WO1993020544A1 - Systeme expert pour la gestion d'incendies - Google Patents

Systeme expert pour la gestion d'incendies Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993020544A1
WO1993020544A1 PCT/CA1993/000114 CA9300114W WO9320544A1 WO 1993020544 A1 WO1993020544 A1 WO 1993020544A1 CA 9300114 W CA9300114 W CA 9300114W WO 9320544 A1 WO9320544 A1 WO 9320544A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fire
crisis
computer
program element
data
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA1993/000114
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Paul-E. Barbeau
Original Assignee
Barbeau Paul E
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CA002065786A external-priority patent/CA2065786A1/fr
Application filed by Barbeau Paul E filed Critical Barbeau Paul E
Publication of WO1993020544A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993020544A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B7/00—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00
    • G08B7/06—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources
    • G08B7/066—Signalling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00; Personal calling systems according to more than one of groups G08B3/00 - G08B6/00 using electric transmission, e.g. involving audible and visible signalling through the use of sound and light sources guiding along a path, e.g. evacuation path lighting strip
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/14—Central alarm receiver or annunciator arrangements

Definitions

  • Fire crisis management has been made so far by man as an on site intellectual decision process where only a limited amount of information could be efficiently analyzed. As structures became more larger and more complex, it soon became impossible to take into consideration all the pertinent factors affecting fire crisis management. A rational method based on scientific approaches was needed so to be able to analyze all relevant information.
  • the present expert system invention makes use of a computer procedure for the analysis of an enormous amount of information for the prediction of fire propagation, for the selection of appropriate means, for the diagnosis of relevant actions, to activate mechanical systems for fire suppression in a follow-up manner.
  • the expert system applies to all structures, such as ships, offshore platforms, refineries, high risk industries, horizontal and vertical buildings, nuclear plants, aircraft and space vehicles.
  • the expert system can be - used by architects and engineers for structure design analysis an C improvement purposes. Additionally, the expert system is
  • Fire information may be entered manually, or preferably obtained from a detection or monitoring system.
  • a fire crisis management expert system becomes very useful, and even essential for preservation of life, as real time on site crisis analysis tasks are often beyond normal human capabilities. Occupied or crowded structures need rational fire crisis management to provide adequate instructions to the occupants for evacuation. Danger suppression means activation may interfere with human evacuation if not properly analyzed. The real time fire crisis management expert system seeks to provide an efficient answer to the above described situation.
  • the system can be used for fire crisis management in lieu of a fireman team for a fully automated installation; for less elaborate installation it can be used in support of a fire intervention team for decision making assistance at various levels.
  • the system can cope with multiple sensor signals, such as the Christmas tree syndrome not yet addressed elsewhere.
  • the present invention seeks to produce information, decisions and actions for structure fire crisis management providing fire status; evacuation of occupants; evacuation of smoke, heat, and fumes; and also on fire or explosion risk suppression means.
  • the expert system can be initiated manually or can be initiated by fire detection or monitoring devices. It predicts on a time reference the fire propagation, most likely paths and associated explosion risks, degradation or destruction of the structure and of systems installed therein.
  • the evacuation of people is directed through analysis of the appropriate escape route(s) and, if desired, automatic operation of light signals installed within the structure in strategic locations. The signals are adjusted as the fire crisis situation evolves.
  • the expert system develops a complete fire intervention plan, and provides information to a user indicating the status of the fire crisis within the structure.
  • the expert system compares its prediction with signals received from the detection device(s) and consequently adjusts itself.
  • the degradation of passive and active systems within the structure resulting from fire or explosion is. anticipated and taken into account in the evaluation of survivability of said systems, and their subsequent efficiency for further use in managing the fire crisis.
  • the decision making process is based on a diagnosis process constantly updated with regularly renewed data produced by the fire propagation and explosion risk assessment modules. Their predictions are regularly compared to all available sensors device data.
  • the system is integrated as the structure mathematical model made can be used in subsequent phases for design purposes by architects and engineers, for intervention team training prior to operation or delivery of the structure and in current operation by launching disaster simulations. Finally, in the last phase of development of the model, it can be used as such in the expert system. Coarse modelling is permitted at an early stage of - project definition and can be refined as the project evolves.
  • the system is designed to read multiple types of communication protocols from existing detection systems.
  • the invention includes as an option a simple analogic binary communication protocol for sensors recognition; this can be verified several times per second for validity.
  • the invention also permits retrofit installation on an existing structure, without replacement of existing detection system and cables, or as part of an upgrading of an existing fire detection and control system.
  • this invention seeks to provide an apparatus for fire crisis management, or for simulating a fire crisis, within a structure, including in combination:
  • the apparatus includes means to provide signals to activate automatic fire intervention devices, such as fire and explosion suppression means; electrically and mechanically operated fire containment means; fire alarm means; and occupant evacuation route indicator means.
  • automatic fire intervention devices such as fire and explosion suppression means; electrically and mechanically operated fire containment means; fire alarm means; and occupant evacuation route indicator means.
  • the apparatus additionally includes a substantially fire resistant memory means, capable of showing at least some of the data generated and processed during a fire crisis management, and which can be retrieved intact after a fire crisis has been extinguished.
  • a substantially fire resistant memory means capable of showing at least some of the data generated and processed during a fire crisis management, and which can be retrieved intact after a fire crisis has been extinguished.
  • the apparatus also includes a fifth program element contained in the computer device adapted to provide a simulation of a fire crisis within the structure, and to provide to the first, the second, and the third program elements data to predict a fire intervention plan for the simulated fire crisis.
  • a fifth program element contained in the computer device adapted to provide a simulation of a fire crisis within the structure, and to provide to the first, the second, and the third program elements data to predict a fire intervention plan for the simulated fire crisis.
  • this invention seeks to provide a method for the management of a fire crisis within a structure, which comprises:
  • the method includes the step of receiving continuously the data provided by the at least one sensor device, and, by means of a fourth program element contained within the computer, updating the first and third program elements in response to changes in the fire crisis within the structure.
  • the method also includes the further steps of simulating a fire crisis within the structure by means of a fifth program element contained within the computer; providing to the first, second, and third program elements data indicative of a simulated fire crises within the structure; and predicting a simulated fire intervention plan in accordance with the simulated fire crisis, and providing to the at least one user interface quantitative information indicating the state of the simulated fire crisis within the structure.
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart summary of the fire explosion crisis management expert system.
  • Figure 2 is a description of components and systems incorporated in the structure mathematical model.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the fire propagation and explosion evaluation procedure module.
  • Figure 4 is a detailed schematic diagram illustrating correspondence between modules and logical sequences. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
  • the system works from a computer including the specially written programs.
  • the computer can be either a permanent installation, portable or laptop type unit to suit operational requirements as shown in Figure 1.
  • the computer includes a mathematical model of the structure definition either on hard disk or embedded in a permanent memory (100) .
  • Fire or explosion occurrence can be derived from sensor devices and/or monitoring devices, or declared by the user in a signal recognition unit (200) . Thus, this will include a manually operated fire alarm system.
  • the fire propagation and explosion assessments are calculated by the computer (300) using the first program element so to define the structure damage (400) and system damage (500) based on the mathematical model (100) .
  • the computer executes a second program element, which is an analytical process covering basic logical rules for the integrity and the validity of fire crisis generated data (600) .
  • the computer also executes a third program element, which is a diagnosis process providing prediction of damage (700) to the structure and its integrated systems including a comparison with the recent sensor device signals received in (200) . It verifies if the sensor location signal (200) corresponds to 100, and questions surrounding neighbours, as obtained in 100. It provides the expert system decision making process, and erects a fire intervention plan with quantified information for graphical understanding of the fire crisis status, which can be displayed through monitors (1000) for the benefit of occupants, including structure administration personnel and fire crises management team members (1100) .
  • the computer also provides signals and automated functions for evacuation of occupants (900) with color codes for valid, threatened, and impaired routes of evacuation, respectively in green, yellow, and red.
  • Suitable alternative identifying indication can be used in a monochrome monitor (1000) .
  • Light signals which are located in corridors, doors, stairways, elevators, and other rooms and spaces, together with other electrical and mechanical automated devices can be activated through this module as described below.
  • Means of fire and explosion suppression through electrical and mechanical devices (800) also can be activated, as described below.
  • the computer system can also accept continuous incoming sensor device signals, as it updates itself constantly. 2.
  • the geometry of the structure (108) is determined, and internal compartments are defined, together with a definition of compartment functions, and internal zones.
  • the internal barriers definition (120) will include data on the ability of a given barrier to resist both fire and explosion. Factors such as material of construction, internal air layers, supporting structures arrangements and inbuilt safety factors, cable and service pipe penetrations, and ventilation system penetrations, are all included. A further important factor in this definition includes data on barrier destruction and blast effects as a result of an explosion.
  • the fire load definition for a given compartment has two components.
  • the permanent component (130) represents the potentially combustible materials installed in the compartment. This will include assessment .of combustible material type, weight and volume; material flash point; ignition temperature; and the nature of vapours produced on combustion.
  • the variable component (190) represents potentially combustible materials temporarily present in a compartment. This will include fuel, oil, and other combustibles; dangerous freight, such as explosives; stores, such as paint and the like; and chemical products requiring special handling in a fire situation.
  • the detection system definition (140) includes data on the devices present to detect and to monitor a fire crisis.
  • this definition includes data on available sensor devices, such as fire detectors, smoke detectors, vapour detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, water detectors, and air pressure detectors, together with the control systems associated with these devices.
  • This definition will also include data on the strategic location of system cables.
  • the suppression means definition (150) includes data on the services available to suppress fire or explosion. It thus includes data on available water supply, together with quantity and pressure on both a short and long term basis; inert gas systems; sprinklers; foam systems; manual use fire extinguishers and their locations; fire hoses; fire pumps, both to supply and to remove water, including moveable units and their location; piping systems; and electrical supply systems, including the location of access points, fuses, and the like.
  • the major systems definition (1155) assesses the systems installed within the structure in accordance with the principal use of the structure. This will include the location, function, and purposes of these systems; the nature of the components used in them. This will also include an assessment of installed systems survivability as a consequence of fire and explosion aggression.
  • the openings definition (160) is concerned with the status of openings, such as doors, windows, portholes, hatchways, access panels, sacrifice panels, and the like.
  • the ventilation definition (170) is concerned with the status of the ventilation system; forced, natural circulation, funnels, chimneys, corridors, stair cases, air and lift shafts, structure voids, ducting, and internal pressure systems.
  • the environment definition (180) is concerned with factors such as the current use of the structure; external weather conditions, including wind direction, atmospheric pressure; visibility and structure orientation relative to the prevailing weather conditions; date and time of the cruise; status of the external electrical and water supplies; status of external communication systems, such as telephone and radio-telephonic links; and other external conditions which may affect how a fire crisis is managed.
  • external weather conditions including wind direction, atmospheric pressure
  • visibility and structure orientation relative to the prevailing weather conditions e.g., Martitude and Humid.
  • date and time of the cruise e.g., a material factor of no relevance to a land structure
  • status of external communication systems such as telephone and radio-telephonic links
  • other external conditions which may affect how a fire crisis is managed.
  • a material factor of no relevance to a land structure is sea condition.
  • the invention also permits a mathematical model generated for structure design purposes to be transported into the expert system for training purposes or crisis management.
  • the model can be started in a coarse format and refined or subdivided as the design or construction evolves, and especially in response to any design modifications.
  • the invention permits to carry further any modelling work already performed on a specific structure, and avoids the duplication of work from the design phase into an exploitation mode for the structure.
  • the model can be stored on a hard disk for prototypes or the initiation phase of a project such as used in a design phase, and on programmable chips for permanent expert system installation. 3.
  • the system includes a computer program ( Figure 3) which defines fire propagation paths on the basis of a scientific evaluation of barrier degradation as a consequence of heat aggression. Once a fire recognition is announced (200), a fire growth is calculated (310) to find if there is established burning (312) and later full-room involvement of all items present in the combustion (320) .
  • Severity of fire aggression is calculated, heat release and energy impact (330) are found and combustion continuity is verified for burnout of combustible materials (332) , combustion rate (334) , burning rate (336) , self- extinction by lack of oxygen or heat (338) and from confinement (340) .
  • a barrier failure mode (360) , if any, is established from either durability (362) , thermal (366) or pressure (364) failures. Probabilities of fire occurrence (370) in room of origin of fire and adjacent compartments are calculated for each room in a sequential manner creating a path of propagation (380) through iteration (310) until a fire propagation and explosion assessment path is completed (300) .
  • the present invention makes it possible to modify in real time the number and location of rooms of origin and adjust the propagation paths as new incoming signals from sensors are generated as the fire crisis situation evolves. Consequently, it is possible to keep the propagation path updated based on both predicted and confirmed information. 4.
  • the integrated expert system includes computer driven automated hardware acting as a replacement of, or in addition to, a fire intervention team providing functions for crisis status monitoring, evacuation means and suppression means as seen in figure 4.
  • the original structure mathematical model (100) remains intact in conjunction with sensors and signal recognition (200) as long as a degradation message is not received from the sensor monitoring module (220) or from a prediction produced by the first program element in the analytical processor (600) . In such event prewarning messages are issued (210) .
  • Any fire or explosion signal detected or initiated implies an aggression definition check procedure and assessment (300) .
  • Presence of an aggression generated structural damage prediction (400, 420, 430, 440) and an internal systems degradation is also evaluated (500) . Both results are integrated in an analytical process to define a common fault tree procedure (600) .
  • the mathematical model (100) is then adjusted to incorporate the latest analytical findings for future reference.
  • the structure primary missions are evaluated and assessed (640) .
  • a diagnosis process is initiated (700) defining priorities, rules of conduct, means to apply to the fire crisis in reference to the mission of the structure, and prevailing external environmental conditions.
  • An incompatibility verification procedure is executed (750) so to avoid inadequate action, such as, for example in using water in a compartment containing concentrated sulphuric acid.
  • a preferred intervention plan is confirmed after adjustments between the diagnosis process, fault tree analysis, and incompatibility verification (700, 750, 720)
  • a real time fire crisis intervention plan is activated (760) continually informing the mathematical model (100) of detected or anticipated changes and comparing any detection signal to predicted evolution and adjusting when necessary.
  • the plan is sent to the user interface for understanding (1100) and to history recollection black box (1150) for later inquiry purposes if needed providing a time incremental basis for status report (1110) , evacuation means (1120) , suppression means (1140) and fault systems identification (1160) .
  • the relevant announcement module is activated (770) and in turn activates a warning system (772) , showing compartments or zones to be evacuated (774) in a sequential manner, under urgent and suggested qualifications. This is conveyed to occupants by a graphical mode, and through light and/or sound signals in the structure depending on compartment and zones implied, and on the warning systems available within the structure. Smoke invaded compartments, as detected and predicted (776), are displayed in a graphical manner, also.
  • Air or gas overpressure detected or predicted (778) are displayed in a graphical manner, as also are the explosion risks (780) , and structure stability threat by use of water (782) .
  • a "lost control" prediction (784) indicates anticipated time to go for fire (786) , explosion (788) and structure stability (790) .
  • Evacuation means decided under the intervention plan are adjusted to a real time report (764) .
  • the signal control interface (830) creates conventional communication protocols to direct and control in a follow-up mode (900) the systems and apparatus needed for human evacuation, such as circulation and emergency lighting systems within the structure (910) , indication of muster station safety criterion (920) and escape routes (930) , both to identify and to classify as valid, threatened or impaired. Also provided is activation of the ventilation system per zone for evacuation of smokes, gas and heat with pertaining dampers actuators (940) .
  • a pressure water system to be activated if required (950) and water to be evacuated if needed by drying pumps (960) are also controlled by (900) , so are the electrical supplies (980) for both main and emergency sources and zones isolation. (900) also controls ventilation supply machineries and actuators (990) .
  • the suppression means selected (768) under the intervention plan is detailed and communication protocols created to be transmitted to the electrical and mechanical control systems (840) operating in a follow-up mode the following systems: ventilation dampers actuators in fire zone (850), automated door controls (860), water diffusion (870) r water sprinklers (872) , foam dispenser (874) , deluge system for total flooding (876) , inert gas diffusion (878) , explosion risks suppression (880) and circulation light signals network for access route to fire heart (882) .
  • the system is designed to read multiple types of communication protocols from existing detection systems.
  • the invention permits retrofit installation in existing structures.
  • the invention permits prediction of degradation of the structure and selection of pertaining preventive countermeasures through automated electrical and mechanical devices.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Fire Alarms (AREA)

Abstract

On décrit un système expert pour la gestion d'incendies dans une structure, comprenant une prévision de la propagation du feu et des risques d'explosion, avec informations sur la situation de l'incendie, des signaux d'affichage pour l'évacuation des occupants, des indications sur les dégâts en cours provoqués par l'incendie et sur les moyens à mettre en ÷uvre pour combattre l'incendie. Le système peut être mis en route manuellement ou par un signal reçu par un système de détection ou de surveillance. La destruction de la structure et des systèmes installés par le feu et par explosion sont calculés par un ordinateur. L'ordinateur fournit des informations sur les moyens à mettre en ÷uvre pour combattre le feu et permet d'actionner les systèmes mécaniques automatiques. Le système expert est dynamique et adapte ses prévisions et les actions automatiques à mesure que la situation de l'incendie évolue. Le système expert peut également être utilisé pour l'analyse et l'amélioration de la conception des structures, pour la formation des équipes d'intervention et pour l'étude a posteriori de l'incendie.
PCT/CA1993/000114 1992-03-31 1993-03-24 Systeme expert pour la gestion d'incendies WO1993020544A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US86088892A 1992-03-31 1992-03-31
US07/860,888 1992-03-31
CA2,065,786 1992-04-10
CA002065786A CA2065786A1 (fr) 1992-03-31 1992-04-10 Systeme expert de maitrise des incendies

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993020544A1 true WO1993020544A1 (fr) 1993-10-14

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PCT/CA1993/000114 WO1993020544A1 (fr) 1992-03-31 1993-03-24 Systeme expert pour la gestion d'incendies

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AU (1) AU3881993A (fr)
WO (1) WO1993020544A1 (fr)

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CN110795859A (zh) * 2019-11-07 2020-02-14 中交水运规划设计院有限公司 火灾安全管控的生成方法和装置
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