WO1993018377A1 - Uv dosimeter for visual checking - Google Patents
Uv dosimeter for visual checking Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1993018377A1 WO1993018377A1 PCT/HU1993/000012 HU9300012W WO9318377A1 WO 1993018377 A1 WO1993018377 A1 WO 1993018377A1 HU 9300012 W HU9300012 W HU 9300012W WO 9318377 A1 WO9318377 A1 WO 9318377A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- mercury
- oxalate
- silver
- mol
- dosimeter
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- SHZVCTRRRIRFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(1+) Chemical compound [Hg+] SHZVCTRRRIRFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- XNGYKPINNDWGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver oxalate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O XNGYKPINNDWGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- BQPIGGFYSBELGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(2+) Chemical compound [Hg+2] BQPIGGFYSBELGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver ion Chemical compound [Ag+] FOIXSVOLVBLSDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- INBVSRSYWUSJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L mercury(1+);oxalate Chemical compound [Hg+].[Hg+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O INBVSRSYWUSJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BXDUJMLIUYJHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-L mercury(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Hg+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O BXDUJMLIUYJHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ORMNPSYMZOGSSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitrooxymercury Chemical compound [Hg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ORMNPSYMZOGSSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- DRXYRSRECMWYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(I) nitrate Inorganic materials [Hg+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O DRXYRSRECMWYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000036555 skin type Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000017520 skin disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000002177 Cataract Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000004624 Dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010048768 Dermatosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010061217 Infestation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000000453 Skin Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010040914 Skin reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010042496 Sunburn Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000003287 bathing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008260 defense mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005713 exacerbation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 206010023332 keratitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- PRZLIHOGWOTIQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(i) iodide Chemical compound I1=[Hg]2I=[Hg]21 PRZLIHOGWOTIQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006552 photochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- OAJYBXRNCVQFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-K silver;mercury(2+);triiodide Chemical compound [Ag+].[I-].[I-].[I-].[Hg+2] OAJYBXRNCVQFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000009759 skin aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000000849 skin cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000035483 skin reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000430 skin reaction Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/02—Dosimeters
- G01T1/04—Chemical dosimeters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/48—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using chemical effects
- G01J1/50—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using chemical effects using change in colour of an indicator, e.g. actinometer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
- G01J1/429—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors applied to measurement of ultraviolet light
Definitions
- the invention relates particularly to a photosensitive layer consisting of a mercury(I) + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular weight polymer ready to gel formation which is applied by a standard photographic method preferably on a paper or plastic carrier.
- the UV dosimeter is sensitive to the UV radiation of the sun such that above 360 nm it does not react at all.
- the use of the dosimeter makes possible the determination of the limit value of light emitted by the sun or other UV light sources which is not harmful to the human body.
- UV radiation 200-400 nm
- UV radi- ation has both favourable and unfavourable effects on the human body, and even harmful effects which may be felt either immediately or only decades after the occurrence of the actual irradiation. Since the biological effect is heavily dependent on the wavelength, the full UV spectrum is usually divided into three regions: UV A, UV B and UV C spectra. For most of the related biological effects the UV B (290-320 nm) region is responsible.
- the biological effects of UV light influence the skin, eyes and the immune system in humans.
- Sunbathing, especially if it is overdone, can be followed by- a number of unpleasant consequences.
- the strength of the sunlight is influenced by various factors, such as the seasons of the year or hours of the day, geographical conditions, the pollution of the air etc. Recently, the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere has been getting thinner and its effect must also be taken into consideration.
- UV B radiation The simplest way of protecting againts the harmful effect of UV B radiation is to measure the intensity of the radiation and to expose the skin to sunlight (UV radiation) only as long as the light dose obtained is not harmful. Since there have been several decades of research on the development of actinometers, a number of different dosimeters are in existence. Various types of devices (vacuum photodiode, photo ultiplier, photoelement) are available, depending on the thermic or other physical effect their functioning is based on.
- Chemical actinometers are more simple. They measure the result of photoinduced chemical reaction(s), usually deter ⁇ mined by the quantity of starting material(s) or reaction product(s) (H.J. Khun, S.E. Braslavsky, R. Schmidt: Chemical Actinometry, Pure and Appl.Chem., Vol. 61, No 2, pp. 187- 210, 1989). However, for simple and large-scale use or for application as personal dosimeter, these actinometers are neither suitable nor economical.
- the object of the present invention is to develop a do ⁇ simeter based on a photochemical reaction, which can be wi ⁇ dely used for determination of the harmless limit dose of light emitted by the sun or other UV-light sources and so can be applied as a personal actinometer by people sunbath- ing or exposed to the effect of UV-light.
- the photosensitive layer should display suitable sensitivity in the UV B region of sunlight
- the darkening (discolouration) should be proportional to the dose of light irradiating the photosensitive layer
- the photoinduced reaction should be irreversible, i.e. the darkening (discolouration) proportional to the quantity of the irradiating light should not change even if later the system is exposed to light of longer wavelength than that indicated.
- the photosensitive layer of the UV dosimeter consists of a mercury(I) oxalate + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a suitable carrier layer.
- mercury(I) oxalate In given case a part of mercury(I) oxalate can be sub ⁇ stituted for mercury(II) oxalate.
- the mercury content of the photosensitive layer can be reduced by the application of mercury(II) oxalate.
- the photosensitive layer contains altogether 0.44 x 10 - 8.8 x 10 ⁇ 3 mol/m 2 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate to achieve the required darkening.
- the quantity of the mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate can be varied in this range according to requirements, provided that the quantity of the single components is not less than 0.04 x 10 J mol/m .
- the photosensitive layer should contain 4.4 x 10 —3 mol/m ⁇ mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 4.0 x 10 -3 mol/m 2 mercury(I)oxalate and 0.4 x 10 " mol/ ⁇ r 2 sil- ver(I) oxalate.
- a carrier layer a high molecular polymer ready to gel formation, preferably gelatin, should be used.
- a water soluble salt of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) preferably nitrate should be applied.
- the sol constituting the photosensitive layer is pre ⁇ pared by addition of the aqueous solution of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) nitrate in a quantity equivalent to 2.2 x 10 ⁇ 3 - 44.0 x 10 ⁇ 3 mol/dm 3 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate with regard to the volume of the sol as well as an aqueous oxalic acid solution to the aqueous solution of gelatin at 40-50°C, preferably at 45°C under stirring. Then the emulsion obtained is diluted with water to a suitable concentration. In the sol the sum of the quantity of mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate cannot be less than 0.2 x 10 ⁇ 3 mol/dm 3 .
- the sol should contain altogether 22.0 x 10 mol/dm mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 20.0 x 10 —3 mercury(I) oxalate and 2.0 x 10 silver(I) oxalate.
- the sol obtained is applied on a paper or plastic sheet in a layer of 100-500 cm 3 /m 2 , preferably 200 cm 3 /m 2 wide at a temperature of 30-40°C.
- the photosensitive layer in the above-mentioned con- centration range can be used in practical for the indication of irradiation lasting for hours.
- the time dependent darkening is compared to a calibrated darkening scale made by a typographical method.
- the sunlight sensitivity of the human skin is determi ⁇ ned by "the skin type.
- the skin type According to their skin reaction to sunlight humans can be classified into VI groups.
- Individu ⁇ als of light or white colour belonging to types I and II are very sensitive to dermatosis caused by sunlight. They get easily sunburnt and hardly ever or never become tanned.
- Humans of type III are less sensitive, their skin gets mode ⁇ rately sunburnt with a gradual and uniform tan, while skin type IV gets only slightly sunburnt with a good and strong tan.
- For skin type V it is characteristic that it is only slightly sensitive, rarely gets sunburnt and easily tans dark brown; skin type VI is insensitive to UV light.
- the darkening stages are given according to the above mentioned skin types so the darkening scale can be evaluated according to skin types.
- One of the possible ways of using the UV dosimeter ac ⁇ cording to the invention is the following: the photosensiti ⁇ ve layer of the indicator is irradiated by a UV source of determined intensity in bands, for an increasing length of time. The n bands in succession are gradually irradiated n times, (n-1) times ..., twice as long as the last band. The darkening stages obtained this way are compared to a calib ⁇ rated darkening scale. In practice the value of n may vary between 4 and 15.
- the dosimeter with mercury(II) oxalate content can be applied during sunbathing, too; in such a way that we take a stripe with a few c " surface to a bag colored according to the above-mentioned skin types by typographical method.
- the photosensitive surface can be seen as a spot(s) as long as it obtaines the color of the bag under influence of UV ra ⁇ diation. This indicates that the further sunbathing can be dangerous.
- the mixture 1 is heated to 45°C and the solution 2 is added under stirring. After 20 seconds the solution 3 is added dropwise and stirring is continued for 10 minutes. Then the solution 4 is dropped into the above mixture and after a few seconds the solution 5 is also added. After 10 minutes stirring at 45°C 16.0 g gelatin is added within 1 minute, and the stirring is continued for an additional 10 minutes.
- the emulsion is increased to 250 cm 3 with water and applied on a paper or plastic sheet by hand or by machine at 35"C in a 200 cm 3 /m 2 thick layer.
- the layer is left to dry at room temperature and the air dried indicator is cut according to the required measure, packed light proof and stored.
- the preparation can be done normal diffuse illumination.
- a/ A 15x1 cm strip is irradiated by a quarz lamp fitted with HgO K-400 bulb from a distance of 50 cm in bands of 0.5 cm by moving a special cover made for this purpose.
- the strip is lit gradually, increasing the irradiated field with a further band every minute.
- b/ A 15x1 cm strip is exposed to sunlight in the way described under a/, but the irradiation time is 5 minutes. In cases a/ and b/ the irradiation is continued as long as the darkening of the indicator can be compared with one more stage of the typographically prepared calibrated scale.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to an UV dosimeter suitable for visual checking and the use of the indicator to determine the limit value of UV radiation which does not harm the human body. The invention relates particularly to a photosensitive layer consisting of a mercury (I) and/or mercury (II) + silver (I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular weight polymer ready to gel formation which is applied by a standard photographic method on a paper or platic carrier.
Description
UV DOSIMETER FOR VISUAL CHECKING
The present invention relates to an UV dosimeter suitable for visual checking and the use of the indicator to determine the limit value of UV radiation which does not harm the human body.
The invention relates particularly to a photosensitive layer consisting of a mercury(I) + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular weight polymer ready to gel formation which is applied by a standard photographic method preferably on a paper or plastic carrier.
The UV dosimeter is sensitive to the UV radiation of the sun such that above 360 nm it does not react at all. The use of the dosimeter makes possible the determination of the limit value of light emitted by the sun or other UV light sources which is not harmful to the human body.
Some 5% of the sunlight reaching the earth s surface is made up of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200-400 nm) . UV radi- ation has both favourable and unfavourable effects on the human body, and even harmful effects which may be felt either immediately or only decades after the occurrence of the actual irradiation. Since the biological effect is heavily dependent on the wavelength, the full UV spectrum is usually divided into three regions: UV A, UV B and UV C spectra. For most of the related biological effects the UV B (290-320 nm) region is responsible.
The biological effects of UV light influence the skin, eyes and the immune system in humans. The early damage in- eludes dermatitis, conjuctivitis and keratitis, the delayed damage includes for example, premature skin aging, skin can¬ cer, exacerbation of skin diseases, cataract, weakening the bodyxs defense mechanism, susceptibility to skin infestation or skin cancer. Sunbathing, especially if it is overdone, can be followed by- a number of unpleasant consequences. The strength of the sunlight is influenced by various factors, such as the seasons of the year or hours of the day,
geographical conditions, the pollution of the air etc. Recently, the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere has been getting thinner and its effect must also be taken into consideration. Although clouds reduce the intensity of the UV radiation, such reduction is not significant; therefore cloudy weather represents a relatively high risk of sunburn since the warning effect of the high temperature is missing. Reflection by various surfaces is significant, particularly in the case of sand and snow. Water reflects only 5% UV B, while up to a depth of 2m, 75% can get through, which means that swimming cannot give protection againts harmful effects.
The simplest way of protecting againts the harmful effect of UV B radiation is to measure the intensity of the radiation and to expose the skin to sunlight (UV radiation) only as long as the light dose obtained is not harmful. Since there have been several decades of research on the development of actinometers, a number of different dosimeters are in existence. Various types of devices (vacuum photodiode, photo ultiplier, photoelement) are available, depending on the thermic or other physical effect their functioning is based on.
Chemical actinometers are more simple. They measure the result of photoinduced chemical reaction(s), usually deter¬ mined by the quantity of starting material(s) or reaction product(s) (H.J. Khun, S.E. Braslavsky, R. Schmidt: Chemical Actinometry, Pure and Appl.Chem., Vol. 61, No 2, pp. 187- 210, 1989). However, for simple and large-scale use or for application as personal dosimeter, these actinometers are neither suitable nor economical.
Several reactions are known which are induced by light and result in easily visible change of colour, called "darkening" . Such reactions are for example the photoinduced disproportion of mercury(I) iodide or the redox reaction of Formstecher s mercury(II) iodide silver(I) iodide 'system. However, from several points of view, these reactions are not suitable for the measurement of UV B radiation. On the
one hand, they are sensitive also to visible light and so are not selective in the UV B region; on the other hand, the reaction is reversible, the irradiated layer becoming lighter if left in the dark and so impossible to evaluate. The object of the present invention is to develop a do¬ simeter based on a photochemical reaction, which can be wi¬ dely used for determination of the harmless limit dose of light emitted by the sun or other UV-light sources and so can be applied as a personal actinometer by people sunbath- ing or exposed to the effect of UV-light.
Devices suitable for the above.purposes should meet the following requirements:
- the photosensitive layer should display suitable sensitivity in the UV B region of sunlight,
- the darkening (discolouration) should be proportional to the dose of light irradiating the photosensitive layer,
- the darkening should be visually evaluable within a 1 minute to 1-2 hour interval, i.e. the so-called "darkening curve" characterizing the system must have a linear section of specific inclination,
- the photoinduced reaction should be irreversible, i.e. the darkening (discolouration) proportional to the quantity of the irradiating light should not change even if later the system is exposed to light of longer wavelength than that indicated.
It was found that a mercury(I) oxalate + silver(I) oxa¬ late system met the above requirements. This redox system is selective since it displays • suitable sensitivity in the desired (290-320 nm) wavelength region. The reaction is irreversible and in a suitable carrier layer it shows darkening (discolouration) proportional to the intensity of irradiating light, while it remains stable even if later it is exposed to light of longer wavelength. The darkening
curve of the system has a linear section of about 1.20 inclination. The darkening induced by the light can be visually well evaluated within 1-100 minutes.
The photosensitive layer of the UV dosimeter consists of a mercury(I) oxalate + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a suitable carrier layer.
In given case a part of mercury(I) oxalate can be sub¬ stituted for mercury(II) oxalate. The mercury content of the photosensitive layer can be reduced by the application of mercury(II) oxalate.
The photosensitive layer contains altogether 0.44 x 10 - 8.8 x 10~3 mol/m2 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate to achieve the required darkening. The quantity of the mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate can be varied in this range according to requirements, provided that the quantity of the single components is not less than 0.04 x 10 J mol/m .
The photosensitive layer should contain 4.4 x 10 —3 mol/m^ mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 4.0 x 10-3 mol/m2 mercury(I)oxalate and 0.4 x 10" mol/τr2 sil- ver(I) oxalate.
As a carrier layer a high molecular polymer ready to gel formation, preferably gelatin, should be used.
A water soluble salt of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) preferably nitrate should be applied. The sol constituting the photosensitive layer is pre¬ pared by addition of the aqueous solution of mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) nitrate in a quantity equivalent to 2.2 x 10~3 - 44.0 x 10~3 mol/dm3 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate with regard to the volume of the sol as well as an aqueous oxalic acid solution to the aqueous solution of gelatin at 40-50°C, preferably at 45°C under stirring. Then the emulsion obtained is diluted with water to a suitable concentration. In the sol the sum of the quantity of mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate cannot be less than 0.2 x 10~3 mol/dm3.
_ _•__>
The sol should contain altogether 22.0 x 10 mol/dm mercury(I) and silver(I) oxalate, more exactly 20.0 x 10 —3 mercury(I) oxalate and 2.0 x 10 silver(I) oxalate.
The sol obtained is applied on a paper or plastic sheet in a layer of 100-500 cm3/m2, preferably 200 cm3/m2 wide at a temperature of 30-40°C.
The photosensitive layer in the above-mentioned con- centration range can be used in practical for the indication of irradiation lasting for hours. The time dependent darkening is compared to a calibrated darkening scale made by a typographical method.
The sunlight sensitivity of the human skin is determi¬ ned by "the skin type. According to their skin reaction to sunlight humans can be classified into VI groups. Individu¬ als of light or white colour belonging to types I and II are very sensitive to dermatosis caused by sunlight. They get easily sunburnt and hardly ever or never become tanned. Humans of type III are less sensitive, their skin gets mode¬ rately sunburnt with a gradual and uniform tan, while skin type IV gets only slightly sunburnt with a good and strong tan. For skin type V it is characteristic that it is only slightly sensitive, rarely gets sunburnt and easily tans dark brown; skin type VI is insensitive to UV light.
The darkening stages are given according to the above mentioned skin types so the darkening scale can be evaluated according to skin types. One of the possible ways of using the UV dosimeter ac¬ cording to the invention is the following: the photosensiti¬ ve layer of the indicator is irradiated by a UV source of determined intensity in bands, for an increasing length of time. The n bands in succession are gradually irradiated n times, (n-1) times ..., twice as long as the last band. The darkening stages obtained this way are compared to a calib¬ rated darkening scale. In practice the value of n may vary between 4 and 15.
The dosimeter with mercury(II) oxalate content can be applied during sunbathing, too; in such a way that we take a stripe with a few c " surface to a bag colored according to the above-mentioned skin types by typographical method. The photosensitive surface can be seen as a spot(s) as long as
it obtaines the color of the bag under influence of UV ra¬ diation. This indicates that the further sunbathing can be dangerous.
The following example describes the invention in detail without limiting its scope.
Example 1
The preparation of the indicator (dosimeter) :
1. 5 g gelatin is soaked in 76 c of water for 30 minutes.
2. 0.17 g (0.001 mol) Ag θ3 is dissolved in 20 cm3 of water.
3. 0.1 g oxalic acid is dissolved in 20 cm3 of water.
4. 2.8 g (0.005 mol) Hg2(N03)2.2 H2O is dissolved in 20 •3 cm of water.
-~
5. 1.3 g oxalic acid is dissolved in 20 cm of water.
The mixture 1 is heated to 45°C and the solution 2 is added under stirring. After 20 seconds the solution 3 is added dropwise and stirring is continued for 10 minutes. Then the solution 4 is dropped into the above mixture and after a few seconds the solution 5 is also added. After 10 minutes stirring at 45°C 16.0 g gelatin is added within 1 minute, and the stirring is continued for an additional 10 minutes. The emulsion is increased to 250 cm3 with water and applied on a paper or plastic sheet by hand or by machine at 35"C in a 200 cm3/m2 thick layer.
The layer is left to dry at room temperature and the air dried indicator is cut according to the required measure, packed light proof and stored. The preparation can be done normal diffuse illumination.
Application
a/ A 15x1 cm strip is irradiated by a quarz lamp fitted with HgO K-400 bulb from a distance of 50 cm in bands of 0.5 cm by moving a special cover made for this purpose. The strip is lit gradually, increasing the irradiated field with a further band every minute. b/ A 15x1 cm strip is exposed to sunlight in the way described under a/, but the irradiation time is 5 minutes. In cases a/ and b/ the irradiation is continued as long as the darkening of the indicator can be compared with one more stage of the typographically prepared calibrated scale.
The limit value of the irradiation (the period of sun¬ bathing) is determined according to the skin type in the following way (n = 4):
Claims
1. An UV dosimeter suitable for visual use characterized by a photosensitive layer containing a mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate sol dispersed in a high molecular polymer ready gel formation on a standard paper or plastic carrier.
2. The UV dosimeter according to claim 1 characterized by a photosensitive layer containing 0.44 x 10 ° - 8.8 x 10 mol/m2 mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) + silver(I) oxalate, provided that the sum quantity of the mercury(I) or silver(I) oxalate is a minimum 0.04 x 10 J mol/m .
3. The UV dosimeter according to claim 1 characterized by a pphhoottoosseennss:itive layer containing 4.0 x 10 J mol/m sil- ver(I) oxalate.
4. A process for the preparation of a UV dosimeter suitable for visual evaluation characterized by a quantity of water soluble mercury(I) and/or ercury(II) and silver(I) salt corresponding to 2.2 x 10 J - 44.0 x 10 ° mol/dmJ mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) and silver(I) oxalate according to . the volume of the sol dispersed in a high molecular polymer ready to gel formation, provided that the minimum quantity of mercury(I) oxalate or silver(I) oxalate m the sol s 0.2 x 10 J mol/dm , and the sol obtained s applied on a carrier, preferably on a paper or plastic sheet by photographic casting, in a thickness of 100 - 500 cm /m , preferably 200 cπr/m , preferably covered with a gelatin protecting layer, dried in air and packed away from light.
5. A process according to claim 4 characterized by mercury(I) or mercury(II) nitrate and silver(I) nitrate dis- persed m a quantity corresponding to 20.0 x 10 J mol/dm mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) oxalate and 2.0 x 10 mol/dm3 silver(I) oxalate respectively.
6. A process according to claim 4 characterized by the use of gelatin as a polymer of high molecular weight.
7. Use of UV dosimeter according to claim 1 for measur¬ ing UV radiation harmful to the human body.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
HU00766/92 | 1992-03-06 | ||
HU9200766A HU208865B (en) | 1992-03-06 | 1992-03-06 | Uv dosimetric indicator suitable for visual evaluation and method for making thereof |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1993018377A1 true WO1993018377A1 (en) | 1993-09-16 |
Family
ID=10981513
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/HU1993/000012 WO1993018377A1 (en) | 1992-03-06 | 1993-03-03 | Uv dosimeter for visual checking |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU3646893A (en) |
HU (1) | HU208865B (en) |
IL (1) | IL104913A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993018377A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5589398A (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1996-12-31 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Use of test strips to determine the UV intensity or to pre-determine the duration of stay in the sun without sunburn |
DE19535273C1 (en) * | 1995-09-22 | 1997-04-24 | Deutsche Forsch Luft Raumfahrt | Personal dosimeter to register solar ray exposure |
WO1999051951A1 (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 1999-10-14 | Oleg Stanislavovich Bazanov | Photo-sensitive element for indicating the exposure to ultraviolet radiation and method for producing said photo-sensitive element |
WO2000012979A1 (en) * | 1998-08-28 | 2000-03-09 | Andrei Vasilievich Demin | Sensitive element for an ultraviolet radiation detector and method for making the same |
US10088358B1 (en) | 2016-08-11 | 2018-10-02 | Verily Life Sciences Llc | Implantable systems and methods for UV dose monitoring |
US11231506B2 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2022-01-25 | Billion Bottle Project | Ultraviolet (UV) dosimetry |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1422631A (en) * | 1972-03-10 | 1976-01-28 | Ici Ltd | Ultraviolet radiation dosimeter |
US4918317A (en) * | 1987-07-02 | 1990-04-17 | The Mead Corporation | Radiation dosimeter |
DE4012984A1 (en) * | 1990-04-24 | 1991-10-31 | Edgar Hoehn | Personal UV dosimeter - for use by sun-bather to indicate sunburn risk |
-
1992
- 1992-03-06 HU HU9200766A patent/HU208865B/en unknown
-
1993
- 1993-03-02 IL IL104913A patent/IL104913A0/en unknown
- 1993-03-03 AU AU36468/93A patent/AU3646893A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-03-03 WO PCT/HU1993/000012 patent/WO1993018377A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1422631A (en) * | 1972-03-10 | 1976-01-28 | Ici Ltd | Ultraviolet radiation dosimeter |
US4918317A (en) * | 1987-07-02 | 1990-04-17 | The Mead Corporation | Radiation dosimeter |
DE4012984A1 (en) * | 1990-04-24 | 1991-10-31 | Edgar Hoehn | Personal UV dosimeter - for use by sun-bather to indicate sunburn risk |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
H.J. KUHN, S.E. BRASLAVSKY, R. SCHMIDT, "Chemical Actinometry", PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY, Volume 61, No. 2, pages 187-210, issued 1989. * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5589398A (en) * | 1993-11-15 | 1996-12-31 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Use of test strips to determine the UV intensity or to pre-determine the duration of stay in the sun without sunburn |
DE19535273C1 (en) * | 1995-09-22 | 1997-04-24 | Deutsche Forsch Luft Raumfahrt | Personal dosimeter to register solar ray exposure |
US5731589A (en) * | 1995-09-22 | 1998-03-24 | Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fur Luft-Und Raumfahrt E.V. | Ultraviolet radiation dosimeter |
WO1999051951A1 (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 1999-10-14 | Oleg Stanislavovich Bazanov | Photo-sensitive element for indicating the exposure to ultraviolet radiation and method for producing said photo-sensitive element |
WO2000012979A1 (en) * | 1998-08-28 | 2000-03-09 | Andrei Vasilievich Demin | Sensitive element for an ultraviolet radiation detector and method for making the same |
US10088358B1 (en) | 2016-08-11 | 2018-10-02 | Verily Life Sciences Llc | Implantable systems and methods for UV dose monitoring |
US11231506B2 (en) | 2018-09-14 | 2022-01-25 | Billion Bottle Project | Ultraviolet (UV) dosimetry |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU3646893A (en) | 1993-10-05 |
IL104913A0 (en) | 1993-07-08 |
HU9200766D0 (en) | 1992-05-28 |
HU208865B (en) | 1994-01-28 |
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