WO1994011697A1 - Material for hunting ammunition, and a method for producing such material - Google Patents
Material for hunting ammunition, and a method for producing such material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1994011697A1 WO1994011697A1 PCT/SE1993/000950 SE9300950W WO9411697A1 WO 1994011697 A1 WO1994011697 A1 WO 1994011697A1 SE 9300950 W SE9300950 W SE 9300950W WO 9411697 A1 WO9411697 A1 WO 9411697A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ammunition
- density
- powder
- zinc
- lead
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
- F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
- F42B7/04—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile of pellet type
- F42B7/046—Pellets or shot therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
- F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
- F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
Definitions
- the present invention relates to hunting ammunition material. Hunting ammunition is normally produced from lead, which applies both to ball ammunition and to so- called BB-shot or pellet ammunition.
- lead particularly lead shot or pellets
- the use of lead, particularly lead shot or pellets, for hunting purposes is highly disadvantageous from an environmental aspect.
- About 700 tonnes of lead is scattered annually in this way over the countryside in Sweden alone, of which about 125 tonnes derives from shooting and hunting.
- About 20 tonnes of lead shot is scattered in conjunction with bird shooting expedi ⁇ tions, this shot falling in places where the birds are liable to ingest the shot when scavenging for food, e.g. over wet-lands.
- BB lead shot to shoot birds is that the shot is scattered in a manner which results in some of the shot being eaten by the birds and causing lead poisoning. Naturally, this can lead to the death of certain birds. Moreover, people who, in turn, eat birds which have eaten lead shot will also ingest a certain amount of lead.
- lead ammunition has very good ballistic properties and also high energetic proper- ties, in other words lead shot produces a satisfacto ⁇ rily high energy impulse when striking the target. These properties are allied to a great extent with the specific gravity of lead, i.e. its density. It would also seem that those weapons used for hunting purposes are designed and dimensioned for use with lead ammunition.
- Iron ammunition in the form of iron shot is available commercially.
- the density of iron, however, is too low to provide the same good properties as lead, and consequently iron shot has a limited use.
- the present invention proposes a material which can be used as a substitute for lead in shot ammunition and also in ball ammunition.
- the present invention relates to material for hunting ammunition and is characterized in that the ammunition material includes at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form, and a material of low melting point which functions to bind the powder material into a coherent body; in that the powder material and the binder material is present in the ammunition material in such mutual proportions that the ammunition materi ⁇ al has a density corresponding to or in the same order of magnitude as the density of lead.
- WC tungsten carbide
- FeW ferrotungsten
- the invention also relates to a method of manufactur ⁇ ing such a material, this method mainly comprising the features set forth in Claim 6.
- the present invention thus relates to a material for the manufacture of hunting ammunition.
- the ammunition material comprises at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form, and a material of low melting point which func ⁇ tions to bind the powder material to form a coherent body.
- the powder material and the binder material is present in the ammunition material in mutual proportions such that the ammunition material will have a density which corresponds to or is of the same order of magnitude as the density of lead.
- the ammunition material has a density which corresponds to or is in the same order of magnitude as the density of lead, the ammunition will possess the same or corresponding ballistic and energetic proper ⁇ ties as lead ammunition.
- the binder material is comprised of at least one of the materials zinc (Zn) , tin (Sn) or aluminum (Al) , which function as a sintering material.
- These materi- als have a low melting point in comparison with ferro ⁇ tungsten (FeW) and tungsten carbide (WC) , therewith enabling a known sintering process to be readily employed.
- the sintering material is preferably in powder form prior to the sintering process.
- the binder material is a plastic material, preferably a polyester plastic.
- the metallic powder material is mixed with the plastic material to obtain an homoge- nous mixture. The mixture is then placed in moulds in which individual shot or balls are shaped and the plastic material then allowed to cure.
- Low density and high density ammunition is already known to the art.
- both low density ammunition and high density ammunition can be pro ⁇ cuted.
- the ammunition material of low or average density compri ⁇ - es tungsten carbide and zinc, preferably in about equal volumes.
- WC has a density of 14.3 g/cm .
- a mixture comprising 50 vol. % WC and 50 vol. % zinc (Zn) has a density of
- the high-density ammunition material comprises ferrotung- sten and zinc, preferably with about 75 vol. % FeW and
- This mixture has a density of 16.3
- the invention also relates to a method of producing said ammunition.
- the ammunition material is produced by mixing at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form with a material of low melting point, melting the material of low melting point and then causing said material to solidify so as to sinter together the powder material.
- the powder material and the sintering material are present in such mutual proportions that the ammunition material will have a density which corresponds to or is of the same order of magnitude as the density of lead.
- the sintering process can be effected by means of suitable, well-known methods, of which one is to place the mixture in moulds for producing individual shot or balls, and to heat the moulds to sintering temperature and then allowing the moulds to cool. Subsequent to the sintering process, the shot or balls may be subjected to deformation with the intention of increasing the compactness, i.e. increasing the density.
- the mixture of powder material and sintering material is, instead, subjected to a high speed moulding process so that an adiabatic process will take place where the sintering material melts.
- adiabatic process is meant that deformation takes place at such a high speed that the thermal energy generated in the proces-s of deformation cannot be lead away in time, but remains essentially in the material that is deformed.
- the deformation energy must also be sufficiently high to melt the sintering material to the extent desired.
- a process of this kind can be carried out by placing the mixture in a first, open mould half for producing individual shot or balls, and then bringing a second mould half at high speed into engagement with the first mould half.
- the first mould half shall be filled to an extent such that a coherent body in the form of a single shot or a single ball will be formed when the mould halves meet.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
The invention is characterized in that the ammunition material comprises at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form and a material of low melting point which functions to bind the powder material to a coherent body; in that the powder material and the binder material is present in the ammunition material in such mutual proportions that the ammunition material has a density which corresponds to or is in the same order of magnitude as the density of lead. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the ammunition material.
Description
Material for Hunting Ammunition, and a Method for Producing Such Material
The present invention relates to hunting ammunition material. Hunting ammunition is normally produced from lead, which applies both to ball ammunition and to so- called BB-shot or pellet ammunition.
The use of lead, particularly lead shot or pellets, for hunting purposes is highly disadvantageous from an environmental aspect. About 700 tonnes of lead is scattered annually in this way over the countryside in Sweden alone, of which about 125 tonnes derives from shooting and hunting. About 20 tonnes of lead shot is scattered in conjunction with bird shooting expedi¬ tions, this shot falling in places where the birds are liable to ingest the shot when scavenging for food, e.g. over wet-lands.
When using lead shot or pellets for hunting purposes, a very large quantity of lead is scattered throughout the countryside in an uncontrollable fashion, which is negative from an environmental aspect.
One particularly negative aspect of the use of BB lead shot to shoot birds is that the shot is scattered in a manner which results in some of the shot being eaten by the birds and causing lead poisoning. Naturally, this can lead to the death of certain birds. Moreover, people who, in turn, eat birds which have eaten lead shot will also ingest a certain amount of lead.
On the other hand, lead ammunition has very good ballistic properties and also high energetic proper- ties, in other words lead shot produces a satisfacto¬ rily high energy impulse when striking the target. These properties are allied to a great extent with the specific gravity of lead, i.e. its density.
It would also seem that those weapons used for hunting purposes are designed and dimensioned for use with lead ammunition.
Iron ammunition in the form of iron shot is available commercially. The density of iron, however, is too low to provide the same good properties as lead, and consequently iron shot has a limited use.
It will be evident, however, that it would be highly beneficial to replace lead with a material whose properties correspond to those of lead in this context but in this context at the same time is harmless to the environment and ecosystem.
The present invention proposes a material which can be used as a substitute for lead in shot ammunition and also in ball ammunition.
Thus, the present invention relates to material for hunting ammunition and is characterized in that the ammunition material includes at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form, and a material of low melting point which functions to bind the powder material into a coherent body; in that the powder material and the binder material is present in the ammunition material in such mutual proportions that the ammunition materi¬ al has a density corresponding to or in the same order of magnitude as the density of lead.
The invention also relates to a method of manufactur¬ ing such a material, this method mainly comprising the features set forth in Claim 6.
The invention will now be described in more detail, partly with reference to exemplifying embodiments of the invention.
The present invention thus relates to a material for the manufacture of hunting ammunition. The ammunition material comprises at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form, and a material of low melting point which func¬ tions to bind the powder material to form a coherent body.
The powder material and the binder material is present in the ammunition material in mutual proportions such that the ammunition material will have a density which corresponds to or is of the same order of magnitude as the density of lead.
Because the ammunition material has a density which corresponds to or is in the same order of magnitude as the density of lead, the ammunition will possess the same or corresponding ballistic and energetic proper¬ ties as lead ammunition.
According to one preferred embodiment of the inven¬ tion, the binder material is comprised of at least one of the materials zinc (Zn) , tin (Sn) or aluminum (Al) , which function as a sintering material. These materi- als have a low melting point in comparison with ferro¬ tungsten (FeW) and tungsten carbide (WC) , therewith enabling a known sintering process to be readily employed. The sintering material is preferably in powder form prior to the sintering process.
According to another preferred embodiment, the binder material is a plastic material, preferably a polyester plastic. In this case, the metallic powder material is mixed with the plastic material to obtain an homoge- nous mixture. The mixture is then placed in moulds in which individual shot or balls are shaped and the plastic material then allowed to cure.
Low density and high density ammunition is already known to the art.
According to the present invention, both low density ammunition and high density ammunition can be pro¬ duced.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the ammunition material of low or average density compriε- es tungsten carbide and zinc, preferably in about equal volumes.
3 Lead has a density of 11.3 g/cm . Tungsten carbide
3 (WC) has a density of 14.3 g/cm . A mixture comprising 50 vol. % WC and 50 vol. % zinc (Zn) has a density of
3 10.7 g/cm .
According to one embodiment of the invention, the high-density ammunition material comprises ferrotung- sten and zinc, preferably with about 75 vol. % FeW and
25 vol. % Zn. This mixture has a density of 16.3
. 3 g/cm .
It will be obvious that the skilled person will be able to mix the aforesaid materials or other materials in chosen proportions which will provide ammunition of the density desired, and the present invention is not therefore restricted to any particular mixture.
As before mentioned, the invention also relates to a method of producing said ammunition.
According to the invention, the ammunition material is produced by mixing at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form with a material of low melting point, melting the material of low melting point and then causing said material to solidify so as to sinter together the powder material.
The powder material and the sintering material are present in such mutual proportions that the ammunition material will have a density which corresponds to or is of the same order of magnitude as the density of lead.
The sintering process can be effected by means of suitable, well-known methods, of which one is to place the mixture in moulds for producing individual shot or balls, and to heat the moulds to sintering temperature and then allowing the moulds to cool. Subsequent to the sintering process, the shot or balls may be subjected to deformation with the intention of increasing the compactness, i.e. increasing the density.
According to one particular method, the mixture of powder material and sintering material is, instead, subjected to a high speed moulding process so that an adiabatic process will take place where the sintering material melts.
By adiabatic process is meant that deformation takes place at such a high speed that the thermal energy generated in the proces-s of deformation cannot be lead away in time, but remains essentially in the material that is deformed. In this regard, the deformation energy must also be sufficiently high to melt the sintering material to the extent desired.
A process of this kind can be carried out by placing the mixture in a first, open mould half for producing individual shot or balls, and then bringing a second mould half at high speed into engagement with the first mould half. The first mould half shall be filled to an extent such that a coherent body in the form of a single shot or a single ball will be formed when the mould halves meet.
It will be evident from the aforegoing that the pre¬ sent invention solves the problems mentioned in the introduction originating from the use of lead shot, since the aforesaid materials and substances do not create the same environmental drawbacks as those engendered by lead.
A few materials have been mentioned in the aforegoing in addition to the heavier fractions comprised of at least one of the materials WC and FeW. It will be obvious in other respects that the person skilled in this art has a wide range of materials to choose from.
The present invention shall not therefore be consid- ered restricted to the aforedescribed exemplifying embodiments thereof, since variations can be made within the scope of the accompanying Claims.
Claims
1. A material for hunting ammunition, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that the ammunition material comprises at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotungsten (FeW) in powder form and a material of low melting point which functions to bind the powder material to a coherent body; and in that the powder material and the binder material is present in the ammunition material in such mutual proportions that the ammunition material will have a density which corresponds to or is in the same order of magnitude as the density of lead.
2. A material according to Claim 1, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i z e d in that the binder material is com¬ prised of at least one of the materials zinc (Zn) , tin (Sn) or aluminium (Al) which functions as a sintering material.
3. A material according to Claim 1 or 2, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that ammunition material of low or average density comprises tungsten carbide and zinc, preferably in about equal volumes.
4. A material according to Claim 1 or 2, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that high density ammunition material comprises ferrotungsten and zinc in propor¬ tions of preferably about 75 vol. % FeW and 25 vol. % Zn.
5. A material according to Claim 1, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i z e d in that the binder material is a plas¬ tic material, preferably a polyester plastic.
6. A method for producing a material for hunting ammunition, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the ammunition material is produced by mixing at least one of the materials tungsten carbide (WC) or ferrotung¬ sten (FeW) in powder form with a material of low melting point, causing the material of low melting point to melt and then solidify so as to cause the last-mentioned material to sinter together the powder material; and in that the powder material and the sintering material are mixed in such mutual propor¬ tions that the ammunition material will have a density which corresponds to or is in the same order of agni- tude as the density of lead.
7. A method according to Claim 6, c h a r a c ¬ t e r i z e d in that the sintering material is comprised of at least one of the materials zinc (Zn) , tin (Sn) or aluminium (Al) .
8. A method according to Claim 6 or 7, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d by including tungsten carbide and zinc, preferably in about equal volumes in the ammuni- tion material of low or average density.
9. A method according to Claim 6 or 7, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that ferrotungsten and zinc is included in ammunition material of high density, preferably in proportions of about 75 vol. % FeW and 25 vol. % Zn.
10. A method according to Claim 6, 7, 8 or 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d by subjecting the mixture of powder material and sintering material to a high speed moulding process such that an adiabatic process will occur where the sintering material melts.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU54393/94A AU5439394A (en) | 1992-11-09 | 1993-11-09 | Material for hunting ammunition, and a method for producing such material |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE9203336A SE506378C2 (en) | 1992-11-09 | 1992-11-09 | Material for hunting ammunition, as well as a procedure for the manufacture of such material |
SE9203336-4 | 1992-11-09 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1994011697A1 true WO1994011697A1 (en) | 1994-05-26 |
Family
ID=20387746
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE1993/000950 WO1994011697A1 (en) | 1992-11-09 | 1993-11-09 | Material for hunting ammunition, and a method for producing such material |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU5439394A (en) |
SE (1) | SE506378C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1994011697A1 (en) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0689889A1 (en) * | 1994-06-13 | 1996-01-03 | WILHELM BRENNEKE GmbH & Co. KG | Method for the production of a hunting bullet with hollow point |
WO1996001407A1 (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1996-01-18 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same |
WO1996041113A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Projectiles having controllable density and mass distribution |
EP0787277A1 (en) * | 1994-10-17 | 1997-08-06 | Olin Corporation | Ferromagnetic bullet |
WO1997038282A1 (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1997-10-16 | Cesaroni Technology Inc. | Lead-free bullet |
WO1998059211A1 (en) * | 1997-06-23 | 1998-12-30 | ERKKILÄ, Mikko, Matias | Bullets and a method for manufacturing them |
US6174494B1 (en) | 1993-07-06 | 2001-01-16 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and explosives containers |
FR2822812A1 (en) | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-04 | Andre Reimbert | Silo has motorized helical screw mounted on its roof which follows spiral path down silo walls and prevents material in it from caking |
US6551375B2 (en) | 2001-03-06 | 2003-04-22 | Kennametal Inc. | Ammunition using non-toxic metals and binders |
US6640724B1 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2003-11-04 | Olin Corporation | Slug for industrial ballistic tool |
US6892647B1 (en) | 1997-08-08 | 2005-05-17 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Lead free powdered metal projectiles |
US7607394B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2009-10-27 | Anthony Joseph Cesaroni | Lead-free projectiles |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB697172A (en) * | 1950-06-17 | 1953-09-16 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to armour-piercing cores for projectiles |
GB2200976A (en) * | 1983-11-04 | 1988-08-17 | Wimet Ltd | Shotgun pellets |
US4881465A (en) * | 1988-09-01 | 1989-11-21 | Hooper Robert C | Non-toxic shot pellets for shotguns and method |
-
1992
- 1992-11-09 SE SE9203336A patent/SE506378C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1993
- 1993-11-09 AU AU54393/94A patent/AU5439394A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-11-09 WO PCT/SE1993/000950 patent/WO1994011697A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB697172A (en) * | 1950-06-17 | 1953-09-16 | Birmingham Small Arms Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to armour-piercing cores for projectiles |
GB2200976A (en) * | 1983-11-04 | 1988-08-17 | Wimet Ltd | Shotgun pellets |
US4881465A (en) * | 1988-09-01 | 1989-11-21 | Hooper Robert C | Non-toxic shot pellets for shotguns and method |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6174494B1 (en) | 1993-07-06 | 2001-01-16 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and explosives containers |
EP0689889A1 (en) * | 1994-06-13 | 1996-01-03 | WILHELM BRENNEKE GmbH & Co. KG | Method for the production of a hunting bullet with hollow point |
US6149705A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 2000-11-21 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same |
WO1996001407A1 (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1996-01-18 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same |
US5760331A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1998-06-02 | Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp. | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same |
EP0787277A1 (en) * | 1994-10-17 | 1997-08-06 | Olin Corporation | Ferromagnetic bullet |
EP0787277A4 (en) * | 1994-10-17 | 1998-05-06 | Olin Corp | Ferromagnetic bullet |
WO1996041113A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Projectiles having controllable density and mass distribution |
WO1997038282A1 (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 1997-10-16 | Cesaroni Technology Inc. | Lead-free bullet |
WO1998059211A1 (en) * | 1997-06-23 | 1998-12-30 | ERKKILÄ, Mikko, Matias | Bullets and a method for manufacturing them |
US6892647B1 (en) | 1997-08-08 | 2005-05-17 | Ra Brands, L.L.C. | Lead free powdered metal projectiles |
US6640724B1 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2003-11-04 | Olin Corporation | Slug for industrial ballistic tool |
US7159519B2 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2007-01-09 | Olin Corporation | Slug for industrial ballistic tool |
US7328658B2 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2008-02-12 | Olin Corporation | Slug for industrial ballistic tool |
US7891299B2 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2011-02-22 | Olin Corporation | Slug for industrial ballistic tool |
US6551375B2 (en) | 2001-03-06 | 2003-04-22 | Kennametal Inc. | Ammunition using non-toxic metals and binders |
FR2822812A1 (en) | 2001-03-27 | 2002-10-04 | Andre Reimbert | Silo has motorized helical screw mounted on its roof which follows spiral path down silo walls and prevents material in it from caking |
US7607394B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2009-10-27 | Anthony Joseph Cesaroni | Lead-free projectiles |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
SE9203336D0 (en) | 1992-11-09 |
SE506378C2 (en) | 1997-12-08 |
AU5439394A (en) | 1994-06-08 |
SE9203336L (en) | 1994-05-10 |
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