WO1994008919A1 - Improvements in or relating to explosives - Google Patents

Improvements in or relating to explosives Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994008919A1
WO1994008919A1 PCT/GB1993/002124 GB9302124W WO9408919A1 WO 1994008919 A1 WO1994008919 A1 WO 1994008919A1 GB 9302124 W GB9302124 W GB 9302124W WO 9408919 A1 WO9408919 A1 WO 9408919A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
steps
reactable
explosive material
alkali metal
explosive
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1993/002124
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Peter Christian Shann
Original Assignee
Explosive Developments Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Explosive Developments Limited filed Critical Explosive Developments Limited
Priority to AU51544/93A priority Critical patent/AU5154493A/en
Publication of WO1994008919A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994008919A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
    • C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase

Definitions

  • This invention relates to explosives and has particular application to explosives used for quarrying, demolition and the like operations.
  • Explosive materials currently in use for quarrying and the like operations generally comprise slurry or emulsion explosives which are placed in bore holes whereupon, on detonation of the explosive material, the pressure wave generated by the detonated explosive material compresses the quarry material defining the walls of the bore hole, in effect pushing the said wall radially outwardly from the axis of the bore hole thereby creating a 'wedge' effect to cause said material being quarried to split.
  • the compression forces generated by expanding cement can be effective to split quarry material at much lower pressures than the peak pressures attainable by explosive materials and concludes therefrom that the effective length of the pressure pulse, and thereby the effective length of the compression pulse, is of greater importance than the peak pressure of the pressure pulse
  • the object has been to complete the reaction of the reactable material as closely as possible to the primary reaction of the explosive material, thereby to obtain the greatest possible release of energy in the shortest possible period of time.
  • the present invention seek to provide a method for detonating an explosive mass which is more efficacious than known methods.
  • the present invention seeks to provide a method for enhancing the effects of an explosive material by including in the explosive material a reactable material physically arranged to react after the primary reaction of the explosive material has been completed, to add energy to the products of the primary reaction.
  • a method for enhancing the effects of an explosive material comprising the steps of including with said explosive material a reactable material physically arranged to react after the primary reaction of the explosive material has been completed, thereby to add energy to the products of the primary reaction.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting said reactable material to burn or deflagrate after the explosive material has detonated.
  • the method includes the steps of arranging the explosive material adjacent the reaction material.
  • the method includes the steps of surrounding the explosive material with said reactable material.
  • the method includes the steps of surrounding the said reactable material with said explosive material.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting said explosive material to be a relatively sensitive slurry or emulsion explosive material and physically forming the reactable material to comprise a relatively insensitive slurry or emulsion explosive material, selected to burn or deflagrate without detonating when exposed to the products of combustion from the sensitive explosion material.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting the said reactable material to comprises at least two components which, on detonation of the explosive material, react to release energy into the products of primary reaction generated by the explosive material.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting the reactable material to comprise a sulphur component and an alkali metal salt(s) component.
  • the method includes the steps of including the alkali metal salt(s) as discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 1mm, more preferably having an average minimum dimension greater than 2mm and for selected embodiments having an average minimum dimension greater than 5mm.
  • the method includes the steps of forming the lumps of alkali metal salt(s) by mixing discreet particles of said salt(s) with a binder.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting calcium salts to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting sodium salts to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting potassium salt to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
  • the method includes the steps of including the sulphur component as discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than lmm, most preferably having an average minimum dimension greater than 2mm, and for some embodiments having an average minimum dimension greater than 5mm.
  • the method includes the steps of including the sulphur and alkali metal salts in such proportions as to allow more than 50% of the sulphur to react to generated heat.
  • the method includes the steps of selecting the ratio of sulphur and alkali metal salt(s) components to allow more than 60% of the sulphur component to generate heat.
  • the method includes the steps of adding the reactable material to constitute more than 10% of the volume of the total composition.
  • the method includes the steps of adding the reactable material to constitute more than 20% of the total composition, and more preferably to comprise more than 30% of the total composition.
  • the method includes the steps of charging the explosive material and reactable material composition into a bore hole and initiating detonation of the explosive material from the lower regions of the bore hole.
  • two sets of bore holes set 1 and set 2 each comprising three rows of bore holes with six bore holes in each row, were drilled in a substantially homogeneous, substantially horizontal, rock surface.
  • the two sets 1 and 2 of holes were 20m apart, each bore hole had a diameter of 125mm and a depth of 13m, the pitch between the rows was 3.5m and the pitch between the holes in each row was 3.5m.
  • the holes in each set 1 and 2 were drilled in a square pattern and the first row of holes in each set were drilled 3.5m in from a free surface of the rock parallel to the axis of the holes.
  • the bore holes in set 1 were all charged with a conventional quarry explosive and the other row 2 of bore hole were charged with a composition according to the invention, with the explosive material in the composition being the same explosive material used for charging set 1.
  • Each bore hole was charged to within one metre of the top of the hole and the hole was then topped up with a filling or tamping material, in accordance with conventional practise.
  • the bore holes in each set were fired successively, with a delay of 25 msecs between detonations, using electrical detonators located at the bottom of the charge in each bore hole.
  • the charge for bore holes in set 2 comprised, by volume, 65% of the conventional explosive material, 10% sulphur and 25% sodium salt.
  • the sulphur was of finely ground form and the sodium was on the form of discreet lumps generally having a minimum dimension in excess of 5mm.
  • the alkali metal salt(s) are conveniently added to the composition according to the invention in the form of relatively large discreet lumps, each of which may comprise a discreet lump of the alkali metal salt(s) or a plurality of discreet particles of the alkali metal salt(s) held together by a binder, such as a wax or resin. It is believed that the discreet lumps are broken down into microfine particles which are advantageously distributed to react with the sulphur in the aftermaths of the detonation, and the reaction of the sulphur with the alkali metal salt(s) within the bore hole is most effective to generate heat to maintain the high temperature, and thereby the high pressures, of the products of the reactions within the bore hole.

Abstract

The invention relates to explosives and has particular application to explosives used in quarrying, demolition and the like operations. It has been proposed to include solid particulate fuels, such as aluminium, coal and the like fuels, in explosive materials but on the prior art arrangements such fuels have been of small particle size to cause the fuel to burn or deflagrate rapidly to increase the magnitude of the pressure pulse generated by the detonated material. The invention proposes using a reactable material with the explosive material, the reactable material being physically arranged, by its disposition relative to the explosive material or its physical size, to react after the primary reaction of the explosive material has been completed to add energy to the products of the primary detonation.

Description

IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO EXPLOSIVES
This invention relates to explosives and has particular application to explosives used for quarrying, demolition and the like operations.
It is well known in the art that explosive materials, on detonation, generate a shock wave front in the surrounding medium, which travels in all directions away from the detonated explosive material with little effect, and a pressure pulse, generated by the detonated material, which also travels in all directions away from the detonated explosive material.
Explosive materials currently in use for quarrying and the like operations generally comprise slurry or emulsion explosives which are placed in bore holes whereupon, on detonation of the explosive material, the pressure wave generated by the detonated explosive material compresses the quarry material defining the walls of the bore hole, in effect pushing the said wall radially outwardly from the axis of the bore hole thereby creating a 'wedge' effect to cause said material being quarried to split.
With conventional quarrying and the like explosive materials the pressure pulse generated by the detonation of the explosive material rises very rapidly to a peak and then falls rapidly away so that the compression wave is of very short, effective, duration.
It is also known in the art to quarry material using cements, which are placed in bore holes or cracks in the material being quarried and which expand whilst setting to generate compression forces in the quarry material to cause the quarry material to split.
The applicant has observed that the compression forces generated by expanding cement can be effective to split quarry material at much lower pressures than the peak pressures attainable by explosive materials and concludes therefrom that the effective length of the pressure pulse, and thereby the effective length of the compression pulse, is of greater importance than the peak pressure of the pressure pulse
It is well known in the art to include in an explosive material a solids particulate material, such as aluminium, coal and the like solid fuels, to enhance the effects of the explosive material but in the past the object has been to reduce such solid fuels to relatively small particle sizes and to mix the particulate solids intimately with the explosive material, whereby to assist said materials to react almost simultaneously with the explosive material.
It is also well known in the art to include in an explosive material reactable materials in liquid form to enhance the effects of the explosive material but, again, it is the practise to mix such materials intimately into the explosive material to obtain a reaction of the said materials substantially simultaneously with the detonation of the explosive material.
Thus, in the inclusion of reactable materials in the prior art proposals, the object has been to complete the reaction of the reactable material as closely as possible to the primary reaction of the explosive material, thereby to obtain the greatest possible release of energy in the shortest possible period of time.
The present invention seek to provide a method for detonating an explosive mass which is more efficacious than known methods.
Contrary to the prior art proposals and practices todate the present invention seeks to provide a method for enhancing the effects of an explosive material by including in the explosive material a reactable material physically arranged to react after the primary reaction of the explosive material has been completed, to add energy to the products of the primary reaction.
According to the present invention there is provided a method for enhancing the effects of an explosive material comprising the steps of including with said explosive material a reactable material physically arranged to react after the primary reaction of the explosive material has been completed, thereby to add energy to the products of the primary reaction.
Preferably the method includes the steps of selecting said reactable material to burn or deflagrate after the explosive material has detonated.
In one embodiment the method includes the steps of arranging the explosive material adjacent the reaction material.
In one embodiment the method includes the steps of surrounding the explosive material with said reactable material.
In another embodiment the method includes the steps of surrounding the said reactable material with said explosive material.
In one embodiment the method includes the steps of selecting said explosive material to be a relatively sensitive slurry or emulsion explosive material and physically forming the reactable material to comprise a relatively insensitive slurry or emulsion explosive material, selected to burn or deflagrate without detonating when exposed to the products of combustion from the sensitive explosion material.
Preferably the method includes the steps of selecting the said reactable material to comprises at least two components which, on detonation of the explosive material, react to release energy into the products of primary reaction generated by the explosive material. In a preferred embodiment the method includes the steps of selecting the reactable material to comprise a sulphur component and an alkali metal salt(s) component.
Preferably the method includes the steps of including the alkali metal salt(s) as discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 1mm, more preferably having an average minimum dimension greater than 2mm and for selected embodiments having an average minimum dimension greater than 5mm.
Preferably the method includes the steps of forming the lumps of alkali metal salt(s) by mixing discreet particles of said salt(s) with a binder.
In one embodiment the method includes the steps of selecting calcium salts to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
In another embodiment the method includes the steps of selecting sodium salts to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
In a further embodiment the method includes the steps of selecting potassium salt to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
In one embodiment the method includes the steps of including the sulphur component as discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than lmm, most preferably having an average minimum dimension greater than 2mm, and for some embodiments having an average minimum dimension greater than 5mm.
Preferably the method includes the steps of including the sulphur and alkali metal salts in such proportions as to allow more than 50% of the sulphur to react to generated heat.
In a preferred embodiment the method includes the steps of selecting the ratio of sulphur and alkali metal salt(s) components to allow more than 60% of the sulphur component to generate heat.
Preferably the method includes the steps of adding the reactable material to constitute more than 10% of the volume of the total composition.
Preferably the method includes the steps of adding the reactable material to constitute more than 20% of the total composition, and more preferably to comprise more than 30% of the total composition.
Preferably the method includes the steps of charging the explosive material and reactable material composition into a bore hole and initiating detonation of the explosive material from the lower regions of the bore hole.
The invention will now be described further by way of the following examples.
METHOD
In the following examples two sets of bore holes, set 1 and set 2, each comprising three rows of bore holes with six bore holes in each row, were drilled in a substantially homogeneous, substantially horizontal, rock surface. The two sets 1 and 2 of holes were 20m apart, each bore hole had a diameter of 125mm and a depth of 13m, the pitch between the rows was 3.5m and the pitch between the holes in each row was 3.5m. The holes in each set 1 and 2 were drilled in a square pattern and the first row of holes in each set were drilled 3.5m in from a free surface of the rock parallel to the axis of the holes.
The bore holes in set 1 were all charged with a conventional quarry explosive and the other row 2 of bore hole were charged with a composition according to the invention, with the explosive material in the composition being the same explosive material used for charging set 1. Each bore hole was charged to within one metre of the top of the hole and the hole was then topped up with a filling or tamping material, in accordance with conventional practise.
The bore holes in each set were fired successively, with a delay of 25 msecs between detonations, using electrical detonators located at the bottom of the charge in each bore hole.
After detonation the effects of the damage caused to the rock by the charges in the two sets 1 and 2 of bore holes was examined.
Experiment 1
In this experiment the charge for bore holes in set 2 comprised, by volume, 65% of the conventional explosive material, 10% sulphur and 25% sodium salt. The sulphur was of finely ground form and the sodium was on the form of discreet lumps generally having a minimum dimension in excess of 5mm.
Results
It was readily observed that after detonation the ratio of tons of rock broken per kilo of explosive for the composition according to the invention and used in set 2 was more than one and a half times greater than the ratio obtained with the conventional explosive alone used in set 1. Experiment 2
Experiment 1 was repeated, substituting potassium salt for the sodium salt, and again the ratio of tons of rock broken per kilo of explosive material was significantly greater for the composition according to the invention than for the conventional explosive.
Experiment 3
Experiment 1 was repeated, substituting calcium salts for the sodium salt, and again the ratio of rock broken per kilo of explosive was significantly greater for the composition according to the invention than for the conventional explosive material.
As stated above the alkali metal salt(s) are conveniently added to the composition according to the invention in the form of relatively large discreet lumps, each of which may comprise a discreet lump of the alkali metal salt(s) or a plurality of discreet particles of the alkali metal salt(s) held together by a binder, such as a wax or resin. It is believed that the discreet lumps are broken down into microfine particles which are advantageously distributed to react with the sulphur in the aftermaths of the detonation, and the reaction of the sulphur with the alkali metal salt(s) within the bore hole is most effective to generate heat to maintain the high temperature, and thereby the high pressures, of the products of the reactions within the bore hole.
However, in other embodiments, the sulpher in relatively large discrete lumps, with the alkali metal salts in finely divided particles, proved to be substantially effective in maintaining the pressure pulse.

Claims

1. A method for enhancing the effects of an explosive material comprising the steps of including with said explosive material a reactable material physically arranged to react after the primary reaction of the explosive material has been completed, thereby to add energy to the products of the primary reaction.
2. A method according to claim 1 including the steps of selecting said reactable material to burn or deflagrate after the explosive material has detonated.
3. A method according to claim 1, including the steps of arranging the explosive material adjacent the reactable material.
4. A method according to claim 3, including the steps of surrounding the explosive material with said reactable material.
5. A method according to claim 3, including the steps of surrounding the said reactable material with said explosive material.
6. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, including the steps of selecting said explosive material to be a relatively sensitive slurry or emulsion explosive material and physically forming the reactable material to comprise a relatively insensitive slurry or emulsion explosive material, selected to burn or deflagrate without detonating when exposed to the products of combustion from the sensitive explosion material.
7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, including the steps of selecting the said reactable material to comprises at least two components which, on detonation of the explosive material, react to release energy into the products of detonation generated by the explosive material.
8. A method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 including the steps of selecting the reactable material- o comprise a sulphur component and an alkali metal salt(s) component.
9. A method according to claim 8 including the steps of including the alkali metal salt(s) as discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 1mm.
10. A method according to claims 8 or 9 including the steps of including the alkali metal salt(s) in the form of discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 2mm.
11. A method according to the claims 8, 9 or 10 including the steps of including the alkali metal salt(s) in the form of discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 5mm.
12. A method according to claims 8, 9, 10 or 11 inclusive including the steps of forming the lumps of alkali metal salt(s) by mixing discreet particles of said salt(s) with a binder.
13. A method according to any one of claims 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 inclusive including the steps of selecting calcium salts to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
14. A method according to any one of claims 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 inclusive including the steps of selecting sodium salts to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
15. A method according to any one of claims 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 inclusive including the steps of selecting potassium salt to comprise the alkali metal salt(s) component of the reactable material.
16. A method according to claim 8 including the steps of including the sulphur component as discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 1mm.
17. A method according to claims 8 or 16 including the steps of including the sulphur component in the form of discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 2mm.
18. A method according to the claims 8, 16 or 17 including the steps of including the sulphur component in the form of discrete lumps having an average minimum dimension greater than 5mm.
19. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 18 inclusive including the steps of including the sulphur and alkali metal salts in such proportions as to allow more than 50% of the sulphur to react to generated heat.
20. A method according to claims 8 to 19 inclusive including the steps of selecting the ratio of sulphur and alkali metal salt(s) components to allow more than 60% of the sulphur component to generate heat.
21. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 20 inclusive including the steps of adding the reactable material to constitute more than 10% of the volume of the total composition.
22. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 21 inclusive including the steps of adding the reactable material to constitute more than 20% of the total composition.
23. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 22 inclusive including the steps of adding the reactable material to comprise more than 30% of the total composition.
24. A method according to any one of the preceeding claims including the steps of charging the explosive material and reactable material composition into a bore hole and initiating detonation of the explosive material from the lower regions of the bore hole.
25. A charge for use in quarrying and the like operations when made by the method set forth in any one of of claims 1 to 24 inclusive.
PCT/GB1993/002124 1992-10-19 1993-10-14 Improvements in or relating to explosives WO1994008919A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU51544/93A AU5154493A (en) 1992-10-19 1993-10-14 Improvements in or relating to explosives

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB929221886A GB9221886D0 (en) 1992-10-19 1992-10-19 Improvements in or relating to explosives
GB9221886.6 1992-10-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994008919A1 true WO1994008919A1 (en) 1994-04-28

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AU (1) AU5154493A (en)
GB (1) GB9221886D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1994008919A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA937642B (en)

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE43866C (en) * Firma LUDW. I.OEWE & CO., Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien in Berlin Process for the production of explosives from the explosive components produced according to the process of patent no. 39 511 using sulfur or aromatic nitro hydrocarbons
GB424957A (en) * 1933-06-02 1935-03-04 Ici Ltd Improvements in or relating to blasting explosive cartridges
FR1194145A (en) * 1959-11-06
US3249477A (en) * 1964-05-01 1966-05-03 Intermountain Res And Engineer Ammonium nitrate slurry blasting composition containing sulfur-sodium nitrate sensitizer
US3297503A (en) * 1965-09-21 1967-01-10 Paul O Hoffmann Cyclotol and thermite explosive composition
US3462324A (en) * 1968-04-24 1969-08-19 Dow Chemical Co Explosive composition comprising a salt component contiguous to an over-fueled salt component
US3742859A (en) * 1965-04-02 1973-07-03 Us Navy Explosive charge
FR2297822A1 (en) * 1975-01-20 1976-08-13 Ireco Chemicals AQUEOUS OR BOILED TYPE EXPLOSIVE SLAUGHTER COMPOSITION
US4331080A (en) * 1980-06-09 1982-05-25 General Electric Co. Composite high explosives for high energy blast applications
GB2218701A (en) * 1988-05-06 1989-11-22 Ici Plc Sheathed explosive systems
US4925505A (en) * 1988-08-10 1990-05-15 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Foamed nitroparaffin explosive composition
WO1991017970A2 (en) * 1990-05-16 1991-11-28 Eti Explosives Low level blasting composition and method of blasting same

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE43866C (en) * Firma LUDW. I.OEWE & CO., Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien in Berlin Process for the production of explosives from the explosive components produced according to the process of patent no. 39 511 using sulfur or aromatic nitro hydrocarbons
FR1194145A (en) * 1959-11-06
GB424957A (en) * 1933-06-02 1935-03-04 Ici Ltd Improvements in or relating to blasting explosive cartridges
US3249477A (en) * 1964-05-01 1966-05-03 Intermountain Res And Engineer Ammonium nitrate slurry blasting composition containing sulfur-sodium nitrate sensitizer
US3742859A (en) * 1965-04-02 1973-07-03 Us Navy Explosive charge
US3297503A (en) * 1965-09-21 1967-01-10 Paul O Hoffmann Cyclotol and thermite explosive composition
US3462324A (en) * 1968-04-24 1969-08-19 Dow Chemical Co Explosive composition comprising a salt component contiguous to an over-fueled salt component
FR2297822A1 (en) * 1975-01-20 1976-08-13 Ireco Chemicals AQUEOUS OR BOILED TYPE EXPLOSIVE SLAUGHTER COMPOSITION
US4331080A (en) * 1980-06-09 1982-05-25 General Electric Co. Composite high explosives for high energy blast applications
GB2218701A (en) * 1988-05-06 1989-11-22 Ici Plc Sheathed explosive systems
US4925505A (en) * 1988-08-10 1990-05-15 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Foamed nitroparaffin explosive composition
WO1991017970A2 (en) * 1990-05-16 1991-11-28 Eti Explosives Low level blasting composition and method of blasting same

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GB9221886D0 (en) 1992-12-02
ZA937642B (en) 1994-05-04
AU5154493A (en) 1994-05-09

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