WO1994027932A1 - Method for composting solid organic material and a composter for applying said method - Google Patents

Method for composting solid organic material and a composter for applying said method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994027932A1
WO1994027932A1 PCT/FI1994/000208 FI9400208W WO9427932A1 WO 1994027932 A1 WO1994027932 A1 WO 1994027932A1 FI 9400208 W FI9400208 W FI 9400208W WO 9427932 A1 WO9427932 A1 WO 9427932A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compostor
outlet air
air
condensate
outlet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FI1994/000208
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Seppo Peltomaa
Original Assignee
Innosepe Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Innosepe Oy filed Critical Innosepe Oy
Priority to AU67976/94A priority Critical patent/AU6797694A/en
Publication of WO1994027932A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994027932A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/10—Addition or removal of substances other than water or air to or from the material during the treatment
    • C05F17/15—Addition or removal of substances other than water or air to or from the material during the treatment the material being gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C05F17/964—Constructional parts, e.g. floors, covers or doors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for composting solid organic refuse in an essentially air-tight, thermally insulated compostor, in which method inlet air is taken to the compostor and moist outlet air is removed from the com ⁇ postor. Furthermore, the invention concerns a compostor which implements the method.
  • Prior-art composting methods are hampered by slow and incomplete composting.
  • the composting rate and completion have been improved with the penalty of high costs.
  • All commercially available compostor types have problems in nitrogen losses, drying and odor nuisance. Nitrogen losses are caused through the escapement of the ammonia developing in the composting process along with the outlet air, thus reducing the value of the composted mass as a soil fertilizer and lowering the compost mass pH which according to Japanese studies slows the composting rate. Moisture lost along with the outlet air often results in excessive drying of the compost mass, which slows microbial activity and increases the dusting tendency of the compost mass. Attempts have been made to improve the composting process through mixing or tumbling the compost mass which cuts fungal hyphae and thus also disturbs the composting process.
  • the method according to the invention achieves more com- plete composting in a shorter time over the prior art with ⁇ out tumbling or mixing the compost mass. Additionally, the composting method according to the invention is capable of essentially lowering moisture and nitrogen losses and re ⁇ ducing odor nuisance. Owing to the higher than usual pH in the compost, difficult-to-decompose organic matter is de ⁇ composed faster in the composting method according to the invention than in the prior art. The novel method is suited for both natural and forced ventilation of the compost.
  • composting takes place in an essentially air-tight vessel (compostor) to permit better control of air flow.
  • the compostor is designed with an advantageously downward tapering cross section which with the compaction of the compost matter during the progress of the composting process prevents any air passageways from being formed between the vessel inner wall and the compost mass, whereby detrimental air bypass is eliminated.
  • the moist outlet air from the compost is ad ⁇ vantageously cooled by the inlet air and the ammonia con ⁇ tained in the outlet air is absorbed into the condensate formed and is then returned to the compost mass where it is utilized as a nutrient for the composting microbes and to elevate the pH of the compost.
  • forced-ventilation com ⁇ posting the temperature and moisture differences between the top and bottom layers of the compost mass can be equal ⁇ ized by changing the direction of the air flow through the mass at suitable intervals.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a naturally ventilated compostor according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a basic diagram of a composting system according to the invention suited to use external energy.
  • a naturally ventilated compostor is shown advantageously suited for composting small amounts of organic refuse.
  • the inlet air is taken into the compost ⁇ ing vessel via inlet channels 1 of a bottom plate 3 and a screen 2.
  • the compostor walls 4 are thermally insulated and designed with a downward tapering cross section, whereby such an arrangement by virtue of the compaction of the compost matter prevents any air passageways from being formed between the vessel inner wall and the compost mass.
  • the compostor top is formed by a thermal insulation 6, a filler particle or screen fabric layer 8 and an air-tight top plate 9.
  • the moist outlet air flows via outlet channels 5 made in the thermal insulation layer further into the filler particle layer 8 and further tangentially past the top plate 9 through exit openings 7 to the ambient air.
  • the moisture contained in the outlet air is chiefly condensed on the top plate 9 cooled by the ambient air and the con ⁇ densate cools the filler particle layer where the ammonia contained in the outlet air is absorbed in the condensate and wherefrom the condensate flows down via the outlet channels 5 back to the compostor.
  • an embodiment of an externally powered composting system according to the invention is shown offering definite process technology benefits over a naturally ventilated compostor.
  • the system comprises a thermally insulated compostor, an absorption/cooling column 10, an outlet air exhaust fan 11, a cooling air fan 17 and a condensate pump 12, complemented with a directional con ⁇ trol valve 13 and required piping.
  • the compostor is formed by an essentially air-tight and thermally insulated space tapering downward.
  • the inlet air 1 or 7 is guided by means of the directional control valve 13 to flow through the mass to be composted either from the bottom to the top or vice versa.
  • the outlet air exhaust fan 11 sucks air from the compostor via the directional control valve 13 and forces it via an absorber zone 14 and a cooler 15 to the ambient air. Moisture contained in the outlet air is con ⁇ densed in the cooler 15 and the condensate flows by gravity to the absorber zone 14, where the ammonia contained in the outlet air is absorbed by the condensate.
  • the condensate is returned by the pump 12 from a container 16 via a spray nozzle pipe 23 back to the compostor. A portion of the con ⁇ densate can be removed from the system via an intermediate bottom 18, a pipe 19 and a valve 20 if the moisture content of the mass being composted is desired to be lowered with ⁇ out essentially impairing ammonia recovery.
  • the cooling air fan 17 forces ambient cooling air through the cooler 15 of the outlet air. A portion of the ambient cooling air thus heated is used as the inlet air to the compostor and is therefore routed via the directional control valve 13 to the compostor.
  • the moist outlet air can be circulated via a valve 22. Microbial seed, a pH adjusting agent and additional nutrients can be introduced to the compostor by adding them to the condensate return flow via a valve 21. Inlet air preheating can be switched off at a high ambient temperature. By changing the air flow direc ⁇ tion through the compostor at suitable intervals by means of the directional control valve 13, a more homogeneous temperature profile, and consequently, more complete com- posting is attained.
  • the leachate water possibly separating from the compost mass can be routed via a pipe to the container 16 and therefrom circulated along with the condensate by means of the pump 12 back to the compostor space.
  • the leachate water can also be absorbed in peat or other organic absorbent material placed under the compost mass and the absorbent is later mixed in the composted mass.
  • the mechanically augmented composting system described above can advantageously be implemented in long shaft/ tunnel-like spaces, or alternatively, using a modified standard transport container as the compostor vessel.
  • the start of the composting process can be speeded by heating the inlet air by introducing external energy.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

A method for composting solid organic refuse in an essentially air-tight, thermally insulated compostor, according to which method inlet air (1) is taken into the compostor and moist outlet air (7) is removed from the compostor. The invention is implemented by cooling at least a portion of the moist outlet air (7) and absorbing at least an essential portion of the ammonia contained in the outlet air to the condensate formed in the cooling of the outlet air, after which the ammonia-containing condensate is returned to the compostor. The invention also concerns a compostor suited to implement the method.

Description

Method for composting solid organic material and a composter for applying said method.
The present invention relates to a method for composting solid organic refuse in an essentially air-tight, thermally insulated compostor, in which method inlet air is taken to the compostor and moist outlet air is removed from the com¬ postor. Furthermore, the invention concerns a compostor which implements the method.
Prior-art composting methods are hampered by slow and incomplete composting. In a reactor-type compostor the composting rate and completion have been improved with the penalty of high costs. All commercially available compostor types have problems in nitrogen losses, drying and odor nuisance. Nitrogen losses are caused through the escapement of the ammonia developing in the composting process along with the outlet air, thus reducing the value of the composted mass as a soil fertilizer and lowering the compost mass pH which according to Japanese studies slows the composting rate. Moisture lost along with the outlet air often results in excessive drying of the compost mass, which slows microbial activity and increases the dusting tendency of the compost mass. Attempts have been made to improve the composting process through mixing or tumbling the compost mass which cuts fungal hyphae and thus also disturbs the composting process.
It is an object of the present invention to achieve a method and a compostor capable of overcoming the above- described drawbacks. The characterizing properties of the invention are defined in the annexed claims.
The method according to the invention achieves more com- plete composting in a shorter time over the prior art with¬ out tumbling or mixing the compost mass. Additionally, the composting method according to the invention is capable of essentially lowering moisture and nitrogen losses and re¬ ducing odor nuisance. Owing to the higher than usual pH in the compost, difficult-to-decompose organic matter is de¬ composed faster in the composting method according to the invention than in the prior art. The novel method is suited for both natural and forced ventilation of the compost.
In the method according to the invention, composting takes place in an essentially air-tight vessel (compostor) to permit better control of air flow. The compostor is designed with an advantageously downward tapering cross section which with the compaction of the compost matter during the progress of the composting process prevents any air passageways from being formed between the vessel inner wall and the compost mass, whereby detrimental air bypass is eliminated. The moist outlet air from the compost is ad¬ vantageously cooled by the inlet air and the ammonia con¬ tained in the outlet air is absorbed into the condensate formed and is then returned to the compost mass where it is utilized as a nutrient for the composting microbes and to elevate the pH of the compost. In forced-ventilation com¬ posting, the temperature and moisture differences between the top and bottom layers of the compost mass can be equal¬ ized by changing the direction of the air flow through the mass at suitable intervals.
The invention is next examined in greater detail with reference to preferred exemplifying embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings, in which
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a naturally ventilated compostor according to the invention; and
Figure 2 is a basic diagram of a composting system according to the invention suited to use external energy. With reference to Fig. 1, a naturally ventilated compostor is shown advantageously suited for composting small amounts of organic refuse. The inlet air is taken into the compost¬ ing vessel via inlet channels 1 of a bottom plate 3 and a screen 2. The compostor walls 4 are thermally insulated and designed with a downward tapering cross section, whereby such an arrangement by virtue of the compaction of the compost matter prevents any air passageways from being formed between the vessel inner wall and the compost mass.
The compostor top is formed by a thermal insulation 6, a filler particle or screen fabric layer 8 and an air-tight top plate 9. The moist outlet air flows via outlet channels 5 made in the thermal insulation layer further into the filler particle layer 8 and further tangentially past the top plate 9 through exit openings 7 to the ambient air. The moisture contained in the outlet air is chiefly condensed on the top plate 9 cooled by the ambient air and the con¬ densate cools the filler particle layer where the ammonia contained in the outlet air is absorbed in the condensate and wherefrom the condensate flows down via the outlet channels 5 back to the compostor.
with reference to Fig. 2, an embodiment of an externally powered composting system according to the invention is shown offering definite process technology benefits over a naturally ventilated compostor. The system comprises a thermally insulated compostor, an absorption/cooling column 10, an outlet air exhaust fan 11, a cooling air fan 17 and a condensate pump 12, complemented with a directional con¬ trol valve 13 and required piping. The compostor is formed by an essentially air-tight and thermally insulated space tapering downward. The inlet air 1 or 7 is guided by means of the directional control valve 13 to flow through the mass to be composted either from the bottom to the top or vice versa. The outlet air exhaust fan 11 sucks air from the compostor via the directional control valve 13 and forces it via an absorber zone 14 and a cooler 15 to the ambient air. Moisture contained in the outlet air is con¬ densed in the cooler 15 and the condensate flows by gravity to the absorber zone 14, where the ammonia contained in the outlet air is absorbed by the condensate. The condensate is returned by the pump 12 from a container 16 via a spray nozzle pipe 23 back to the compostor. A portion of the con¬ densate can be removed from the system via an intermediate bottom 18, a pipe 19 and a valve 20 if the moisture content of the mass being composted is desired to be lowered with¬ out essentially impairing ammonia recovery. The cooling air fan 17 forces ambient cooling air through the cooler 15 of the outlet air. A portion of the ambient cooling air thus heated is used as the inlet air to the compostor and is therefore routed via the directional control valve 13 to the compostor. When desired, the moist outlet air can be circulated via a valve 22. Microbial seed, a pH adjusting agent and additional nutrients can be introduced to the compostor by adding them to the condensate return flow via a valve 21. Inlet air preheating can be switched off at a high ambient temperature. By changing the air flow direc¬ tion through the compostor at suitable intervals by means of the directional control valve 13, a more homogeneous temperature profile, and consequently, more complete com- posting is attained. By arranging the elevations of the units suitably, the leachate water possibly separating from the compost mass can be routed via a pipe to the container 16 and therefrom circulated along with the condensate by means of the pump 12 back to the compostor space. The leachate water can also be absorbed in peat or other organic absorbent material placed under the compost mass and the absorbent is later mixed in the composted mass.
The mechanically augmented composting system described above can advantageously be implemented in long shaft/ tunnel-like spaces, or alternatively, using a modified standard transport container as the compostor vessel. The start of the composting process can be speeded by heating the inlet air by introducing external energy.
To one skilled in the art it is obvious that the invention is not limited by the exemplifying embodiment described above, but rather, can be varied within the scope and spirit of the annexed claims.

Claims

Claims :
1. A method for composting solid organic matter in an es¬ sentially air-tight, thermally insulated compostor, in which method inlet air (1) is taken to the compostor and moist outlet air (7) is removed from the compostor, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that at least a portion of the moist outlet air (7) is cooled and an essential portion of the ammonia contained in the outlet air is absorbed in the condensate formed in the cooling of the outlet air, after which the condensate is returned to the compostor.
2. A method as defined in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that a portion of the outlet air (7) is circulated uncooled back to the compostor.
3. A method as defined in claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i z e d in that the inlet air (1) is preheated with the help of the outlet air (7).
4. A method as defined in any of foregoing claims 1 - 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that prior to returning the condensate back to the compostor, microbial seed, a pH adjusting agent, additional nutrients and other agents controlling the composting process are added to the condensate.
5. A method as defined in any of foregoing claims 1 - 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the directions of inlet and outlet air flows (1, 7) are reversed as required.
6. A compostor for composting solid organic matter, said compostor comprising essentially air-tight thermally insulated walls (4) and a top (6) which delineate a space for holding the compost mass, and said compostor further comprising at least one opening (1), pipe or similar intake for the entry of the inlet air to the compostor and at least one exit opening (7), pipe or similar outlet for the exit of the outlet air from the compostor, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i z e d in that the compostor includes or the compostor communicates with a cooler (9, 15) of the outlet air (7) , and that the compostor includes or the compostor communicates with an ammonia absorber (8, 14).
7. A compostor as defined in claim 6, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the cooler (9) of the outlet air (7) is formed by the exterior surface of the compostor top (6) and the ammonia absorber (8) is formed by a contact zone such as a screen fabric or filler particle layer placed between the compostor top (9) and the thermal insulation (6) .
8. A compostor as defined in claim 6, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the cooler (15) of the outlet air (7) and the ammonia absorber (14) are constructed in a separate column (10) which is adapted to communicate via an inlet/ outlet piping (1, 7) with the compostor, and that said column further includes an outlet air exhaust fan (11).
9. A compostor as defined in claim 8, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that to the bottom of the cooling/absorber column (10) is formed a container (16) to which the condensate collected in the cooler (15) from the moisture contained in the outlet air (7) can flow via the absorber (14), and that the condensate exit line from the container (16) is provided with a condensate pump (12) suited to pump the condensate from the container (16) via a spray nozzle pipe (23) back to the compostor.
10. A compostor as defined in any of foregoing claims 5 - 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that cross section of the compostor interior space is shaped downward tapering.
PCT/FI1994/000208 1993-05-25 1994-05-25 Method for composting solid organic material and a composter for applying said method WO1994027932A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU67976/94A AU6797694A (en) 1993-05-25 1994-05-25 Method for composting solid organic material and a composter for applying said method

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI932379 1993-05-25
FI932379A FI932379A (en) 1993-05-25 1993-05-25 Procedure for composting solid organic matter and composting before carrying out the procedure

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994027932A1 true WO1994027932A1 (en) 1994-12-08

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WO (1) WO1994027932A1 (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0798282A2 (en) * 1996-03-25 1997-10-01 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Garbage disposal apparatus
WO2000012448A1 (en) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Lars Adolfsson Method and device for composting
CN101948341A (en) * 2010-09-15 2011-01-19 昆明理工大学 Reactor composting device for aerobic fermentation
CN102719354A (en) * 2012-07-11 2012-10-10 上海市城市建设设计研究总院 Solid organic waste aerobic fermentation reactor
CN108178671A (en) * 2018-02-06 2018-06-19 深圳市中科智诚科技有限公司 A kind of high environment-friendly type organic fertilizer production equipment of production efficiency
CN108456026A (en) * 2018-04-13 2018-08-28 东北农业大学 A kind of biological reinforced compost method reducing nitrogen loss

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE501474C (en) * 1926-01-31 1930-07-03 Erich H Reinau Dr Process for the gradual use of the individual plant growth-promoting properties of manure, compost, artificial manure, faeces, garbage and the like. like
US4135908A (en) * 1977-03-08 1979-01-23 Peter Widmer Method of and apparatus for aerobic decomposition of organic solids
EP0244391A2 (en) * 1986-04-30 1987-11-04 VOEST-ALPINE Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus and process for aerating compost
EP0413992A2 (en) * 1989-08-04 1991-02-27 Hermann Hofmann Process and apparatus for aerobic, fermentative hydrolysis, particularly for composting of organic materials
US5116761A (en) * 1988-07-12 1992-05-26 Groenenboom Beheer B.V. Apparatus for preparing compost from manure by fermentation
US5206173A (en) * 1991-06-05 1993-04-27 Bedminster Bioconversion Corporation Air hood

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE501474C (en) * 1926-01-31 1930-07-03 Erich H Reinau Dr Process for the gradual use of the individual plant growth-promoting properties of manure, compost, artificial manure, faeces, garbage and the like. like
US4135908A (en) * 1977-03-08 1979-01-23 Peter Widmer Method of and apparatus for aerobic decomposition of organic solids
EP0244391A2 (en) * 1986-04-30 1987-11-04 VOEST-ALPINE Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus and process for aerating compost
US5116761A (en) * 1988-07-12 1992-05-26 Groenenboom Beheer B.V. Apparatus for preparing compost from manure by fermentation
EP0413992A2 (en) * 1989-08-04 1991-02-27 Hermann Hofmann Process and apparatus for aerobic, fermentative hydrolysis, particularly for composting of organic materials
US5206173A (en) * 1991-06-05 1993-04-27 Bedminster Bioconversion Corporation Air hood

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0798282A2 (en) * 1996-03-25 1997-10-01 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Garbage disposal apparatus
EP0798282A3 (en) * 1996-03-25 1998-11-18 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Garbage disposal apparatus
US6037169A (en) * 1996-03-25 2000-03-14 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Garbage disposal apparatus
US6245556B1 (en) * 1996-03-25 2001-06-12 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Garbage disposal apparatus
EP1234610A2 (en) * 1996-03-25 2002-08-28 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Garbage disposal apparatus
EP1234610A3 (en) * 1996-03-25 2003-02-12 Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Garbage disposal apparatus
WO2000012448A1 (en) * 1998-08-28 2000-03-09 Lars Adolfsson Method and device for composting
CN101948341A (en) * 2010-09-15 2011-01-19 昆明理工大学 Reactor composting device for aerobic fermentation
CN102719354A (en) * 2012-07-11 2012-10-10 上海市城市建设设计研究总院 Solid organic waste aerobic fermentation reactor
CN108178671A (en) * 2018-02-06 2018-06-19 深圳市中科智诚科技有限公司 A kind of high environment-friendly type organic fertilizer production equipment of production efficiency
CN108456026A (en) * 2018-04-13 2018-08-28 东北农业大学 A kind of biological reinforced compost method reducing nitrogen loss

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU6797694A (en) 1994-12-20
FI932379A (en) 1994-11-26
FI932379A0 (en) 1993-05-25

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