Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
  • C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
  • C10G11/04—Oxides
  • C10G11/05—Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/80—Mixtures of different zeolites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
  • B01J29/084—Y-type faujasite
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/40—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
  • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
  • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
  • B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
  • B01J29/7007—Zeolite Beta

Definitions

• the crude is fractionated to produce a virgin naphtha fraction which is usually reformed, and a gas oil and/or vacuum gas oil fraction which is catalytically cracked to produce naphtha, and light olefins.
• the naphtha is added to the refiner's gasoline blending pool, while the light olefins are converted, usually by HF or sulfuric acid alkylation, into gasoline boiling range material which is then added to the gasoline blending pool.
• Fluid catalytic cracking is a preferred refining process for converting higher boiling petroleum fractions into lower boiling products, especially gasoline.
• FCC Fluid catalytic cracking
• a solid cracking catalyst promotes hydrocarbon cracking reactions.
• the catalyst is in a finely divided form, typically with particles of 20-100 ⁇ m, with an average of about 60-75 ⁇ m.
• the catalyst acts like a fluid (hence the designation FCC) , and circulates in a closed cycle between a cracking zone and a separate regeneration zone. Fresh feed contacts hot catalyst from the regenerator at the base of a riser reactor.
• the cracked products are discharged from the riser cracking reactor to pass through a main column which produces several liquid streams and a vapor stream containing large amounts of light olefins.
• the vapor stream is compressed in a wet gas compressor and charged to the unsaturated gas plant for product purification.
• a further description of the catalytic cracking process may be found in the monograph, "Fluid Catalytic Cracking With Zeolite Catalysts," P. B. Venuto and E. T. Habib, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1978.
• shape-selective zeolites such as ZSM-5
• ZSM-5 can greatly increase light olefin yields, but adds to the cost to the operation and, if used at high concentrations, may dilute the 'base" zeolite Y cracking catalyst.
• shape-selective zeolite In many refineries addition of the shape-selective zeolite is preferred because it can be carried out with low levels of the shape-selective zeolite and requires no expenditures for new capital or equipment modification. In fact, this would probably be more widely used if the beneficial effects of the ZSM-5 could be obtained with even less ZSM-5.
• ZSM-5 is admixed with a crystalline zeolite having a pore size greater than 0.7 nm (7 Angstrom units), either with or without a matrix.
• a disclosure of this type can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,202.
• a crystalline zeolite having a pore size of less than 0.7 nm (7 Angstrom units) into a catalyst comprising a larger pore size crystalline zeolite (pore size greater than 0.7 nm (7 Angstrom units)) has indeed been very effective with respect to the raising of octane number, it did so at the expense of the yield of gasoline. Improved octane number with some loss in gasoline yield was shown in U.S. Pat. No.
• the cracking catalyst was comprised of a large pore size crystalline zeolite (pore size greater than 0.7 nm (7 Angstrom units)) in admixture with ZSM-5 zeolite, wherein the ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite to large pore size crystalline zeolite was in the range of 1:10 to 3:1.
• ZSM-5 zeolite in conjunction with a zeolite cracking catalyst of the X or Y variety is described in U.S. 3,894,931; 3,894,933; 3,894,934 and 4,521,298.
• the first two patents disclose the use of ZSM-5 zeolite in amounts up to and about 5 to 10 wt.%; the third patent discloses the weight ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite to large pore size crystalline zeolite in the range of 1:10 to 3:1.
• the fourth utilizes a catalyst inventory wherein the zeolite is unbound.
• Combinations of zeolite Y and other zeolites and molecular sieves including crystalline silicoalumino- phosphates (SAPOs) have also shown potential for increasing light olefins and octane at the expense of gasoline yield. Most of the evaluations were undertaken with the assumption that small changes in the diameter or shape of the pore might produce significant changes in selectivity.
• the present invention provides a process for catalytic cracking, in either a moving of fluidized bed (FCC) , of a normally liquid hydrocarbon feed containing hydrocarbons boiling above 343°C (650 ⁇ F) comprising cracking the liquid feed in a cracking reactor at cracking conditions by contact with a source of regenerated equilibrium catalyst comprising catalytically effective amounts of: zeolite beta and a shape selective zeolite having a Constraint Index (CI) of 3 - 12; and wherein the weight ratio R, defined as (wt % CI 3-12 zeolite) / (wt % CI 3-12 zeolite + wt % zeolite beta) , on a pure crystal basis and exclusive of matrix or other catalytic components which may be present, ranges from
• the present invention provides a process for the fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) of a normally liquid hydrocarbon feed containing hydrocarbons boiling above 343 ⁇ C (650 ⁇ F) comprising cracking the liquid feed in an FCC cracking reactor at FCC cracking conditions by contact with regenerated equilibrium catalyst comprising, on a matrix free basis 40 to 90 wt % zeolite Y having a silica:alumina ratio above 5:1 and containing 0.2 to 5.0 wt % rare earths; 5 to 50 wt % zeolite beta; and 1/2 to 25 wt % ZSM-5.
• FCC fluidized catalytic cracking
• the present invention provides a catalyst composition for fluidized catalytic cracking comprising particles having an average particle size within the range of 50 to 100 ⁇ m and comprising zeolite beta component and ZSM-5, and wherein the ratio R of ZSM-5 to (ZSM-5 + zeolite beta), on a matrix free basis, 0.01 to 0.95, and wherein the zeolite beta and ZSM-5 are essentially free of added hydrogenation/dehydrogenation components.
• Figure 1 shows a conventional FCC unit with a riser reactor.
• Figure 1A shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a % additive basis, on the research octane of FCC gasoline.
• Figure 2 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a % additive basis, on the motor octane of FCC gasoline.
• Figure 3 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a % additive basis, on propylene yields from an FCC unit.
• Figure 4 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a % additive basis, on isobutane yields from an FCC unit.
• Figure 5 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a % additive basis, on butene yields from an FCC unit.
• Figure 6 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a pure zeolite basis, on the research octane of FCC gasoline.
• Figure 7 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a pure zeolite basis, on the motor octane of FCC gasoline.
• Figure 8 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a pure zeolite basis, on propylene yields from an FCC unit.
• Figure 9 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a pure zeolite basis, on isobutane yields from an FCC unit.
• Figure 10 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta, on a pure zeolite basis, on butene yields from an FCC unit.
• Figure 11 shows the effect of ZSM-5 and beta on motor octane at different conversions in the FCC unit.
• Figure 1 (Prior Art) is a simplified schematic view of an FCC unit of the prior art, similar to the Kellogg Ultra Orthoflow converter Model F shown as Fig. 17 of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Report, in the January 8, 1990 edition of Oil & Gas Journal.
• a heavy feed such as a gas oil, vacuum gas oil is added to riser reactor 6 via feed injection nozzles 2.
• the cracking reaction is completed in the riser reactor, which takes a 90° turn at the top of the reactor at elbow 10.
• Spent catalyst and cracked products discharged from the riser reactor pass through riser cyclones 12 which efficiently separate most of the spent catalyst from cracked product. Cracked product is discharged into disengager 14, and eventually is removed via upper cyclones 16 and conduit 18 to the fractionator.
• Spent catalyst is discharged down from a dipleg of riser cyclones 12 into catalyst stripper 8, where one, or preferably 2 or more, stages of steam stripping occur, with stripping steam admitted via lines 19 and 21.
• the stripped hydrocarbons, and stripping steam pass into disengager 14 and are removed with cracked products after passage through upper cyclones 16.
• Stripped catalyst is discharged down via spent catalyst standpipe 26 into catalyst regenerator 24.
• the flow of catalyst is controlled with spent catalyst plug valve 36.
• Catalyst is regenerated in regenerator 24 with air, added via air lines and air grid distributor not shown.
• Cat cooler 28 permits heat removal from the regenerator.
• Regenerated catalyst is withdrawn via regenerated catalyst plug valve assembly 30 and discharged via lateral 32 into the base of the riser reactor 6 to contact and crack fresh feed injected via injectors 2, as previously discussed.
• Flue gas, and some entrained catalyst, are discharged into a dilute phase region in the upper portion of regenerator 24. Entrained catalyst is separated from flue gas in multiple stages of cyclones 4, and discharged via outlets 8 into plenum 20 for discharge to the flare via line 22.
• Any conventional FCC or moving bed cracking unit feed can be used.
• the feeds for FCC may range from the typical, such as petroleum distillates or residual stocks, either virgin or partially refined, to the atypical, such as coal oils and shale oils.
• Moving bed cracking units usually can not handle feeds containing much resid. The feed frequently will contain recycled hydrocarbons, such as light and heavy cycle oils which have already been cracked.
• Preferred feeds for both FCC and TCC are relatively light, clean feeds.
• the ideal feeds are those which are completely distillable and have been hydrotreated. However, the benefits of combining the two zeolites will be observed with any feed.
• riser cracking is preferred. Most riser FCC units operate with catalyst/oil weight ratios of 1:1 to 10:1, and a hydrocarbon residence time of 1 - 10 seconds. Most operate with reactor outlet temperatures of 510 - 566°C (950 - 1050°F). The reactor outlet temperature is preferably above 538°C (1000°F), most preferably from 552 to 593 ⁇ C (1025 to 1100°F) , and most preferably about 580°C (1075 F) . Short contact times, 0.1 - 1 seconds, and temperatures of 538° - 649°C (1000 - 1200°F) , may also be used.
• Quench is beneficial but not essential. Quench will augment production of gasoline boiling range olefins, which the catalyst system of the present invention efficiently converts into lighter olefins.
• TCC cracking conditions include a cat:oil weight ratio of 1.5 to 15, and preferably 4 to 10, and a reactor temperature of 450 to 550 C, preferably about 500 to 530 C.
• the catalyst formulation for TCC can be identical to that used in FCC units, but the catalyst will be in the form of 3-5 mm spheres.
• Closed cyclones such as those available from the M. W. Kellogg company, which rapidly remove cracked products from the reactor vessel are preferred.
• the process and apparatus of the present invention can use conventional FCC regenerators. Most use a single large vessel, with a dense phase, bubbling fluidized bed of catalyst. High efficiency regenerators, with a fast fluid bed coke co bustor, a dilute phase transport riser above it, and a second fluidized bed to collect regenerated catalyst, may be used. More details about several representative bubbling dense bed regenerators are presented below.
• Swirl regenerators are disclosed in US 4,490,241, Chou, and US 4,994,424 Leib and Sapre.
• a cross-flow regenerator is disclosed in US 4,980,048 Leib and Sapre.
• a regenerator associated with a stacked or Orthoflow type FCC unit is disclosed in US 5,032,252 and US 5,043,055 Owen and Schipper.
• TCC regeneration conditions include catalyst air contact at temperature from 600 to 700 C, with the catalyst passing as a moving bed through the regenerators, sometimes called kilns.
• the catalyst system of the invention must contain catalytically effective amounts of both ZSM-5 (or other zeolite having the appropriate constraint index such as ZSM-11) and zeolite beta.
• the weight ratio of the ZSM-5 "type zeolite" (i.e., ZSM-5 or ZSM-11 or combinations of the two) to the combination of the ZSM-5 and zeolite beta: R (ZSM-5/(ZSM-5 + zeolite beta) must be greater than 0.01 and less than 0.95 and preferably in the range of 0.02 to 0.50.
• R can be approximately determined from the relative ratios of the XRD peak intensities of the two zeolites in non-intersecting 2 Theta regions. For ZSM-5 this would be for the five indexed peaks in the 22.5 - 25.2R region. For zeolite beta, this would be for the indexed peaks in the 20 - 24R region. To attain these peak intensities for an FCC catalyst sample where ZSM-5 and zeolite beta may be in small concentration, e.g., in combination with a Y zeolite, it may be required to use synchrotron radiation as the X- ray source.
• the catalyst system may, and usually will, contain large amounts of conventional zeolite Y based cracking catalyst.
• zeolite Y based catalyst When zeolite Y based catalyst is present best results will be achieved if a low hydrogen transfer catalyst is used.
• An example of a low hydrogen transfer catalyst is USY or USY containing small amounts of rare earth oxides. Such catalysts are available "off the shelf” from many FCC catalyst manufacturers.
• the equilibrium catalyst, or "E-Cat” is a mix of faujasite catalyst and ZSM-5 + beta, the following additional guidelines can be given regards optimum amounts of each.
• the Y zeolite provides at least 75 % of the total zeolite content of the E-Cat, on a matrix free basis.
• the total (ZSM-5 + beta) zeolite content should usually be the remainder, i.e., less than 25 wt %.
• the zeolite beta component should be present in excess, i.e., it should be a majority of the non-Y zeolite present.
• the beta content is at least twice that of the ZSM-5 or other CI 3 - 12 zeolite. More preferably, the weight ratio of zeolite beta:ZSM-5 is above 5:1, and most preferably above 10:1.
• Much, even most, of the circulating catalyst inventory may be commercially available zeolite Y based FCC catalyst.
• This Y zeolite catalyst usually contains at least 10 wt % large pore zeolite in a porous refractory matrix such as silica-alumina, clay, or the like.
• the zeolite content may be much higher than this, e.g., 20 wt % or 30 wt % or more. All zeolite contents discussed herein refer to the zeolite content of the makeup catalyst, rather than the zeolite content of the equilibrium catalyst, or E-Cat.
• the zeolite Y cracking catalyst if present, has a low hydrogen transfer activity.
• a low rare earth, high silica Y zeolite such as LREUSY increases production of gasoline boiling range olefins which increases production of lighter olefins.
• the rare earth content of the USY catalyst should be 0.2 to 10 wt %, preferably 0.2 to 5.0 wt %, and most preferably 1.0 to 3.0 wt %.
• the silica:alumina ratio of the ultrastable Y zeolite will usually be 5 to 100, preferably 6 to 20, and most preferably 6 to 15.
• the unit cell size will typically be less than 2.46 nm (24.60 Angstrom).
• One minor distraction of using LREUSY is that there will usually be some reduction in gasoline yield, more than if an equivalent amount of zeolite beta based cracking catalyst were used instead of LREUSY based catalyst.
• the circulating catalyst inventory typically contains one or more additives, either present as separate additive particles, or mixed in with each particle of the cracking catalyst. Additives can be added to enhance fluidization, promote CO combustion, or SOx capture, impart metals resistance, etc. These may be present but are not essential.
• the above materials, the zeolite Y based cracking catalyst and various additives, are optional.
• the two essential catalyst elements will now be reviewed, the ZSM-5 or ZSM-11 zeolite and the zeolite beta zeolite.
• Any crystalline material having a Constraint Index of 3-12 can be used but ZSM-5 is especially preferred. Details of the Constraint Index test procedures are provided in J. Catalysis 62, 218-222 (1981), U.S. 4,016,218 and in U.S. 4,711,710 (Chen et al) .
• Preferred shape selective crystalline materials are exemplified by ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM- 48, ZSM-57 and similar materials.
• ZSM-5 is described in U.S. 3,702,886, U.S. Reissue 29,948 and in U.S. 4,061,724 (describing a high silica ZSM- 5 as "silicalite") .
• ZSM-11 is described in U.S. 3,709,979.
• ZSM-12 is described in U.S. 3,832,449.
• ZSM-23 is described in U.S. 4,076,842.
• ZSM-35 is described in U.S. 4,016,245.
• ZSM-48 is described in U.S. 4,350,835.
• Zeolites in which some other framework element is present in partial or total substitution of aluminum can be advantageous.
• Elements which can be substituted for part of all of the framework aluminum are boron, gallium, zirconium, titanium and trivalent metals which are heavier than aluminum.
• Specific examples of such catalysts include ZSM-5 containing boron, gallium, zirconium and/or titanium.
• these and other catalytically active elements can be deposited upon the zeolite by any suitable procedure, e.g., impregnation.
• Relatively high silica shape selective zeolites may be used, i.e., with a silica/alumina ratio above 20/1, and more preferably with a ratio of 70/1, 100/1, 500/1 or even higher.
• the shape selective zeolite is placed in the hydrogen form by conventional means, such as exchange with ammonia and subsequent calcination.
• the CI 3 - 12 component hereafter frequently referred to by the preferred member of this group, ZSM-5, may be incorporated as a separate, individual catalyst in its own matrix system or it may be combined with the zeolite beta zeolite in the same particle. Alternatively, ZSM-5 may be combined into one particle along with both the Y zeolite and zeolite beta or with either Y or zeolite beta.
• the ZSM-5 content in the particle may range from 1 wt % to 80 wt %. Below 1.0 wt % ZSM-5 in the particle, the effectiveness of the zeolite is diminished because of dilution. .Above 80 wt % the structural integrity of the catalyst particle drops markedly.
• the zeolite beta component may be incorporated as a separate, individual catalyst in its own matrix system or it may be combined with the ZSM-5 zeolite in the same particle. Alternatively, zeolite beta may be combined into one particle along with both the Y zeolite and ZSM-5 or with either Y or zeolite beta.
• the zeolite beta content in the particle may range from 1 wt % to 80 wt %. As with ZSM-5, at levels below 1.0 wt % in the particle, the effectiveness of the zeolite is diminished because of dilution. Above 80 wt % the structural integrity of the catalyst particle drops markedly.
• zeolite beta which have the same X-ray diffraction pattern, may also be used, e.g., Ga containing zeolite beta wherein the Ga has been isomorphously substituted. See for example EP-A-45314B on Ga Beta.
• zeolites any of them, ranging from the conventional zeolite Y to zeolite beta or ZSM-5 into a conventional matrix.
• matrix materials include synthetic and naturally occurring substances, such as inorganic materials, e.g., clay, silica, and metal oxides such as alumina, silica- alumina, silica-magnesia, etc.
• the matrix may be in the form of a cogel or sol.
• the relative proportions of zeolite component and inorganic oxide gel matrix on an anhydrous basis may vary widely with the zeolite content ranging from 5 to 99, more usually 10 to 65, wt.% of the dry composite..
• the matrix may have catalytic properties, generally acidic, and may be impregnated with a combustion promoter, such as platinum.
• the matrix material may include phosphorus that is derived from a water soluble phosphorus compound including phosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium hypophosphate, ammonium phosphite, ammonium hypophosphite and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphite.
• phosphorus that is derived from a water soluble phosphorus compound including phosphoric acid, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium hypophosphate, ammonium phosphite, ammonium hypophosphite and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphite.
• the zeolites may be used on separate catalyst particles or the different zeolites may be present in the same particle.
• a zeolite beta fluid catalyst was prepared by spray drying an aqueous slurry containing 1600 grams of zeolite beta, 3212 grams of colloidal silica (34% Si02; ex. Nalco) , 144 grams of pseudoboehmite alumina (75% solids; ex. Condea) peptized with 21.6 grams of formic acid (90%) and 756 grams of deionized water, 1988 grams of Thiele RC-32 clay slurry (60.37% solids), 472 grams of phosphoric acid (86.1%), and 3928 grams of deionized water.
• the catalyst composition was: 40 wt.% zeolite beta, 27.3 wt.% silica, 2.7 wt.% alumina, and 30.0 wt.% clay. After spray drying, the catalyst was calcined. The calcination was carried out at 538°C (1000 ⁇ F) for 3 hours in air. -IT-
• Example 1 The catalyst of Example 1 was steamed for 10 hours, 788°C (1450°F), 45% steam at a pressure of 105 kPa (0 psig) .
• a commercial ZSM-5 FCC additive catalyst containing 15 wt % zeolite was steamed for 10 hours, 788°C (1450 ⁇ F) , 100% steam at a pressure of 150 kPa (6 psig) .
• the zeolite Y catalyst employed in the present study was an RE-USY FCC catalyst removed from a commercial FCC unit following oxidative regeneration.
• the fresh or makeup catalyst to this unit contained 35 wt % zeolite Y.
• Example 5 The catalyst of Example 3 was blended with Example 4 to the following additive level: 2 wt.% Example 3 98 wt.% Example 4
• R the ratio of ZSM-5 to (ZSM-5 + zeolite beta) for this example was unity, as no zeolite beta was present.
• Example 6 The catalysts of Example 2 and Example 3 were blended with Example 4 to the following additive level: WT % ADDITIVE g Zeolite/100 g Mixture
• Example 7 The catalyst of Example 2 was blended with Example 4 to the following additive level: 25 wt.% Example 2 75 wt.% Example 4
• R the ratio of ZSM-5 to (ZSM-5 + zeolite beta) , was zero because no ZSM-5 additive was present.
• the catalysts of Examples 4 - 7 were evaluated in a fixed-fluidized bed (FFB) unit at 516°C (960°F) , 1.0 minute catalyst contact time using a Nigerian Light Vacuum Gas Oil (NLVGO) with the properties shown in Table 1.
• Table 1 Properties of Nigerian Light Vacuum Gas Oil Pour Point, °C (°F) 38 (100) K.V. @ 100°C 10.05
• zeolite beta combined with ZSM- 5 produces a higher octane gasoline than the conventional RE-USY (Example 4) , the combination of ZSM- 5/RE- USY (Example 5) or the combination of zeolite beta/RE-USY (Example 7) as measured by Research Octane
• Figure 11 also shows that the combination of ZSM-5 and beta is superior to either ZSM-5 or beta combined with RE-USY as measured by Motor Octane Number (MON) .
• the combination of the two zeolites can be characterized by a weight ratio
• R (ZSM-5)/(ZSM-5 + zeolite beta) wherein the synergistic effects are noted when 0.01 ⁇ R ⁇ 0.95 and preferably when 0.02 ⁇ R ⁇ 0.50.
• R can be approximately determined from the relative ratios of the XRD peak intensities of the two zeolites in non-intersecting 2 Theta regions. For ZSM-5 this would be for the five indexed peaks in the 22.5 - 25.2R region. For zeolite beta, this would be for the indexed peaks in the 20 - 24R region. To obtain these peak intensities for an FCC catalyst sample where ZSM-5 and zeolite beta are in small concentration, e.g., in combination with a Y zeolite, it may be necessary to use synchrotron radiation as a source for the X-rays.

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