WO1993017957A1

WO1993017957A1 - Control system for occlusion power in hydrogen absorbing metal and neutron emission capacity

Info

Publication number: WO1993017957A1
Application number: PCT/JP1993/000293
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sutekiyo Uozumi
Original assignee: Sutabiraiza Co., Ltd.
Priority date: 1992-03-10
Filing date: 1993-03-10
Publication date: 1993-09-16
Also published as: JPH06201868A

Abstract

(1) As to a surface water pressure of a (-) pole incorporating artificial micro-gaps (a.m.s.), applied pressure ratio (applied pressure/saturated vapor pressure) is set to be » 1, and electrolysis is effected in a pressurized liquid phase having a suppressed vapor phase so as to remarkably increase an H+ ion concentration and to promote and control hydrogen absorbing capacity. (2) The surface water pressure of the (-) electrode absorbing deuterium is pulsatingly moved up and down at a low speed, and a negative pulse high voltage is applied in superposition so as to impulsively increase a plasma oscillation frequency occurring in the deuterium plasma in the artificial micro-gaps. Since a deuterium thermonuclear reaction burst is thus initiated, neutron emission capacity is promoted and controlled. When reproducibility and a control method of the phenomenon described above can be established, the present invention has a high possibility of being applied to power generation and various other industrial fields as large-, medium- and small-scale thermal energy sources.

Description

Specification

Storage capacity and neutron emission control system for hydrogen storage metal

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a system for controlling hydrogen storage capacity and neutron release capacity of a hydrogen storage metal using heavy water and a hydrogen storage metal.

[(Note) In the following description, when the name of an element is represented by X,

When writing "A _Z X ^e a", ^A is the mass number, Z is the atomic number, ^e is the ionic charge, _a is the number of atoms in the molecule, and A-Z is the number of neutrons. I do. For example, ', Η protium.

Expressed as ² iH (D) deuterium, ³ _t H (T) tritium.

Also, light water and IEzO, ^2, 11 ₂ 0 a (0 ₂ 0) and heavy water. Here, simply

When written as 0, it refers to an oxygen atom ¹⁶⁰ , and when simply written as 単に₂₀ , it refers to light or heavy water. Background technology

Hydrogen storage metal typified by [rho "(palladium) or Ti (titanium) has the property of absorbing hydrogen 10 ³ times ones 1 atm of its volume. Therefore, the density of the absorbed hydrogen is solid hydrogen becomes more higher density. typical examples are performed electrolysis as cathode P _d in heavy water, Pa is to occlude enough for deuterium made to the same extent as the atomic density. (electrolyte 0.1 MLiOD. Using deuterated lithicum

• · (US) Based on experiments at Oakleigh National Laboratory. In other words, if electrolysis is performed for several hundred hours and then the current is raised and lowered to give an electrochemical stimulus, sudden heating will start, resulting in excess heat output exceeding the constant power input for electrolysis. There is. However, its reproducibility is expected to be less than 10-20%.

The excess heat output slowly decreases over the next few hundred hours. There, neutrons, tritium, r-rays, etc., which are also seen as a result of nuclear reactions, are detected. Heavy water on the way When replaced with light water, the excess heat output will once reach zero for several tens of hours, and when the light water is returned to heavy water again, the excess heat output will return in several tens of hours. When the power is turned off, the heat output goes to zero.

Incidentally, the heat output density of the P _d l ctn ³ per 20 W is for comparable to heat output density of the fuel rods of nuclear power, large if reproducibility and control method and has been established, within, the small There are immense industrial applications as thermal energy sources.

Moreover, the only P _d seen of excess heat generation, countless bright spots are also obtained autoradiograph as camphor Jin fill the cross-section of the material ((US) Stanford Research Institute). These are the so-called Fleischmann-Pons (Martin Fleisch-mann of the University of Southampton and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah in the United States). (Hereafter, this phenomenon is abbreviated as the FP effect.)

Thus, when the density of the stored hydrogen exceeds the density of solid cryogen, the electrolysis is performed for several hundred hours, and then the current is varied up and down to give electrochemical stimulation. exotherm begins, but excess heat output above the stationary input of electrolysis Ru appear look to this fact, "this phenomenon, Mi black space (micro-space appearing at the moment of breakage of P _d metal grid, one The deuterium nuclei violently accelerate and collide with each other due to the high electric field inside, and emit neutrons, emit r-rays, capture neutrons, etc. It can be nodded for the time being, but the sudden start of heat generation after the shock microphonic noise at the time of rupture has healed once, indicates that this fractured high electric field Theory only There are things that can not be necessarily convinced. In this case, it is more appropriate to see that thermal neutron emission appears in a sporadic burst after the charged particles, such as many protons, ions, and electrons, enter the microspace and enter the plasma state. .

However, it is extremely difficult to clarify when, where, and with what probability the cracked micro-space due to the above-mentioned fracture occurs due to too many variable S elements, which makes it extremely difficult to handle statistically. a box-flame, hence whether it received a cosmic ray bursts before leave history of P _d and heavy water (used. Alternatively purple The problem is whether or not external radiation or r-ray irradiation has been performed.

Therefore, this in order to enhance the conventional reproducibility of the FP effect beyond the warm眛of the phenomenon, given such human significant manipulation much larger than unknown identity factor for pure deuterium oxide and P _d However, control means suitable for the intended use must be found. In theory, Eta ₂ 0 specificities, as well as artificially produced was 10 ⁵ Alpha order ~ 10 A order size artificial micro voids (arti f icial micro -.. Sli t hereinafter simply am s abbreviated The challenge is to elucidate the peculiar behavior of the plasma of deuterium nuclei, ions and electrons in the plasma.

From this point of view, the specific problems in the conventional technology are as follows.

(1) The phenomenon is poorly reproducible. In other words, even if the experiment was performed under the same conditions, the phenomenon was observed accidentally in about 10 to 2% of the 10 samples.

(2) The existence of the FP effect is considered to have reached an undeniable stage as of 1991, but controllability of the phenomenon has not yet been established. Therefore, the most important task is to establish a technology that can control the generation and termination of excess heat or thermal neutrons. An object of the present invention is to provide a system that overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks of the conventional technology, ensures reproducibility of the storage capacity and the neutron emission capacity of a hydrogen storage metal, and has a control means for the same. exist. Disclosure of the invention

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention relates to a method for electrolyzing H ₂ 0 (1) using a hydrogen storage metal as a (one) electrode, using temperature as an auxiliary variable, and applying a pressure multiplication factor to a pressurized cano saturated vapor pressure. In the case, artificial micro voids of the order of 10 ⁵ A to 10 A artificially created by a special synthetic tube structure are included. (-) Regarding the surface water pressure of the pole, pressurization force magnification >> 1 Electrolysis is performed under a pressurized liquid phase that suppresses the vapor phase, and the hydrogen storage capacity is promoted by significantly increasing the ionic product of H ₂₀ , and thus the H ⁺ ion concentration,

Further, the present invention provides a method for controlling the surface water pressure of a (-) electrode storing deuterium based on the above-mentioned steady-state value. Pulsatingly in the range of 10≤pressurizing factor≤10 ³ as well as the negative negative high voltage of the electrode to the negative negative voltage of the electrode along with the high level time range of the pressure. the am s. region of 10 ⁶ times the plasma oscillation frequency to giga from Ruth region occurring in the deuterium plasma located in by applying by superimposing, i.e., impulsively to the r-ray region The neutron release capability is controlled by increasing the deuterium thermonuclear reaction burst. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

I in Fig. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the real surface of metal using _Pd as a model, and E in the same figure is a model display of a simple cubic lattice (100) plane.

Figure 2 is an explanatory diagram of environmental conditions.

I in Fig. 3 is an explanatory model of the Debye shielding 'Debye length (Debye radius). In Fig. 3, 同 is an explanatory diagram of plasma oscillation.

Fig. 4 shows (1) an example of a very special synthetic circular tube structure.

Figure 5 shows the applied pressure P (atm) applied to the electrolyte phase water D ₂₀ (1), the voltage Vo (vol t) applied to the (positive) and (negative) electrodes, and the negative pulse voltage Vp. FIG.

FIG. 6 is an equivalent model diagram of the system of the present invention.

Fig. 7 is an equivalent electric circuit diagram of the ams section of the investigation system. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, the configuration of the system of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings and tables. In general, the vertical cross section of the real surface of a metal is usually several tens of amperes thick, such as a gas adsorbed gas layer e and other contaminants, as shown in I of Fig. 1 using _Pd as a model. There is an oxide layer (P _d 0) b of about 100 people under it, and there is a work hardened layer c with a lot of distortion under it, and then there is a metal body d.

Then, on the polishing surface of the P _d, the surface pores (Surface vacancy) and 200 A～2000 outside point defects represented by A degree step, screw dislocations and edge dislocations, etc. (often Do baked There are 10 ⁶ to 10 ^B pieces of Zcm ² ). There are many kinks on the steps.

Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the (100) plane of a simple cubic lattice. In the figure, A is a step, B is a surface vacancy, C is an ad-atom, D is an aggregate of ad-atoms, E is a step associated with screw dislocation, and F is an atom adsorbed on the step. G indicates that foreign atoms and molecules may be adsorbed and contaminated from outside. A kink that bends in the negative direction of the y-axis when it moves in the positive direction of the X-axis is called “—kink”, and a kink that turns in the positive direction of y 轴 is called “+ kink”. Kinks are contained in a very large number of steps, and exist at a ratio of about one in several atoms when the temperature reaches about half the melting point.

This system can be used to determine the variety of actual metal surfaces by using cleaning, processing, and heat treatment methods to determine how much atomically ly clean surface samples with interface conditions suitable for the purpose can be prepared. This is the first barrier to configuration.

Next, when some stable isotopes are present in the metal ( _Pd ) body and in the water used (see Tables 1 and 2 below), any mass number A, atomic number τ, neutron number (Α'- The second barrier is to select what type (ii) is to be selected, what percentage of purity is ±, what kind of history, what kind of processed polycrystalline structure is to be selected, and so on.

[Table 1] Pa isotopes (from scientific chronology) Stable isotope Mass (atomic weight unit) Abundance ()

1 0 4 D

4 6 Γ <1 103.90403 11.0

1 0 6 p

4 6 T d 105.90348 27.3

Radioisotope Semi-period

1 0 3

4.6 pΓ <1 17.0d B C (where E C is orbital electron capture)

1 0 9

4 6 Γ d 13.43h β ~ [Table 2] Ratio of water molecules with different isotope compositions

(From quantum physics chemistry text) Molecular formula Ratio (%) Hydrogen isotope and abundance ratio

I 6

2 0 99.732 Stable isotope Abundance (%)

^J H 1 8

2 0 0.200 Η 99.985

»H 1 7

Ζ 0 0. 038 ² , H (D) 0.015

'Η 2 Η 1 0 0.030

^Χ Η I 8

2 Η 0 6 χ ΐθ ³ ! H (T) half-life

(Radioactivity) 12.26 Υ β Next, it is the third barrier to clarify which of the environmental conditions for measurement and control are in states I, H, and 1 shown in Fig. is there.

2, a P _s saturated vapor pressure, and P _2, P ₃ are each applied pressure to the respective liquid phase, I is, the liquid surface on the open air and H ₂ 0 (g) is mixed Gaho ^ Atmospheric pressure, Π indicates that there is only H ₂₀ (g) on the liquid surface.P _z is almost equal to P _s : Equal condition, indicates that there is no H ₂₀ (g) on the liquid surface and P ₃ »Indicates the state of Ps.

The solution to each of the above barriers will be the basis for improving the reproducibility of the FP effect. Therefore, as a means of solving the first barrier, as shown in Fig. 4, (1) The inner and outer surfaces of the metal tube used as the electrode are electrolytically polished (surface roughness 0.025 # to 0.05), and ultrasonically cleaned in heavy water. , And vacuum drying, and then reduction in deuterium gas, then complete the synthesis tube structure in the same low pressure deuterium atmosphere.

Figure 4 shows an example of (1) an extremely special synthetic pipe structure. In the figure, 1 is an outer pipe (P _d ), 2 is an inner pipe (Ni or Al), and 3 is an oxide layer (insulator). (Oxide M or Oxide A1), 4 is layer thickness 5. Secondary electron emission layer (Mg oxide or Cs oxide), 5 is the outer tube terminal, 6 is the inner tube terminal, 7 is the ceramic insulator, 8 is the central axis of the synthetic circular tube, and ( _az -a ,) Is the outer tube thickness, (1 a.) Is the inner tube adhesive thickness, therefore (£ — a.) One (△ + 5.) = a _x is the inner tube non-adhesive thickness (伹, Δ is ams The new 寸 << Although it has the structure as described above, it should be kept in pure heavy water ζ and した sealed in a bottle with a siphon with a soda lime tube before use.

[Note: The above electropolishing finish may be used for academic purposes as long as there is almost no halo by electron beam diffraction having an energy of about 10 to 500 eV. Where = {150 / E (V)} ^{1 2}

(A) (E is the accelerating voltage), so = 1.23 at 100 E (V), = 3.88 at 10 MV). ]

As a solution to the second barrier, assuming that the metal used is P <«, refer to Table 1 and specify, for example, ^A " P <. In consideration of the natural abundance ratio and the number of nuclear neutrons, and The manufacturing method is fixed to specify the purity deviation, and a special structure of a synthetic tube is given to the (-) pole in order to make the ams intrinsic, the details of which will be described later with reference to FIG.

As means for the third barrier, the control for the step of deuterium storage and the control for the step of neutron release are both performed under the state m in Fig. 2 as environmental conditions. Hereinafter, the former step is referred to as a first step, and the latter step is referred to as a second step.

Hereinafter, the basic data (experimental or quantum physicochemical calculations) which form the basis of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings or tables.

The first step: the ionization of (1) saturated vapor pressure pressurized down the evaporation at a pressure higher than P ₃ liquid phase water H ₂ 0U),

(2) About the structure of the hydrogen storage metal electrode (for example, P _d ) and the method of creating ams

Each will be described.

(1) In this case, the substance to be adsorbed one occlusion is H + ^(l H + or ² H +), if the the I-on product of water Kw and (moles ² laver liters ^2), ionization degree at that time (Kw ) ^1/2 liter. In general, Kw is a function of temperature T and pressure P. Now, with the temperature T as a parameter,

Magnification k _P ® ion product [Kw (P) Bruno Kw (Ps)) τ · ≥ 1 and

Pressure multiplication factor m _P ≡ P / Ps ≥ 1 Is introduced.

Now, when T is at the boiling point (.K), an example of measuring the specific conductivity by changing the value of m _P under the condition の in Fig. 2 and obtaining the Yon product to find the value of k _P Are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Relationship between magnification k _P of pressure ratio m _P and ionic product

(However, T = 375.15 K with temperature T as a parameter)

For ^ ₂₀ , (Environmental condition o: Fig. 2 State m) Value of mp Yon product (mol ² mol 1 ² ) kp

1.0 48. 1.0

2.120.5 xio- ¹² 2.51 xlO

^{5. 151.6 X10- 12 316 * ■,} l丄O ²

10.30.3 iO " ¹⁰ 6.31 xlO ³

20. 46.8 xlO " ¹⁰ 977 xio ⁵

50.60.5 xio- ⁷ 1.26 xlO ⁹

To ^{^{_{100. 151. 3.16 X10 14 2 H 2}}} 0, ( Sakai Conditions: Same as above) (T- 374.57 ° K) mp values ion product (mol ^{^2/1 2)} kp values

1.0 54. xiO— "1.0

10.34.2 xlO " ¹⁰ 6.30 xlO ³

100. 171. xio- ² 3.15 xlO "

Below, the reference calculation value

110.770.x1 1.41 X10 ' ⁵

150. 2156. x 1 3.97 xlO ¹⁵ According to the above table, log k _P seems to be almost proportional to log m _P.

One liter of ΗζΟ is equivalent to 1000/18 = 55.5 gram molar equivalents. Therefore, even in pure light water (18.C with a specific resistance of 2.41 x 10 ⁷ Ω · cm) under 100 atm and 100 ° C. It can be seen that the concentration of ['H +] ions in 55.5 mol (11101) reached 3.88, that is, about 4 mol, making it a strongly acidic base solution. Also, ² H ₂₀ is more strongly acidic than 'ΗζΟ, and thus more easily provides protons to solute molecules that act as bases. Thus acid several times than the zO towards catalytic reactions ^{₂ Η 2} 0 ^(2~6 times) faster.

Next, (2) a to when performing electrolysis reaction (an) electrode. IS. · · Describing P _d composite circular tube endogenous

Calculate the initial stress ffr (radial stress, "circumferential stress") of a composite pipe composed of two pipes (for example, Pa outer pipe and inner pipe) of different materials.

(Derivation of the following general formula of material dynamics is omitted in the text of material mechanics because it is described in detail.) Only necessary results are shown.

The inner diameter of the synthetic circular tube is 2a. If the outer diameter is 2a ₂ , the diameter of the boundary between the two circular pipes is 2a, and the pressure acting on the boundary is q,

In the inner circular tube,

n = q iao ² -a, ² / (a, ² -a ₀ ^z ) r ² } ― q {a, ² / (a, ² -a ₀ ² )},

(a _t ≥r ≥ a ₀ )

(1).

", = One q ia. ² -a, ² / (a, ^2- a ₀ ² ) r ² }-q {a, ² / (a, ^2- a ₀ ² )},

(a I ≥r ≥ a ₀ ) ♦

(2) In the outer circular pipe,

r ₂ = q {a, ² / (a ₂ ² -a, ² )} ♦ (1 _az ² / r ² ), (a ₂ ≥r ≥ a,)

_{(3) σ θ 2 = q} {ai 2 / (a z z -a, 2)} · (l + a 2 z Roh ^{_{r 2), (a 2 ≥r}} ≥ a,) · · (4) The distortion of the outer diameter of the inner circular pipe when the composite circular pipe is formed is the circumferential distortion ε. Is equal to the radial strain s _r , so

ε _ΓΙ = ε θ _ι = Ι / ι · (ΰ _Λχ -ν _χ σ _rl ) _{r =} a ₁

= 1 / Βι · {-q · (ai ² + a. ^Z ) Z (at ^z -a ₀ ² ) + v, q} · · ·

(5) where is the Young's modulus and is the Boisson's ratio (inner pipe). Similarly, the distortion of the inner diameter of the outer pipe is

= 1 / Ε ₂ · {-q · (a ₂ ² + ai ^z ) / (a ₂ ² 1 3) + v ₂ q} · · ♦

(6) where E ₂ is Young's modulus, _z is Poisson's ratio (outer circular tube) Now, before making the composite R tube, the outer diameter of the inner circular tube is larger than the inner diameter of the outer R tube by 2δ. If it ’s made,

a _t (e ~ 2 ~ ε _Γ ι) = 5 7) Therefore, substituting (5) and (6) into (7) gives

6 = a, qil / z '(a _z ² + _3ι ² ) / (a ₂ ² 1 3) + 1 / Et · (a, ² + a. ² ) Z (ax ² -ao ² ) + 2 ZE ₂ — V, / ι)) (8)

q = δ / ai C ditto] · · (9)

However, as shown in Fig. 4, a gap is taken at the a. Is. Section, the outer surface of the inner pipe and the 內 side face of the outer pipe are not crimped, and the outer surface water pressure P »a. ra.s. internal pressure

— Σ 6 z = one rz ^ P · a2 / (a¾— ai),

δ θ ι = — ri ^ Ρ · a _x / (a _x — ao)

Note that

Next, the pressure contact between the solid metal surfaces will be described. When solid surfaces come into contact with each other, the surfaces do not contact as they appear, but only a small part of the protrusions. When the applied load L is small, the deformation of the contact part is elastic.However, when L becomes large and exceeds the elastic limit of the contact part, the contact part undergoes plastic deformation. Dont return.

Thus, the sum of the areas of the parts that are in contact with the convex part (true contact-area) Ac is independent of the shape of the metal and the apparent area Aa

Ac = L / Pm (10)

Where L is the load, Pm == average yield pressure

Pm = CY (11)

Where Y is the elastic limit of the softer one between different metals,

When the same kind of metal, the elastic limit of the metal,

C is usually about 2.5-3.

For Pd,.

Y ^ 2X10 ³ kg / cm ² , P _m ^ 5xl0 ³ kg / cm ²

Of the degree.

Also,

contact factor fc = Ac / A _a <1 (12)

When (true surface area) is At and (roughness factor) is> 1,

In the case of electrolytic polishing (surface roughness * 0.025 to 0.05 μ), is about 1.12.

[* Note: are detail specified in JIS B0601 and JIS B0651 for surface roughness <Moreover, A _c may be determined by measuring the contact electric resistance. ]

Using Equations (10) to (13), it is possible to roughly evaluate the effect of tightening ams by the hydraulic load (kg / cm ² ) applied to the surface of the _Pd composite pipe. Also, by increasing and decreasing the pressurized water pressure within the elastic limit of the synthetic pipe, it is possible to change the micro gap size of _a . Is. Formed in the boundary of the synthetic pipe.

Wherein as shown in袠3, the relationship between the ion product ratio k _P a pressure ratio m _P, since log k _P may viewed as ho proportional to the log m _P, with regard ion concentration ratio k _P ^1/2 It can be seen that 1/2 log k _P is almost proportional to log m _P.

That is, when (I) electrolyte P _d composite circular tube outside which is very _{_{D Z 0 (1) m F}} = 1.0 the number of D + I O emissions _{in, k P = 1.0 (p =} 1 atni) If, when compared with the time of _{_{m P = 100, k P ^}} 1.77 10 14 (p = 100 atm), it can be seen that the explosion indeed 10 ⁷ times the order. The D + ions (I) accelerating adsorption toward the electrode P _d - is the Yuku occluded.

From a comprehensive point of view, (-) outside P _d tubes Pa composite circular pipe poles, said if one D + ions, be considered analogous to the electronic directional sieve. If What becomes, D + mobility _{^{(mobility) μ ί (D +}} ), the electrons mobility mu _beta, are accelerated in an electric field ', neutral particle [D _z or D or D * (excited atoms), etc.] Μ & »U i> _η, which is much larger than the mobility μ _η (D) of charged particles. In addition, charged particles thermally oscillate, move, and the number of neutral particles η _η is the number of ions ni and the number of electrons n _{Since the} environment in the ams is much less than _e, the resistance loss due to the frequency of collisions with neutral particles n · dd X is negligible small, and it is in a situation where vibrations are very likely to occur. I in Fig. 3 is an explanatory model diagram of Debye shielding * Debye length (Debye radius), and Fig. Π is an explanatory diagram of plasma oscillation. In the figure, T _e > Ti, + represents a D + ion, and 1 represents an electron. The potential at a point r = 0 where a point charge is present. And D represents the Depay length (Debye radius),

, P is the potential.

When it is said that plasma is quasi-neutral (electrically quasi-neutral), it is assumed that positively charged particles are uniformly mixed. If the cause (inhibit artificial control. :) breaks the electrical neutrality of a part of the plasma and generates or generates a space charge, then X in Fig. 3 As shown, an electric field is generated to restore neutrality, On, electrons move. (Note, the length of the length indicates the size of mobility «.) However, due to inertia, it does not stop at the neutral point and goes too far. As a result, an electric field opposite to that of X is generated, as in Y in FIG. 6, and electrons and ions move in the opposite direction to X. This is repeated to generate vibration. This is called plasma oscillation.

Vibration from the ams the plasma in the present invention system rii through the outer tube of P _d composite circular tube is a (single) pole (D +) and n _e (e-) is increased, the energy supply means is applied continues .

In addition, the plasma oscillation occurring at a certain position spreads into the medium as a space-charge wave. At the same time, the secondary electron emission layer on the outer surface oxide layer of the ams inner tube pulsatively emits more secondary electrons than the number of incident electrons, increasing the space charge in the ams and increasing the electron temperature T _e . Raise rapidly.

Fig. 4 shows an example of the (-) extremely special synthetic circular tube structure. In the figure, 1 is an outer tube (P _d), 2 the inner pipe (Ni or AL), 3 oxide layer (absolute緣物) (oxidized Ni or oxide A _t), 4 is the secondary electron emission layer (oxide Μ ₉ or oxidized C _s , layer thickness <5.), 5 is the outer tube terminal, 6 is the inner tube terminal, 7 is the ceramic green body, 11 is the center of the synthetic circular tube, (a _z -at) is Outer tube thickness,, -a. <> Indicates the thickness of the inner tube adhesive portion. Thus, a = inner tube unbonded portion thickness a _x (a, one a.) One (delta + [delta].) (Where, delta is a gap of ams dimensional).

Furthermore, (+) The P _t side of the composite inner tube pole, 0D- mobility of ions μ i (0D_) neutral particle [0 ₂ or 0, or 0 *] mobility (mobility) mu _eta (0) // _e >> 〃i (0D-)> μ _η (0), and jt i (D ⁺ )> μ i (0D ′) and (D)> μ _η (0). Accordingly, the charged particles in the ams in the present invention is overwhelmingly D + ions and electrons, a _n _e> _ni »n n,

mobilit is μ _e »i> ft _n

Temperature is T _e > Ti »T _n

(Also, a pressure Pa «liquid phase constant pressure _P ^ _{_s} m P · P _s in the ams. However, _s m _P a steady pressurized pressure booster ratio value of the electrolyte phase) 5, the electrolyte phase water D _Z 0 pressure P tm applied to (1)), and (positive) (voltage applied to the food) electrodes Vo (volt), as well as description of the negative pulse voltage V _P and the like It is a figure. In the diagram, _s m _P is the steady-state pressure multiplication factor of the electrolyte phase, „m _F is the maximum pressure multiplication factor of the electrolyte phase, 1 V. is the steady-state basic DC voltage (volts) at terminal 6, -V the pulse voltage _P is to be superimposed on the terminal 6 (volts), T _h is the high-level pressure圧綞Nyo time (in seconds), the - pulse width of VP pulse (in seconds), t _F is the pulse length of a single V _P pulses ( sec), t _w / t _P indicates the duty factor d, V _F Bruno V. wave height magnification.

The electrons and ions that make up the plasma in the ams exert electric forces on each other from a microscopic point of view. Since the charge e reaches a size of r = 10- ⁵ cm = 10. equal potential sail may arise from that e Zr in ^three distance is 14.4 mV, hence the electric field E = 14.4 kV / cm of the point, so-called Debai Radius r _D (See Fig. 3 (A)) It is highly likely that the electric field at the mouth of the mouth acts strongly between the particles entering the sphere. Particle collision is just a good example. ·

In (a) and (b) of Fig. 3 (B), for convenience of explanation, the time change is stopped by assuming that the charge is higher than the charge + and ^ and the mobility is almost equal. Umate are to facilitate explanation understandable, but it is actually; "i (D +) Kuku mu _& (e-), and also because it is ^{_{mi (D +)» m e}} (e ~), the relative D + ions When the electron number density in the plasma at a certain time t is n (t), the change in electron density when the electron moves by 、 is given by dn = n · df / dx ♦ (14) However, the direction of movement is taken on the X axis.

The electric field that appears due to this movement is given by Poisson's equation,

dB / dx = e (dn) / et al = en / ε ₀ -d / dx · · · (15) where s. Is the permittivity in ams, and ε ο is about 1.

By integrating the above equation and setting 0 = 0 at = 0,

E = en / e ₀ ? · (16) This electric field pulls back electrons, but the force is

eB = e ² η / ε 0 Is proportional to the displacement ξ, so that the electron oscillates in a single string. Its equation of motion, the electron mass as m _e

m _e · d ² C dt ² + e ² η / ε 0 · ξ = 0 (18) Therefore, the angular frequency of vibration ω _ρ is

6> p = (e ² n / m _e ε ₀ ) ^1/2 (19) If η is the number of electrons in lcm ³ , the plasma frequency ί _Ρ is approximately

f P-9000 {n (t)} ^1/2 Hz (20). For example, at time ^{t, n = 10 2 ° ~} : If the L0 ²³ Order / cm ^3, f P - becomes ^{^{0.9x 1 0 14 ~3.1 1 0 15}} Hz in order.

From the microstructure of the real surface of the metal, there is a local variation in the actual ams dimensions, so the value of n in the plasma in this will be locally different. That is, several kinds of electromagnetic waves are emitted or absorbed in the millimeter wave, far infrared, infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions, and heat or endotherm will begin to occur with it. far cry. It must start at least in the r-line region. Within the framework of conventional theory, plasma fusion requires a plasma with a charge density of 10 ²¹ · or more and a temperature of 10 KeV or more.

The core of the second step of the present invention is to provide a means system capable of realizing plasma fusion reaction conditions in a burst within a.m.s.

Hereinafter, further description will be made with reference to FIGS.

As is evident from the (-) pole shown in Fig. 4 and the example of the special synthetic tube structure, and the equivalent model diagram of the present system shown in Fig. 6,

"The ams part is exactly e_, D + compared to neutral particles such as D ₂ , D, D *

The structure is equivalent to a cold cathode discharge tube containing plasma gas in the overwhelmingly large _Te > Ti » _Tn state. "

In FIG. 4, an oxide layer 3 is formed on the outer surface of the inner tube 2, and a metal or oxide having a high secondary electron emission ratio (at least> 1) is formed on the oxide layer in the ams portion. A secondary electron emission layer 4 of metal is formed. The outer surface of the inner tube 2, which is pressed against the inner surface of the outer tube 1, is also pressed through the oxide layer 3, The power supply terminal 5 of the outer tube 1 and the power supply terminal 6 of the inner tube 2 are structurally insulated. Now, when primary electrons collide with the surface of the secondary electron emitting layer 4, more secondary electrons than the number of primary electrons jump out of the thin layer 4 and this thin layer becomes a positive potential and positive charges are accumulated. On the other hand, the charge of the eclipse accumulates on the metal crystal surface of the inner tube 2 across the insulating oxide layer 3, and as a result, a strong electric field is generated in the insulating oxide layer 3. This electric field is very large because the layer is very thin. Electrons are emitted from the metal surface of the inner tube 2 by so-called field emission (cold cathode emission), and as a result, the secondary emission ratio is abnormal. Become larger. (This phenomenon is the result of combining the phenomena of pure secondary electron emission and field emission together.) Once field emission starts, after that, even if there is no primary electron injection, field emission Can be used as an electron source.

Far above is the terminal 6 is a phenomenon that also occurs without applying an V _F, increasing the instantaneous number of electrons a .rn.s. In as possible, as compared to T _e to Ti ( »T") In order to increase the value of fP (see Equation 20) to at least reach the r-line region, the terminal 6 has a V _F pulse voltage (for example, pulse width _tw = 1 s order, period). 10 ³ applies a ~ 10 ² fts order). as seen in FIG. 5 (+) is. structure voltage electrodes 9 (P _t coat) to 0 volts (+) pole side D ₂ 0 (1) The outer tube 8 is, for example, a stainless steel tube in consideration of pressurization.

Since the radius direction quotient gap ams is less 10_ ³ cm order, wave height one V _F relative negative pulse voltage of the terminal 6 relative to the terminal 5 - (- V.) = - Vp + V 0 <0 , the number V olt Even in Zcm, a large electric field is applied in the ams gap.

Figure 5 shows the pressure P (atm) applied to the electrolyte phase water D ₂₀ (1), and the voltage V applied to the (positive) and (negative) electrodes. Bolts, and Ru illustration der about negative pulse voltage V _P and the like. In the figure, _s m _F is the steady-state pressure factor of the electrolyte phase, „m _F is the maximum pressure factor of the electrolyte phase, -V is the steady-state basic DC voltage (volts) at terminal 6, 1 V the pulse voltage _P is to be superimposed on the terminal 6 (volts), T _h is the high-level pressure duration (in seconds), t _w one P Bals pulse width (seconds), t _F is the pulse length of a single V _F pulses (seconds), t _w / t _P is duty factor d,, V _P Roh V. shows the wave height magnification.

116 is an equivalent model diagram of the system of the present invention. Reference numerals 1 to 7 in FIG. Are the same as ones, 8 is a stainless steel tube, a synthetic tube inner wall surface was then P _t coat (+) electrodes 9 (composite PIPE).

Pressure applied to D ₂₀ (1) P = m _P -P _s atm (where P _s is the saturated vapor pressure, m _P is the pressurization magnification), and the temperature is TK. (Sign V., 1 Vp, P, etc. refer to Fig. 5.) Water is a liquid of polar molecules (P [Polarity]) and the relative dielectric constant (constant) for DC voltage or low frequency is Kc At t'C,

Kc = 88.15-0.414 t +0.131 x 10_ ² · t ² — 0.046 lO " ⁴ · t ³

[From Science Chronological Table 107 (523)] 0 for hydrogen. C, under 1 atm, 10 * x (Kc — 1.) = 2.72

(Kc-11) is proportional to density, and Kc is frequency independent up to at least the infrared region. In other words, it can be seen that the dielectric constant in a. Is.

However, water is not the same. That is, t = 100. C

Kc is approximately equal to 88.15—41.4 + 13.1—4.6 = 55.25.

The capacitance of the coaxial tube is length L n), the inner diameter r _{2 of} the outer tube,

When the outer diameter r of the inner pipe becomes

C = 24.1 KcL / log (r 2 / r,) · (PF) (21) In terms of ams portion equivalent electrical circuit diagram of the inventive system (FIG. 7), r ₂ is the (+) pole composite circular tube The outer diameter 2a _{2 of the} inner tube corresponds to _Γι .

7, as it is well known in the pulse circuit technology, when dl ^ C _SZ, is good partial pressure waveform transmitted pulse waveform + V _P. Since any of these approximate equivalent values can be measured between external terminals, if the condition deviates significantly from this condition, it can be corrected on the C side or the B side by an additional capacitance or resistance.

However, R in the figure. Is the equivalent resistance between 9 and 6, B. >> R ,, r ₂ , C, is the capacitance between 9 and 5, is the equivalent resistance between 9 and 5, is the capacitance between 5 and 6, r ₂ is 5 and 6 shows the equivalent resistance between 6. (Refer to Fig. 4 to Fig. 6 for other symbols.)

The resistance value of the metal pipes 1, 2, and 9 is R. , B,, is omitted because it is negli gible small compared to r _2. At the beginning of electrolysis, 1 ^ is quite large, but D + It decreases remarkably as the ion concentration increases.

Now, in general, the equation of motion of electrons in a nonisothermal plasma is

m _e (d ² ? / dt ^z ) m _e (ά ξ / dt) + m _G ω ^ζ ξ = Q '

(22) where Γ is the collision frequency of one electron.

[Note, in a.m.s., because ω >> V II, this loss is omitted in equation (18). ]

This solution oscillates for ω> ν Ζ2,

ξ = k exp ί-V / 2 t) sin ^ t (24) β = (ώ) ² -v / i) ^iz

In the plasma in a.m.s. according to the present invention, ω >> V / 2,

β ^ ω (25) As described in Eq. (20), the relationship of the electron oscillation frequency f _P -9000 · (n ^{I / 2} ) ♦ Hz can be obtained.

If the vibration velocity of the electron at t = 0 is Vm,

ma

(m _e Vm ² / ine ² n) ^{1 / z} That is, the scan!) Or r _D (4 below see Table in non-isothermal plasma) is found to be equal to max when the kinetic energy one _{^{1/2 m e Vra 2 = 1/}} 2 kTe.

[Table 4] Depay length. (Or r _D ) and average distance between charged particles d

T (° k) π no cm ³ d (cm) λ D (cm) D / d

10 ⁹ .7.94 lO " ⁴ 2.07X10" ²

1 ΐο ⁴ 10 ¹² 7.94 xlO " ⁵ 6.54X10- *

10 ^{, s} 7.94 X10- ⁶ 2.06X10 " ⁵

10 ¹⁶ 3.69 xlO— ⁶ 13.10X10 ' ⁶ 3.58

4 ON lU丄1 "ί丄^{1 1 n- 6 A 1 v 1} Λ one ⁶ L 49

丄 1 / n 7Q 1 n ^-6 Ί 01 1 Π "⁶丄" Du

16 10 ⁴ 10 ¹⁸ 0.79 2.62X10- ⁶ 2.30

64X10 ⁴ 10 ¹⁸ 0.79 5.24x10 "4.60

10 ¹⁸ 7.94 xlO- 10.48X10 " ⁶ 9.20

256 X10 ⁴ 10 "0.794 xio- ⁷ 3.31X10 ' ⁷ 4.17

10 ¹⁵ 7.94 xlO— ⁶ 33.23X10 ' ⁵ 41.85 However, the concept of ί D (or r _D ) holds

n _D ® 4 / 3π nest. ³ n >> 1, ie n _D ³ »1 / 4.1888 = 0.2387

It is time for

Attempt n = 10 ¹⁵

ぇ₀ = 33.23 xlO— ^{5 then} 'n _D = 4.1888 X33.23 ³ lO " ¹⁵ xlO ¹⁵

-4.1888 x 36693.659 ^ 4.19 X3.67 xlO ⁴ ^ 15.38 xl0 ⁴ '»1 The following conclusions are obtained from the theoretical study calculation above.

T _e = m _e / k · Vm ² (26) That is, T _e is proportional to Vm ² , and m _e «mi (D +), m _n (neutral particles) and fi _e » Ui> μ _Λ So within ams,

Given a pulsed electric field of period t _p μ ₅ and width ϊω s, the velocity Vm of the oscillating electron is ts width, tentatively 10 times, due to the relationship of Vm = μ _β Ε (where Ε is the electric field and is the electron mobility). (Or 3X10 times)

Ti, T "is much to Kyuue raising the T _e without increasing the 10 ^double (or 9 × 10 ² times), and it is possible to repeat every second l / t _P times.

The above is the principle of the system configuration of the present invention, but the pressurizing system, temperature system, security system, and the measurement required for the control required to realize this are omitted within the framework of the known technology because they are possible. The emphasis has been placed on the explanation of the principle that constitutes the core of the configuration of the present invention.

When the above stage is reached, it is said to be bursty, and nuclear fusion can finally take place. Enter the area. :

First, in the plasma reaction,

^Z , H ₂ → ² , H (= d) + ^z , H (= d) + 2β ~

Then nuclear reaction

→ (d, n) reaction ^{_{_{3 2 H e (0.82 MeV)}}} + on (2.45 MeV) + Qj d + d 3.0160293 1.008666

2x2.0141018 → (d, p) Reaction ³ (1.01 MeV) + i (3.02 MeV) + Q ₂ = 4.0282036 3.022767 1.007825

Q _t = 4.0282036-(3.0160293 + 1.008666) = 0.003508> 0 (exothermic) Q _z = 4.0282036-(3.022767 +1.007825) = 0.003364> 0 (exothermic) It is known that the energy of deuterium nuclei is equal up to KeV.

One mass unit is equivalent to 931 MeV energy.

Qi = 931 X 0.003508 ^ 3.266 MeV

Q _z = 931 0.003364 ^ 3.132 MeV

By the way, the natural abundance of the * ₂ H _e 99.99986%

The natural abundance of ³ ¾H is 1.38x10 · *%.

alpha particles * ₂ H _e atoms a divalent to charged the nuclei of H _e ⁺⁺ lose electrons 2偭, alpha particles - written as H _e ^++, tritium -

³ It is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 12.26 years written as it.

³ , H → (emitted) 9〉 → SH _e (stable), released ^ MeV

In addition, d (ir, n) P reaction, (however, threshold of incident r (threshold energy) 2.23 MeV)

² , d — (incident r) (2.0141018) → ¹ 1 (1.007825) + ¹ on (1.0086666) + ft ₃

Q ₃ = -0.00239 (amu) ^ -2.325 MeV 0 0 (endothermic)

2id → (incident r) (2.0141018) — ¹ 1 p (1.007825) +2 ^l on (2.017332) + a ₄ Q * = -0.00323 (amu) ^ -3.007 MeV <0 (endotherm), G + Q ₂ + Q ₃ + £ (3.266 +3.132-2.325 -3.007) MeV

^ 1.066 MeV> 0 (heat output) Q

Thus, the released energy Q from the deficient mass in a thermal neutron-induced reaction is almost always accompanied by a linear emission (endothermic reaction) together with the release of the reaction thermal energy.

"Note" leV 'atm' ¹ = 1.602 xlO— ¹² erg = 1.602 10 " ¹⁹ (J)

= 3.828 l0- ^I8 (cal)

Also, leV * atm- ¹ <> 23.06 Kcal · mol " ¹ = 96.5 KJ · mol

1 erg <> 6.242 xlO ¹¹ eV

<> 2.389 xlO " ⁸ cal

<> lo xio- ⁷ j

leal = 4.1840 J (definition)

1 Wsec = 1 Joul = 1 Vcoul = 10 ⁷ erg

(Atomic energy) x (wavelength); h v x = 12.40 KeV 'λ

[Design reference]

¾ D = r _D = 6.542 x (T _e / n) ^1/2

³ = 6.542 ³ x T _e / n · (T _e Zn) ¹ no ²

nt _D ³ = 279.983 x T _e (T _e / n) ^{1 / z}

d = (2n) ^-1 , ³

(However, n is particle number density)

. 1 / n = 2d ³

n = 1 Z 2d ³

^{Thus, (D / d) 3 =} 559.966 x T e 3/2 xn 1/2

^{_{^{^ 560 xn 1/2 x T e 3/2}}} . · · ◎

_{_{^{n D oc n D 3 oc T}}} e · A D oc n- 1 Roh ² · T _e ³ Bruno ^2. (27) shows a proportional symbols. ) Industrial applicability

As described above, if the reproducibility of the storage capacity and neutron emission capacity of the hydrogen storage metal and the control system are established according to the present invention, they can be used as academic sources and industrial sources as large, medium and small energy sources. There are immense fields of use.

Claims

The scope of the claims

1. Temperature T in the electrolysis of Hzo) or iuoa) with hydrogen (or) storage metal as the (-) electrode. The K and parametric, when the pressure ratio m _P = pressure P / saturated vapor pressure Ps, was artificially created by a special composite circular tube structure 10 ⁵ A Order one ~ 10 A order an inch of the artificial micro A void (artificial micro-slit) is contained inside. (1) Regarding the surface water pressure of the pole, m _P >> 1 (for example, T. K = boiling point, m _P > 10) Under the pressurized liquid phase that suppresses the vapor phase The hydrogen storage capacity control system is characterized in that the hydrogen storage capacity is promoted and controlled by remarkably increasing the ion product of H ₂ O, and hence the concentration of H + ions.

[The above H ₂₀ (1) is an abbreviation for HzOdiquid phase.) ]

2. occluding deuterium ^2, H (-) the surface pressure P of the electrode pulsating manner causes Yurusoku vertical έ in the range of 10 ≤m _P ≤ 10 ³ was based the steady-state value, of the piezoelectric high Level Along with the time range (-) The plasma oscillation frequency generated in the deuterium plasma in the artificial orifice gap by applying a plurality of negative pulse high voltages superimposed on the steady negative voltage of the electrode Giga (Giga) hertz region (electron temperature T _e .K number ten thousand. kappa phase equivalent) from the area of the 10 ⁶ times, i.e., r-ray region (MeV region, 10 ⁷ .K equivalent in electronic temperature conversion equivalent A neutron emission control system characterized by a dramatic increase in neutron emission capacity by initiating a deuterium thermonuclear reaction burst to control the neutron emission ability.