WO1993013933A1 - Reproduction d'hologrammes - Google Patents

Reproduction d'hologrammes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993013933A1
WO1993013933A1 PCT/US1992/000321 US9200321W WO9313933A1 WO 1993013933 A1 WO1993013933 A1 WO 1993013933A1 US 9200321 W US9200321 W US 9200321W WO 9313933 A1 WO9313933 A1 WO 9313933A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
master
grating
plate
coating
visually readable
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/000321
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Scott R. Fohrman
Steven L. Smith
Original Assignee
Fohrman Scott R
Smith Steven L
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fohrman Scott R, Smith Steven L filed Critical Fohrman Scott R
Priority to AU13430/92A priority Critical patent/AU1343092A/en
Priority to PCT/US1992/000321 priority patent/WO1993013933A1/fr
Publication of WO1993013933A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993013933A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/0074—Production of other optical elements not provided for in B29D11/00009- B29D11/0073
    • B29D11/00769—Producing diffraction gratings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
    • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
    • G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
    • G03H1/0276—Replicating a master hologram without interference recording
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
    • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
    • G03H1/02—Details of features involved during the holographic process; Replication of holograms without interference recording
    • G03H1/0276—Replicating a master hologram without interference recording
    • G03H2001/0284—Replicating a master hologram without interference recording by moulding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the mass production of visually readable diffractive surface gratings, and specifically to the reproduction of holographic images in multidimensional form.
  • Mass reproduced holograms are commonplace, appearing on credit cards, security passes, consumer packaging, novelty items, and the like.
  • the holograms allow viewing of images formed in reflective light at locations other than the hologram surface. This can be in the form of a three-dimensional image of an object or of a complex image having different planes.
  • Such holograms are made by interfering two beams of coherent light at a finite angle with each other on a photosensitive medium. One of the beams interacts with an object whose image is to be recorded, and the other is a reference beam. An image of the object is focused into or near the surface of the resulting hologram by appropriate optical elements, which may include the use of another intermediate hologram.
  • the resulting master hologram is of the surface relief type, i.e., the image formation is stored in surface variations.
  • holograms are manufactured by incorporating the fragile holographic master into a rigid embossing plate in order to emboss replicas.
  • a rigid master is formed in an electroless bath on the surface of the photographic master.
  • Multiple masters are them made from this first master for use in embossing holograms with heat and pressure, or by chemical softening, into a surface deformable substrate material.
  • the most common substrate materials into which holograms are embossed include PVC, Mylar, hot stamping foil, or similar plastic sheet material.
  • a thin layer of reflective material such as aluminum, in order to result in a reflective hologram.
  • the aluminum may be vapor deposited onto the substrate in a layer which is just thick enough to provide reflective properties.
  • a significant disadvantage of such conventionally produced holograms is that a multi-step operation is required to produce a hologram-bearing product.
  • the hologram must be transferred onto the embossing foil, after which the foil is applied or attached to another article such as a card, to complete the manufacturing of the product.
  • This type of process may not be cost effective for all applications in which holograms may be used, thus limiting their utility.
  • Another disadvantage of conventional mass produced holograms is that through the embossing process, there is a degeneration in the optical quality of the hologram from the master to the finished product.
  • a related drawback of the embossing process is that the degree of light reflectance of the reproduced holograms is of a lower quality than that of the master. As such, high quality optical effects are not readily transferrable to a substrate.
  • H.O.E.'s holographic optical elements
  • a single master H.O.E. may act as a complex lens or plurality of lenses.
  • the most common method of production of H.O.E. masters involves a multi-step silver halide developing and fixing process, instead of the embossing process described above.
  • the H.O.E. master is sealed after fixing, and is then tested to ensure its compliance with previously specified requirements of the particular optical system in which it will be employed.
  • a significant disadvantage of conventional H.O.E. *s is that the multi-step production process is inherently inconsistent, and as such it is difficult to mass produce H.O.E.'s using conventional methods. Thus, efficiency declines as masters which do not meet the specified requirements must be discarded. As a result, the time and cost of producing effective H.O.E.'s is significant. Also, regardless of the inefficiency of the conventional process, since H.O.E. 's must be produced individually, it physically takes a substantial amount of time to produce multiple copies of a single H.O.E.
  • a method of reproducing multidimensional, visually readable diffractive surface gratings such as holograms is provided in which a negative image plate is generated from a hologram master for insertion into a forming device, and the hologram is then replicated in the forming device.
  • the master hologram preferably formed on a piece of sheet material, is provided with a metal coating which forms a negative image of the hologram.
  • a plate is then generated on the rear surface of the metal coating to provide the coating with the required durability to withstand the heat and pressures experienced in an injection molding die.
  • the plate is then separated from the master hologram and inserted into the molding die.
  • injection molded holograms may be mass produced which have optical properties corresponding to those of the original hologram master, and which are directly visually readable.
  • Holograms produced by the present method are suitable for use as H.O.E.'s, and may be mass produced to provide multiple H.O.E.'s having substantially identical optical characteristics.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the construction of a hologram
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic vertical sectional view of a hologram master as used in the present method
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic vertical sectional view of the hologram master of FIG. 2 covered with a metal coating;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic vertical sectional view of the generation of a negative plate from the metal coating of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic vertical sectional view of the negative plate resulting from the plate generation procedure of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of an injection molding die used in the present method.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic vertical sectional view of a mass produced hologram which has been reproduced according to the present method
  • FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of the conventional method of producing H.O.E. 's
  • FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of an H.O.E. used for transmission of light.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of an H.O.E. used for reflection of light.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic representation of an optical system incorporating H.O.E. 's produced according to the present method. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
  • a photosensitive medium 10 such as an emulsion is supported by a glass plate 12 and is illuminated with a source of coherent light which has been split into an object beam 14 and a reference beam 16.
  • the object beam 14 is so named because it carries visual information regarding an object (not shown) placed in the path of the beam 14.
  • the beams 14 and 16 simultaneously intersect and illuminate the medium 10 at a finite angle to form a three-dimensional interference pattern 18.
  • the interference pattern 18 is more commonly known as a hologram, and is capable of reconstructing an image of the object carried by the object beam 12.
  • the emulsion 10, the plate 12 and the interference pattern 18 will be collectively referred to as the hologram master 20.
  • the hologram master 20 in order to mass produce holograms by injection molding, or other equivalent processes for forming plastic articles, the hologram master 20 must be provided in a form which will withstand the significant pressures (on the order of 1,000 to 1,500 psi) exerted by conventional injection molding presses, as is well known in the art.
  • the interference pattern 18 on the hologram master 20 is coated with a layer of liquified metal 22, such as silver.
  • the silver coating 22 is provided in such a consistency that it fills in the irregular surface of the interference pattern 18, and subsequently hardens, forming a negative image 24 of the original pattern.
  • the coating or layer 22 is fairly thin and, by itself, would still not withstand the high pressure environment of an injection molding die, additional support is provided to the coating by transforming it into a plate. This is accomplished by generating a plate 26 on a rear surface 28 of the coating 22.
  • the plate 26 may be generated by electroless deposition; however other methods of plate generation are contemplated.
  • metal is deposited or plated upon the rear surface 28 of the coating 22 and is integrally joined to the coating.
  • the generation of the plate 26 is indicated by the arrows 30, which represent the deposition of metal upon the rear surface 28 of the coating 22.
  • the deposition or plate generation process is carried out until the plate 26 has a thickness *T' on the order of 1/4 inch.
  • the master hologram 20 is removed therefrom by breaking away the glass plate 10, a procedure which destroys the interference pattern 18 and the emulsion 10 (best seen in FIG. 5) .
  • the plate 26 and the coating 22 are then ready for placement into an injection molding apparatus.
  • the apparatus 32 includes a press 34 into which is inserted a die 36 comprising a core, which in the present embodiment is the plate 26, and a cavity 40.
  • the press 34 includes a gate 42 which is in communication with the cavity 40.
  • a thermoformable material 46 is injected into the die 36 at high pressure and temperature through the gate 42 to fill the cavity 40 as is known in the art.
  • a preferred material 46 is a polycarbonate resin with a relatively high melt value, i.e., on the order of 60, which will promote the flow of the material into all of the irregularities of the negative image 24, and which will produce a transparent product having high quality optical properties.
  • the material 46 Once the material 46 is cooled, it will be ejected from the die 36 in the form of a piece or part 50 (best seen in FIG. 7) .
  • the negative image 24 on the plate 26 will cause a positive image 48 to be integrally formed in the piece or part 50.
  • the positive image 48 is a recreation of the interference pattern or image 18 on the hologram master 20, it is directly visible or readable by the human eye 52 when illuminated by a light source 54.
  • One of the advantages of injection molding the part 50 is that multiple identical reproductions of the desired holographic image may be produced from a single master 20.
  • a rear surface 56 of the part 50 may be provided with a reflective coating 58 to increase optical efficiency, or to create specific optical effects.
  • the coating 58 may be applied by vacuum metallizing or other equivalent deposition process.
  • the degree of reflectivity of the coating 58 is determined by the thickness •Q' , with a greater thickness resulting in greater reflectivity.
  • certain portions of the rear surface 56 may be masked to prevent the deposition of the coating 58 in the masked areas.
  • a beam of coherent light is split into a first beam 60 and a second beam 62, both of which are simultaneously directed at a piece of light- sensitive film 64, with the second beam 62 being oriented so as to impact the film 64 at a finite angle with respect to the first beam 60.
  • the first beam is preferably projected through a diverging lens 66
  • the second beam 62 is first projected through a diverging lens 68 and then through a collimating lens 70.
  • the use of the lenses 66, 68, and 70 creates a specified image upon the film 64.
  • the film 64 is then developed by means of . a multi-step silver halide developing-fixing- sealing process which is known in the art.
  • a major disadvantage of the H.O.E. production process depicted in FIG. 8 is that when multiple H.O.E. 's are desired, a separate piece of film 64 must be inserted into the illustrated lens array and then processed for each H.O.E. application. The nature of the developing process is such that each H.O.E. will be slightly different from other H.O.E.'s produced from the same array. Also, those H.O.E.'s which vary excessively from specified parameters must necessarily be discarded, wasting production time and materials.
  • an H.O.E. produced by the present injection molding replication process is designated 72.
  • the H.O.E. 72 is exposed with a specified image in the same manner as the H.O.E. illustrated in FIG. 8; however, the H.O.E. 72 has been plated and produced using the present injection molding replication process in the same manner as the piece 50.
  • the H.O.E. 72 has a front surface 74 which bears a positive interference pattern or image 76, and a rear surface 78.
  • the H.O.E. 72 may be placed in an optical system and may perform at least two types of optical functions, not unlike a lens. Referring now to FIG.
  • a first optical function is that of a transmitting element, in which a beam of light 80 impacting the image 76 from a diverging lens 82 is diffracted upon transmission through the H.O.E. 72.
  • the light beam 80 is thus manipulated in a specified manner by the H.O.E. 72.
  • a second optical function is that of a reflective element, in which a reflective coating 84 is applied to the rear surface 78 in a similar manner as the coating 58 is applied to the part 50.
  • a beam of light 86 impacting the image 76 from a diverging lens 88 is reflected back towards the lens 88, although the specific orientation of the reflected beam will change depending on the configuration of the optical system in which the H.O.E. 72 is employed.
  • an optical system employing H.O.E. 's produced according to the present method is generally indicated at 90.
  • the system 90 includes a source of light 92, such as, but not limited to, a laser.
  • the light source 92 directs a beam of light 94 upon a first H.O.E. 96 which is provided with a reflective coating 84, so that the H.O.E. 96 functions as a reflective optical element, in similar fashion to the H.O.E. 72 pictured in FIG. 10.
  • the H.O.E. 96 is integral with a base member 98 which is also provided with a second H.O.E. 100 configured for transmission of light therethrough, as depicted in FIG. 9.
  • An advantage of the present method is that both H.O.E. 's 96 and 100 may be simultaneously formed in the base member 98 through injection molding, as described above in relation to FIGs. 2-7. This becomes significant for those optical systems in which the relative position of multiple H.O.E. » s is critical for achieving the desired optical result.
  • the relative position of the holographic masters is fixed, either during the plating stage (described in relation to FIGs. 3-5), or during the. placement of the plates 26 into the injection molding die 36 (best seen in FIG. 6) .
  • the base member 98 may be easily replicated via the present injection molding process at relatively low cost without sacrificing optical quality. If desired, and depending on the application, additional H.O.E. 's may be combined in a single base member using the present method.
  • the light beam 94 is reflected from the H.O.E. 96, it passes through an aperture 102 which controls the passage of light therethrough, and which may restrict the passage of certain specified wavelengths, depending on the application.
  • the light beam 94 then is reflected by a second reflective H.O.E. designated 96a, which is substantially similar to the H.O.E. 96 except for the fact that it is the only H.O.E. integral with a base member 104.
  • the light beam 94 is diffracted as it passes through the transmissive H.O.E. 100 so that it is focused upon a visually readable image point 106.
  • H.O.E.'s 96, 96a and 100 as described in relation to the system 90 to illustrate examples of the types of conventional optical tasks which may be performed by H.O.E.'s produced by the present method, with the added advantage that such systems may be replicated more accurately, in less time, and at a relatively lower cost than H.O.E.'s produced by currently available processes. It will be evident that the method of the invention is capable of mass producing directly visible holograms in a single step, i.e., by injection molding, which was not obtainable by conventional methods of mass producing holograms.
  • holograms having substantially identical optical characteristics may be produced from a single master, and injection molded holograms will have greater optical quality at a lower production cost.
  • versatile nature of injection molding technology also provides an almost limitless variety of hitherto unavailable applications for mass produced holograms. Such applications include packaging, signage, novelties and/or premiums, displays, product embellishment, advertising, transportation safety applications, optical displays, optical elements for single frequency/narrow band optical systems, whether coherent or incoherent, etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé de reproduction d'un réseau de diffraction à surface diffractive, lisible par l'÷il et comportant plus de trois dimensions tel qu'un hologramme, selon lequel on utilise un réseau de diffraction primaire (18), on produit une plaque (24) d'image négative à partir du réseau primaire, on introduit ladite plaque dans un dispositif de formage (32), puis on reproduit le réseau de diffraction primaire dans le matériau plastifiable (42) situé dans le dispositif de formage (32), pour produire un réseau de diffraction pouvant être lu directement par l'÷il.
PCT/US1992/000321 1992-01-09 1992-01-09 Reproduction d'hologrammes WO1993013933A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU13430/92A AU1343092A (en) 1992-01-09 1992-01-09 Reproduction of holograms
PCT/US1992/000321 WO1993013933A1 (fr) 1992-01-09 1992-01-09 Reproduction d'hologrammes

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1992/000321 WO1993013933A1 (fr) 1992-01-09 1992-01-09 Reproduction d'hologrammes

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993013933A1 true WO1993013933A1 (fr) 1993-07-22

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Family Applications (1)

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PCT/US1992/000321 WO1993013933A1 (fr) 1992-01-09 1992-01-09 Reproduction d'hologrammes

Country Status (2)

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AU (1) AU1343092A (fr)
WO (1) WO1993013933A1 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996034771A2 (fr) * 1995-05-05 1996-11-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Applique en verre simulant une glace biseautee
NL1002768C2 (nl) * 1996-04-03 1997-10-06 Holographics Technology Intern Beelddrager voorzien van een interferentiepatroon alsmede een werkwijze ter vervaardiging daarvan.
WO1999029494A1 (fr) * 1997-12-11 1999-06-17 Essilor International Compagnie Generale D'optique Procede d'obtention d'une lentille ophtalmique comportant une microstructure utilitaire en surface et lentilles ophtalmiques ainsi obtenues
KR100439295B1 (ko) * 2001-05-29 2004-07-07 유흥상 렌즈용 사출금형 및 제작방법
WO2013165415A1 (fr) * 2012-05-02 2013-11-07 Nanoink, Inc. Moulage d'éléments à l'échelle micrométrique et nanométrique
DE102013110702A1 (de) * 2013-09-27 2015-04-02 Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg Verfahren, Formeinsatz und Spritzgussform zum Herstellen eines Kunststoffformteils

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3565978A (en) * 1967-09-11 1971-02-23 Xerox Corp Replication of surface deformation images
JPS6280045A (ja) * 1985-10-03 1987-04-13 凸版印刷株式会社 ホログラムを有する成形品及びその製造方法
US4897228A (en) * 1986-07-30 1990-01-30 Hitachi, Ltd. Method for producing optical disk base
WO1990004812A1 (fr) * 1988-10-17 1990-05-03 August De Fazio Production d'hologrammes
US5013494A (en) * 1988-08-03 1991-05-07 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Process for preparing blazed holograms
US5071597A (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-12-10 American Bank Note Holographics, Inc. Plastic molding of articles including a hologram or other microstructure

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3565978A (en) * 1967-09-11 1971-02-23 Xerox Corp Replication of surface deformation images
JPS6280045A (ja) * 1985-10-03 1987-04-13 凸版印刷株式会社 ホログラムを有する成形品及びその製造方法
US4897228A (en) * 1986-07-30 1990-01-30 Hitachi, Ltd. Method for producing optical disk base
US5013494A (en) * 1988-08-03 1991-05-07 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Process for preparing blazed holograms
WO1990004812A1 (fr) * 1988-10-17 1990-05-03 August De Fazio Production d'hologrammes
US5071597A (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-12-10 American Bank Note Holographics, Inc. Plastic molding of articles including a hologram or other microstructure

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996034771A2 (fr) * 1995-05-05 1996-11-07 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Applique en verre simulant une glace biseautee
WO1996034771A3 (fr) * 1995-05-05 1997-01-03 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Applique en verre simulant une glace biseautee
NL1002768C2 (nl) * 1996-04-03 1997-10-06 Holographics Technology Intern Beelddrager voorzien van een interferentiepatroon alsmede een werkwijze ter vervaardiging daarvan.
WO1999029494A1 (fr) * 1997-12-11 1999-06-17 Essilor International Compagnie Generale D'optique Procede d'obtention d'une lentille ophtalmique comportant une microstructure utilitaire en surface et lentilles ophtalmiques ainsi obtenues
FR2772302A1 (fr) * 1997-12-11 1999-06-18 Essilor Int Procede d'obtention d'une lentille ophtalmique comportant une microstructure utilitaire en surface et lentilles ophtalmiques ainsi obtenues
US6491851B1 (en) 1997-12-11 2002-12-10 Essilor International Compagnie Generale D'optique Method for obtaining an ophthalmic lens comprising a surface utility microstructure and resulting ophthalmic lenses
KR100439295B1 (ko) * 2001-05-29 2004-07-07 유흥상 렌즈용 사출금형 및 제작방법
WO2013165415A1 (fr) * 2012-05-02 2013-11-07 Nanoink, Inc. Moulage d'éléments à l'échelle micrométrique et nanométrique
DE102013110702A1 (de) * 2013-09-27 2015-04-02 Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg Verfahren, Formeinsatz und Spritzgussform zum Herstellen eines Kunststoffformteils
US10315370B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2019-06-11 Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg Method, mold insert and injection mold for producing a plastics molding
DE102013110702B4 (de) * 2013-09-27 2019-11-14 Leonhard Kurz Stiftung & Co. Kg Verfahren, Formeinsatz und Spritzgussform zum Herstellen eines Kunststoffformteils

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