WO1993011631A1 - Agencement de detecteurs a semi-conducteurs - Google Patents

Agencement de detecteurs a semi-conducteurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993011631A1
WO1993011631A1 PCT/GB1992/002260 GB9202260W WO9311631A1 WO 1993011631 A1 WO1993011631 A1 WO 1993011631A1 GB 9202260 W GB9202260 W GB 9202260W WO 9311631 A1 WO9311631 A1 WO 9311631A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
lens
sensor
image capture
sensor arrays
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Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1992/002260
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English (en)
Inventor
Peter Brian Denyer
Original Assignee
Vlsi Vision Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Vlsi Vision Limited filed Critical Vlsi Vision Limited
Priority to GB9409608A priority Critical patent/GB2276512B/en
Publication of WO1993011631A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993011631A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/20—Image signal generators
    • H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
    • H04N13/243—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using three or more 2D image sensors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/20—Image signal generators
    • H04N13/257—Colour aspects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/10—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths
    • H04N23/13—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths with multiple sensors
    • H04N23/16—Optical arrangements associated therewith, e.g. for beam-splitting or for colour correction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/50—Constructional details
    • H04N23/54—Mounting of pick-up tubes, electronic image sensors, deviation or focusing coils
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
    • H04N25/40—Extracting pixel data from image sensors by controlling scanning circuits, e.g. by modifying the number of pixels sampled or to be sampled
    • H04N25/41—Extracting pixel data from a plurality of image sensors simultaneously picking up an image, e.g. for increasing the field of view by combining the outputs of a plurality of sensors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/10—Processing, recording or transmission of stereoscopic or multi-view image signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/10—Processing, recording or transmission of stereoscopic or multi-view image signals
    • H04N13/106—Processing image signals
    • H04N13/15—Processing image signals for colour aspects of image signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/20—Image signal generators
    • H04N13/204—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras
    • H04N13/239—Image signal generators using stereoscopic image cameras using two 2D image sensors having a relative position equal to or related to the interocular distance
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/20—Image signal generators
    • H04N13/296—Synchronisation thereof; Control thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/597—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding specially adapted for multi-view video sequence encoding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electronic cameras including electronic colour cameras.
  • colour sensors can be produced by discriminating three images of the primary colours (blue, green, red) of the scene. All colours can be analysed and synthesised via these primaries (or other complementary triples like cyan, magenta, yellow) .
  • Conventional electronic cameras classically use one of two approaches for forming the separate colour images. 3-tube cameras use a single ⁇ ens followed by a prism which forms three separate r.g.b images. Three sensors are used simultaneously to detect these three images. If the sensors are accurately aligned the resulting picture is of very high quality. However the sensors are separated in space and orientation and their assembly and alignment with the prism and lens is difficult for a volume manufacturing process. This technique is therefore used exclusively for expensive broadcast-quality equipment.
  • Colour-Mosaic Cameras use a single lens and sensor, but the sensor surface is covered with a high-resolution mosaic or grid of colour filters, with the pattern dimension equal to the pixel-pitch for a semiconductor CCD or MOS sensor array. Pixels of different colours are demultiplexed at the sensor output and interpolated to form synchronous parallel colour signals. This is well-suited to volume production as the surface colour mosaic can be fabricated as an extension of the semiconductor wafer fabrication process. The techniques for mosaic fabrication are restricted to relatively few companies worldwide who supply the colour sensor market and thus they are not commonly available. Furthermore, associated with this technique there are technical problems concerned with resolution and aliasing. Much work has been done to correct these effects , but usually at some cost in image-processing hardware.
  • the present invention provides an image capture system comprising a solid state image capture device which device comprises an integrated circuit having at least two sensor arrays, each said array having an image sensing surface and a respective lens system associated therewith.
  • the present invention provides two or more cameras on one chip each with its own lens system and sensor array.
  • the problem of alignment is greatly reduced by the fabrication of the various sensors required one one chip. This ensures that the sensors all lie in the same plane and have the same rotational orientation, and this is an important advantage.
  • the only alignment errors which are likely to occur are simple orthogonal translations in the form of vertical and horizontal errors in the centres of the optical axes. It is relatively easy though to calibrate these cameras after assembly and electronically to correct for these translations.
  • the degree of error in producing a single composite image i.e. a single image produced by the more or less accurately aligned super imposition of two or more corresponding images e.g. at different wavelengths, of the same scene
  • the present invention provides a composite image camera of particularly simple and economic construction.
  • the present invention also provides in another aspect a stereoscopic image capture system where larger sensor spacings are used to provide a greater parallax differential for producing different images with a more or less accurately defined parallax differential for use in producing stereoscopic image pairs.
  • larger sensor spacings are used to provide a greater parallax differential for producing different images with a more or less accurately defined parallax differential for use in producing stereoscopic image pairs.
  • the lens systems are mounted substantially directly on the image sensing surfaces.
  • a lens system in accordance with our earlier British Patent Application No. 9103846.3 dated 23rd February 1991 (published in
  • lens comprises a lens and a spacer in substantially direct contact with each other, said spacer preferably having a refractive index not less than that of said lens, said lens and spacer having refractive indices and being dimensioned so as to form an image in a plane at or in direct proximity to a rear face of said spacer element remote from said lens element, from an object, whereby in use of the lens system with said lens system mounted substantially directly on the image sensing surface of the image capture device an optical image may be captured thereby.
  • These lens systems have the advantage of physical dimensions which can be made similar to those of the sensor array itself, so that sensors and lenses may be immediately adjacent to each other. Camera separations as low as 2 to 3mm are easily achieved and this helps to minimise the parallax error.
  • the flat surfaces of the cylindrical lens spacer also help to maintain accurate planarity for groups of lenses attached to the same chip substrate.
  • At least one of the individual cameras constituted by respective lens system and sensor arrays is provided with a filter means for passing a desired wavelength (or wavelength range) of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, whereby there may be captured a composite image comprised of two or more (depending on the number of individual cameras used) images of the same object differing substantially only in the wavelength thereof.
  • the integrated circuit has three sensor arrays provided with respective lens systems and filters for three different wavelengths e.g. red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, and yellow for providing a desired composite image e.g. a full-colour image.
  • three or more individual cameras are used, it will be appreciated that various different layouts of the sensor arrays relative to each other may be employed including e.g. linear arrangements or generally "circular" or other close-packed arrangements.
  • green In cameras using the 3 primary colours, green is dominant in providing image acuity since it generally dominates the derived luminance. In all cases therefore, the green camera is desirably made as central as possible, and the red and blue cameras are referenced to it. The parallax errors will therefore show up on red and blue only.
  • the expression “substantially direct contact” is used to mean that there should not be any significant interspace containing low refractive index material such as air i.e. no interspace having a thickness resulting in a significant optical effect.
  • this should normally be not more than 500 urn, preferably not more than 100 um, thick.
  • resin or like material is used between the components adhesively to secure them together and has a refractive index comparable to that of the lens or spacer, it may be considered as an extension of the lens or spacer and thus need not be so restricted in thickness though preferably the thickness thereof should not be excessive and should be more or less similarly restricted.
  • a plano-convex (or possibly plano-concave - see below) lens with a substantially plane spacer for manufacturing convenience and economy but other combinations e.g. a bi-convex lens and a plano-concave spacer, may also be used.
  • the lens system is secured to said image sensing surface by an optical grade adhesive i.e. a substantially transparent optically uniform adhesive.
  • the spacer has a higher, most preferably a substantially higher, refractive index than the lens. Where the same refractive index is acceptable for both then it will be appreciated that the spacer could be formed integrally with the lens.
  • the radius (or radii) of curvature of the lens element and its refractive index may be varied through a wide range of values depending on the required performance in terms of depth of field, image size, freedom from aberrations etc.
  • solid state image capture devices in the form of photoelectric sensor arrays
  • a lens of relatively short focal length should be used e.g. for a field of view angle of 80 degrees
  • (maximum) focal length will not normally exceed 1.19 times the image height and for 60 degrees will not normally exceed 1.73 times the (maximum) image height, the (maximum) image height corresponding to half the sensing surface diameter.
  • the use of a high refractive index spacer and the exclusion of any low refractive index material from the optical path significantly decreases aberration due to Petzval Curvature (otherwise known a curvature of field aberration) and limits spherical aberration.
  • the lens system is therefore particularly advantageous in wide field and/or large aperture applications required for low light conditions. In general there.
  • Low-dispersion glass such as type BK7 (available from various sources e.g. Schott Glaswerke) is particularly suitable for the lens element.
  • the spacer element may be made of LaKlO glass also readily available.
  • Other materials that may be used for the lens and/or spacer elements comprise plastics materials, although these are generally less preferred in view of their lower resistance to scratching and other damage and the lower refractive indices available. Nevertheless they may be acceptable for certain applications requiring low cost such as consumer door-entry and security cameras.
  • Suitable adhesive materials for use between the spacer and lens elements and between the spacer element and the solid state image capture device include optical grade epoxy resins.
  • the solid state image capture device comprises an integrated circuit image array sensor such as that disclosed in our earlier International patent application No. PCT/GB90/01452 (publication No. W091/04633 the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference thereto) which has on-board signal processing means formed and arranged for directly providing a video signal output.
  • integrated circuit image array sensor such as that disclosed in our earlier International patent application No. PCT/GB90/01452 (publication No. W091/04633 the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference thereto) which has on-board signal processing means formed and arranged for directly providing a video signal output.
  • image capture devices such as CCD, MOS and CCD sensors may also be used.
  • the image capture device may comprise simply a sensor chip on which are only provided the sensor arrays with all the electronic circuitry required to detect the response of individual sensor cells to incident radiation and further processing of the detected response provided externally of the sensor chip, and of course other arrangements with a greater or lesser part of this electronic circuitry provided on the chip bearing the sensor arrays, are also possible.
  • references to “cameras” herein includes references to apparatus in which substantially the whole of the electronic circuitry required to produce a video output signal is provided on the same chip as the sensor arrays, as well as apparatus in which a greater or lesser part is provided separately.
  • references to camera alignment relate only to alignment of the lenses and sensor arrays (and not to any other components that may be required to produce a video signal output.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a composite image colour video camera of the invention with three individual camera units;
  • Figs 2(a) to (d) are schematic views showing 4 different 2-D arrangements of the three camera elements relative to each other;
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of the optical performance of a camera of the invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a block circuit diagram of one possible electronic architecture for a camera of the invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a sectional elevation of another camera of the invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic perspective view of a spacer support element suitable for use in the camera of Fig. 5.
  • Fig.l shows a miniature colour video camera system C having three cameras 1 each comprising a lens system 2 mounted directly onto the image sensing surface 3 of a respective solid state image capture device in the form of an integrated circuit image array sensor 4.
  • the sensors 4 are formed as separate sections of a single monolithic VLSI microchip 5 mounted in a suitable housing CH containing a power supply 6 and provided with a video signal output interface 7.
  • the lens system 2 comprises a generally hemispherical lens 8 having a radius of curvature of the order of 0.85 mm, and a cylindrical spacer element 9 of substantially larger diameter (ca. 1.7mm) and a length of 1.59 mm, with an aperture stop 10 therebetween.
  • the aperture stop 10 is of metal e.g. steel alloy with a thickness of 0.15 mm and an iris diameter of 0.8 mm providing an effective lens aperture of f2.0.
  • the aperture opening is filled with clear epoxy resin 11 which has a refractive index substantially similar to that of the lens 8 and secures the lens 8 and spacer 9 to each other and to the aperture stop 10.
  • an aperture stop of metal or other material could simply be printed onto the spacer or lens e.g. using a photolithographic technique.
  • the R, G, B (red, green and blue) filters 12 for the three respective lenses 8 can also be disposed between the lenses 8 and spacers 9.
  • the lens 8 is of low dispersion glass (Bk7) having a refractive index n ⁇ of 1.568 and the spacer is of LaKlo glass which has a higher refractive index n ⁇ a of 1.7200. This combination produces low image blur and large image size (ca. 1.4mm image height from central axis).
  • the spacer 9 has a length of around 1.59mm. This lens system has an effective depth of field of from 2cms to OO with a field of view angle of 90° and has an rms blur of around 5um which is within the unit sensor pixel dimensions thereby providing a reasonably good video signal image output from the video signal output connection 7.
  • the spacer element could be a composite element made up of a plurality of plane components.
  • the lens element could also be composite though this would normally be less preferred due to the significantly increased complexity.
  • the various surfaces of the lens system could moreover be provided with diverse coatings for e.g. reducing undesirable reflections and selective filtration of the incident light rays in generally known manner.
  • the R, G, B filters could be mounted on a suitable support in front of the lenses 8 as further described hereinbelow.
  • Fig. 2 shows some possible alternative layouts for the individual cameras on the single chip.
  • layout (a) the absolute red-green and blue-green distances are minimised. All of the parallax error is vertical. This may not be optimum for TV applications, as in this case the colour signal is greatly averaged horizontally, but not at all vertically.
  • Layout (b) forces all of the parallax error into the horizontal dimension to take advantage of this.
  • Layout (c) has slightly worse red-green and blue-green parallax than (a) , but the red-blue distance is greatly less. Intuitively, this configuration minimises the total parallax error.
  • Layout (3) is as for (c) , but pushes most of the r-g, b-g errors into the horizontal axis.
  • the colour camera system of the present invention provides two further potential technical advantages over the alternative known approaches.
  • Axial colour aberration causes the focal plane for blue to be slightly closer to the lens, and for red slightly further from the lens, than green.
  • This aberration may actually be an advantage if we design the lens for green light and the blue and red images become slightly defocussed, thereby also blurring the effect of parallax errors.
  • the blue and green images are blurred by around 1 pixel at the geometries used above. If we wish, the 3-lens approach could be adapted to accommodate this aberration by fine-tuning the focal length of each lens. This is impossible with either of the existing single-lens approaches.
  • Transversal colour aberration is a change in magnification factors at different wavelengths. Again it may be possible to correct for this by modifying slightly the red and blue lens geometries.
  • Fig. 3 shows how the parallax errors between closely adjacent identical cameras can be maintained at or below one pixel for cameras with useful resolutions of several hundred pixels. If the cameras are calibrated to provide image alignment for objects at infinity, then an object at distance 0 (on the optical axis of one camera for simplicity) is imaged at an offset of e pixels in the second camera. It is obvious that the parallax error is greatest for objects which are closest to the cameras. To help in generalising the result, suppose we wish to image objects at minimum range Omm with a field of view of 2 ⁇ degrees and sensor resolution of P pixels. Then by trigonometry, the parallax error e, in pixels , is:-
  • Equation (1) is the parallax error for a close object with reference to objects at infinity.
  • e in equation (1) is the parallax error for a close object with reference to objects at infinity.
  • the error in this case will be approximately 0.5 pixels.
  • the parallax error is less than one pixel and therefore of the same order as aliasing and interpolation errors in single-chip colour mosaic cameras and accordingly reasonably acceptable.
  • parallax error increases for small object ranges or distances 0 and for larger camera separations s.
  • sensor size P 240 pixels
  • camera pitch separation s 3.1.mm
  • field of view 45° (2 ⁇ )
  • stereo image capture is feasible at ranges up to 1.8 metres. This range can be increased simply by corresponding increases in the camera separation s.
  • the electronic architecture of the camera is substantially independent of the optical and sensor arrangement described above. Nevertheless, the availability of synchronous, continuous RGB colour signals minimises the required image processing. This results in a simpler and lower-cost electronic implementation than for colour-mosaic cameras. Furthermore, the electronic requirements may be implemented feasibly on the same chip as the sensors where CMOS sensor technology such as that described in our earlier Patent Publication No. WO91/04498, is used.
  • FIG. 4 gives an overview of one possible electronic architecture.
  • Three colour arrays are driven in similar style to a monochrome array, except that the timing of vertical and horizontal control on the red and blue arrays is altered by offset values loaded into the controller from an off-chip PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) Chip which has been programmed with the offset calibration data.
  • PROM Program Read Only Memory
  • AEC Automatic Exposure Control
  • AGC Automatic Gain Control
  • the resulting balanced colour signals are passed through a colour correction matrix, which performs weighted mixing of the three colours (see e.g. D'Luna and Parulski, IEEE JSSC Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 727-737) followed by gamma correction on each colour. Both these functions are standard requirements for colour cameras intended for TV displays as they correct for known colour and amplitude nonlinearities in the display tubes.
  • the matrix may be implemented in analogue CMOS, either by using switched capacitors or switched current-sources. Either of these can accommodate alterable coefficients in digital form, or they could be fixed in layout. In the former case the coefficients may be stored in the PROM already provided for offset calibration and this may afford a useful degree of flexibility.
  • the gamma corrected RGB signals are then passed to an appropriate encoder for whatever standard is required. Suitable encoders for e.g. NTS/PAL are readily available.
  • Figs. 5 and 6 like parts corresponding to those in Fig. 1 are indicated by like reference numerals.
  • the Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate an alternative embodiment in which is used a lens system 20 supported at its edges 21 on spacer elements 22 with a substantial free air space 23 between the three lenses 8 of the lens system and the respective sensors 4.
  • the lens system 20 is a one-piece moulding from a suitable optical grade plastics material and incorporating an array of three lens portions 8 joined edge-to-edge. It will be appreciated that this affords a particularly economic and convenient form of production whilst at the same time simplyfying assembly of the camera insofar as the three lenses for the R, G, B components of the image, are automatically aligned with each other.
  • the lenses 8 could be manufactured from other materials e.g. glass or any other suitable optical material and/or as discrete individual components. Moreover each lens could comprise more than one element e.g. a doublet.
  • the lenses 8 may conveniently be aspheric or spherical or planar at either surface thereof.
  • the sensors 4 are formed as separate sections of a single monolithic VLSI microchip 5, mounted in a housing CH (only part shown) .
  • An optical support sub-housing 24 has various shoulder portions 25-28, for respectively securing the monolithic chip 5 to the housing CH, supporting the lens system 20 on the spacer elements 22 above the chip 5, supporting R, G and B filters 29-31 above the lenses 8, and supporting a protective outer Infra Red filter 32 (conveniently of doped glass e.g. Schott KG3 or BG39) .
  • spacer walls 33, 34 Additional support to the lens system 21 and the filters 29-31 is conveniently provided by spacer walls 33, 34 which have the further advantage of acting as light baffles between the three, R, G, B r cameras 1 to prevent cross-imaging between each lens 8 and the other sensors 4.
  • the lower spacer walls 33 may conveniently be formed integrally with the support sub-housing 24.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Solid State Image Pick-Up Elements (AREA)
  • Transforming Light Signals Into Electric Signals (AREA)
  • Color Television Image Signal Generators (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à un système de prise d'images conçu pour être utilisé dans un système C de caméra électronique et comprenant un dispositif (1) de prise d'images à semi-conducteurs, et à circuit intégré (5) possédant au moins deux rangées (4) de détecteurs, chacune des rangées ayant une surface (3) de détection d'images et un système (8) d'objectif respectif associé.
PCT/GB1992/002260 1991-12-06 1992-12-04 Agencement de detecteurs a semi-conducteurs WO1993011631A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9409608A GB2276512B (en) 1991-12-06 1992-12-04 Solid state sensor arrangement for video camera

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9125954.9 1991-12-06
GB919125954A GB9125954D0 (en) 1991-12-06 1991-12-06 Electronic camera

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993011631A1 true WO1993011631A1 (fr) 1993-06-10

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PCT/GB1992/002260 WO1993011631A1 (fr) 1991-12-06 1992-12-04 Agencement de detecteurs a semi-conducteurs

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WO (1) WO1993011631A1 (fr)

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US6885404B1 (en) 1999-06-30 2005-04-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image pickup apparatus
WO2005057922A1 (fr) * 2003-12-11 2005-06-23 Nokia Corporation Dispositif d'imagerie
WO2006027405A1 (fr) * 2004-09-09 2006-03-16 Nokia Corporation Procede pour creer une image couleur, dispositif d'imagerie et module d'imagerie
EP1646249A1 (fr) * 2004-10-08 2006-04-12 Dialog Semiconductor GmbH Système de prise d'images stéréoscopiques avec une paire de capteurs sur une seule puce
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WO2006095110A2 (fr) * 2005-03-07 2006-09-14 Dxo Labs Procédé pour commander une action, notamment une modification de netteté, à partir d'une image numérique en couleurs
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