WO1994000535A1 - Additives and fuel compositions - Google Patents

Additives and fuel compositions Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994000535A1
WO1994000535A1 PCT/EP1993/001669 EP9301669W WO9400535A1 WO 1994000535 A1 WO1994000535 A1 WO 1994000535A1 EP 9301669 W EP9301669 W EP 9301669W WO 9400535 A1 WO9400535 A1 WO 9400535A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
additive
oil
copolymer
mole
additives
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1993/001669
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gerald Ivan Brown
Brian William Davies
Dhanesh Gordon Goberdhan
Iain More
Original Assignee
Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. filed Critical Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
Priority to EP93915736A priority Critical patent/EP0648256A1/en
Priority to AU45613/93A priority patent/AU4561393A/en
Priority to RU95107702A priority patent/RU2107088C1/ru
Priority to JP6502062A priority patent/JPH07508778A/ja
Publication of WO1994000535A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994000535A1/en
Priority to KR1019940704859A priority patent/KR950702234A/ko

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
    • C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
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    • C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M133/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M133/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
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    • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
    • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
    • C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C10M135/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
    • C10M135/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium containing a sulfur-to-oxygen bond
    • C10M135/10—Sulfonic acids or derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
    • C10M143/02—Polyethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10M143/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation
    • C10M143/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular hydrocarbon or such hydrocarbon modified by oxidation containing propene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M145/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
    • C10M145/08—Vinyl esters of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
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    • C10M145/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
    • C10M145/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M145/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
    • C10M145/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate monocarboxylic
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    • C10M145/16—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate polycarboxylic
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    • C10M145/18—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M145/24—Polyethers
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to the use of additives for improving the cold flow properties of crude oil, lubricating oil or fuel oil, for example distillate petroleum fuel such as middle distillate fuel oil boiling within the range of 110°C to 500°C.
  • distillate petroleum fuel such as middle distillate fuel oil boiling within the range of 110°C to 500°C.
  • wax may separate out from the fuel and impair the flow properties of the oil.
  • middle distillate fuels contain wax which precipitates at low temperatures to form large waxy crystals which tend to plug the small pore openings of fuel filters. This problem is particularly acute when the fuel is a diesel fuel because the nominal apertures in the fuel filter of diesel engines are typically of diameter between about 5 and 50 microns.
  • Additives are known in the art for overcoming the above problem and are called Flow Improvers.
  • Such additives may act as wax crystal modifiers when blended with waxy mineral oil by modifying the shape and size of crystals of the wax therein and reducing the adhesive forces between the crystals and between the wax and the oil to permit the oil to remain fluid at a lower temperature than in the absence of the additive.
  • EP-A-0 261 957 describes the use of additives for improving the cold flow properties of distillate fuels, and exemplifies an additive (designated Additive C therein) comprising the reaction product of one mole of phthalic anhydride with two moles of dihydrogenated tallow amine, to form a half amide/half amine salt, in combination with an additive (designated Additives A therein) comprising an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or a mixture of two ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers.
  • Additives A used with Additive C in EP-A-0 261 957 are:
  • Additive A1 which is a 1 :3 (w/w) mixture of two copolymers, one being A2 as defined below and the other being A3 as defined below.
  • the average vinyl acetate content of A1 is 32.75 wt%, i.e. 13.7 mole%;
  • Additive A2 which is a copolymer consisting of ethylene and about 17 wt% vinyl acetate and having an M n of about 3000 as measured by Vapour Phase Osmometry (VPO), i.e. 6.25 mole% of vinyl acetate
  • Additive A3 which is a copolymer consisting of ethylene and about 38 wt% vinyl acetate and having an M n of about 1800 as measured by VPO, i.e. 16.6 mole% of vinyl acetate; and
  • Additive A4 which is a 50:50 mixture of Additives A2 and A3 as defined above, the average vinyl acetate content of A4 therefore being 27.5 wt%, i.e. 1 1 mole%.
  • M n in this specification is the number average molecular weight and is as measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) against polystyrene standards unless otherwise stated.
  • Additives A although having good performance themselves for improving the cold flow properties of middle distillate fuels, do not necessarily give good cold flow properties when used in combination with Additive C.
  • the present invention meets the problem by employing additives that have a specified mole per cent of a comonomer such as vinyl acetate, the use of additives having such specified mole% giving rise to unexpected and surprising advantages over use of comparison additives in the cold flow properties of middle distillate fuel oils as will be illustrated in the examples hereinafter.
  • the invention provides an additive comprising one or more oil-soluble copolymers of ethylene and an unsaturated monomer of the general formula
  • R 6 is hydrogen or methyl
  • R 5 is a -OOCR 8 group wherein R 8 is a hydrogen formate or a C* ⁇ to C28. more usually C* ⁇ to C17, and preferably a C1 to C ⁇ , straight or branched chain alkyl group, or R 5 is a -COOR 8 group wherein R 8 is as defined above but is not hydrogen, and R 7 is hydrogen or -COOR 8 as defined above, and wherein (i) where there is more than one copolymer, the arithmetic mean of the content of said unsaturated monomer in the copolymers is below 11 mole%, or
  • the content of said unsaturated monomer in the copolymer is in the range of 6.5 to 11 , preferably 10, mole%.
  • the invention provides the use of an additive of the first aspect of the invention for improving the cold flow properties of crude oil, lubricating oil or a fuel oil such as a middle distillate fuel oil.
  • the invention provides a composition comprising an admixture of a major proportion of a crude oil, lubricating oil or a fuel oil such as a middle distillate fuel oil and a minor proportion of an additive of the first aspect of the invention.
  • the invention provides a concentrate comprising an admixture of an additive of the first aspect of the invention dispersed in a liquid medium compatible with a crude oil, lubricating oil or a fuel oil such as a middle distillate fuel oil.
  • Said unsaturated monomer may include alcohol esters of C* ⁇ to C5 mono- carboxylic acids, such as C2 to C5 mono-carboxylic acids.
  • examples of the monomer include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate or isobutyrate, vinyl hexanoate and vinyl octanoate, where vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate are preferred.
  • the copolymers have a number average molecular weight as measured by vapour phase osometry of 1 ,000 to 10,000, preferably 1 ,000 to 5,000. If desired, the copolymer may be derived from additional comonomers, e.g.
  • the arithmetic mean of the content of said unsaturated monomer is preferably from 5 to 10 mole%, more preferably 6 to 10 mole%, such as 7 or 8 to 10 mole%.
  • the content of said unsaturated monomer is preferably from 7 to 10 mole%, more preferably 8 to 10 mole%, most preferably 8 to 9 mole%.
  • Such copolymers may be made by copolymerising ethylene and said unsaturated monomer. They may also be made by transesterification, or by hydrolysis and re-esterification, of an ethylene unsaturated ester copolymer to give a different ethylene unsaturated ester copolymer.
  • ethylene vinyl hexanoate and ethylene vinyl octanoate copolymers may be made in this way, e.g. from an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
  • the oil may be a crude oil, i.e. oil obtained directly from drilling and before refining, the compounds of this invention being suitable for use as flow improvers or dewaxing aids therein.
  • the oil may be a lubricating oil which may be an animal, fruit, vegetable or mineral oil, such as petroleum oil fractions ranging from naphthas or spindle oil to SAE 30, 40 or 50 lubricating oil grades, castor oil, fish oils or oxidised mineral oil.
  • Such an oil may contain additives depending on its intended use; examples are viscosity index improvers such as ethylene-propylene copolymers, succinic acid based dispersants, metal containing dispersant additives and zinc dialkyl- dithiophosphate antiwear additives.
  • the additives of this invention may be suitable for use in lubricating oils as flow improvers, pour point depressants or dewaxing aids.
  • the oil may be fuel oil such as a petroleum-based fuel oil, suitably a middle distillate fuel oil.
  • distillate fuel oils generally boil within the range of about 110°C to about 500°C, e.g. 150°C to about 400°C.
  • the fuel oil can comprise atmospheric distillate or vacuum distillate, or cracked gas oil or a blend in any proportion of straight run and thermally and/or catalytically cracked distillates.
  • the most common petroleum distillate fuels are kerosene, jet fuels, diesel fuels, heating oils and heavy fuel oils.
  • the heating oil may be a straight atmospheric distillate, or it may contain minor amounts, e.g. up to 35 wt%, of vacuum gas oil or cracked gas oils or of both.
  • the above-mentioned low temperature flow problem is most usually encountered with diesel fuels and with heating oils.
  • the invention is also applicable to vegetable- or other plant-based fuel oils, for example rape seed oil (e.g. as its methyl ester).
  • the concentration of the additive in the oil may for example be 10 to 2,000 ppm of additive (active ingredient) by weight per weight of fuel, such as 50, preferably 25 to 500 ppm, more preferably 100 to 200 ppm.
  • the additive concentration may include co-additives such as described hereinafter.
  • the additive should be soluble in the oil to the extent of at least 1000 ppm by weight per weight of oil at ambient temperature. However, at least some of the additive may precipitate from solution near the cloud point of the oil in order to modify the wax crystals that form.
  • the ratio of the additive to any co-additive such as described hereinafter may for example be in the range of 20:1 to 1 :20, such as 10:1 to 1 :10, preferably 5:1 to 1 :5, all ratios being weight:weight.
  • the additives of the invention may, as indicated above, be used in combination with one or more oil-soluble co-additives for improving the cold flow properties of crude oil, lubricating oil or fuel oil.
  • oil-soluble co-additives may be selected from polar nitrogen compounds, comb polymers, polyoxyalkylene compounds, hydrocarbon polymers, and sulphur carboxy compounds.
  • Oil-soluble polar nitrogen compounds may be ionic or dipolar and may comprise for example one or more of the compounds (A) to (B) as follows: (A) An amine salt and/or amide formed by reacting at least one molar proportion of a hydrocarbyl substituted amine with a molar proportion of a hydrocarbyl acid having 1 to 4 carboxylic acid groups or its anhydride.
  • Ester/amides may be used containing 30 to 300, preferably 50 to 150, total carbon atoms. These nitrogen compounds are described in US Patent 4211 534. Suitable amines are usually long chain C 12 -C40 primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines or mixtures thereof but shorter chain amines may be used provided the resulting nitrogen compound is oil soluble and therefore normally contains about 30 to 300 total carbon atoms.
  • the nitrogen compound preferably contains at least one straight chain C ⁇ to C 4 0, preferably C14 to C24 alkyl segment.
  • Suitable amines include primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary, but preferably are secondary. Tertiary and quaternary amines can only form amine salts. Examples of amines include tetradecyl amine, cocoamine, and hydrogenated tallow amine. Examples of secondary amines include dioctacedyl amine and methyl-behenyl amine. Amine mixtures are also suitable such as those derived from natural materials.
  • a preferred amine is a secondary hydrogenated tallow amine of the formula HNR 1 R 2 where in R 1 and R 2 are alkyl groups derived from hydrogenated tallow fat composed of approximately 4% Ci4> 31% C*i6, 59% C ⁇ -
  • suitable carboxylic acids and their anhydrides for preparing the nitrogen compounds include cyclohexane 1 ,2 dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexene 1 ,2 dicarboxylic acid, cyclopentane 1 ,2 dicarboxylic acid and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and 1 ,4-dicarboxylic acids including dialkyl spirobislactone. Generally, these acids have about 5-13 carbon atoms in the cyclic moiety.
  • Preferred acids useful in the present invention are benzene dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid. Phthalic acid or its anhydride is particularly preferred.
  • the particularly preferred compound is the amide-amine salt formed by reacting 1 molar portion of phthalic anhydride with 2 molar portions of dihydrogenated tallow amine.
  • Another preferred compound is the diamide formed by dehydrating this amide-amine salt.
  • Other examples are long chain alkyl or alkylene substituted dicarboxylic acid derivatives such as amine salts of monoamides of substituted succinic acids, examples of which are known in the art and described in US-A-4 147520, for example. Suitable amines may be those described above.
  • A is an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group that is optionally interrupted by one or more hetero atoms and that is straight chain or branched
  • R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and each is independently a hydrocarbyl group containing 9 to 40 carbon atoms optionally interrupted by one or more hetero atoms, the substituents being the same or different and the compound optionally being in the form of a salt thereof.
  • A has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and is preferably a methylene or polymethylene group.
  • Hydrocarbyl in this specification means an organic moiety composed of hydrogen and carbon which, unless the context states otherwise, may be aliphatic, including alicyclic; aromatic; or any combination thereof. It may be substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl or aralkyl and may optionally contain unsaturation. Examples where it is substituted are oxy-, halogeno- and hydroxy-hydrocarbyl.
  • the cyclic ring system may include homocyclic, heterocyclic, or fused polycyclic assemblies, or a system where two or more such cyclic assemblies are joined to one another and in which the cyclic assemblies may be the same or different.
  • the substituents of the general formula (I) may be on the same or different assemblies, preferably on the same assembly.
  • the or each cyclic assembly is aromatic, more preferably a benzene ring.
  • the cyclic ring system is a single benzene ring when it is preferred that the substituents are in the ortho or meta positions, which benzene ring may be optionally further substituted.
  • the ring atoms in the cyclic assembly or assemblies are preferably carbon atoms but may for example include one or more ring N, S or O atom, in which case or cases the compound is a heterocyclic compound.
  • polycyclic assemblies examples include
  • heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline, indole, 2:3 dihydroindole, benzofuran, coumarin, isocoumarin, benzothiophen, carbazole and thiodiphenylamine;
  • non-aromatic or partially saturated ring systems such as decalin
  • Each hydrocarbyl group constituting R 1 and R 2 may for example be an alkyl or alkylene group or a mono- or poly-alkoxyalkyl group.
  • each hydrocarbyl group is a straight chain alkyl group.
  • the number of carbon atoms in each hydrocarbyl group is preferably 16 to 40, more preferably 16 to 24.
  • the cyclic system is substituted with only two substituents of the general formula (I) and that A is a methylene group.
  • salts of the chemical compounds are the acetate and the hydrochloride.
  • the compounds may conveniently be made by reducing the corresponding amide which may be made by reacting a secondary amine with the appropriate acid chloride;
  • polymers such as described in GB-A-2,121 ,807, FR-A-2,592,387 and DE-A-3,941 ,561 ; and also esters of telemer acid and alkanoloamines such as described in US-A-4,639,256; and the reaction product of an amine containing a branched carboxylic acid ester, an epoxide and a mono-carboxylic acid polyester such as described in US-A-4,631 ,071.
  • Such polymers are polymers in which hydrocarbyl groups are pendant from a polymer backbone and are discussed in "Comb-Like Polymers. Structure and Properties", N A Plate and V P Shibaev, J. Poly. Sci. Macromolecular Revs., 8, p 117 to 253 (1974).
  • the comb polymer is a homopolymer having, or a copolymer at least 25 and preferably at least 40, more preferably at least 50, molar per cent of the units of which have, side chains containing at least 6, and preferably at least 10, atoms.
  • R 11 advantageously represents a hydrocarbyl group with from 10 to 30 carbon atoms
  • R 12 advantageously represents a hydrocarbyl group with from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the comb polymer may contain units derived from other monomers if desired or required. It is within the scope of the invention to include two or more different comb copolymers.
  • These comb polymers may be copolymers of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and another ethylenicaliy unsaturated monomer, e.g. an ⁇ -olefin or an unsaturated ester, for example, vinyl acetate. It is preferred but not essential that equimolar amounts of the comonomers be used although molar proportions in the range of 2 to 1 and 1 to 2 are suitable.
  • olefins that may be copolymerized with e.g. maleic anhydride, include 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and 1-octadecene.
  • the copolymer may be esterified by any suitable technique and although preferred it is not essential that the maleic anhydride or fumaric acid be at least 50% esterified.
  • examples of alcohols which may be used include n-hexadecan-1-ol, n-dodecan-1-ol, n-tetradecan-1-ol, n-hexadecan-1-ol, and n-octadecan-1-ol.
  • the alcohols may also include up to one methyl branch per chain, for example, 1-methylpentadecan-1-ol, 2-methyltridecan-1-ol.
  • the alcohol may be a mixture of normal and single methyl branched alcohols.
  • R 12 refers to the average number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group; if alcohols that contain a branch at the 1 or 2 positions are used R 12 refers to the straight chain backbone segment of the alcohol.
  • These comb polymers may especially be fumarate or itaconate polymers and copolymers such for example as those described in European Patent Applications 153176, 153177 and 225688, and WO 91/16407.
  • Particularly preferred fumarate comb polymers are copolymers of alkyl fumarates and vinyl acetate, in which the alkyl groups have from 12 to 20 carbon atoms, more especially polymers in which the alkyl groups have 14 carbon atoms or in which the alkyl groups are a mixture of C14/C16 alkyl groups, made, for example, by solution copolymerizing an equimolar mixture of fumaric acid and vinyl acetate and reacting the resulting copolymer with the alcohol or mixture of alcohols, which are preferably straight chain alcohols.
  • the mixture it is advantageously a 1 :1 by weight mixture of normal C14 and C16 alcohols.
  • mixtures of the C14 ester with the mixed C14/C16 ester may advantageously be used.
  • the ratio of C14 to C14/C16 is advantageously in the range of from 1 :1 to 4:1 , preferably 2:1 to 7:2, and most preferably about 3:1 , by weight.
  • comb polymers are the polymers and copolymers of ⁇ -olefins and esterified copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride, and esterified copolymers of styrene and fumaric acid; mixtures of two or more comb polymers may be used in accordance with the invention and, as indicated above, such use may be advantageous.
  • Examples are polyoxyalkylene esters, ethers, ester/ethers and mixtures thereof, particularly those containing at least one, preferably at least two C10 to C30 linear saturated alkyl groups and a polyoxyalkylene glycol group of molecular weight up to 5,000 preferably 200 to 5,000, the alkyl group in said polyoxyalkylene glycol containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • These materials form the subject of European Patent Publication 0 061 895 A2.
  • Other such additives are described in United States Patent 4 491 455.
  • esters, ethers or ester/ethers which may be used may be structurally depicted by the formula
  • n being, for example, 1 to 30, the alkyl group being linear and saturated and containing 10 to 30 carbon atoms, and A representing the polyalkylene segment of the glycol in which the alkylene group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as polyoxymethylene, polyoxyethylene or polyoxytrimethylene moiety which is substantially linear; some degree of branching with lower alkyl side chains (such as in polyoxypropylene glycol) may be tolerated but it is preferred that the glycol should be substantially linear.
  • A may also contain nitrogen.
  • Suitable glycols generally are substantially linear polyethylene glycols (PEG) and polypropylene glycols (PPG) having a molecular weight of about 100 to 5,000, preferably about 200 to 2,000.
  • Esters are preferred and fatty acids containing from 10-30 carbon atoms are useful for reacting with the glycols to form the ester additives, it being preferred to use a C 18 -C 24 fatty acid, especially behenic acid.
  • the esters may also be prepared by esterifying polyethoxylated fatty acids or polyethoxylated alcohols.
  • Polyoxyalkylene diesters, diethers, ether/esters and mixtures thereof are suitable as additives, diesters being preferred for use in narrow boiling distillates when minor amounts of monoethers and monoesters (which are often formed in the manufacturing process) may also be present. It is important for additive performance that a major amount of the dialkyl compound is present.
  • stearic or behenic diesters of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polyethylene/polypropylene glycol mixtures are preferred.
  • Examples of other compounds in this general category are those described in Japanese Patent Publication Nos 2-51477 and 3-34790, and the esterified alkoxylated amines described in EP-A-117,108 and EP-A-326,356.
  • These polymers may be made directly from ethylenically unsaturated monomers or indirectly by hydrogenating the polymer made from monomers such as isoprene, butadiene etc.
  • Preferred hydrocarbon polymers are copolymers of ethylene and at least one ⁇ - olefin, having a number average molecular weight of at least 30,000.
  • the ⁇ -olefin has at most 20 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of such olefins are propylene, 1 -butene, isobutene, n-octene-1 , isooctene-1 , n-decene-1 , and n-dodecene-1.
  • the copolymer may also comprise small amounts, e.g. up to 10% by weight of other copolymerizable monomers, for example olefins other than ⁇ -olefins, and non-conjugated dienes.
  • the preferred copolymer is an ethylene-propylene copolymer. It is within the scope of the invention to include two or more different ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymers of this type.
  • the number average molecular weight of the ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer is, as indicated above, at least 30,000, as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) relative to polystyrene standards, advantageously at least 60,000 and preferably at least 80,000. Functionally no upper limit arises but difficulties of mixing result from increased viscosity at molecular weights above about 150,000, and preferred molecular weight ranges are from 60,000 and 80,000 to 120,000.
  • GPC gel permeation chromatography
  • the copolymer has a molar ethylene content between 50 and 85 per cent. More advantageously, the ethylene content is within the range of from 57 to 80%, and preferably it is in the range from 58 to 73%; more preferably from 62 to 71 %, and most preferably 65 to 70%.
  • Preferred ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymers are ethylene-propylene copolymers with a molar ethylene content of from 62 to 71% and a number average molecular weight in the range 60,000 to 120,000, especially preferred copolymers are ethylene-propylene copolymers with an ethylene content of from 62 to 71% and a molecular weight from 80,000 to 100,000.
  • the copolymers may be prepared by any of the methods known in the art, for example using a Ziegler type catalyst.
  • the polymers should be substantially amorphous, since highly crystalline polymers are relatively insoluble in fuel oil at low temperatures.
  • the additive composition may also comprise a further ethylene- ⁇ -olefin copolymer, advantageously with a number average molecular weight of at most 7500, advantageously from 1 ,000 to 6,000, and preferably from 2,000 to 5,000, as measured by vapour phase osmometry.
  • ⁇ -olefins are as given above, or styrene, with propylene again being preferred.
  • the ethylene content is from 60 to 77 molar per cent although for ethylene-propylene copolymers up to 86 molar per cent by weight ethylene may be employed with advantage.
  • -Y-R 21 is S0 3 HWNR R 2 , -S0 3 H( + )HNR R 21 ,
  • -S0 2 NR3R 21 or-S0 3 R 21 ;
  • -X-R 8 is -Y-R 21 or -CONR 8 R 18 ,
  • R 18 and R 21 are alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or polyalkoxyalkyl containing at least 10 carbon atoms in the main chain;
  • R 8 is hydrocarbyl and each R 8 may be the same or different and R 4 is absent or is C-i to C5 alkylene and in
  • the carbon-carbon (C-C) bond is either a) ethylenically unsaturated when A and B may be alkyl, alkenyl or substituted hydrocarbyl groups or b) part of a cyclic structure which may be aromatic, polynuclear aromatic or cyclo-aliphatic, it is preferred that X-R 1 and Y-R 2 between them contain at least three alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or polyalkoxyalkyl groups.
  • Multicomponent additive systems may be used and the ratios of additives to be used will depend on the fuel to be treated.
  • the concentrates of the present invention are convenient as a means for incorporating the additive into bulk oil such as distillate fuel, which incorporation may be done by methods known in the art.
  • the concentrates may also contain other additives as required and preferably contain from 3 to 75 wt%, more preferably 3 to 60 wt%, most preferably 10 to 50 wt% of the additives preferably in solution, in a carrier liquid as the liquid medium.
  • carrier liquid are organic solvents including hydrocarbon solvents, for example petroleum fractions such as naphtha, kerosene, diesel and heater oil; aromatic hydrocarbons such as aromatic fractions, e.g. those sold under the 'SOLVESSO' tradename; and paraffinic hydrocarbons such as hexane and pentane.
  • the carrier liquid must, of course, be selected having regard to its compatibility with the additive and with the oil.
  • the additives of the invention may be incorporated into bulk oil by other methods such as those known in the art. If co-additives are required, they may be incorporated into the bulk oil at the same time as the additives of the invention or at a different time.
  • the additives of this invention may be used in the presence of various other additives that are commonly used in fuel compositions.
  • additives are rust inhibitors, dyes, detergents, demulsifiers, dispersants, antioxidants, antistatic agents, metal deactivators, cetane improvers and antismoke agents.
  • Such other additives may be present in amounts of about 0.001 to 5 wt%.
  • Additives A and B comprise a single copolymer whereas Additives C, D and E comprise two copolymers.
  • N,N-dialkylammonium salt of 2-N',N'-dialkylamido-benzoate being the reaction product of reacting one mole of phthalic anhydride with two moles of dihydrogenated tallow amine to form a half amide/half amine salt.
  • An itaconate polymer of number average molecular weight about 4000 as measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) prepared by polymerising a monomer in a cyclohexane solvent using a free radical catalyst, the monomer containing linear alkyl groups of 16 carbon atoms.
  • IBP Initial Boiling Point
  • FBP Final Boiling Point
  • x% is the temperature at which x% of the fuel by volume had distilled.
  • Additives were dissolved in the fuels and the following tests carried out on untreated fuel and on fuel treated with additives, some of which were additives of the invention and some of which were not, i.e. they were used for comparison.
  • the test is a slow cooling test designed to indicate whether the wax in the fuel will pass through filters such as those found in heating oil distribution systems.
  • the cold flow properties of the described fuels containing the additives were determined as follows. 300 ml of fuel were cooled linearly at 2°C/hour to the test temperature and the temperature then held constant. Wax which had settled in the bottle was dispersed by gentle stirring, then a Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) filter assembly, which is described in detail in "Journal of the Institute of Petroleum", Volume 52, Number 510,
  • CFPP Cold Filter Plugging Point
  • a series of CFPP filter assemblies with filter screens of different sizes including LTFT (AMS 100.65) and a Volkswagen Tank filter (part no KA/4-270/65.431-201-511 ) both intermediate between 30 and 40 ⁇ m were used to determine the finest mesh the fuel will pass.
  • the sizes of the filter screens were as follows in order of increasing size, i.e. in .order of decreasing severity as a test: 10 ⁇ , 15 ⁇ , 20 ⁇ , 25 ⁇ , 500, LTFT, 350, VW, 250, 200, 150, 120, 100, 80, 60, 40 and 30, where figures alone indicate mesh sizes. To assist comparison, results in each table are rated in numerical order where a lower number indicates a superior result to a higher number.
  • EVA means an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer in accordance with the Additive Code and VA means vinyl acetate.
  • the "Base" example is for the fuel as such (i.e. containing no additives).
  • the examples marked 1 to 19 are examples of the invention and show an improvement in performance over the corresponding comparative example.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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PCT/EP1993/001669 1992-06-30 1993-06-29 Additives and fuel compositions WO1994000535A1 (en)

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EP93915736A EP0648256A1 (en) 1992-06-30 1993-06-29 Additives and fuel compositions
AU45613/93A AU4561393A (en) 1992-06-30 1993-06-29 Additives and fuel compositions
RU95107702A RU2107088C1 (ru) 1992-06-30 1993-06-29 Присадка для сырой нефти, смазочного масла или жидкого топлива, композиция на основе сырой нефти, смазочного масла или жидкого топлива, концентрат присадки
JP6502062A JPH07508778A (ja) 1992-06-30 1993-06-29 添加剤及び燃料組成物
KR1019940704859A KR950702234A (ko) 1992-06-30 1994-12-30 첨가제 및 연료 조성물(additives and fuel compositions).

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998046701A1 (en) * 1997-04-11 1998-10-22 Infineum Usa L.P. Improved oil compositions
EP0903396A1 (en) * 1997-09-12 1999-03-24 Baker Hughes Incorporated Methods and compositions for improvement of low temperature fluidity of fuel oils
US6110238A (en) * 1998-01-24 2000-08-29 Clariant Gmbh Process for improving the cold-flow properties of fuel oils
GB2355726A (en) * 1999-10-29 2001-05-02 Exxon Research Engineering Co Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties
US6599335B1 (en) 1997-07-08 2003-07-29 Clariant Gmbh Copolymers based on ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic esters and their use as mineral oil additives
EP1555310A1 (en) * 2003-12-16 2005-07-20 Infineum International Limited Cold flow improver compositions for fuels
US11441095B2 (en) 2015-07-23 2022-09-13 Sasol Chemicals Gmbh Use of polymeric additives for paraffin-containing fluids

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CA2530415A1 (en) * 2003-06-26 2005-01-13 Frederick L. Jordan Novel hydrocarbon fuel additives and fuel formulations exhibiting improved combustion properties
RU2503801C2 (ru) * 2012-04-02 2014-01-10 Государственное унитарное предприятие "Институт проблем транспорта энергоресурсов" Способ внутрискважинной обработки продукции газлифтных скважин

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EP0177306A2 (en) * 1984-09-27 1986-04-09 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Middle distillate fuel
EP0360419A1 (en) * 1988-08-24 1990-03-28 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Fuel compositions
WO1991016407A1 (en) * 1990-04-19 1991-10-31 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Additives for distillate fuels and distillate fuels containing them
EP0455206A1 (en) * 1990-04-30 1991-11-06 SOCIETA' ITALIANA ADDITIVI PER CARBURANTI S.r.l. Compositions of liquid hydrocarbons originating from refining processes and showing improved low temperature properties
EP0465042A1 (en) * 1990-06-28 1992-01-08 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Composition for improving cold flow properties of middle distillates

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0177306A2 (en) * 1984-09-27 1986-04-09 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Middle distillate fuel
EP0360419A1 (en) * 1988-08-24 1990-03-28 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Fuel compositions
WO1991016407A1 (en) * 1990-04-19 1991-10-31 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Additives for distillate fuels and distillate fuels containing them
EP0455206A1 (en) * 1990-04-30 1991-11-06 SOCIETA' ITALIANA ADDITIVI PER CARBURANTI S.r.l. Compositions of liquid hydrocarbons originating from refining processes and showing improved low temperature properties
EP0465042A1 (en) * 1990-06-28 1992-01-08 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Composition for improving cold flow properties of middle distillates

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998046701A1 (en) * 1997-04-11 1998-10-22 Infineum Usa L.P. Improved oil compositions
US6599335B1 (en) 1997-07-08 2003-07-29 Clariant Gmbh Copolymers based on ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic esters and their use as mineral oil additives
EP0903396A1 (en) * 1997-09-12 1999-03-24 Baker Hughes Incorporated Methods and compositions for improvement of low temperature fluidity of fuel oils
US6110238A (en) * 1998-01-24 2000-08-29 Clariant Gmbh Process for improving the cold-flow properties of fuel oils
GB2355726A (en) * 1999-10-29 2001-05-02 Exxon Research Engineering Co Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties
EP1555310A1 (en) * 2003-12-16 2005-07-20 Infineum International Limited Cold flow improver compositions for fuels
US11441095B2 (en) 2015-07-23 2022-09-13 Sasol Chemicals Gmbh Use of polymeric additives for paraffin-containing fluids

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CA2137230A1 (en) 1994-01-06

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