A1 true WO1995004133A1 (en) | 1995-02-09 |
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PCT/US1994/008586 WO1995004133A1 (en) | 1993-07-30 | 1994-07-29 | Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines in e. coli and salmonella |
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EP (1) | EP0717774A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH11501203A (en) |
AU (1) | AU7408494A (en) |
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Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO1989004873A1 (en) * | 1987-11-24 | 1989-06-01 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines |
EP0400958A2 (en) * | 1989-05-30 | 1990-12-05 | The Wellcome Foundation Limited | Live vaccines |
WO1992016223A1 (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1992-10-01 | University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines |
-
1994
- 1994-07-29 EP EP94924071A patent/EP0717774A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-07-29 CA CA002167938A patent/CA2167938A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-07-29 JP JP7506002A patent/JPH11501203A/en active Pending
- 1994-07-29 AU AU74084/94A patent/AU7408494A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-07-29 WO PCT/US1994/008586 patent/WO1995004133A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1989004873A1 (en) * | 1987-11-24 | 1989-06-01 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines |
EP0400958A2 (en) * | 1989-05-30 | 1990-12-05 | The Wellcome Foundation Limited | Live vaccines |
WO1992016223A1 (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1992-10-01 | University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Production of gonorrheal pi proteins and vaccines |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
Title |
---|
F.C. NEIDHARDT et al., "Escherichia Coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Cellular and Molecular Biology", published 1987 by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY (WASHINGTON, D.C.), Volume 2, pages 1220-1230. * |
MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Volume 6, No. 18, issued 1992, C. ELKINS et al., "Antibodies to N-terminal peptides of gonococcal porin are bactericidal when gonococcal lipopolysaccharide is not sialylated", pages 2617-2628. * |
PARASITIC IMMUNOLOGY, Volume 9, issued 1987, G. DOUGAN et al., "Live oral Salmonella vaccines: potential use of attenuated strains as carriers of heterologous antigens to the immune system", pages 151-160. * |
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES USA, Volume 84, issued December 1987, N.H. CARBONETTI et al., "Molecular cloning and characterization of structural gene for protein 1, the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae", pages 9048-9088. * |
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES USA, Volume 84, issued November 1987, E.C. GOTSCHLICH et al., "Porin protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Cloning and gene structure", pages 8135-8139. * |
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES USA, Volume 85, issued September 1988, N.H. CARBONETTI et al., "Genetics of protein 1 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Construction of hybrid porins", pages 6841-6845. * |
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CA2167938A1 (en) | 1995-02-09 |
EP0717774A1 (en) | 1996-06-26 |
JPH11501203A (en) | 1999-02-02 |
AU7408494A (en) | 1995-02-28 |
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